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Abstract
Electro-responsive actuators (ERAs) hold great promise for cutting-edge applications in e-skins, soft robots, unmanned flight, and in vivo surgery devices due to the advantages of fast response, precise control, programmable deformation, and the ease of integration with control circuits. Recently, considering the excellent physical/chemical/mechanical properties (e.g., high carrier mobility, strong mechanical strength, outstanding thermal conductivity, high specific surface area, flexibility, and transparency), graphene and its derivatives have emerged as an appealing material in developing ERAs. In this review, we have summarized the recent advances in graphene-based ERAs. Typical the working mechanisms of graphene ERAs have been introduced. Design principles and working performance of three typical types of graphene ERAs (e.g., electrostatic actuators, electrothermal actuators, and ionic actuators) have been comprehensively summarized. Besides, emerging applications of graphene ERAs, including artificial muscles, bionic robots, human-soft actuators interaction, and other smart devices, have been reviewed. At last, the current challenges and future perspectives of graphene ERAs are discussed.
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Jiang S, Park CS, Lee WB, Zhou C, Lee SS. Light-driven diffraction grating based on a photothermal actuator incorporating femtosecond laser-induced GO/rGO. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:39552-39562. [PMID: 33379501 DOI: 10.1364/oe.411526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A light-driven diffraction grating incorporating two grating patterns with different pitches atop a photothermal actuator (PTA) has been proposed. It is based on graphene oxide/reduced graphene oxide (GO/rGO) induced via femtosecond laser direct writing (FsLDW). The rGO, its controllable linewidth, and transmission support the formation of grating patterns; its noticeably small coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), good flexibility, and thermal conductivity enable the fabrication of a PTA consisting of a polydimethylsiloxane layer with a relatively large CTE. Under different intensities of light stimuli, diffraction patterns can be efficiently tailored according to different gratings, which are selectively addressed by incident light beam hinging on the bending of the PTA. This is the first demonstration of combining gratings and PTA, wherein the GO plays the role of a bridge. The light-driven mechanism enables the contactless operation of the proposed device, which can be efficiently induced via FsLDW. The diffraction angle could be changed between 2° and 6° horizontally, and the deviation of side lobes from the main lobe could be altered vertically in a continuous range. The proposed device may provide powerful support for activating dynamic diffraction devices in photothermally contactless schemes.
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Tian Y, Li YT, Tian H, Yang Y, Ren TL. Recent Progress of Soft Electrothermal Actuators. Soft Robot 2020; 8:241-250. [PMID: 32668187 DOI: 10.1089/soro.2019.0164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing soft electrothermal actuators (ETAs) has drawn extensive concern in recent years. This article presents a comprehensive review on recent progress of soft ETAs through five sections: device design on structure and materials, property, fabrication methods, applications, and prospects. It's found that the fabrication process can be divided into standard surface complementary metal oxide semiconductor technology, novel laser scribing, and inkjet printing method. Moreover, current applications involve three aspects: mechanical applications, optical applications, and biomimetic applications. It will develop in the direction of increasing electrothermal efficiency and response speed emphatically. This review encourages achievement of its higher performance and broad applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Tian
- Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Tao Li
- Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - He Tian
- Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Tian-Ling Ren
- Institute of Microelectronics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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You R, Liu YQ, Hao YL, Han DD, Zhang YL, You Z. Laser Fabrication of Graphene-Based Flexible Electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1901981. [PMID: 31441164 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201901981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed the rise of graphene and its applications in various electronic devices. Specifically, featuring excellent flexibility, transparency, conductivity, and mechanical robustness, graphene has emerged as a versatile material for flexible electronics. In the past decade, facilitated by various laser processing technologies, including the laser-treatment-induced photoreduction of graphene oxides, flexible patterning, hierarchical structuring, heteroatom doping, controllable thinning, etching, and shock of graphene, along with laser-induced graphene on polyimide, graphene has found broad applications in a wide range of electronic devices, such as power generators, supercapacitors, optoelectronic devices, sensors, and actuators. Here, the recent advancements in the laser fabrication of graphene-based flexible electronic devices are comprehensively summarized. The various laser fabrication technologies that have been employed for the preparation, processing, and modification of graphene and its derivatives are reviewed. A thorough overview of typical laser-enabled flexible electronic devices that are based on various graphene sources is presented. With the rapid progress that has been made in the research on graphene preparation methodologies and laser micronanofabrication technologies, graphene-based electronics may soon undergo fast development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui You
- Institute of Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yu-Qing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Yi-Long Hao
- Institute of Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Dong-Dong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Yong-Lai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Zheng You
