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Bandini E, Castellano Ontiveros R, Kajtazi A, Eghbali H, Lynen F. Physicochemical modelling of the retention mechanism of temperature-responsive polymeric columns for HPLC through machine learning algorithms. J Cheminform 2024; 16:72. [PMID: 38907264 PMCID: PMC11193285 DOI: 10.1186/s13321-024-00873-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Temperature-responsive liquid chromatography (TRLC) offers a promising alternative to reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) for environmentally friendly analytical techniques by utilizing pure water as a mobile phase, eliminating the need for harmful organic solvents. TRLC columns, packed with temperature-responsive polymers coupled to silica particles, exhibit a unique retention mechanism influenced by temperature-induced polymer hydration. An investigation of the physicochemical parameters driving separation at high and low temperatures is crucial for better column manufacturing and selectivity control. Assessment of predictability using a dataset of 139 molecules analyzed at different temperatures elucidated the molecular descriptors (MDs) relevant to retention mechanisms. Linear regression, support vector regression (SVR), and tree-based ensemble models were evaluated, with no standout performer. The precision, accuracy, and robustness of models were validated through metrics, such as r and mean absolute error (MAE), and statistical analysis. At 45 ∘ C , logP predominantly influenced retention, akin to reversed-phase columns, while at5 ∘ C , complex interactions with lipophilic and negative MDs, along with specific functional groups, dictated retention. These findings provide deeper insights into TRLC mechanisms, facilitating method development and maximizing column potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Bandini
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Univeristy of Ghent, Krijgslaan 281 S4bis, Ghent, 9000, Belgium.
| | - Rodrigo Castellano Ontiveros
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, 11428, Sweden
| | - Ardiana Kajtazi
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Univeristy of Ghent, Krijgslaan 281 S4bis, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Hamed Eghbali
- Packaging and Specialty Plastics R&D, Dow Benelux B.V., Terneuzen, 4530 AA, the Netherlands
| | - Frédéric Lynen
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Univeristy of Ghent, Krijgslaan 281 S4bis, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
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2
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Bandini E, Wicht K, Barbetta MFS, Eghbali H, Lynen F. Temperature-responsive comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry for the elucidation of the oxidative degradation processes of chemicals of environmental concern. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1719:464765. [PMID: 38417374 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
This study explores the possibilities offered by temperature-responsive liquid chromatography (TRLC) based comprehensive 2-dimensional liquid chromatography in combination with reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) for the analysis of degradation products formed upon oxidative treatment of persistent organic pollutants, in this case exemplified through carbamazepine (CBZ). The TRLC×RPLC combination offers the possibility to overcome peak overlap and incomplete separation encountered in 1D approaches, while the transfer of the purely aqueous mobile phase leads to refocusing of all analytes on the second dimension column. Consequently, this allows for about method-development free and hence, easier LC×LC. The study focuses on the oxidative degradation of CBZ, a compound of environmental concern due to its persistence in water bodies. The TRLC×RPLC combination effectively separates and identifies CBZ and its degradation products, while offering improved selectivity over the individual TRLC or RPLC separations. This allows gathering more understanding of the degradation cascade and allows real-time monitoring of the appearance and disappearance of various degradation products. The compatibility with high-resolution mass spectrometry is last shown, enabling identification of 21 CBZ-related products, nine of which were not previously reported in CBZ degradation studies. The approach's simplicity, optimization-free aspects, and ease of use make it a promising tool for the analysis of degradation pathways in environmental contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Bandini
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kristina Wicht
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maike Felipe Santos Barbetta
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Hamed Eghbali
- Packaging and Specialty Plastics R&D, Dow Benelux B.V., Terneuzen, 4530 AA, the Netherlands
| | - Frédéric Lynen
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Ampe A, Bandini E, Broeckhoven K, Lynen F. On-column modification for the creation of temperature-responsive stationary phases. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1283:341961. [PMID: 37977785 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Temperature-responsive liquid chromatography (TRLC) offers an alternative for retention and selectivity optimisation in HPLC. This approach thereby exploits temperature gradients on stimuli-responsive stationary phases and forfeits the necessity for solvent gradients, allowing analyses to be performed using aqueous mobile phases. Consequently, it can be employed as a green alternative to reversed-phase separations. However, current production to obtain temperature-responsive columns inherently require dedicated column packing processes with polymer-modified particles. To facilitate the development of temperature-responsive phases, a flow-through modification procedure was developed allowing on-column modification of aminopropyl silica columns. Three columns were manufactured using this novel flow-through approach, which achieved identical column efficiencies compared