1
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Hale VL, Hooker J, Russo CJ, Löwe J. Honeycomb gold specimen supports enabling orthogonal focussed ion beam-milling of elongated cells for cryo-ET. J Struct Biol 2024; 216:108097. [PMID: 38772448 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2024.108097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Cryo-focussed ion beam (FIB)-milling is a powerful technique that opens up thick, cellular specimens to high-resolution structural analysis by electron cryotomography (cryo-ET). FIB-milled lamellae can be produced from cells on grids, or cut from thicker, high-pressure frozen specimens. However, these approaches can put geometrical constraints on the specimen that may be unhelpful, particularly when imaging structures within the cell that have a very defined orientation. For example, plunge frozen rod-shaped bacteria orient parallel to the plane of the grid, yet the Z-ring, a filamentous structure of the tubulin-like protein FtsZ and the key organiser of bacterial division, runs around the circumference of the cell such that it is perpendicular to the imaging plane. It is therefore difficult or impractical to image many complete rings with current technologies. To circumvent this problem, we have fabricated monolithic gold specimen supports with a regular array of cylindrical wells in a honeycomb geometry, which trap bacteria in a vertical orientation. These supports, which we call "honeycomb gold discs", replace standard EM grids and when combined with FIB-milling enable the production of lamellae containing cross-sections through cells. The resulting lamellae are more stable and resistant to breakage and charging than conventional lamellae. The design of the honeycomb discs can be modified according to need and so will also enable cryo-ET and cryo-EM imaging of other specimens in otherwise difficult to obtain orientations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James Hooker
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | | | - Jan Löwe
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.
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2
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Marshall KE, Mengham K, Spink MC, Vania L, Pollard HJ, Darrow MC, Duke E, Harkiolaki M, Serpell LC. Correlative cryo-soft X-ray tomography and cryo-structured illumination microscopy reveal changes to lysosomes in amyloid-β-treated neurons. Structure 2024; 32:585-593.e3. [PMID: 38471506 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2024.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Protein misfolding is common to neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) including Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is partly characterized by the self-assembly and accumulation of amyloid-beta in the brain. Lysosomes are a critical component of the proteostasis network required to degrade and recycle material from outside and within the cell and impaired proteostatic mechanisms have been implicated in NDs. We have previously established that toxic amyloid-beta oligomers are endocytosed, accumulate in lysosomes, and disrupt the endo-lysosomal system in neurons. Here, we use pioneering correlative cryo-structured illumination microscopy and cryo-soft X-ray tomography imaging techniques to reconstruct 3D cellular architecture in the native state revealing reduced X-ray density in lysosomes and increased carbon dense vesicles in oligomer treated neurons compared with untreated cells. This work provides unprecedented visual information on the changes to neuronal lysosomes inflicted by amyloid beta oligomers using advanced methods in structural cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen E Marshall
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9QG Brighton, UK.
| | - Kurtis Mengham
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9QG Brighton, UK
| | - Matthew C Spink
- Diamond Light Source, Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Fermi Avenue, OX11 0DE Didcot, UK
| | - Lyra Vania
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9QG Brighton, UK
| | - Hannah Jane Pollard
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9QG Brighton, UK
| | - Michele C Darrow
- Diamond Light Source, Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Fermi Avenue, OX11 0DE Didcot, UK
| | - Elizabeth Duke
- Diamond Light Source, Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Fermi Avenue, OX11 0DE Didcot, UK
| | - Maria Harkiolaki
- Diamond Light Source, Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Fermi Avenue, OX11 0DE Didcot, UK
| | - Louise C Serpell
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9QG Brighton, UK.
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3
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Wang S, Gai L, Chen Y, Ji X, Lu H, Guo Z. Mitochondria-targeted BODIPY dyes for small molecule recognition, bio-imaging and photodynamic therapy. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:3976-4019. [PMID: 38450547 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00456b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential for a diverse array of biological functions. There is increasing research focus on developing efficient tools for mitochondria-targeted detection and treatment. BODIPY dyes, known for their structural versatility and excellent spectroscopic properties, are being actively explored in this context. Numerous studies have focused on developing innovative BODIPYs that utilize optical signals for imaging mitochondria. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the progress made in this field, aiming to investigate mitochondria-related biological events. It covers key factors such as design strategies, spectroscopic properties, and cytotoxicity, as well as mechanism to facilitate their future application in organelle imaging and targeted therapy. This work is anticipated to provide valuable insights for guiding future development and facilitating further investigation into mitochondria-related biological sensing and phototherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Wang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Lizhi Gai
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
| | - Yuncong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Xiaobo Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Hua Lu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
| | - Zijian Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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4
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Okolo CA, Maran JJ, Watts A, Maripillan J, Harkiolaki M, Martínez AD, Green CR, Mugisho OO. Correlative light and X-ray tomography jointly unveil the critical role of connexin43 channels on inflammation-induced cellular ultrastructural alterations. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27888. [PMID: 38560181 PMCID: PMC10979075 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-junctional connexin43 (Cx43) plasma membrane hemichannels have been implicated in several inflammatory diseases, particularly playing a role in ATP release that triggers activation of the inflammasome. Therapies targeting the blocking of the hemichannels to prevent the pathological release or uptake of ions and signalling molecules through its pores are of therapeutic interest. To date, there is no close-to-native, high-definition documentation of the impact of Cx43 hemichannel-mediated inflammation on cellular ultrastructure, neither is there a robust account of the ultrastructural changes that occur following treatment with selective Cx43 hemichannel blockers such as Xentry-Gap19 (XG19). A combination of same-sample correlative high-resolution three-dimensional fluorescence microscopy and soft X-ray tomography at cryogenic temperatures, enabled in the identification of novel 3D molecular interactions within the cellular milieu when comparing behaviour in healthy states and during the early onset or late stages under inflammatory conditions. Notably, our findings suggest that XG19 blockage of connexin hemichannels under pro-inflammatory conditions may be crucial in preventing the direct degradation of connexosomes by lysosomes, without affecting connexin protein translation and trafficking. We also delineated fine and gross cellular phenotypes, characteristic of inflammatory insult or road-to-recovery from inflammation, where XG19 could indirectly prevent and reverse inflammatory cytokine-induced mitochondrial swelling and cellular hypertrophy through its action on Cx43 hemichannels. Our findings suggest that XG19 might have prophylactic and therapeutic effects on the inflammatory response, in line with functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chidinma Adanna Okolo
- Beamline B24, Life Sciences Division, Diamond Light Source, Didcot, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Jack Jonathan Maran
- Buchanan Ocular Therapeutics Unit, Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Amy Watts
- Beamline B24, Life Sciences Division, Diamond Light Source, Didcot, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Jaime Maripillan
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias de Valparaíso (CINV), Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Maria Harkiolaki
- Beamline B24, Life Sciences Division, Diamond Light Source, Didcot, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Agustín D. Martínez
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias de Valparaíso (CINV), Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Colin R. Green
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Odunayo Omolola Mugisho
- Buchanan Ocular Therapeutics Unit, Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, New Zealand
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5
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Pepe A, Groen J, Zurzolo C, Sartori-Rupp A. Correlative cryo-microscopy pipelines for in situ cellular studies. Methods Cell Biol 2024; 187:175-203. [PMID: 38705624 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2024.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Correlative cryo-microscopy pipelines combining light and electron microscopy and tomography in cryogenic conditions (cryoCLEM) on the same sample are powerful methods for investigating the structure of specific cellular targets identified by a fluorescent tag within their unperturbed cellular environment. CryoCLEM approaches circumvent one of the inherent limitations of cryo EM, and specifically cryo electron tomography (cryoET), of identifying the imaged structures in the crowded 3D environment of cells. Whereas several cryoCLEM approaches are based on thinning the sample by cryo FIB milling, here we present detailed protocols of two alternative cryoCLEM approaches for in situ studies of adherent cells at the single-cell level without the need for such cryo-thinning. The first approach is a complete cryogenic pipeline in which both fluorescence and electronic imaging are performed on frozen-hydrated samples, the second is a hybrid cryoCLEM approach in which fluorescence imaging is performed at room temperature, followed by rapid freezing and subsequent cryoEM imaging. We provide a detailed description of the two methods we have employed for imaging fluorescently labeled cellular structures with thickness below 350-500nm, such as cell protrusions and organelles located in the peripheral areas of the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pepe
- Membrane Traffic and Pathogenesis, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Johannes Groen
- NanoImaging Core Facility, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Chiara Zurzolo
- Membrane Traffic and Pathogenesis, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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6