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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Gao YY, Zhang YL, Han B, Zhu L, Dong B, Sun HB. Gradient Assembly of Polymer Nanospheres and Graphene Oxide Sheets for Dual-Responsive Soft Actuators. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:37130-37138. [PMID: 31500405 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b13412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bimorph actuators hold great promise for developing soft robots. However, poor interlayer adhesion between different materials always threatens their stability for long-term usage. In this paper, instead of using a bilayer structure, we reported the gradient assembly of graphene oxide (GO) sheets and polymer nanospheres for developing robust moisture and light dual-responsive actuators. The distribution gradient of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) nanospheres along the normal direction of a GO paper leads to an asymmetric structure. The front side that mainly consists of GO is quite sensitive to water molecules, which swells upon exposure to moisture, whereas the back side that is rich in PMMA nanospheres expands obviously due to the photothermal effect. The distinct properties of the two sides endow the composite paper with moisture and light dual-responsiveness. Moreover, since GO has been used as a host material, the composite paper shows a moisture-triggered self-healing property, which permits front-to-front and front-to-back healing. The self-healed paper can maintain similar responsive property and reasonable mechanical strength to the pristine one. As a proof of concept, a dual-responsive gripper actuator and a scorpion robot have been fabricated for light and moisture cooperative manipulation. The gradient assembly strategy may open up a new way for developing robust multiresponsive actuators beyond bilayer structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering , Jilin University , 2699 Qianjin Street , Changchun 130012 , China
| | - Yong-Lai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering , Jilin University , 2699 Qianjin Street , Changchun 130012 , China
| | - Bing Han
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology & Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument , Tsinghua University , Haidian District, Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Lin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering , Jilin University , 2699 Qianjin Street , Changchun 130012 , China
| | - Biao Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering , Jilin University , 2699 Qianjin Street , Changchun 130012 , China
| | - Hong-Bo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology & Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument , Tsinghua University , Haidian District, Beijing 100084 , China
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Jiang HB, Liu Y, Liu J, Li SY, Song YY, Han DD, Ren LQ. Moisture-Responsive Graphene Actuators Prepared by Two-Beam Laser Interference of Graphene Oxide Paper. Front Chem 2019; 7:464. [PMID: 31316973 PMCID: PMC6610323 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we reported an ingenious fabrication of moisture responsive graphene-based actuator via unilateral two-beam laser interference (TBLI) treatment of graphene oxide (GO) papers. TBLI technique has been recognized as a representative photoreduction and patterning strategy for hierarchical structuring of GO. The GO paper can be reduced and cut into grating-like periodic reduced graphene oxide (RGO) microstructures due to laser ablation effect. However, the lower light transmittance of the thick GO paper and the corresponding thermal relaxation phenomenon make it impossible to trigger complete reduction, leading to the formation of the anisotropic GO/reduced GO (RGO) bilayer structure. Interestingly, the RGO side that feature lower OCGs and higher roughness shows strong water adsorption due to the formation of micronanostructures. Due to the different water adsorption capacities of the two sides, a flower moisture-responsive actuator has been fabricated, which exhibits “opening” and “closing” behavior under different humidity conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Bo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shu-Yi Li
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yun-Yun Song
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dong-Dong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lu-Quan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Gao YY, Han B, Zhao WY, Ma ZC, Yu YS, Sun HB. Light-Responsive Actuators Based on Graphene. Front Chem 2019; 7:506. [PMID: 31380350 PMCID: PMC6650529 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As a typical 2D carbon material, graphene, that possesses outstanding physical/chemical properties, has revealed great potential for developing soft actuators. Especially, the unique properties of graphene, including the excellent light absorption property, softness, and thermal conductivity, play very important roles in the development of light-responsive graphene actuators. At present, various light-driven actuators have been successfully developed based on graphene and its derivatives. In this mini review, we reviewed the recent advances in this field. The unique properties of graphene or graphene-related materials that are of benefit to the development of light-driven actuators have been summarized. Typical smart actuators based on different photothermal/photochemical effects, including photothermal expansion, photothermal desorption, photoisomerization, and photo-triggered shape memory effect, have been introduced. Besides, current challenges, and future perspective have been discussed. The rapid progress of light-responsive actuators based on graphene has greatly stimulated the development of graphene-based soft robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bing Han
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Ya Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhuo-Chen Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Sen Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hong-Bo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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Zhang DD, Yu RM. Perovskite-WS 2 Nanosheet Composite Optical Absorbers on Graphene as High-Performance Phototransistors. Front Chem 2019; 7:257. [PMID: 31139610 PMCID: PMC6518953 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High-responsivity phototransistors with a structure of perovskite-WS2 nanosheet composite optical absorber and a reduced graphene oxide (rGO) channel layer is demonstrated via a facile and low-cost solution-processing method. The WS2 nanosheets are dispersed within the perovskite matrix, forming the perovskite-WS2 bulk heterojunction (BHJ). The hybrid phototransistor exhibits excellent figures of merit including high photoresponsivity of 678.8 A/W, high specific detectivity of 4.99 × 1011 Jones, high EQE value of 2.04 × 105% and rapid response to photoswitching. The high photoresponsivity could be attributed to the WS2 nanosheets induced photo-generated electron-hole separation promotion effects due to the selective electron trapping effects in the WS2 nanosheets, together with the high carrier mobility of the rGO channel. This work provides a promising platform for constructing high-responsivity photodetectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Dan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Rong-Mei Yu
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China
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