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Yang S, Hu S. Perspectives on endoscopic functional photoacoustic microscopy. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 2024; 125:030502. [PMID: 39022117 PMCID: PMC11251735 DOI: 10.1063/5.0201691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Endoscopy, enabling high-resolution imaging of deep tissues and internal organs, plays an important role in basic research and clinical practice. Recent advances in photoacoustic microscopy (PAM), demonstrating excellent capabilities in high-resolution functional imaging, have sparked significant interest in its integration into the field of endoscopy. However, there are challenges in achieving functional PAM in the endoscopic setting. This Perspective article discusses current progress in the development of endoscopic PAM and the challenges related to functional measurements. Then, it points out potential directions to advance endoscopic PAM for functional imaging by leveraging fiber optics, microfabrication, optical engineering, and computational approaches. Finally, it highlights emerging opportunities for functional endoscopic PAM in basic and translational biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Song Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
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Fan Y, Xu L, Liu S, Li J, Xia J, Qin X, Li Y, Gao T, Tang X. The State-of-the-Art and Perspectives of Laser Ablation for Tumor Treatment. CYBORG AND BIONIC SYSTEMS 2024; 5:0062. [PMID: 38188984 PMCID: PMC10769065 DOI: 10.34133/cbsystems.0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Tumors significantly impact individuals' physical well-being and quality of life. With the ongoing advancements in optical technology, information technology, robotic technology, etc., laser technology is being increasingly utilized in the field of tumor treatment, and laser ablation (LA) of tumors remains a prominent area of research interest. This paper presents an overview of the recent progress in tumor LA therapy, with a focus on the mechanisms and biological effects of LA, commonly used ablation lasers, image-guided LA, and robotic-assisted LA. Further insights and future prospects are discussed in relation to these aspects, and the paper proposed potential future directions for the development of tumor LA techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingwei Fan
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Liancheng Xu
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jinhua Li
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jialu Xia
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Xingping Qin
- John B. Little Center for Radiation Sciences, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yafeng Li
- China Electronics Harvest Technology Co. Ltd., China
| | - Tianxin Gao
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaoying Tang
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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3
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Ren L, Yao T, Nguyen KT, Yuan B. Noninvasive measurement of local temperature using ultrasound-switchable fluorescence. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:4406-4420. [PMID: 37791288 PMCID: PMC10545191 DOI: 10.1364/boe.497815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Measuring the local background temperature in diseased and inflamed tissues is highly desirable, especially in a non-invasive way. In this work, ultrasound-switchable fluorescence (USF) technique was utilized to estimate the local background temperature for the first time by analyzing the temperature dependence of fluorescence emission from USF contrast agents induced by a focused ultrasound (FU) beam. First, temperature-sensitive USF agents with distinct temperature switching-on thresholds were synthesized, and their thermal switching characteristics were quantified using an independent spectrometer system. Second, the USF contrast agent suspension was injected into a microtube that was embedded into a phantom and the dynamic USF signal was acquired using a camera-based USF system. The differential profile of the measured dynamic USF signal was computed and compared with the thermal switching characteristics. This allowed for the calculation of the local background temperature of the sample in the FU focal volume based on the estimation of heating speed. An infrared (IR) camera was used to acquire the surface temperature of the sample and further compare it with the USF system. The results showed that the difference between the temperatures acquired from the USF thermometry and the IR thermography was 0.64 ± 0.43 °C when operating at the physiological temperature range from 35.27 to 39.31 °C. These results indicated the potential use of the USF system for measuring the local temperature in diseased tissues non-invasively. The designed USF-based thermometry shows a broad application prospect in high spatial resolution temperature imaging with a tunable measurement range in deep tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqin Ren
- Ultrasound and Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
- Joint Biomedical Engineering Program, The University of Texas at Arlington and The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Tingfeng Yao
- Ultrasound and Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
- Joint Biomedical Engineering Program, The University of Texas at Arlington and The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Kytai T. Nguyen
- Joint Biomedical Engineering Program, The University of Texas at Arlington and The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Baohong Yuan
- Ultrasound and Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
- Joint Biomedical Engineering Program, The University of Texas at Arlington and The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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John S, Hester S, Basij M, Paul A, Xavierselvan M, Mehrmohammadi M, Mallidi S. Niche preclinical and clinical applications of photoacoustic imaging with endogenous contrast. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2023; 32:100533. [PMID: 37636547 PMCID: PMC10448345 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2023.100533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, photoacoustic (PA) imaging has attracted a great deal of popularity as an emergent diagnostic technology owing to its successful demonstration in both preclinical and clinical arenas by various academic and industrial research groups. Such steady growth of PA imaging can mainly be attributed to its salient features, including being non-ionizing, cost-effective, easily deployable, and having sufficient axial, lateral, and temporal resolutions for resolving various tissue characteristics and assessing the therapeutic efficacy. In addition, PA imaging can easily be integrated with the ultrasound imaging systems, the combination of which confers the ability to co-register and cross-reference various features in the structural, functional, and molecular imaging regimes. PA imaging relies on either an endogenous source of contrast (e.g., hemoglobin) or those of an exogenous nature such as nano-sized tunable optical absorbers or dyes that may boost imaging contrast beyond that provided by the endogenous sources. In this review, we discuss the applications of PA imaging with endogenous contrast as they pertain to clinically relevant niches, including tissue characterization, cancer diagnostics/therapies (termed as theranostics), cardiovascular applications, and surgical applications. We believe that PA imaging's role as a facile indicator of several disease-relevant states will continue to expand and evolve as it is adopted by an increasing number of research laboratories and clinics worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel John