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Last MGF, Voortman LM, Sharp TH. Building a super-resolution fluorescence cryomicroscope. Methods Cell Biol 2024; 187:205-222. [PMID: 38705625 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2024.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Correlated super-resolution fluorescence microscopy and cryo-electron microscopy enables imaging with both high labeling specificity and high resolution. Naturally, combining two sophisticated imaging techniques within one workflow also introduces new requirements on hardware, such as the need for a super-resolution fluorescence capable microscope that can be used to image cryogenic samples. In this chapter, we describe the design and use of the "cryoscope"; a microscope designed for single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) of cryoEM samples that fits right into established cryoEM workflows. We demonstrate the results that can be achieved with our microscope by imaging fluorescently labeled vimentin, an intermediate filament, within U2OS cells grown on EM grids, and we provide detailed 3d models that encompass the entire design of the microscope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mart G F Last
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lenard M Voortman
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas H Sharp
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands; School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
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7
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Mazal H, Wieser FF, Sandoghdar V. Insights into protein structure using cryogenic light microscopy. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:2041-2059. [PMID: 38015555 PMCID: PMC10754291 DOI: 10.1042/bst20221246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence microscopy has witnessed many clever innovations in the last two decades, leading to new methods such as structured illumination and super-resolution microscopies. The attainable resolution in biological samples is, however, ultimately limited by residual motion within the sample or in the microscope setup. Thus, such experiments are typically performed on chemically fixed samples. Cryogenic light microscopy (Cryo-LM) has been investigated as an alternative, drawing on various preservation techniques developed for cryogenic electron microscopy (Cryo-EM). Moreover, this approach offers a powerful platform for correlative microscopy. Another key advantage of Cryo-LM is the strong reduction in photobleaching at low temperatures, facilitating the collection of orders of magnitude more photons from a single fluorophore. This results in much higher localization precision, leading to Angstrom resolution. In this review, we discuss the general development and progress of Cryo-LM with an emphasis on its application in harnessing structural information on proteins and protein complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisham Mazal
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Franz-Ferdinand Wieser
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Vahid Sandoghdar
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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8
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Last MGF, Noteborn WEM, Voortman LM, Sharp TH. Super-resolution fluorescence imaging of cryosamples does not limit achievable resolution in cryoEM. J Struct Biol 2023; 215:108040. [PMID: 37918761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2023.108040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Correlated super-resolution cryo-fluorescence and cryo-electron microscopy (cryoEM) has been gaining popularity as a method to investigate biological samples with high resolution and specificity. A concern in this combined method (called SR-cryoCLEM), however, is whether and how fluorescence imaging prior to cryoEM acquisition is detrimental to sample integrity. In this report, we investigated the effect of high-dose laser light (405, 488, and 561 nm) irradiation on apoferritin samples prepared for cryoEM with excitation wavelengths commonly used in fluorescence microscopy, and compared these samples to controls that were kept in the dark. We found that laser illumination, of equal duration and intensity as used in cryo-single molecule localization microscopy (cryoSMLM) and in the presence of high concentrations of fluorescent protein, did not affect the achievable resolution in cryoEM, with final reconstructions reaching resolutions of ∼ 1.8 Å regardless of the laser illumination. The finding that super-resolution fluorescence imaging of cryosamples prior to cryoEM data acquisition does not limit the achievable resolution suggests that super-resolution cryo-fluorescence microscopy and in situ structural biology using cryoEM are entirely compatible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mart G F Last
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Centre, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Willem E M Noteborn
- Netherlands Centre for Electron Nanoscopy, Leiden University, 2333 AL Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lenard M Voortman
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Centre, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas H Sharp
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Centre, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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9
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Samanta S, Lai K, Wu F, Liu Y, Cai S, Yang X, Qu J, Yang Z. Xanthene, cyanine, oxazine and BODIPY: the four pillars of the fluorophore empire for super-resolution bioimaging. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:7197-7261. [PMID: 37743716 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00905f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
In the realm of biological research, the invention of super-resolution microscopy (SRM) has enabled the visualization of ultrafine sub-cellular structures and their functions in live cells at the nano-scale level, beyond the diffraction limit, which has opened up a new window for advanced biomedical studies to unravel the complex unknown details of physiological disorders at the sub-cellular level with unprecedented resolution and clarity. However, most of the SRM techniques are highly reliant on the personalized special photophysical features of the fluorophores. In recent times, there has been an unprecedented surge in the development of robust new fluorophore systems with personalized features for various super-resolution imaging techniques. To date, xanthene, cyanine, oxazine and BODIPY cores have been authoritatively utilized as the basic fluorophore units in most of the small-molecule-based organic fluorescent probe designing strategies for SRM owing to their excellent photophysical characteristics and easy synthetic acquiescence. Since the future of next-generation SRM studies will be decided by the availability of advanced fluorescent probes and these four fluorescent building blocks will play an important role in progressive new fluorophore design, there is an urgent need to review the recent advancements in designing fluorophores for different SRM methods based on these fluorescent dye cores. This review article not only includes a comprehensive discussion about the recent developments in designing fluorescent probes for various SRM techniques based on these four important fluorophore building blocks with special emphasis on their effective integration into live cell super-resolution bio-imaging applications but also critically evaluates the background of each of the fluorescent dye cores to highlight their merits and demerits towards developing newer fluorescent probes for SRM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soham Samanta
- Center for Biomedical Optics and Photonics & Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Kaitao Lai
- Center for Biomedical Optics and Photonics & Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Feihu Wu
- Center for Biomedical Optics and Photonics & Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Yingchao Liu
- Center for Biomedical Optics and Photonics & Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Songtao Cai
- Center for Biomedical Optics and Photonics & Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Xusan Yang
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Junle Qu
- Center for Biomedical Optics and Photonics & Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Zhigang Yang
- Center for Biomedical Optics and Photonics & Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
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10
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Golyshev SA, Kazakov EP, Kireev II, Reunov DG, Malyshev IV. Soft X-ray Microscopy in Cell Biology: Current Status, Contributions and Prospects. Acta Naturae 2023; 15:32-43. [PMID: 38234603 PMCID: PMC10790358 DOI: 10.32607/actanaturae.26551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The recent advances achieved in microscopy technology have led to a significant breakthrough in biological research. Super-resolution fluorescent microscopy now allows us to visualize subcellular structures down to the pin-pointing of the single molecules in them, while modern electron microscopy has opened new possibilities in the study of protein complexes in their native, intracellular environment at near-atomic resolution. Nonetheless, both fluorescent and electron microscopy have remained beset by their principal shortcomings: the reliance on labeling procedures and severe sample volume limitations, respectively. Soft X-ray microscopy is a candidate method that can compensate for the shortcomings of both technologies by making possible observation of the entirety of the cellular interior without chemical fixation and labeling with an isotropic resolution of 40-70 nm. This will thus bridge the resolution gap between light and electron microscopy (although this gap is being narrowed, it still exists) and resolve the issue of compatibility with the former, and possibly in the near future, the latter methods. This review aims to assess the current state of soft X-ray microscopy and its impact on our understanding of the subcellular organization. It also attempts to look into the future of X-ray microscopy, particularly as relates to its seamless integration into the cell biology toolkit.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. A. Golyshev
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992 Russian Federation
| | - E. P. Kazakov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992 Russian Federation
| | - I. I. Kireev
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992 Russian Federation
| | - D. G. Reunov
- Institute of Physics of Microstructures RAS, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Russian Federation
| | - I. V. Malyshev
- Institute of Physics of Microstructures RAS, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Russian Federation
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11
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Kirchweger P, Mullick D, Swain PP, Wolf SG, Elbaum M. Correlating cryo-super resolution radial fluctuations and dual-axis cryo-scanning transmission electron tomography to bridge the light-electron resolution gap. J Struct Biol 2023; 215:107982. [PMID: 37268154 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2023.107982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Visualization of organelles and their interactions with other features in the native cell remains a challenge in modern biology. We have introduced cryo-scanning transmission electron tomography (CSTET), which can access 3D volumes on the scale of 1 micron with a resolution of nanometers, making it ideal for this task. Here we introduce two relevant advances: (a) we demonstrate the utility of multi-color super-resolution radial fluctuation light microscopy under cryogenic conditions (cryo-SRRF), and (b) we extend the use of deconvolution processing for dual-axis CSTET data. We show that cryo-SRRF nanoscopy is able to reach resolutions in the range of 100 nm, using commonly available fluorophores and a conventional widefield microscope for cryo-correlative light-electron microscopy. Such resolution aids in precisely identifying regions of interest before tomographic acquisition and enhances precision in localizing features of interest within the 3D reconstruction. Dual-axis CSTET tilt series data and application of entropy regularized deconvolution during post-processing results in close-to-isotropic resolution in the reconstruction without averaging. The integration of cryo-SRRF with deconvolved dual-axis CSTET provides a versatile workflow for studying unique objects in a cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kirchweger
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Debakshi Mullick