to existing TRLC column. Demonstrating the possibility of bypassing the dedicated packing processes without losing efficiency. Additionally, it was observed that flow-through produced columns yielded higher retention at elevated temperatures despite their reduced carbon load. Further investigation of the carbon load revealed the presence of stationary phase gradients, whose influence was studied via novel developed retention experiments, which revealed a negligible change reduction in retention upon a change of polymer modification from 19.8% to 14.5%. However, further decrease from 14.5% to 12.3% resulted in a larger change. Interestingly, a further enhancement in apparent plate numbers was observed when operating the column under a reversed flow, yielding an increasing stationary phase gradient. This on-column modification procedure demonstrates the potential for modification of existing (commercial) packed columns to achieve temperature-responsive phases without loss of efficiency or retention. Thus, not only facilitating accessibility to temperature-responsive phases, but also aiding with development of further generations of temperature-responsive phases by removing the need for packing optimisation. Additionally, a novel experiment was set up to easily investigate the effect of inhomogeneous stationary phases retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriaan Ampe
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Krijgslaan 281, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Elena Bandini
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Krijgslaan 281, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ken Broeckhoven
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, Brussel, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Lynen
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Krijgslaan 281, Ghent, Belgium.
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Rahmani T, Ampe A, Lynen F. Temperature Responsive × Fast Chiral Comprehensive Liquid Chromatography: a New 2D-LC Platform for Resolving Mixtures of Chiral Isomers. Anal Chem 2023. [PMID: 37262425 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Chiral resolution of solutes occurring in mixtures of unrelated species is of relevance in life sciences and in pharmaceutical analysis. While this is conceptually achievable by comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (LC × LC), few approaches exist whereby the second dimension comprises the chiral separation. The latter is preferable in combination with a conventional reversed phase type of separation in the first dimension as it offers an extension of a conventional achiral analysis. The implementation of such rapid chiral analyses in the second dimension was, thus far, limited by the challenging transfer of the first dimension mobile phase to the second dimension while still achieving chiral separation. In this study, the combination of temperature-responsive and reversed-phase chiral liquid chromatography is assessed in terms of enantioselective separation of a broad range of pharmaceutical compounds. Applying temperature-responsive liquid chromatography (TRLC) in the first dimension allows for analyses to be performed under purely aqueous conditions, which then allows for complete and more generic refocusing of (organic) solutes prior to the second dimension. This offers an enhanced ability to employ fast and broad compositional gradients over the chiral dimension, which broadens the applicability of the technique. In the proposed platform, seven chiral columns (superficially porous and fully porous columns (comprising both polysaccharide and macrocyclic antibiotic phases)) and four mobile phase gradients were screened on a pharmaceutical test mixture. The platform was shown to be able to offer the necessary resolving power for the molecules at hand and offers a new approach for chiral screening of mixtures of unrelated compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turaj Rahmani
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Adriaan Ampe
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Lynen
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Lynen F, Ampe A, Bandini E, Baert M, Wicht K, Kajtazi A, Rahmani T, Veenhoven J, Spileers G. Perspectives in Hydrophobic Interaction Temperature- Responsive Liquid Chromatography (TRLC). LCGC NORTH AMERICA 2022. [DOI: 10.56530/lcgc.na.vd2373d8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Temperature-responsive liquid chromatography (TRLC) is an emerging green high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) mode allowing reversed phase-type separations while necessitating only water as the mobile phase. The columns therein are typically packed with silica particles to which stimuli-responsive polymers are anchored. In hydrophobic interaction TRLC, such polymers depict a loss of water solubility when increasing the temperature above a characteristic conversion temperature, causing large changes in retention over quite narrow and mild temperature ranges (~5–55 °C). TRLC circumvents the concerns about analyte or column degradation that can occur when implementing high temperatures (>80 °C) on conventional reversed- phase columns. It allows for high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using only water often spiked with the additives typically used in reversed-phase LC. Therefore, this separation mode allows for greener, cheaper, and isocratic analyses under non-denaturing conditions. The absence of compositional solvent gradients also allows for the exploitation of temperature gradients in combination with refractive index detection. Purely aqueous hydrophobic interaction TRLC is mostly applicable for solutes depicting a 1 < LogP < 5, yet these ranges can be expanded through implementation of combined aqueous or organic mobiles phases, while preserving the temperature-responsive effects. In this first TRLC installment, our recent developments, new possibilities, and current limitations of the use of 1-D TRLC are discussed, while the column performance is described with respect to the fundamentals of HPLC.