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Scott Hester
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Maryam Basij
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Avijit Paul
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | | | - Mohammad Mehrmohammadi
- Department of Imaging Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
- Wilmot Cancer Institute, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Srivalleesha Mallidi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Ma C, Kuang X, Chen M, Menozzi L, Jiang L, Zhou Q, Zhang YS, Yao J. Multiscale photoacoustic tomography using reversibly switchable thermochromics. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2023; 28:082804. [PMID: 36817549 PMCID: PMC9932525 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.28.8.082804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Based on acoustic detection of optical absorption, photoacoustic tomography (PAT) allows functional and molecular imaging beyond the optical diffusion limit with high spatial resolution. However, multispectral functional and molecular PAT is often limited by decreased spectroscopic accuracy and reduced detection sensitivity in deep tissues, mainly due to wavelength-dependent optical attenuation and inaccurate acoustic inversion. AIM Previous work has demonstrated that reversible color-shifting can drastically improve the detection sensitivity of PAT by suppressing nonswitching background signals. We aim to develop a new color switching-based PAT method using reversibly switchable thermochromics (ReST). APPROACH We developed a family of ReST with excellent water dispersion, biostability, and temperature-controlled color changes by surface modification of commercial thermochromic microcapsules with the hydrophilic polysaccharide alginate. RESULTS The optical absorbance of the ReST was switched on and off repeatedly by modulating the surrounding temperature, allowing differential photoacoustic detection that effectively suppressed the nonswitching background signal and substantially improved image contrast and detection sensitivity. We demonstrate reversible thermal-switching imaging of ReST in vitro and in vivo using three PAT modes at different length scales. CONCLUSIONS ReST-enabled PAT is a promising technology for high-sensitivity deep tissue imaging of molecular activity in temperature-related biomedical applications, such as cancer thermotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenshuo Ma
- Duke University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Xiao Kuang
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Maomao Chen
- Duke University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Luca Menozzi
- Duke University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Laiming Jiang
- University of Southern California, Department of Biomedical Engineering and USC Roski Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Qifa Zhou
- University of Southern California, Department of Biomedical Engineering and USC Roski Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Yu Shrike Zhang
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Junjie Yao
- Duke University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Durham, North Carolina, United States
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Gonzalez EA, Bell MAL. Photoacoustic Imaging and Characterization of Bone in Medicine: Overview, Applications, and Outlook. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2023; 25:207-232. [PMID: 37000966 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-081622-025405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic techniques have shown promise in identifying molecular changes in bone tissue and visualizing tissue microstructure. This capability represents significant advantages over gold standards (i.e., dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) for bone evaluation without requiring ionizing radiation. Instead, photoacoustic imaging uses light to penetrate through bone, followed by acoustic pressure generation, resulting in highly sensitive optical absorption contrast in deep biological tissues. This review covers multiple bone-related photoacoustic imaging contributions to clinical applications, spanning bone cancer, joint pathologies, spinal disorders, osteoporosis, bone-related surgical guidance, consolidation monitoring, and transsphenoidal and transcranial imaging. We also present a summary of photoacoustic-based techniques for characterizing biomechanical properties of bone, including temperature, guided waves, spectral parameters, and spectroscopy. We conclude with a future outlook based on the current state of technological developments, recent achievements, and possible new directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo A Gonzalez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Muyinatu A Lediju Bell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA;
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Özsoy Ç, Lafci B, Reiss M, Deán-Ben XL, Razansky D. Real-time assessment of high-intensity focused ultrasound heating and cavitation with hybrid optoacoustic ultrasound imaging. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2023; 31:100508. [PMID: 37228577 PMCID: PMC10203775 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2023.100508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) enables localized ablation of biological tissues by capitalizing on the synergistic effects of heating and cavitation. Monitoring of those effects is essential for improving the efficacy and safety of HIFU interventions. Herein, we suggest a hybrid optoacoustic-ultrasound (OPUS) approach for real-time assessment of heating and cavitation processes while providing an essential anatomical reference for accurate localization of the HIFU-induced lesion. Both effects could clearly be observed by exploiting the temperature dependence of optoacoustic (OA) signals and the strong contrast of gas bubbles in pulse-echo ultrasound (US) images. The differences in temperature increase and its rate, as recorded with a thermal camera for different HIFU pressures, evinced the onset of cavitation at the expected pressure threshold. The estimated temperatures based on OA signal variations were also within 10-20 % agreement with the camera readings for temperatures below the coagulation threshold (∼50 °C). Experiments performed in excised tissues as well as in a post-mortem mouse demonstrate that both heating and cavitation effects can be effectively visualized and tracked using the OPUS approach. The good sensitivity of the suggested method for HIFU monitoring purposes was manifested by a significant increase in contrast-to-noise ratio within the ablated region by > 10 dB and > 5 dB for the OA and US images, respectively. The hybrid OPUS-based monitoring approach offers the ease of handheld operation thus can readily be implemented in a bedside setting to benefit several types of HIFU treatments used in the clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Çağla Özsoy