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Prabhu Prasad Swain
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; School of Physical Sciences, UM-DAE Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences, Mumbai 400098, India
| | - Sharon G Wolf
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Michael Elbaum
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
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12
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Sanders S, Jensen Y, Reimer R, Bosse JB. From the beginnings to multidimensional light and electron microscopy of virus morphogenesis. Adv Virus Res 2023; 116:45-88. [PMID: 37524482 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2023.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Individual functional viral morphogenesis events are often dynamic, short, and infrequent and might be obscured by other pathways and dead-end products. Volumetric live cell imaging has become an essential tool for studying viral morphogenesis events. It allows following entire dynamic processes while providing functional evidence that the imaged process is involved in viral production. Moreover, it allows to capture many individual events and allows quantitative analysis. Finally, the correlation of volumetric live-cell data with volumetric electron microscopy (EM) can provide crucial insights into the ultrastructure and mechanisms of viral morphogenesis events. Here, we provide an overview and discussion of suitable imaging methods for volumetric correlative imaging of viral morphogenesis and frame them in a historical summary of their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Sanders
- Department of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany; Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany; Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Yannick Jensen
- Department of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany; Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany; Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Jens B Bosse
- Department of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany; Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany; Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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13
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Zimmermann L, Chlanda P. Cryo-electron tomography of viral infection - from applications to biosafety. Curr Opin Virol 2023; 61:101338. [PMID: 37348443 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2023.101338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Cellular cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) offers 3D snapshots at molecular resolution capturing pivotal steps during viral infection. However, tomogram quality depends on the vitrification level of the sample and its thickness. In addition, mandatory inactivation protocols to assure biosafety when handling highly pathogenic viruses during cryo-ET can compromise sample preservation. Here, we focus on different strategies applied in cryo-ET and discuss their advantages and limitations with reference to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 studies. We highlight the importance of virus-like particle (VLP) and replicon systems to study virus assembly and replication in a cellular context without inactivation protocols. We discuss the application of chemical fixation and different irradiation methods in cryo-ET sample preparation and acquisition workflows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liv Zimmermann
- Schaller Research Groups, Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Petr Chlanda
- Schaller Research Groups, Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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14
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Berger C, Premaraj N, Ravelli RBG, Knoops K, López-Iglesias C, Peters PJ. Cryo-electron tomography on focused ion beam lamellae transforms structural cell biology. Nat Methods 2023; 20:499-511. [PMID: 36914814 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-023-01783-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Cryogenic electron microscopy and data processing enable the determination of structures of isolated macromolecules to near-atomic resolution. However, these data do not provide structural information in the cellular environment where macromolecules perform their native functions, and vital molecular interactions can be lost during the isolation process. Cryogenic focused ion beam (FIB) fabrication generates thin lamellae of cellular samples and tissues, enabling structural studies on the near-native cellular interior and its surroundings by cryogenic electron tomography (cryo-ET). Cellular cryo-ET benefits from the technological developments in electron microscopes, detectors and data processing, and more in situ structures are being obtained and at increasingly higher resolution. In this Review, we discuss recent studies employing cryo-ET on FIB-generated lamellae and the technological developments in ultrarapid sample freezing, FIB fabrication of lamellae, tomography, data processing and correlative light and electron microscopy that have enabled these studies. Finally, we explore the future of cryo-ET in terms of both methods development and biological application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casper Berger
- Division of Nanoscopy, Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Structural Biology, The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Didcot, UK
| | - Navya Premaraj
- Division of Nanoscopy, Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Raimond B G Ravelli
- Division of Nanoscopy, Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Kèvin Knoops
- Division of Nanoscopy, Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Carmen López-Iglesias
- Division of Nanoscopy, Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Peter J Peters
- Division of Nanoscopy, Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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15
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Zhai R, Fang B, Lai Y, Peng B, Bai H, Liu X, Li L, Huang W. Small-molecule fluorogenic probes for mitochondrial nanoscale imaging. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:942-972. [PMID: 36514947 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00562j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are inextricably linked to the development of diseases and cell metabolism disorders. Super-resolution imaging (SRI) is crucial in enhancing our understanding of mitochondrial ultrafine structures and functions. In addition to high-precision instruments, super-resolution microscopy relies heavily on fluorescent materials with unique photophysical properties. Small-molecule fluorogenic probes (SMFPs) have excellent properties that make them ideal for mitochondrial SRI. This paper summarizes recent advances in the field of SMFPs, with a focus on the chemical and spectroscopic properties required for mitochondrial SRI. Finally, we discuss future challenges in this field, including the design principles of SMFPs and nanoscopic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongxiu Zhai
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Bin Fang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China. .,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Yaqi Lai
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Bo Peng
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Hua Bai
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Xiaowang Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Lin Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China. .,The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies), Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China. .,The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies), Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
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16
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Li S, Wang Z, Jia X, Niu T, Zhang J, Yin G, Zhang X, Zhu Y, Ji G, Sun F. ELI trifocal microscope: a precise system to prepare target cryo-lamellae for in situ cryo-ET study. Nat Methods 2023; 20:276-283. [PMID: 36646897 PMCID: PMC9911351 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-022-01748-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) has become a powerful approach to study the high-resolution structure of cellular macromolecular machines in situ. However, the current correlative cryo-fluorescence and electron microscopy lacks sufficient accuracy and efficiency to precisely prepare cryo-lamellae of target locations for subsequent cryo-ET. Here we describe a precise cryogenic fabrication system, ELI-TriScope, which sets electron (E), light (L) and ion (I) beams at the same focal point to achieve accurate and efficient preparation of a target cryo-lamella. ELI-TriScope uses a commercial dual-beam scanning electron microscope modified to incorporate a cryo-holder-based transfer system and embed an optical imaging system just underneath the vitrified specimen. Cryo-focused ion beam milling can be accurately navigated by monitoring the real-time fluorescence signal of the target molecule. Using ELI-TriScope, we prepared a batch of cryo-lamellae of HeLa cells targeting the centrosome with a success rate of ~91% and discovered new in situ structural features of the human centrosome by cryo-ET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuoguo Li
- Center for Biological Imaging, Core Facilities for Protein Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ziyan Wang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Jia
- Center for Biological Imaging, Core Facilities for Protein Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tongxin Niu
- Center for Biological Imaging, Core Facilities for Protein Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- Center for Biological Imaging, Core Facilities for Protein Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guoliang Yin
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyun Zhang
- Center for Biological Imaging, Core Facilities for Protein Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Zhu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- National Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Gang Ji
- Center for Biological Imaging, Core Facilities for Protein Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Fei Sun
- Center for Biological Imaging, Core Facilities for Protein Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- National Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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17
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Jadhav AC, Kounatidis I. Correlative Cryo-imaging Using Soft X-Ray Tomography for the Study of Virus Biology in Cells and Tissues. Subcell Biochem 2023; 106:169-196. [PMID: 38159227 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-40086-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Viruses are obligate intracellular pathogens that depend on their host cell machinery and metabolism for their replicative life cycle. Virus entry, replication, and assembly are dynamic processes that lead to the reorganisation of host cell components. Therefore, a complete understanding of the viral processes requires their study in the cellular context where advanced imaging has been proven valuable in providing the necessary information. Among the available imaging techniques, soft X-ray tomography (SXT) at cryogenic temperatures can provide three-dimensional mapping to 25 nm resolution and is ideally suited to visualise the internal organisation of virus-infected cells. In this chapter, the principles and practices of synchrotron-based cryo-soft X-ray tomography (cryo-SXT) in virus research are presented. The potential of the cryo-SXT in correlative microscopy platforms is also demonstrated through working examples of reovirus and hepatitis research at Beamline B24 (Diamond Light Source Synchrotron, UK) and BL09-Mistral beamline (ALBA Synchrotron, Spain), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana C Jadhav
- Beamline B24, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Ilias Kounatidis
- Beamline B24, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK.