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Wicht K, Baert M, von Doehren N, Desmet G, de Villiers A, Lynen F. Speeding up temperature-responsive × reversed-phase comprehensive liquid chromatography through the combined exploitation of temperature and flow rate gradients. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1685:463584. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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7
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Wicht K, Baert M, Schipperges S, von Doehren N, Desmet G, Van Geem KM, de Villiers A, Lynen F. Enhanced Sensitivity in Comprehensive Liquid Chromatography: Overcoming the Dilution Problem in LC × LC via Temperature-Responsive Liquid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2022; 94:16728-16737. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Wicht
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mathijs Baert
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sonja Schipperges
- Agilent Technologies, Hewlett Packard Street 8, D-76337 Waldbronn, Germany
| | - Norwin von Doehren
- Agilent Technologies, Netherlands BV, NL-4330 EA Middelburg, Netherlands
| | - Gert Desmet
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Kevin M. Van Geem
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - André de Villiers
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, ZA-7602 Matieland, South Africa
| | - Frédéric Lynen
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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8
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Hyphenating temperature gradient elution with refractive index detection through temperature-responsive liquid chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1231:340441. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Wicht K, Baert M, Muller M, Bandini E, Schipperges S, von Doehren N, Desmet G, de Villiers A, Lynen F. Comprehensive two-dimensional temperature-responsive × reversed phase liquid chromatography for the analysis of wine phenolics. Talanta 2022; 236:122889. [PMID: 34635268 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Phenolic compounds are an interesting class of natural products because of their proposed contribution to health benefits of foods and beverages and as a bio-source of organic (aromatic) building blocks. Phenolic extracts from natural products are often highly complex and contain compounds covering a broad range in molecular properties. While many 1D-LC and mass spectrometric approaches have been proposed for the analysis of phenolics, this complexity inevitably leads to challenging identification and purification. New insights into the composition of phenolic extracts can be obtained through online comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (LC × LC) coupled to photodiode array and mass spectrometric detection. However, several practical hurdles must be overcome to achieve high peak capacities and to obtain robust methods with this technique. In many LC × LC configurations, refocusing of analytes at the head of the 2D column is hindered by the high eluotropic strength of the solvent transferred from the 1D to the 2D, leading to peak breakthrough or broadening. LC × LC combinations whereby a purely aqueous mobile phase is used in the 1D and RPLC is used in the 2D are unaffected by these phenomena, leading to more robust methods. In this contribution, the combination of temperature-responsive liquid chromatography (TRLC) with RPLC is used for the first time for the analysis of phenolic extracts of natural origin to illustrate the potential of this alternative combination for natural product analyses. The possibilities of the combination are investigated through analysis of wine extracts by TRLC × RPLC-DAD and TRLC × RPLC-ESI-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Wicht
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mathijs Baert
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Magriet Muller
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, ZA-7602, Matieland, South Africa
| | - Elena Bandini
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sonja Schipperges
- Agilent Technologies, Hewlett Packard St 8, D-76337, Waldbronn, Germany
| | - Norwin von Doehren
- Agilent Technologies, Netherlands BV, NL-4330, EA, Middelburg, Netherlands
| | - Gert Desmet
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussel, Belgium
| | - André de Villiers
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, ZA-7602, Matieland, South Africa
| | - Frederic Lynen
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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10
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Ampe A, Wicht K, Baert M, Broeckhoven K, Lynen F. Investigation of the potential of mixed solvent mobile phases in temperature-responsive liquid chromatography (TRLC). Analyst 2021; 146:6990-6996. [PMID: 34668892 DOI: 10.1039/d1an01684a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Temperature-responsive liquid chromatography (TRLC) allows for extensive retention and selectivity tuning through temperature in HPLC. This is mainly achieved through the use of a stationary phases comprising of a temperature-responsive polymer which undergoes a reversible change from hydrophilic to hydrophobic behaviour upon increasing the temperature. The approach can allow for reversed phase type separations to be achieved with purely aqueous mobile phases, whereby the retention is controlled through temperature instead of mobile phase composition. Despite the promising nature of such form of retention control under isocratic mobile phase conditions, TRLC can suffer from excessive retention of highly apolar solutes even at lower column temperatures whereby the polymer is considered hydrophilic. This is related both to a residual apolarity of the polymer chain and due to the high log P's and low water solubility of higly apolar compounds. While it was known that elution in TRLC doesn't necessarily has to be performed under purely aqueous conditions and that the use of organic co-solvents to the water is possible, the impact thereof on the temperature responsive behaviour itself had not yet been investigated in a systematic way. Therefore in this work the advantages and drawbacks of the use of the organic co-solvents methanol and acetonitrile in TRLC is assessed on two types of temperature reponsive phases: poly-N-N-propylacrylamide (PNNPAAm) and poly-N-isopropylacrylamide (PNIPAAm). The influence of organic co-solvents is investigated with two representative test mixtures (comprising 4 parabens and 5 apolar steroids).