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Berkan Lafci
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Reiss
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Xosé Luís Deán-Ben
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Razansky
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
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Peng K, Wang Y, Li L, Zhang J, Chen H, Xiao J. In vivo photothermal therapy monitored by multi-position calibrated photoacoustic thermometer. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2023; 31:100501. [PMID: 37180960 PMCID: PMC10172711 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2023.100501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
With the ability of monitoring both temperature and photothermal agents, the photoacoustic (PA) imaging is a promising guiding tool for the photothermal therapy (PTT). The calibration line which depicts the relative variation of PA amplitude with the temperature should be obtained before using PA thermometer. In existing study, a calibration line was generated based on the data from one spatial position, and used in the whole region of interesting (ROI). However, the generalization of this calibration line in ROI was not verified, especially for ROI with heterogeneous tissues. Moreover, the relationship between the distributions of photothermal agents and effective treatment area is not clear, hindering using photothermal agents' distribution to optimize the administration-therapy interval. In this study, the distribution of effective photothermal agents and temperature in subcutaneously transplanted tumor mouse models were continuously monitored by 3D photoacoustic/ ultrasonic dual-modality imaging in 8 h after administration. With multiple micro-temperature probes in tumor and surrounding normal tissue, the PA thermometer was calibrated and evaluated at multiple spatial positions for the first time. The generalization in homologous tissue and tissue specificity in heterogeneous tissues of the PA thermometer calibration line were verified. Our study not only validated the effectivity of PA thermometer by proving the generalization of calibration line, but also removes a major obstacle that prevents applying the PA thermometer to a heterogeneous tissues ROI. The positive correlation between the proportion of effective treatment area and the proportion of effective photothermal agent area in the tumor was observed. Since the latter can be monitored with fast PA imaging, PA imaging can be employed as a convenient tool for seeking optimal administration-treatment interval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Peng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yongjun Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Lingfeng Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Jiaxi Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Haobin Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Jiaying Xiao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Central South University, Shenzhen 518057, China
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Corresponding author at: Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
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Chen F, Sun M, Chen R, Li C, Shi J. Absolute Grüneisen parameter measurement in deep tissue based on X-ray-induced acoustic computed tomography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:1205-1215. [PMID: 36950240 PMCID: PMC10026575 DOI: 10.1364/boe.483490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The Grüneisen parameter is a primary parameter of the initial sound pressure signal in the photoacoustic effect, which can provide unique biological information and is related to the temperature change information of an object. The accurate measurement of this parameter is of great significance in biomedical research. Combining X-ray-induced acoustic tomography and conventional X-ray computed tomography, we proposed a method to obtain the absolute Grüneisen parameter. The theory development, numerical simulation, and biomedical application scenarios are discussed. The results reveal that our method not only can determine the Grüneisen parameter but can also obtain the body internal temperature distribution, presenting its potential in the diagnosis of a broad range of diseases.
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10
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A photoacoustic patch for three-dimensional imaging of hemoglobin and core temperature. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7757. [PMID: 36522334 PMCID: PMC9755152 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35455-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Electronic patches, based on various mechanisms, allow continuous and noninvasive monitoring of biomolecules on the skin surface. However, to date, such devices are unable to sense biomolecules in deep tissues, which have a stronger and faster correlation with the human physiological status than those on the skin surface. Here, we demonstrate a photoacoustic patch for three-dimensional (3D) mapping of hemoglobin in deep tissues. This photoacoustic patch integrates an array of ultrasonic transducers and vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) diodes on a common soft substrate. The high-power VCSEL diodes can generate laser pulses that penetrate >2 cm into biological tissues and activate hemoglobin molecules to generate acoustic waves, which can be collected by the transducers for 3D imaging of the hemoglobin with a high spatial resolution. Additionally, the photoacoustic signal amplitude and temperature have a linear relationship, which allows 3D mapping of core temperatures with high accuracy and fast response. With access to biomolecules in deep tissues, this technology adds unprecedented capabilities to wearable electronics and thus holds significant implications for various applications in both basic research and clinical practice.