- School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK.
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18
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Gold nanomaterials and their potential use as cryo-electron tomography labels. J Struct Biol 2022; 214:107880. [PMID: 35809758 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2022.107880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Rapid advances in cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) are driving a revolution in cellular structural biology. However, unambiguous identification of specific biomolecules within cellular tomograms remains challenging. Overcoming this obstacle and reliably identifying targets in the crowded cellular environment is of major importance for the understanding of cellular function and is a pre-requisite for high-resolution structural analysis. The use of highly-specific, readily visualised and adjustable labels would help mitigate this issue, improving both data quality and sample throughput. While progress has been made in cryo-CLEM and in the development of cloneable high-density tags, technical issues persist and a robust 'cryo-GFP' remains elusive. Readily-synthesized gold nanomaterials conjugated to small 'affinity modules' may represent a solution. The synthesis of materials including gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) is increasingly well understood and is now within the capabilities of non-specialist laboratories. The remarkable chemical and photophysical properties of <3nm diameter nanomaterials and their emergence as tools with widespread biomedical application presents significant opportunities to the cryo-microscopy community. In this review, we will outline developments in the synthesis, functionalisation and labelling uses of both AuNPs and AuNCs in cryo-ET, while discussing their potential as multi-modal probes for cryo-CLEM.
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19
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Automated vitrification of cryo-EM samples with controllable sample thickness using suction and real-time optical inspection. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2985. [PMID: 35624105 PMCID: PMC9142589 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30562-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The speed and efficiency of data collection and image processing in cryo-electron microscopy have increased over the last decade. However, cryo specimen preparation techniques have lagged and faster, more reproducible specimen preparation devices are needed. Here, we present a vitrification device with highly automated sample handling, requiring only limited user interaction. Moreover, the device allows inspection of thin films using light microscopy, since the excess liquid is removed through suction by tubes, not blotting paper. In combination with dew-point control, this enables thin film preparation in a controlled and reproducible manner. The advantage is that the quality of the prepared cryo specimen is characterized before electron microscopy data acquisition. The practicality and performance of the device are illustrated with experimental results obtained by vitrification of protein suspensions, lipid vesicles, bacterial and human cells, followed by imaged using single particle analysis, cryo-electron tomography, and cryo correlated light and electron microscopy. Faster cryo specimen preparation can advance cryo electron microscopy (cryoEM). Here, the authors present a vitrification device with automated sample handling for cryoEM of proteins, suspensions and cells, enabling blot-free sample thinning, dew-point control and characterization of cryo grids prior to data acquisition.
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20
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Sorzano COS, Carazo JM. Cryo-Electron Microscopy: the field of 1,000 + methods. J Struct Biol 2022; 214:107861. [PMID: 35568276 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2022.107861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cryo-Electron Microscopy (CryoEM) is currently a well-established method to elucidate a biological macromolecule's three-dimensional (3D) structure. Its success is due to technological and methodological advances in several fronts: sample preparation, electron optics and detection, image acquisition, image processing, and map interpretation. The first methods started in the late 1960s and, since then, new methods on all fronts have continuously been published, maturating the field as we know it now. In terms of publications, we can distinguish several periods, witnessing a substantial acceleration of methodological publications in recent years, pointing out to an increased interest in the domain. On the other hand, this accelerated increase of methods development may confuse practitioners about which method they should be using (and how) and highlight the importance of paying attention to establishing best practices for methods reporting and usage. In this paper, we analyze the trends identified in over 1,000 methodological papers. Our focus is primarily on computational image processing methods. However, our list also covers some aspects of sample preparation and image acquisition. Several interesting ideas stem out from this study: 1) Single Particle Analysis (SPA) has largely accelerated in the last decade and sample preparation methods in the last five years; 2) Electron Tomography is not yet in a rapidly growing phase, but it is foreseeable that it will soon be; 3) the work horses of SPA are 3D classification, 3D reconstruction, and 3D alignment, and there have been many papers on these topics, which are not considered to be solved yet, but ever improving; and 4) since the resolution revolution, atomic modelling has also caught on as a hot topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- C O S Sorzano
- Natl. Center of Biotechnology, CSIC. c/Darwin, 3. Campus Univ. Autónoma de Madrid. 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - J M Carazo
- Natl. Center of Biotechnology, CSIC. c/Darwin, 3. Campus Univ. Autónoma de Madrid. 28049 Madrid, Spain
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21
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Okolo CA. A guide into the world of high-resolution 3D imaging: the case of soft X-ray tomography for the life sciences. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:649-663. [PMID: 35257156 PMCID: PMC9162464 DOI: 10.1042/bst20210886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In the world of bioimaging, every choice made determines the quality and content of the data collected. The choice of imaging techniques for a study could showcase or dampen expected outcomes. Synchrotron radiation is indispensable for biomedical research, driven by the need to see into biological materials and capture intricate biochemical and biophysical details at controlled environments. The same need drives correlative approaches that enable the capture of heterologous but complementary information when studying any one single target subject. Recently, the applicability of one such synchrotron technique in bioimaging, soft X-ray tomography (SXT), facilitates exploratory and basic research and is actively progressing towards filling medical and industrial needs for the rapid screening of biomaterials, reagents and processes of immediate medical significance. Soft X-ray tomography at cryogenic temperatures (cryoSXT) fills the imaging resolution gap between fluorescence microscopy (in the hundreds of nanometers but relatively accessible) and electron microscopy (few nanometers but requires extensive effort and can be difficult to access). CryoSXT currently is accessible, fully documented, can deliver 3D imaging to 25 nm resolution in a high throughput fashion, does not require laborious sample preparation procedures and can be correlated with other imaging techniques. Here, we present the current state of SXT and outline its place within the bioimaging world alongside a guided matrix that aids decision making with regards to the applicability of any given imaging technique to a particular project. Case studies where cryoSXT has facilitated a better understanding of biological processes are highlighted and future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chidinma Adanna Okolo
- Beamline B24, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, U.K
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22