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriaan Ampe
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Belgium.
| | - Kristina Wicht
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Belgium.
| | - Mathijs Baert
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Belgium.
| | - Ken Broeckhoven
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pleinlaan 2, Brussel, Belgium
| | - Frederic Lynen
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Belgium.
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Baert M, Wicht K, Moussa A, Desmet G, Broeckhoven K, Lynen F. Implementations of temperature gradients in temperature-responsive liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1654:462425. [PMID: 34425285 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Temperature Responsive Liquid Chromatography (TRLC) offers an alternative and environmentally friendly way to perform reversed-phase like separations. Its use of temperature responsive polymers to control retention based on column temperature, instead of the fraction of organic modifier in the mobile phase mobile, eliminates the need for solvent composition gradients and allows, for example, for purely aqueous separations. In principle this temperature induced retention should allow for gradient elutions to be performed using downward temperature gradients to control retention and refocus the analyte peaks. Yet, the unavailability of dedicated commercial temperature controlling systems allowing suitable temperature control in TRLC limits implementations thereof often to isothermal or step gradient applications. In this work we study the potential of 1) a simple yet programmable water bath and of 2) a modified HPLC system allowing column temperature programming through controlled mixing of a warm and cold mobile phase streams. The performance of both systems was evaluated under both isocratic and gradient applications, resulting in a more thorough understanding of the influence of temperature gradients in TRLC. This knowledge is then applied to a sample of phenolic solutes, illustrating that, although both systems have some flaws, both are able to impose temperature gradients in TRLC resulting in significantly reduced retention and enhanced refocusing of the analyte peak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathijs Baert
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4bis, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Kristina Wicht
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4bis, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Ali Moussa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussel B-1050, Belgium
| | - Gert Desmet
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussel B-1050, Belgium
| | - Ken Broeckhoven
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussel B-1050, Belgium
| | - Frederic Lynen
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4bis, Ghent B-9000, Belgium.
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12
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Tan S, Saito K, Hearn MTW. Isothermal modelling of protein adsorption to thermo-responsive polymer grafted Sepharose Fast Flow sorbents. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:1884-1892. [PMID: 33650274 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202001188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, five adsorption isotherm models, that is, the Langmuir, Freundlich, Langmuir-Freundlich, Temkin and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller isotherms, were utilized for the analysis of the experimental adsorption data for six classes of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-based thermo-responsive copolymer-grafted Sepharose Fast Flow sorbents of different copolymer compositions with two structurally related proteins, namely bovine holo-lactoferrin and bovine holo-transferrin at 20 and 50°C. The experimental data for bovine holo-lactoferrin could be mathematically fitted to the Freundlich and Temkin isotherms when the protein feed concentrations were in the range of 1-40 mg/mL at both 20 and 50°C. Similar analysis of the binding of the homologous protein, bovine holo-transferrin, to the same thermo-responsive copolymer-grafted sorbents revealed that the experimental data could be fitted to the Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherms with coefficients of determination value over 0.90.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinuo Tan
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kei Saito
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Milton T W Hearn
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
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13
