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Ferioli G, Pancaldi S, Glicenstein A, Clément D, Browaeys A, Ferrier-Barbut I. Non-Gaussian Correlations in the Steady State of Driven-Dissipative Clouds of Two-Level Atoms. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:133601. [PMID: 38613290 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.133601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
We report experimental measurements of the second-order coherence function g^{(2)}(τ) of the light emitted by a laser-driven dense ensemble of ^{87}Rb atoms. We observe a clear departure from the Siegert relation valid for Gaussian chaotic light. Measuring intensity and first-order coherence, we conclude that the violation is not due to the emergence of a coherent field. This indicates that the light obeys non-Gaussian statistics, stemming from non-Gaussian correlations in the atomic medium. More specifically, the steady state of this driven-dissipative many-body system sustains high-order correlations in the absence of first-order coherence. These findings call for new theoretical and experimental explorations to uncover their origin, and they open new perspectives for the realization of non-Gaussian states of light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Ferioli
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut d'Optique Graduate School, CNRS, Laboratoire Charles Fabry, 91127 Palaiseau, France
| | - Sara Pancaldi
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut d'Optique Graduate School, CNRS, Laboratoire Charles Fabry, 91127 Palaiseau, France
| | - Antoine Glicenstein
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut d'Optique Graduate School, CNRS, Laboratoire Charles Fabry, 91127 Palaiseau, France
| | - David Clément
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut d'Optique Graduate School, CNRS, Laboratoire Charles Fabry, 91127 Palaiseau, France
| | - Antoine Browaeys
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut d'Optique Graduate School, CNRS, Laboratoire Charles Fabry, 91127 Palaiseau, France
| | - Igor Ferrier-Barbut
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut d'Optique Graduate School, CNRS, Laboratoire Charles Fabry, 91127 Palaiseau, France
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Bohr EA, Kristensen SL, Hotter C, Schäffer SA, Robinson-Tait J, Thomsen JW, Zelevinsky T, Ritsch H, Müller JH. Collectively enhanced Ramsey readout by cavity sub- to superradiant transition. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1084. [PMID: 38316781 PMCID: PMC10844618 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45420-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
When an inverted ensemble of atoms is tightly packed on the scale of its emission wavelength or when the atoms are collectively strongly coupled to a single cavity mode, their dipoles will align and decay rapidly via a superradiant burst. However, a spread-out dipole phase distribution theory predicts a required minimum threshold of atomic excitation for superradiance to occur. Here we experimentally confirm this predicted threshold for superradiant emission on a narrow optical transition when exciting the atoms transversely and show how to take advantage of the resulting sub- to superradiant transition. A π/2-pulse places the atoms in a subradiant state, protected from collective cavity decay, which we exploit during the free evolution period in a corresponding Ramsey pulse sequence. The final excited state population is read out via superradiant emission from the inverted atomic ensemble after a second π/2-pulse, and with minimal heating this allows for multiple Ramsey sequences within one experimental cycle. Our scheme is an innovative approach to atomic state readout characterized by its speed, simplicity, and highly directional emission of signal photons. It demonstrates the potential of sensors using collective effects in cavity-coupled quantum emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliot A Bohr
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark.
| | - Sofus L Kristensen
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Christoph Hotter
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 21a, Innsbruck, A-6020, Austria
| | - Stefan A Schäffer
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Julian Robinson-Tait
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Jan W Thomsen
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Tanya Zelevinsky
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, 538 West 120th Street, New York, 10027-5255, NY, USA
| | - Helmut Ritsch
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 21a, Innsbruck, A-6020, Austria
| | - Jörg H Müller
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark
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Lei M, Fukumori R, Rochman J, Zhu B, Endres M, Choi J, Faraon A. Many-body cavity quantum electrodynamics with driven inhomogeneous emitters. Nature 2023; 617:271-276. [PMID: 37100918 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05884-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Quantum emitters coupled to optical resonators are quintessential systems for exploring fundamental phenomena in cavity quantum electrodynamics (cQED)1 and are commonly used in quantum devices acting as qubits, memories and transducers2. Many previous experimental cQED studies have focused on regimes in which a small number of identical emitters interact with a weak external drive3-6, such that the system can be described with simple, effective models. However, the dynamics of a disordered, many-body quantum system subject to a strong drive have not been fully explored, despite its importance and potential in quantum applications7-10. Here we study how a large, inhomogeneously broadened ensemble of solid-state emitters coupled with high cooperativity to a nanophotonic resonator behaves under strong excitation. We discover a sharp, collectively induced transparency (CIT) in the cavity reflection spectrum, resulting from quantum interference and collective response induced by the interplay between driven inhomogeneous emitters and cavity photons. Furthermore, coherent excitation within the CIT window leads to highly nonlinear optical emission, spanning from fast superradiance to slow subradiance11. These phenomena in the many-body cQED regime enable new mechanisms for achieving slow light12 and frequency referencing, pave a way towards solid-state superradiant lasers13 and inform the development of ensemble-based quantum interconnects9,10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Lei
- Kavli Nanoscience Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Thomas J. Watson, Sr., Laboratories of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Institute for Quantum Information and Matter, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Rikuto Fukumori
- Kavli Nanoscience Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Thomas J. Watson, Sr., Laboratories of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Institute for Quantum Information and Matter, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Jake Rochman
- Kavli Nanoscience Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Thomas J. Watson, Sr., Laboratories of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Institute for Quantum Information and Matter, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Bihui Zhu
- Homer L. Dodge Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Manuel Endres
- Institute for Quantum Information and Matter, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Joonhee Choi
- Institute for Quantum Information and Matter, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
- Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Andrei Faraon
- Kavli Nanoscience Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
- Thomas J. Watson, Sr., Laboratories of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
- Institute for Quantum Information and Matter, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
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Liedl C, Pucher S, Tebbenjohanns F, Schneeweiss P, Rauschenbeutel A. Collective Radiation of a Cascaded Quantum System: From Timed Dicke States to Inverted Ensembles. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:163602. [PMID: 37154641 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.163602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The collective absorption and emission of light by an ensemble of atoms is at the heart of many fundamental quantum optical effects and the basis for numerous applications. However, beyond weak excitation, both experiment and theory become increasingly challenging. Here, we explore the regimes from weak excitation to inversion with ensembles of up to 1000 atoms that are trapped and optically interfaced using the evanescent field surrounding an optical nanofiber. We realize full inversion, with about 80% of the atoms being excited, and study their subsequent radiative decay into the guided modes. The data are very well-described by a simple model that assumes a cascaded interaction of the guided light with the atoms. Our results contribute to the fundamental understanding of the collective interaction of light and matter and are relevant for applications ranging from quantum memories to sources of nonclassical light to optical frequency standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Liedl
- Department of Physics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Pucher
- Department of Physics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Tebbenjohanns
- Department of Physics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Schneeweiss
- Department of Physics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - Arno Rauschenbeutel
- Department of Physics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany
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Abstract
We report computer studies showing how the duration of memory for storage and retrieval of a classical bit can be increased to 100 times the decay time of an isolated atom, with no use of high-tech cold-atom preparations recently developed in the light-matter field. We suggest that our low-tech procedure can greatly enlarge the number of experimenters able to enter this field. The role of symmetry in this procedure arises in a careful interplay of incoherent and coherent excitations of a large collection of “two-level” atoms, the level separation being matched by the dominant frequency of the electromagnetic fields (short pulses and continuing field) applied to the system.
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