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Prakash K, Diederich B, Heintzmann R, Schermelleh L. Super-resolution microscopy: a brief history and new avenues. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2022; 380:20210110. [PMID: 35152764 PMCID: PMC8841785 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2021.0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Super-resolution microscopy (SRM) is a fast-developing field that encompasses fluorescence imaging techniques with the capability to resolve objects below the classical diffraction limit of optical resolution. Acknowledged with the Nobel prize in 2014, numerous SRM methods have meanwhile evolved and are being widely applied in biomedical research, all with specific strengths and shortcomings. While some techniques are capable of nanometre-scale molecular resolution, others are geared towards volumetric three-dimensional multi-colour or fast live-cell imaging. In this editorial review, we pick on the latest trends in the field. We start with a brief historical overview of both conceptual and commercial developments. Next, we highlight important parameters for imaging successfully with a particular super-resolution modality. Finally, we discuss the importance of reproducibility and quality control and the significance of open-source tools in microscopy. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Super-resolution structured illumination microscopy (part 2)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirti Prakash
- Integrated Pathology Unit, Centre for Molecular Pathology, The Royal Marsden Trust and Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Benedict Diederich
- Leibniz Institute for Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Rainer Heintzmann
- Leibniz Institute for Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
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23
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Kwon J, Elgawish MS, Shim S. Bleaching-Resistant Super-Resolution Fluorescence Microscopy. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2101817. [PMID: 35088584 PMCID: PMC8948665 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202101817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Photobleaching is the permanent loss of fluorescence after extended exposure to light and is a major limiting factor in super-resolution microscopy (SRM) that restricts spatiotemporal resolution and observation time. Strategies for preventing or overcoming photobleaching in SRM are reviewed developing new probes and chemical environments. Photostabilization strategies are introduced first, which are borrowed from conventional fluorescence microscopy, that are employed in SRM. SRM-specific strategies are then highlighted that exploit the on-off transitions of fluorescence, which is the key mechanism for achieving super-resolution, which are becoming new routes to address photobleaching in SRM. Off states can serve as a shelter from excitation by light or an exit to release a damaged probe and replace it with a fresh one. Such efforts in overcoming the photobleaching limits are anticipated to enhance resolution to molecular scales and to extend the observation time to physiological lifespans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwoong Kwon
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical ChemistryJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMD21205USA
| | - Mohamed Saleh Elgawish
- Department of ChemistryKorea UniversitySeoul02841Republic of Korea
- Medicinal Chemistry DepartmentFaculty of PharmacySuez Canal UniversityIsmailia41522Egypt
| | - Sang‐Hee Shim
- Department of ChemistryKorea UniversitySeoul02841Republic of Korea
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24
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Phillips MA, Susano Pinto DM, Hall N, Mateos-Langerak J, Parton RM, Titlow J, Stoychev DV, Parks T, Susano Pinto T, Sedat JW, Booth MJ, Davis I, Dobbie IM. Microscope-Cockpit: Python-based bespoke microscopy for bio-medical science. Wellcome Open Res 2022. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16610.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed “Microscope-Cockpit” (Cockpit), a highly adaptable open source user-friendly Python-based Graphical User Interface (GUI) environment for precision control of both simple and elaborate bespoke microscope systems. The user environment allows next-generation near instantaneous navigation of the entire slide landscape for efficient selection of specimens of interest and automated acquisition without the use of eyepieces. Cockpit uses “Python-Microscope” (Microscope) for high-performance coordinated control of a wide range of hardware devices using open source software. Microscope also controls complex hardware devices such as deformable mirrors for aberration correction and spatial light modulators for structured illumination via abstracted device models. We demonstrate the advantages of the Cockpit platform using several bespoke microscopes, including a simple widefield system and a complex system with adaptive optics and structured illumination. A key strength of Cockpit is its use of Python, which means that any microscope built with Cockpit is ready for future customisation by simply adding new libraries, for example machine learning algorithms to enable automated microscopy decision making while imaging.
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25
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Laporte MH, Klena N, Hamel V, Guichard P. Visualizing the native cellular organization by coupling cryofixation with expansion microscopy (Cryo-ExM). Nat Methods 2022; 19:216-222. [PMID: 35027766 PMCID: PMC8828483 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-021-01356-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cryofixation has proven to be the gold standard for efficient preservation of native cell ultrastructure compared to chemical fixation, but this approach is not widely used in fluorescence microscopy owing to implementation challenges. Here, we develop Cryo-ExM, a method that preserves native cellular organization by coupling cryofixation with expansion microscopy. This method bypasses artifacts associated with chemical fixation and its simplicity will contribute to its widespread use in super-resolution microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine H Laporte
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nikolai Klena
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Virginie Hamel
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Paul Guichard
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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26
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Sexton DL, Burgold S, Schertel A, Tocheva EI. Super-resolution confocal cryo-CLEM with cryo-FIB milling for in situ imaging of Deinococcus radiodurans. Curr Res Struct Biol 2022; 4:1-9. [PMID: 34977598 PMCID: PMC8688812 DOI: 10.1016/j.crstbi.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Studying bacterial cell envelope architecture with electron microscopy is challenging due to the poor preservation of microbial ultrastructure with traditional methods. Here, we established and validated a super-resolution cryo-correlative light and electron microscopy (cryo-CLEM) method, and combined it with cryo-focused ion beam (cryo-FIB) milling and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) volume imaging to structurally characterize the bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans. Subsequent cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) revealed an unusual diderm cell envelope architecture with a thick layer of peptidoglycan (PG) between the inner and outer membranes, an additional periplasmic layer, and a proteinaceous surface S-layer. Cells grew in tetrads, and division septa were formed by invagination of the inner membrane (IM), followed by a thick layer of PG. Cytoskeletal filaments, FtsA and FtsZ, were observed at the leading edges of constricting septa. Numerous macromolecular complexes were found associated with the cytoplasmic side of the IM. Altogether, our study revealed several unique ultrastructural features of D. radiodurans cells, opening new lines of investigation into the physiology and evolution of the bacterium. User-friendly, commercially available method for correlative cryo-super resolution light microscopy (LM) and cryo-FIB-milling. Cryo-super resolution LM, cryo-FIB milling, cryo-SEM volume imaging, and cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) to study Deinococcus radiodurans. Unique D. radiodurans cell envelope is composed of two membranes, thick peptidoglycan, an additional layer, and an S-layer. Cytoskeletal filaments FtsA and FtsZ were observed at the leading edges of division septa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle L Sexton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | | | - Elitza I Tocheva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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27
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Recent Progress in the Correlative Structured Illumination Microscopy. CHEMOSENSORS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors9120364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The super-resolution imaging technique of structured illumination microscopy (SIM) enables the mixing of high-frequency information into the optical transmission domain via light-source modulation, thus breaking the optical diffraction limit. Correlative SIM, which combines other techniques with SIM, offers more versatility or higher imaging resolution than traditional SIM. In this review, we first briefly introduce the imaging mechanism and development trends of conventional SIM. Then, the principles and recent developments of correlative SIM techniques are reviewed. Finally, the future development directions of SIM and its correlative microscopies are presented.