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Xiao J, Jiang J, Zhang J, Wang Y, Wang B. Acoustic-resolution-based spectroscopic photoacoustic endoscopy towards molecular imaging in deep tissues. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:35014-35028. [PMID: 36242503 DOI: 10.1364/oe.469550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Due to many technical difficulties, the study of molecular photoacoustic endoscopic (PAE) imaging in deep tissues is limited. In this work, we have set up a multimodal acoustic-resolution-based PAE (AR-PAE) system to image the rabbit rectum and preliminarily explored the potential of molecular PAE for deep-seated targets in proof-of-concept. We developed an improved back-projection (IBP) algorithm for focused detection over the centimeter-scale imaging depth. We also developed a deep-learning-based algorithm to remove the electrical noise from the step motor to prevent data averaging for reduced scanning time. We injected a dose of indocyanine green (ICG) near the rabbit rectum and compared 2D and 3D photoacoustic/ultrasound (PA/US) images at different wavelengths. We proposed incorporating a small camera to guide the slow PA/US endoscopic scan. Results show that this system has achieved a lateral resolution of about 0.77/0.65 mm for PA/US images with a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 25/38 dB at an imaging depth of 1.4 cm. We found that the rectum wall and the ICG can be well distinguished spectroscopically. Results also show that the PA images at 532 nm have higher signal intensity and reflection artifacts from pelvic tendons and bones than those at longer wavelengths such as 800 nm. The proposed methods and the intuitive findings in this work may guide and promote the development of high-penetration molecular PAE.
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12
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Subochev P, Kurnikov A, Sergeeva E, Kirillin M, Kapustin I, Belyaev R, Ermoshkin A, Molkov A. Optoacoustic Sensing of Surfactant Crude Oil in Thermal Relaxation and Nonlinear Regimes. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:6142. [PMID: 34577347 PMCID: PMC8470755 DOI: 10.3390/s21186142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We propose a laser optoacoustic method for the complex characterization of crude oil pollution of the water surface by the thickness of the layer, the speed of sound, the coefficient of optical absorption, and the temperature dependence of the Grüneisen parameter. Using a 532 nm pulsed laser and a 1-100 MHz ultra-wideband ultrasonic antenna, we have demonstrated the capability of accurate (>95%) optoacoustic thickness measurements in the 5 to 500-micron range, covering 88% of slicks observed during 2010 oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. In the thermal relaxation regime of optoacoustic measurements, the value of optical absorption coefficient (30 mm-1) agreed with the data of independent spectrophotometric measurements, while the sound speed (1430 m/s) agreed with the tabular data. When operating in a nonlinear regime, the effect of local deformation of the surface of the oil film induced by heating laser radiation was revealed. The dose-time parameters of laser radiation ensuring the transition from the thermal relaxation regime of optoacoustic generation to nonlinear one were experimentally investigated. The developed OA method has potential for quantitative characterization of not only the volume, but also the degree and even the type of oil pollution of the water surface.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexey Kurnikov
- Institute of Applied Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 46 Uljanova St., 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (P.S.); (E.S.); (M.K.); (I.K.); (R.B.); (A.E.); (A.M.)
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13
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Vu T, Tang Y, Li M, Sankin G, Tang S, Chen S, Zhong P, Yao J. Photoacoustic computed tomography of mechanical HIFU-induced vascular injury. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:5489-5498. [PMID: 34692196 PMCID: PMC8515986 DOI: 10.1364/boe.426660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) has been used for cancer treatment and drug delivery. Existing monitoring methods for mechanical HIFU therapies such as MRI and ultrasound imaging often suffer from high cost, poor spatial-temporal resolution, and/or low sensitivity to tissue's hemodynamic changes. Evaluating vascular injury during mechanical HIFU treatment, therefore, remains challenging. Photoacoustic computed tomography (PACT) is a promising tool to meet this need. Intrinsically sensitive to optical absorption, PACT provides high-resolution imaging of blood vessels using hemoglobin as the endogenous contrast. In this study, we have developed an integrated HIFU-PACT system for detecting vascular rupture in mechanical HIFU treatment. We have demonstrated singular value decomposition for enhancing hemorrhage detection. We have validated the HIFU-PACT performance on phantoms and in vivo animal tumor models. We expect that PACT-HIFU will find practical applications in oncology research using small animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tri Vu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Yuqi Tang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Mucong Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Georgii Sankin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Shanshan Tang
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Shigao Chen
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Pei Zhong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Junjie Yao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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Chen W, Ye F, Yin J, Yang GF. A high-contrast photoacoustic agent with near-infrared emission. Methods Enzymol 2021; 657:223-247. [PMID: 34353489 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2021.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Benzobisthiadiazole as a typical electron acceptor, has been widely used to design fluorescent dyes and photoacoustic (PA) agents. With the strategy of constructing donor-acceptor-donor (D-A-D) type of electron characteristics, benzobisthiadiazole derivatives tend to behave stable in near-infrared absorption and emission, which is beneficial to PA imaging. In this chapter, two molecular design strategies are combined to improve the photoacoustic imaging effects of new PA contrast agent IR-1302 NPs, by installing strengthened conjugated bridges and electron donors. The nanoparticles exhibit high-contrast noninvasive photoacoustic imaging in tumor models with longer wavelength absorption and emission and show potential as a clinic contrast agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Fengying Ye
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Jun Yin
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, PR China.
