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Yan H, Hao R, Meng Y, Jin S. Deep learning model for dynamic color design of all-dielectric metasurfaces. APPLIED OPTICS 2024; 63:823-830. [PMID: 38294397 DOI: 10.1364/ao.509939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Silicon nanostructure colors have rapidly developed in recent years, offering high resolution and a broad color gamut that traditional pigments cannot achieve. The reflected colors of metasurfaces are determined by the geometric structure of the unit cell and the refractive index matching layer parameters. It is evident that the design of specific colors involves numerous parameters, making it challenging to achieve through conventional calculations. Therefore, the tandem network instead of conventional electromagnetic simulation is natural. The forward part of the network incorporates feature cross terms to improve accuracy, enabling high-precision predictions of structural colors based on structural parameters. The average color difference between the predicted and actual color values in the L,a,b color space is 1.38. The network has been proven to accurately predict the refractive index and height of the refractive index matching layer during the dynamic tuning process. Additionally, the issue of the inverse network converging to incorrect solutions was addressed by leveraging the characteristics of the activation function. The results show that the color difference between the colors designed by the inverse network compared to the actual colors in the L,a,b color spaces is only 2.22, which meets the requirements for commercial applications.
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Jung H, Hale LL, Gennaro SD, Briscoe J, Iyer PP, Doiron CF, Harris CT, Luk TS, Addamane SJ, Reno JL, Brener I, Mitrofanov O. Terahertz Pulse Generation with Binary Phase Control in Nonlinear InAs Metasurface. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:9077-9083. [PMID: 36367359 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The effect of terahertz (THz) pulse generation has revolutionized broadband coherent spectroscopy and imaging at THz frequencies. However, THz pulses typically lack spatial structure, whereas structured beams are becoming essential for advanced spectroscopy applications. Nonlinear optical metasurfaces with nanoscale THz emitters can provide a solution by defining the beam structure at the generation stage. We develop a nonlinear InAs metasurface consisting of nanoscale optical resonators for simultaneous generation and structuring of THz beams. We find that THz pulse generation in the resonators is governed by optical rectification. It is more efficient than in ZnTe crystals, and it allows us to control the pulse polarity and amplitude, offering a platform for realizing binary-phase THz metasurfaces. To illustrate this capability, we demonstrate an InAs metalens, which simultaneously generates and focuses THz pulses. The control of spatiotemporal structure using nanoscale emitters opens doors for THz beam engineering and advanced spectroscopy and imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunseung Jung
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
| | - Lucy L Hale
- Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, U.K
| | - Sylvain D Gennaro
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
| | - Jayson Briscoe
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
| | - Prasad P Iyer
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
| | - Chloe F Doiron
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
| | - C Thomas Harris
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
| | - Ting Shan Luk
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
| | - Sadhvikas J Addamane
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
| | - John L Reno
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
| | - Igal Brener
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
| | - Oleg Mitrofanov
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87123, United States
- Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, U.K
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Gennaro S, Sarma R, Brener I. Nonlinear and ultrafast all-dielectric metasurfaces at the center for integrated nanotechnologies. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:402001. [PMID: 35671741 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac7654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces control optical wavefronts via arrays of nanoscale resonators laid out across a surface. When combined with III-V semiconductors with strong optical nonlinearities, a variety of nonlinear effects such as harmonic generation and all-optical modulation can be enabled and enhanced at the nanoscale. This review presents our research on engineering and boosting nonlinear effects in ultrafast and nonlinear semiconductor metasurfaces fabricated at the Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies. We cover our recent works on parametric generation of harmonic light via direct and cascaded processes in GaAs-metasurfaces using Mie-like optical resonances or symmetric-protected bound state in the continuum, and then describe the recent advances on harmonic generation in all-dielectric metasurfaces coupled to intersubband transitions in III-V semiconductor heterostructures. The review concludes on the potential of metasurfaces to serve as the next platform for on-chip quantum light generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Gennaro
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87123, United States of America
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87123, United States of America
| | - Raktim Sarma
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87123, United States of America
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87123, United States of America
| | - Igal Brener
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87123, United States of America
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87123, United States of America
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