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28
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Bolitho E, Sanchez-Cano C, Shi H, Quinn PD, Harkiolaki M, Imberti C, Sadler PJ. Single-Cell Chemistry of Photoactivatable Platinum Anticancer Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:20224-20240. [PMID: 34808054 PMCID: PMC8662725 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c08630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The Pt(IV) prodrug trans, trans, trans-[Pt(pyridine)2(N3)2(OH)2] (Pt1) and its coumarin derivative trans, trans, trans-[Pt(pyridine)2(N3)2(OH)(coumarin-3-carboxylate)] (Pt2) are promising agents for photoactivated chemotherapy. These complexes are inert in the dark but release Pt(II) species and radicals upon visible light irradiation, resulting in photocytotoxicity toward cancer cells. Here, we have used synchrotron techniques to investigate the in-cell behavior of these prodrugs and visualize, for the first time, changes in cellular morphology and Pt localization upon treatment with and without light irradiation. We show that photoactivation of Pt2 induces remarkable cellular damage with extreme alterations to multiple cellular components, including formation of vacuoles, while also significantly increasing the cellular accumulation of Pt species compared to dark conditions. X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) measurements in cells treated with Pt2 indicate only partial reduction of the prodrug upon irradiation, highlighting that phototoxicity in cancer cells may involve not only Pt(II) photoproducts but also photoexcited Pt(IV) species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth
M. Bolitho
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
- Diamond
Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Fermi Avenue, Didcot OX11 0DE, United
Kingdom
| | - Carlos Sanchez-Cano
- Center
for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research
and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 182, 20014 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Huayun Shi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Paul D. Quinn
- Diamond
Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Fermi Avenue, Didcot OX11 0DE, United
Kingdom
| | - Maria Harkiolaki
- Diamond
Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Fermi Avenue, Didcot OX11 0DE, United
Kingdom
| | - Cinzia Imberti
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J. Sadler
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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29
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Koronfel M, Kounatidis I, Mwangangi DM, Vyas N, Okolo C, Jadhav A, Fish T, Chotchuang P, Schulte A, Robinson RC, Harkiolaki M. Correlative cryo-imaging of the cellular universe with soft X-rays and laser light used to track F-actin structures in mammalian cells. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2021; 77:1479-1485. [PMID: 34866605 PMCID: PMC8647181 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798321010329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Imaging of actin filaments is crucial due to the integral role that they play in many cellular functions such as intracellular transport, membrane remodelling and cell motility. Visualizing actin filaments has so far relied on fluorescence microscopy and electron microscopy/tomography. The former lacks the capacity to capture the overall local ultrastructure, while the latter requires rigorous sample preparation that can lead to potential artefacts, and only delivers relatively small volumes of imaging data at the thinnest areas of a cell. In this work, a correlative approach utilizing in situ super-resolution fluorescence imaging and cryo X-ray tomography was used to image bundles of actin filaments deep inside cells under near-native conditions. In this case, fluorescence 3D imaging localized the actin bundles within the intracellular space, while X-ray tomograms of the same areas provided detailed views of the local ultrastructure. Using this new approach, actin trails connecting vesicles in the perinuclear area and hotspots of actin presence within and around multivesicular bodies were observed. The characteristic prevalence of filamentous actin in cytoplasmic extensions was also documented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Koronfel
- Beamline B24, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Ilias Kounatidis
- Beamline B24, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Dennis M. Mwangangi
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Nina Vyas
- Beamline B24, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Chidinma Okolo
- Beamline B24, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Archana Jadhav
- Beamline B24, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Fish
- Beamline B24, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Phatcharin Chotchuang
- Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science (RIIS), Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Albert Schulte
- Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science (RIIS), Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Robert C. Robinson
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore 138673, Singapore
- Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science (RIIS), Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering (BSE), Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Maria Harkiolaki
- Beamline B24, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
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30
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Groen J, Palanca A, Aires A, Conesa JJ, Maestro D, Rehbein S, Harkiolaki M, Villar AV, Cortajarena AL, Pereiro E. Correlative 3D cryo X-ray imaging reveals intracellular location and effect of designed antifibrotic protein-nanomaterial hybrids. Chem Sci 2021; 12:15090-15103. [PMID: 34909150 PMCID: PMC8612387 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04183e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Revealing the intracellular location of novel therapeutic agents is paramount for the understanding of their effect at the cell ultrastructure level. Here, we apply a novel correlative cryo 3D imaging approach to determine the intracellular fate of a designed protein–nanomaterial hybrid with antifibrotic properties that shows great promise in mitigating myocardial fibrosis. Cryo 3D structured illumination microscopy (cryo-3D-SIM) pinpoints the location and cryo soft X-ray tomography (cryo-SXT) reveals the ultrastructural environment and subcellular localization of this nanomaterial with spatial correlation accuracy down to 70 nm in whole cells. This novel high resolution 3D cryo correlative approach unambiguously locates the nanomaterial after overnight treatment within multivesicular bodies which have been associated with endosomal trafficking events by confocal microscopy. Moreover, this approach allows assessing the cellular response towards the treatment by evaluating the morphological changes induced. This is especially relevant for the future usage of nanoformulations in clinical practices. This correlative super-resolution and X-ray imaging strategy joins high specificity, by the use of fluorescence, with high spatial resolution at 30 nm (half pitch) provided by cryo-SXT in whole cells, without the need of staining or fixation, and can be of particular benefit to locate specific molecules in the native cellular environment in bio-nanomedicine. A novel 3D cryo correlative approach locates designed therapeutic protein–nanomaterial hybrids in whole cells with high specificity and resolution. Detection of treatment-induced morphological changes, crucial for pre-clinical studies, are revealed.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- J Groen
- MISTRAL Beamline, Experiments Division, ALBA Synchrotron Light Source Cerdanyola del Valles 08290 Barcelona Spain
| | - A Palanca
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnologia de Cantabria (IBBTEC), University of Cantabria, CSIC 39011 Santander Spain.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Cantabria 39011 Santander Spain
| | - A Aires
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA) Paseo de Miramón 194 20014 Donostia San Sebastian Spain
| | - J J Conesa
- MISTRAL Beamline, Experiments Division, ALBA Synchrotron Light Source Cerdanyola del Valles 08290 Barcelona Spain .,National Center for Biotechnology CSIC (CNB-CSIC), Department of Macromolecular Structures Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - D Maestro
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnologia de Cantabria (IBBTEC), University of Cantabria, CSIC 39011 Santander Spain
| | - S Rehbein
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Bessy II D-12489 Berlin Germany
| | - M Harkiolaki
- Beamline B24, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus Didcot Oxfordshire OX11 0DE UK
| | - A V Villar
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnologia de Cantabria (IBBTEC), University of Cantabria, CSIC 39011 Santander Spain.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Cantabria Avd. Herrera Oria s/n Santander Spain
| | - A L Cortajarena
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA) Paseo de Miramón 194 20014 Donostia San Sebastian Spain .,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science 48009 Bilbao Spain
| | - E Pereiro
- MISTRAL Beamline, Experiments Division, ALBA Synchrotron Light Source Cerdanyola del Valles 08290 Barcelona Spain
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31
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Velle KB, Fermino do Rosário C, Wadsworth P, Fritz‐Laylin LK. A OneStep Solution to Fix and Stain Cells for Correlative Live and Fixed Microscopy. Curr Protoc 2021; 1:e308. [PMID: 34826344 PMCID: PMC8630750 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Correlating the location of subcellular structures with dynamic cellular behaviors is difficult when working with organisms that lack the molecular genetic tools needed for expressing fluorescent protein fusions. Here, we describe a protocol for fixing, permeabilizing, and staining cells in a single step while imaging on a microscope. In contrast to traditional, multi-step fixing and staining protocols that take hours, the protocol outlined here achieves satisfactory staining within minutes. This approach takes advantage of well-characterized small molecules that stain specific subcellular structures, including nuclei, mitochondria, and actin networks. Direct visualization of the entire process allows for rapid optimization of cell fixation and staining, as well as straightforward identification of fixation artifacts. Moreover, live imaging prior to fixation reveals the dynamic history of cellular features, making it particularly useful for model systems without the capacity for expressing fluorescent protein fusions. © 2021 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol: Fixing, permeabilizing, and staining mammalian cells in one step on the microscope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina B. Velle
- Department of BiologyUniversity of MassachusettsAmherstMassachusetts
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32