| | - Guang-Fu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, PR China.
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15
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Assi H, Yang C, Shaswary E, Tam M, Tavakkoli J, Kolios M, Peyman G, Kumaradas C. Real-Time Control of Nanoparticle-Mediated Thermal Therapy Using Photoacoustic Imaging. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2021; 68:2188-2194. [PMID: 33186098 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2020.3037991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This work aims to determine whether photoacoustic (PA) thermometry from a commercially available PA imaging system can be used to control the temperature in nanoparticle-mediated thermal therapies. METHODS The PA imaging system was interfaced to obtain PA images while scanning ex-vivo tissue. These images were then used to obtain temperature maps in real-time during heating. Validation and calibration of the PA thermometry were done using a fluoroptic thermometer. This thermometer was also used to develop and tune a software-based proportional integral derivative (PID) controller. Finally, a PA-based PID closed-loop controller was used to control gold nanorod (GNR) mediated laser therapy. RESULTS The use of GNRs substantially enhanced laser heating; the temperature rise increased 7-fold by injecting a GNR solution with a concentration of 0.029 mg/mL. The control experiments showed that the desired temperature could be achieved and maintained at a targeted location in the ex-vivo tissue. The steady-state mean absolute deviations (MAD) from the targeted temperature during control were between 0.16 [Formula: see text] and 0.5 [Formula: see text], depending on the experiment. CONCLUSION It was possible to control hyperthermia treatments using a software-based PID controller and a commercial PA imaging system. SIGNIFICANCE The monitoring and control of the temperature in thermal-based therapies are important for assuring a prescribed temperature to the target tissue while minimizing the temperature of the surrounding healthy tissue. This easily implemented non-invasive control system will facilitate the realization of a broad range of hyperthermia treatments.
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16
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Gao R, Xu Z, Ren Y, Song L, Liu C. Nonlinear mechanisms in photoacoustics-Powerful tools in photoacoustic imaging. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2021; 22:100243. [PMID: 33643841 PMCID: PMC7893487 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2021.100243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Many nonlinear effects have been discovered and developed in photoacoustic imaging. These nonlinear mechanisms have been explored for different utilizations, such as enhancing imaging contrast, measuring tissue temperature, achieving super-resolution imaging, enabling functional imaging, and extracting important physical parameters. This review aims to introduce different nonlinear mechanisms in photoacoustics, underline the fundamental principles, highlight their representative applications, and outline the occurrence conditions and applicable range of each nonlinear mechanism. Furthermore, this review thoroughly discusses the nonlinearity rule concerning how the mathematical structure of the nonlinear dependence is correlated to its practical applications. This summarization is useful for identifying and guiding the potential applications of nonlinearity based on their mathematical expressions, and is helpful for new nonlinear mechanism discovery or implementation in the future, which facilitates further breakthroughs in nonlinear photoacoustics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongkang Gao
- Research Laboratory for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhiqiang Xu
- Research Laboratory for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yaguang Ren
- Research Laboratory for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Liang Song
- Research Laboratory for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chengbo Liu
- Research Laboratory for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
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17
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Gao R, Xu Z, Ren Y, Song L, Liu C. Nonlinear mechanisms in photoacoustics-Powerful tools in photoacoustic imaging. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2021; 22:100243. [PMID: 33643841 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.(2021).100243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Many nonlinear effects have been discovered and developed in photoacoustic imaging. These nonlinear mechanisms have been explored for different utilizations, such as enhancing imaging contrast, measuring tissue temperature, achieving super-resolution imaging, enabling functional imaging, and extracting important physical parameters. This review aims to introduce different nonlinear mechanisms in photoacoustics, underline the fundamental principles, highlight their representative applications, and outline the occurrence conditions and applicable range of each nonlinear mechanism. Furthermore, this review thoroughly discusses the nonlinearity rule concerning how the mathematical structure of the nonlinear dependence is correlated to its practical applications. This summarization is useful for identifying and guiding the potential applications of nonlinearity based on their mathematical expressions, and is helpful for new nonlinear mechanism discovery or implementation in the future, which facilitates further breakthroughs in nonlinear photoacoustics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongkang Gao
- Research Laboratory for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhiqiang Xu
- Research Laboratory for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yaguang Ren
- Research Laboratory for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Liang Song
- Research Laboratory for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chengbo Liu
- Research Laboratory for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
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18
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Li M, Vu T, Sankin G, Winship B, Boydston K, Terry R, Zhong P, Yao J. Internal-Illumination Photoacoustic Tomography Enhanced by a Graded-Scattering Fiber Diffuser. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2021; 40:346-356. [PMID: 32986546 PMCID: PMC7772228 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2020.3027199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The penetration depth of photoacoustic imaging in biological tissues has been fundamentally limited by the strong optical attenuation when light is delivered externally through the tissue surface. To address this issue, we previously reported internal-illumination photoacoustic imaging using a customized radial-emission optical fiber diffuser, which, however, has complex fabrication, high cost, and non-uniform light emission. To overcome these shortcomings, we have developed a new type of low-cost fiber diffusers based on a graded-scattering method in which the optical scattering of the fiber diffuser is gradually increased as the light travels. The graded scattering can compensate for the optical attenuation and provide relatively uniform light emission along the diffuser. We performed Monte Carlo numerical simulations to optimize several key design parameters, including the number of scattering segments, scattering anisotropy factor, divergence angle of the optical fiber, and reflective index of the surrounding medium. These optimized parameters collectively result in uniform light emission along the fiber diffuser and can be flexibly adjusted to accommodate different applications. We fabricated and characterized the prototype fiber diffuser made of agarose gel and intralipid. Equipped with the new fiber diffuser, we performed thorough proof-of-concept studies on ex vivo tissue phantoms and an in vivo swine model to demonstrate the deep-imaging capability (~10 cm achieved ex vivo) of photoacoustic tomography. We believe that the internal light delivery via the optimized fiber diffuser is an effective strategy to image deep targets (e.g., kidney) in large animals or humans.
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19
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Das D, Sharma A, Rajendran P, Pramanik M. Another decade of photoacoustic imaging. Phys Med Biol 2020; 66. [PMID: 33361580 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/abd669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging - a hybrid biomedical imaging modality finding its way to clinical practices. Although the photoacoustic phenomenon was known more than a century back, only in the last two decades it has been widely researched and used for biomedical imaging applications. In this review we focus on the development and progress of the technology in the last decade (2010-2020). From becoming more and more user friendly, cheaper in cost, portable in size, photoacoustic imaging promises a wide range of applications, if translated to clinic. The growth of photoacoustic community is steady, and with several new directions researchers are exploring, it is inevitable that photoacoustic imaging will one day establish itself as a regular imaging system in the clinical practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhiman Das
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, SINGAPORE
| | - Arunima Sharma
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, SINGAPORE
| | - Praveenbalaji Rajendran
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, SINGAPORE
| | - Manojit Pramanik
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, N1.3-B2-11, Singapore, 637457, SINGAPORE
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20
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Allen TJ, Berendt M, Lin D, Alam SU, Huynh NT, Zhang E, Richardson DJ, Beard PC. High pulse energy fibre laser as an excitation source for photoacoustic tomography. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:34255-34265. [PMID: 33182899 DOI: 10.1364/oe.401708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A custom fibre laser designed as an excitation source for biomedical photoacoustic tomography has been developed. It is based on a custom-drawn large core diameter fibre (200 µm) that enables high pulse energies (∼10 mJ) to be achieved. The system can provide variable pulse durations (10 - 500 ns) and pulse repetition frequencies (100 Hz - 1 kHz), as well as arbitrary pulse bursts according to specific user defined sequences. The system is also compact and does not require external water cooling. This, along with the flexibility in the temporal characteristics of its output that it offers, will aid the translation of photoacoustic imaging to practical application in medicine and biology.