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Susano Pinto DM, Phillips MA, Hall N, Mateos-Langerak J, Stoychev D, Susano Pinto T, Booth MJ, Davis I, Dobbie IM. Python-Microscope - a new open-source Python library for the control of microscopes. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs258955. [PMID: 34448002 PMCID: PMC8520730 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Custom-built microscopes often require control of multiple hardware devices and precise hardware coordination. It is also desirable to have a solution that is scalable to complex systems and that is translatable between components from different manufacturers. Here we report Python-Microscope, a free and open-source Python library for high-performance control of arbitrarily complex and scalable custom microscope systems. Python-Microscope offers simple to use Python-based tools, abstracting differences between physical devices by providing a defined interface for different device types. Concrete implementations are provided for a range of specific hardware, and a framework exists for further expansion. Python-Microscope supports the distribution of devices over multiple computers while maintaining synchronisation via highly precise hardware triggers. We discuss the architectural features of Python-Microscope that overcome the performance problems often raised against Python and demonstrate the different use cases that drove its design: integration with user-facing projects, namely the Microscope-Cockpit project; control of complex microscopes at high speed while using the Python programming language; and use as a microscope simulation tool for software development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Miguel Susano Pinto
- Micron Advanced Bioimaging Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Mick A. Phillips
- Micron Advanced Bioimaging Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Nicholas Hall
- Micron Advanced Bioimaging Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Julio Mateos-Langerak
- IGH, University of Montpellier, CNRS, 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34396 Montpellier, France
- Montpellier Ressources Imagerie, BioCampus, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34094 Montpellier, France
| | - Danail Stoychev
- Micron Advanced Bioimaging Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Tiago Susano Pinto
- Micron Advanced Bioimaging Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Martin J. Booth
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, UK
| | - Ilan Davis
- Micron Advanced Bioimaging Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Ian M. Dobbie
- Micron Advanced Bioimaging Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
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33
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Li S. Cryo-electron tomography of enveloped viruses. Trends Biochem Sci 2021; 47:173-186. [PMID: 34511334 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2021.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Viruses are macromolecular machineries that hijack cellular metabolism for replication. Enveloped viruses comprise a large variety of RNA and DNA viruses, many of which are notorious human or animal pathogens. Despite their importance, the presence of lipid bilayers in their assembly has made most enveloped viruses too pleomorphic to be reconstructed as a whole by traditional structural biology methods. Furthermore, structural biology of the viral lifecycle was hindered by the sample thickness. Here, I review the recent advances in the applications of cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) on enveloped viral structures and intracellular viral activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Li
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology and Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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34
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Bäuerlein FJB, Baumeister W. Towards Visual Proteomics at High Resolution. J Mol Biol 2021; 433:167187. [PMID: 34384780 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally, structural biologists approach the complexity of cellular proteomes in a reductionist manner. Proteomes are fractionated, their molecular components purified and studied one-by-one using the experimental methods for structure determination at their disposal. Visual proteomics aims at obtaining a holistic picture of cellular proteomes by studying them in situ, ideally in unperturbed cellular environments. The method that enables doing this at highest resolution is cryo-electron tomography. It allows to visualize cellular landscapes with molecular resolution generating maps or atlases revealing the interaction networks which underlie cellular functions in health and in disease states. Current implementations of cryo ET do not yet realize the full potential of the method in terms of resolution and interpretability. To this end, further improvements in technology and methodology are needed. This review describes the state of the art as well as measures which we expect will help overcoming current limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix J B Bäuerlein
- Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Department for Molecular Structural Biology, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Planegg, Germany; Georg-August-University, Institute for Neuropathology, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Baumeister
- Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Department for Molecular Structural Biology, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Planegg, Germany.
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35
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Okolo CA, Jadhav A, Phillips P, Dumoux M, McMurray AA, Joshi VD, Pizzey C, Harkiolaki M. Correlative imaging using super-resolution fluorescence microscopy and soft X-ray tomography at cryogenic temperatures provides a new way to assess virosome solutions for vaccine development. J Microsc 2021; 284:214-232. [PMID: 34333776 PMCID: PMC9292697 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.13054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Active virosomes (AVs) are derivatives of viruses, broadly similar to ‘parent’ pathogens, with an outer envelope that contains a bespoke genome coding for four to five viral proteins capable of eliciting an antigenic response. AVs are essentially novel vaccine formulations that present on their surface selected viral proteins as antigens. Once administered, they elicit an initial ‘anti‐viral’ immune response. AVs are also internalised by host cells where their cargo viral genes are used to express viral antigen(s) intracellularly. These can then be transported to the host cell surface resulting in a second wave of antigen exposure and a more potent immuno‐stimulation. A new 3D correlative microscopy approach is used here to provide a robust analytical method for characterisation of Zika‐ and Chikungunya‐derivatised AV populations including vesicle size distribution and variations in antigen loading. Manufactured batches were compared to assess the extent and nature of batch‐to‐batch variations. We also show preliminary results that verify antigen expression on the surface of host cells. We present here a reliable and efficient high‐resolution 3D imaging regime that allows the evaluation of the microstructure and biochemistry of novel vaccine formulations such as AVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chidinma A Okolo
- Beamline B24, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Archana Jadhav
- Beamline B24, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Patrick Phillips
- Beamline B24, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Maud Dumoux
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Rosalind Franklin Institute, Fermi Avenue, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QS, UK
| | | | - Vishwas D Joshi
- Activirosomes Limited, Centrum, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.,Seagull BioSolutions Private Limited, Maharashtra, India
| | - Claire Pizzey
- Beamline B24, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Maria Harkiolaki
- Beamline B24, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK
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36
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Van den Eynde R, Vandenberg W, Hugelier S, Bouwens A, Hofkens J, Müller M, Dedecker P. Self-contained and modular structured illumination microscope. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:4414-4422. [PMID: 34457422 PMCID: PMC8367227 DOI: 10.1364/boe.423492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We present a modular implementation of structured illumination microscopy (SIM) that is fast, largely self-contained and that can be added onto existing fluorescence microscopes. Our strategy, which we call HIT-SIM, can theoretically deliver well over 50 super-resolved images per second and is readily compatible with existing acquisition software packages. We provide a full technical package consisting of schematics, a list of components and an alignment scheme that provides detailed specifications and assembly instructions. We illustrate the performance of the instrument by imaging optically large samples containing sequence-specifically stained DNA fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wim Vandenberg
- Lab for Nanobiology, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Siewert Hugelier
- Lab for Nanobiology, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Arno Bouwens
- Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Belgium
- Perseus Biomics BV, Tienen, Belgium
| | - Johan Hofkens
- Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Belgium
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
| | - Marcel Müller
- Lab for Nanobiology, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Belgium
- Present adress: Faculty of Physics, Bielefeld University, Germany
| | - Peter Dedecker
- Lab for Nanobiology, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Belgium
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37
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Leake MC. Correlative approaches in single-molecule biophysics: A review of the progress in methods and applications. Methods 2021; 193:1-4. [PMID: 34171486 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2021.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we discuss a collection of cutting-edge techniques and applications in use today by some of the leading experts in the field of correlative approaches in single-molecule biophysics. A key difference in emphasis, compared with traditional single-molecule biophysics approaches detailed previously, is on the emphasis of the development and use of complex methods which explicitly combine multiple approaches to increase biological insights at the single-molecule level. These so-called correlative single-molecule biophysics methods rely on multiple, orthogonal tools and analysis, as opposed to any one single driving technique. Importantly, they span both in vivo and in vitro biological systems as well as the interfaces between theory and experiment in often highly integrated ways, very different to earlier traditional non-integrative approaches. The first applications of correlative single-molecule methods involved adaption of a range of different experimental technologies to the same biological sample whose measurements were synchronised. However, now we find a greater flora of integrated methods emerging that include approaches applied to different samples at different times and yet still permit useful molecular-scale correlations to be performed. The resultant findings often enable far greater precision of length and time scales of measurements, and a more nuanced understanding of the interplay between different processes in the same cell. Many new correlative single-molecule biophysics techniques also include more complex, physiologically relevant approaches as well as an increasing number that combine of approaches advanced computational methods and mathematical analysis with experimental tools. Here, we review the motivation behind the development of correlative single-molecule microscopy methods, its history and recent progress in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Leake