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21
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Yuan AY, Gao Y, Peng L, Zhou L, Liu J, Zhu S, Song W. Hybrid deep learning network for vascular segmentation in photoacoustic imaging. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:6445-6457. [PMID: 33282500 PMCID: PMC7687958 DOI: 10.1364/boe.409246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic (PA) technology has been used extensively on vessel imaging due to its capability of identifying molecular specificities and achieving high optical-diffraction-limited lateral resolution down to the cellular level. Vessel images carry essential medical information that provides guidelines for a professional diagnosis. Modern image processing techniques provide a decent contribution to vessel segmentation. However, these methods suffer from under or over-segmentation. Thus, we demonstrate both the results of adopting a fully convolutional network and U-net, and propose a hybrid network consisting of both applied on PA vessel images. Comparison results indicate that the hybrid network can significantly increase the segmentation accuracy and robustness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Yilun Yuan
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Yang Gao
- Nanophotonics Research Center, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Liangliang Peng
- Nanophotonics Research Center, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lingxiao Zhou
- Nanophotonics Research Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Technology, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Tianjin Union Medical Centre, Tianjin, China
| | - Siwei Zhu
- Tianjin Union Medical Centre, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Song
- Nanophotonics Research Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Technology, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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22
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Ma Y, Lu C, Xiong K, Zhang W, Yang S. Spatial weight matrix in dimensionality reduction reconstruction for micro-electromechanical system-based photoacoustic microscopy. Vis Comput Ind Biomed Art 2020; 3:22. [PMID: 32996016 PMCID: PMC7524599 DOI: 10.1186/s42492-020-00058-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) scanning mirror accelerates the raster scanning of optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM). However, the nonlinear tilt angular-voltage characteristic of a MEMS mirror introduces distortion into the maximum back-projection image. Moreover, the size of the airy disk, ultrasonic sensor properties, and thermal effects decrease the resolution. Thus, in this study, we proposed a spatial weight matrix (SWM) with a dimensionality reduction for image reconstruction. The three-layer SWM contains the invariable information of the system, which includes a spatial dependent distortion correction and 3D deconvolution. We employed an ordinal-valued Markov random field and the Harris Stephen algorithm, as well as a modified delay-and-sum method during a time reversal. The results from the experiments and a quantitative analysis demonstrate that images can be effectively reconstructed using an SWM; this is also true for severely distorted images. The index of the mutual information between the reference images and registered images was 70.33 times higher than the initial index, on average. Moreover, the peak signal-to-noise ratio was increased by 17.08% after 3D deconvolution. This accomplishment offers a practical approach to image reconstruction and a promising method to achieve a real-time distortion correction for MEMS-based OR-PAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzheng Ma
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Chang Lu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Kedi Xiong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Wuyu Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Sihua Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
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23
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Zhang Y, Bai W, Diebold GJ. Heterodyned photoacoustic effect generated by irradiation of single particles by two laser beams modulated at different frequencies. ULTRASONICS 2020; 106:106157. [PMID: 32315836 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2020.106157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
When a modulated light beam is absorbed by an incompressible particle, the photoacoustic effect can take place through heat diffusion into the surrounding fluid followed by thermal expansion and the generation of sound. When two laser beams modulated at different frequencies irradiate a particle in aqueous solution, the effect of one laser is to modulate the thermal expansion coefficient of the solution in the proximity of the particle at its modulation frequency. Heat diffusion into the same region of fluid from absorption of radiation from the second laser takes place in fluid where the thermal expansion coefficient is modulated so that the photoacoustic effect is produced at the sum and difference frequencies of the two lasers. Here, a theory for the photoacoustic effect at the heterodyne frequency for a single particle and the corresponding experiments with carbon particles of different sizes are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Wenyu Bai
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Gerald J Diebold
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
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24
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Tamimi EA, Xin H, Witte RS. Real-time 3D thermoacoustic imaging and thermometry using a self-calibration technique. APPLIED OPTICS 2020; 59:G255-G261. [PMID: 32749380 DOI: 10.1364/ao.393083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Thermoacoustic (TA) imaging is a modality where pulsed microwaves are used to generate ultrasound waves in tissue, which are highly correlated with temperature. This study uses a self-calibration approach to improve the estimation of temperature using 3D real-time TA thermometry in porcine tissue during localized heating. The self-calibration method estimated temperatures at eight embedded thermocouple locations with a normalized root-mean-square error of 3.25±2.08%. The results demonstrate that the method has the suitable accuracy and resolution to provide feedback control for breast cancer ablation therapy.
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25
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Raiko J, Koskensalo K, Sainio T. Imaging-based internal body temperature measurements: The journal Temperature toolbox. Temperature (Austin) 2020; 7:363-388. [PMID: 33251282 PMCID: PMC7678923 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2020.1769006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Noninvasive imaging methods of internal body temperature are in high demand in both clinical medicine and physiological research. Thermography and thermometry can be used to assess tissue temperature during thermal therapies: ablative and hyperthermia treatments to ensure adequate temperature rise in target tissues but also to avoid collateral damage by heating healthy tissues. In research use, measurement of internal body temperature enables us the production of thermal maps on muscles, internal organs, and other tissues of interest. The most used methods for noninvasive imaging of internal body temperature are based on different parameters acquired with magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound, computed tomography, microwave radiometry, photoacoustic imaging, and near-infrared spectroscopy. In the current review, we examine the aforementioned imaging methods, their use in estimating internal body temperature in vivo with their advantages and disadvantages, and the physical phenomena the thermography or thermometry modalities are based on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juho Raiko
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Kalle Koskensalo
- Department of Medical Physics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Teija Sainio
- Department of Medical Physics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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26
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Periyasamy V, Özsoy Ç, Reiss M, Deán-Ben XL, Razansky D. In vivo optoacoustic monitoring of percutaneous laser ablation of tumors in a murine breast cancer model. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:2006-2009. [PMID: 32236054 DOI: 10.1364/ol.386360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Laser ablation (LA) is a promising approach for minimally invasive cancer treatments. Its in vivo applicability is often impeded by the lack of efficient monitoring tools that can help to minimize collateral tissue damage and aid in determining the optimal treatment end-points. We have devised a new, to the best of our knowledge, hybrid LA approach combining simultaneous volumetric optoacoustic (OA) imaging to monitor the lesion progression accurately in real time and 3D. Time-lapse imaging of laser ablation of solid tumors was performed in a murine breast cancer model in vivo by irradiation of subcutaneous tumors with a 100 mJ short-pulsed (${\sim}{5}\;{\rm ns}$∼5ns) laser operating at 1064 nm and 100 Hz pulse repetition frequency. Local changes in the OA signal intensity ascribed to structural alterations in the tumor vasculature were clearly observed, while the OA volumetric projections recorded in vivo appeared to correlate with cross sections of the excised tumors.
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27
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Upputuri PK, Das D, Maheshwari M, Yaowen Y, Pramanik M. Real-time monitoring of temperature using a pulsed laser-diode-based photoacoustic system. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:718-721. [PMID: 32004293 DOI: 10.1364/ol.386173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tissue local temperature information is necessary for guiding energy-based medical treatments. In cancer treatments such as thermal therapy, heating is applied to local tissue to kill the tumor cells. These techniques require a temperature monitoring device with high sensitivity. In this Letter, we demonstrate a pulsed-laser-diode-(PLD)-based photoacoustic temperature sensing (PATS) system for monitoring tissue temperature in real time. The system takes advantage of a high repetition rate (7000 Hz), a near-infrared wavelength (803 nm), and a relatively high energy 1.42 mJ/pulse laser. The system is capable of providing local temperature information at high temporal resolution of 1 ms and high sensitivity of 0.31°C. The temperature data measured with a PLD-PATS system are compared with the data provided by the commercial fiber Bragg grating sensor. The proposed system will find applications in radio-frequency ablation, photothermal therapy, and focused ultrasound, etc., used for cancer treatments.
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28
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Chen H, Shi Y, Xing D. Photoacoustic thermorelaxation microscopy for thermal diffusivity measurement. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:3366-3369. [PMID: 31259962 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.003366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Thermal diffusivity is one of the main parameters to characterize the thermo-physical properties of materials, and advances in its measurement technique will have significant impact on materials science and related applications. Here a photoacoustic (PA) thermorelaxation microscopy is proposed as a new noncontact method to measure the thermal diffusivity. By delivering co-focused heating/probing laser pulse pairs with tunable time delays, the sample's in situ thermal relaxation behavior after the heating pulse excitation can be photoacoustically monitored based on the temperature-dependent property of the Grueneisen parameter. We theoretically deduced the dependence of the obtained PA thermorelaxation time on the thermal diffusivity, and the results coincided well with simulations. The feasibility of this method was validated by various industrial and biological samples. This method provides a new strategy for high-resolution thermal diffusivity measurement with flexible measurement conditions, prefiguring great potential for material and biological applications.
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29
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Cherkashin MN, Brenner C, Hofmann MR. Transducer-matched multipulse excitation for signal-to-noise ratio improvement in diode laser-based photoacoustic systems. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2019; 24:1-8. [PMID: 30968647 PMCID: PMC6990056 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.24.4.046001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We analyze transducer-matched multipulse excitation as a method for improving of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for diode laser-based photoacoustic systems. We discuss the principle of the technique, its advantages, and potential drawbacks and perform measurements to analyze the obtainable SNR increase. We show in experiment and computationally that a lower boundary estimate of 1.2 to 1.8 fold SNR improvement can be provided using transducer-matched pulse bursts, depending on the transducer and particular arrangement. Finally, we analyze implications that the transducer resonance effects may have on the recently introduced advanced photoacoustic techniques. The findings are of immediate interest to modalities utilizing dense pulse sequences and systems possessing limited pulse energy. In particular, transducer-matched multipulse excitation may be beneficial for diode-based photoacoustic systems operated with transducers in the range of 1 to 5 MHz since the required hardware is readily available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim N. Cherkashin
- Ruhr University Bochum, Photonics and Terahertz Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Bochum, Germany
| | - Carsten Brenner
- Ruhr University Bochum, Photonics and Terahertz Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Bochum, Germany
| | - Martin R. Hofmann
- Ruhr University Bochum, Photonics and Terahertz Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Bochum, Germany
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