- Department of Physics, University of York, UK; Department of Biology, University of York, UK
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38
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Vyas N, Kunne S, Fish TM, Dobbie IM, Harkiolaki M, Paul-Gilloteaux P. Protocol for image registration of correlative soft X-ray tomography and super-resolution structured illumination microscopy images. STAR Protoc 2021; 2:100529. [PMID: 34027487 PMCID: PMC8121986 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2021.100529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Correlation of 3D images acquired on different microscopes can be a daunting prospect even for experienced users. This protocol describes steps for registration of images from soft X-ray absorption contrast imaging and super-resolution fluorescence imaging of hydrated biological materials at cryogenic temperatures. Although it is developed for data generated at synchrotron beamlines that offer the above combination of microscopies, it is applicable to all analogous imaging systems where the same area of a sample is examined using successive non-destructive imaging techniques. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Kounatidis et al. (2020).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Vyas
- Beamline B24, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Stephan Kunne
- Université de Nantes, CHU Nantes, CNRS UMR 6291, INSERM UMR 1087, L'institut du thorax, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - Thomas M. Fish
- Beamline B24, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Ian M. Dobbie
- Micron Advanced Imaging Consortium, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Maria Harkiolaki
- Beamline B24, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Perrine Paul-Gilloteaux
- Université de Nantes, CHU Nantes, CNRS UMR 6291, INSERM UMR 1087, L'institut du thorax, 44000 Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, CHU Nantes, Inserm, CNRS, SFR Santé, Inserm UMS 016, CNRS UMS 3556, 44000 Nantes, France
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39
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Prakash K, Diederich B, Reichelt S, Heintzmann R, Schermelleh L. Super-resolution structured illumination microscopy: past, present and future. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2021; 379:20200143. [PMID: 33896205 PMCID: PMC8366908 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2020.0143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Structured illumination microscopy (SIM) has emerged as an essential technique for three-dimensional (3D) and live-cell super-resolution imaging. However, to date, there has not been a dedicated workshop or journal issue covering the various aspects of SIM, from bespoke hardware and software development and the use of commercial instruments to biological applications. This special issue aims to recap recent developments as well as outline future trends. In addition to SIM, we cover related topics such as complementary super-resolution microscopy techniques, computational imaging, visualization and image processing methods. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Super-resolution structured illumination microscopy (part 1)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirti Prakash
- National Physical Laboratory, TW11 0LW Teddington, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Benedict Diederich
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Helmholtzweg 4, Jena, Germany
| | - Stefanie Reichelt
- CRUK Cambridge Research Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Rainer Heintzmann
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Helmholtzweg 4, Jena, Germany
- Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - Lothar Schermelleh
- Micron Advanced Bioimaging Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
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40
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Wang Z, Zhang Q, Mim C. Coming of Age: Cryo-Electron Tomography as a Versatile Tool to Generate High-Resolution Structures at Cellular/Biological Interfaces. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6177. [PMID: 34201105 PMCID: PMC8228724 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last few years, cryo electron microscopy has become the most important method in structural biology. While 80% of deposited maps are from single particle analysis, electron tomography has grown to become the second most important method. In particular sub-tomogram averaging has matured as a method, delivering structures between 2 and 5 Å from complexes in cells as well as in vitro complexes. While this resolution range is not standard, novel developments point toward a promising future. Here, we provide a guide for the workflow from sample to structure to gain insight into this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carsten Mim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Health Systems, Royal Technical Institute (KTH), Hälsovägen 11C, 141 27 Huddinge, Sweden; (Z.W.); (Q.Z.)
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41
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Okolo CA, Kounatidis I, Groen J, Nahas KL, Balint S, Fish TM, Koronfel MA, Cortajarena AL, Dobbie IM, Pereiro E, Harkiolaki M. Sample preparation strategies for efficient correlation of 3D SIM and soft X-ray tomography data at cryogenic temperatures. Nat Protoc 2021; 16:2851-2885. [PMID: 33990802 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-021-00522-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
3D correlative microscopy methods have revolutionized biomedical research, allowing the acquisition of multidimensional information to gain an in-depth understanding of biological systems. With the advent of relevant cryo-preservation methods, correlative imaging of cryogenically preserved samples has led to nanometer resolution imaging (2-50 nm) under harsh imaging regimes such as electron and soft X-ray tomography. These methods have now been combined with conventional and super-resolution fluorescence imaging at cryogenic temperatures to augment information content from a given sample, resulting in the immediate requirement for protocols that facilitate hassle-free, unambiguous cross-correlation between microscopes. We present here sample preparation strategies and a direct comparison of different working fiducialization regimes that facilitate 3D correlation of cryo-structured illumination microscopy and cryo-soft X-ray tomography. Our protocol has been tested at two synchrotron beamlines (B24 at Diamond Light Source in the UK and BL09 Mistral at ALBA in Spain) and has led to the development of a decision aid that facilitates experimental design with the strategic use of markers based on project requirements. This protocol takes between 1.5 h and 3.5 d to complete, depending on the cell populations used (adherent cells may require several days to grow on sample carriers).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chidinma A Okolo
- Beamline B24, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Ilias Kounatidis
- Beamline B24, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | | | - Kamal L Nahas
- Beamline B24, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK.,Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stefan Balint
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Thomas M Fish
- Beamline B24, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Mohamed A Koronfel
- Beamline B24, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Aitziber L Cortajarena
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Donostia San Sebastián, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Ian M Dobbie
- Micron Advanced Imaging Consortium, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Eva Pereiro
- Beamline 09-MISTRAL, ALBA Synchrotron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Harkiolaki
- Beamline B24, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK.
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42
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Phillips MA, Susano Pinto DM, Hall N, Mateos-Langerak J, Parton RM, Titlow J, Stoychev DV, Parks T, Susano Pinto T, Sedat JW, Booth MJ, Davis I, Dobbie IM. Microscope-Cockpit: Python-based bespoke microscopy for bio-medical science. Wellcome Open Res 2021. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16610.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed “Microscope-Cockpit” (Cockpit), a highly adaptable open source user-friendly Python-based Graphical User Interface (GUI) environment for precision control of both simple and elaborate bespoke microscope systems. The user environment allows next-generation near instantaneous navigation of the entire slide landscape for efficient selection of specimens of interest and automated acquisition without the use of eyepieces. Cockpit uses “Python-Microscope” (Microscope) for high-performance coordinated control of a wide range of hardware devices using open source software. Microscope also controls complex hardware devices such as deformable mirrors for aberration correction and spatial light modulators for structured illumination via abstracted device models. We demonstrate the advantages of the Cockpit platform using several bespoke microscopes, including a simple widefield system and a complex system with adaptive optics and structured illumination. A key strength of Cockpit is its use of Python, which means that any microscope built with Cockpit is ready for future customisation by simply adding new libraries, for example machine learning algorithms to enable automated microscopy decision making while imaging.
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43
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Correlative super-resolution fluorescence and electron cryo-microscopy based on cryo-SOFI. Methods Cell Biol 2020; 162:253-271. [PMID: 33707015 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2020.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The combination of super-resolution fluorescence microscopy and electron microscopy at ambient temperatures has become an established technique and a broad variety of modalities are now available to the cell biology community. In contrast, correlative cryogenic super-resolution fluorescence and electron microscopy (super-resolution cryo-CLEM) is just emerging. Aside from technical challenges, one of the major issues is the risk of devitrification of the specimen caused by the laser intensities required for super-resolution imaging. Cryo-SOFI (cryogenic super-resolution optical fluctuation imaging) allows the reconstruction of super-resolution images at particularly low laser intensities. It is fully compatible with the standard sample preparation for cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and fairly easy to implement in any standard cryogenic fluorescence microscope.
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