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Themelis T, Amini A, De Vos J, Eeltink S. Towards spatial comprehensive three-dimensional liquid chromatography: A tutorial review. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1148:238157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Tan S, Saito K, Hearn MTW. Adsorption of a Humanized Monoclonal Antibody onto Thermoresponsive Copolymer-Grafted Sepharose Fast Flow Sorbents. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:1054-1061. [PMID: 33448225 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The batch adsorption behavior of a humanized monoclonal antibody (hIgG2 mAb) with thermoresponsive polymer (TRP)-modified Sepharose Fast Flow sorbents with different compositions of grafted copolymers is described. At high protein loadings, the adsorption with negatively charged copolymer-modified sorbents exhibited S-shaped isotherms in most cases, indicative of unrestricted multilayer adsorption. The adsorption capacity of the negatively charged copolymer-modified sorbents increased with an increase in the applied environmental temperature due to increased protein-sorbent surface hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions. The affinity of the hIgG2 mAb for a positively charged copolymer-grafted sorbent was much lower than that found for the negatively charged copolymer-grafted sorbents at both 20 and 50 °C due to electrostatic repulsive effects. This study has documented that the molecular functionalities of the grafted copolymer can significantly affect the adsorption behavior of this humanized mAb at both 20 and 50 °C with the isothermal dependencies revealing subtle effects due to copolymer composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinuo Tan
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Kei Saito
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Milton T W Hearn
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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15
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Wicht K, Baert M, Kajtazi A, Schipperges S, von Doehren N, Desmet G, de Villiers A, Lynen F. Pharmaceutical impurity analysis by comprehensive two-dimensional temperature responsive × reversed phase liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1630:461561. [PMID: 32992220 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the possibilities of temperature responsive × reversed phase liquid chromatography (TRLC × RPLC) are assessed in terms of pharmaceutical impurity analysis. Due to the increased peak capacity per unit time they offer, two-dimensional LC approaches are gaining relevance for the analysis of complex drug formulations. Because the latter depicts a larger predisposition for the occurrence of an increased number of impurities, current 1D-HPLC approaches often prove insufficient. Since many LC × LC methods are limited by modulation, solvent compatibility, orthogonality, and sensitivity issues, the combination of TRLC × RPLC is explored in this work for pharmaceutical impurity analysis. As this combination of a purely aqueous separation with RPLC allows for systematic and optimization-free refocusing in the second dimension, it opens possibilities for generic LC × LC requiring minimal to no method development, in this way overcoming a major perceived contemporary hurdle of LC × LC. The approach is demonstrated with a representative mixture of 17 solutes comprising 11 corticosteroids and 6 progestogens. Orthogonality and peak capacities were assessed on three RP core-shell column selectivities (Poroshell EC-C18, phenyl-hexyl and PFP). Although the TRLC × EC-C18 combination offered somewhat better orthogonality, the combination with the PFP column proved the best for the separation at hand. Depending on the composition of the mixture, the use of full, shifted, or segmented gradients allowed facile optimization of the separation. The developed platform allowed detection of the impurities at the 0.05% level compared to a selected main compound, while also opening up possibilities for analysis of formulations comprising two active ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Wicht
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mathijs Baert
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ardiana Kajtazi
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sonja Schipperges
- Agilent Technologies, Hewlett Packard St 8, D-76337 Waldbronn, Germany
| | | | - Gert Desmet
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussel, Belgium
| | - André de Villiers
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, ZA-7602 Matieland, South Africa
| | - Frederic Lynen
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Baert M, Wicht K, Hou Z, Szucs R, Prez FD, Lynen F. Exploration of the Selectivity and Retention Behavior of Alternative Polyacrylamides in Temperature Responsive Liquid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2020; 92:9815-9822. [PMID: 32598128 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Temperature responsive liquid chromatography (TRLC) allows for separation of organic solutes in purely aqueous mobile phases whereby retention is controlled through temperature. The vast majority of the work has thus far been performed on poly[N-isopropylacrylamide] (PNIPAAm)-based columns, while the performance of other temperature responsive polymers has rarely been compared under identical conditions. Therefore, in this work, two novel TRLC phases based on poly[N-n-propylacrylamide] (PNNPAAm) and poly[N,N-diethylacrylamide] (PDEAAm) are reported and compared to the state of the art PNIPAAm based column. Optimal comparison is thereby obtained by the use of controlled radical polymerizations, identical molecular weights, and by maximizing carbon loads on the silica supporting material. Analysis of identical test mixtures of homologue series and pharmaceutical samples revealed that PNNPAAm performs in a similar way as PNIPAAm while offering enhanced retention and a shift of the useable temperature range toward lower temperatures. PDEAAm offers a range of novel possibilities as it depicts a different selectivity, allowing for enhanced resolution in TRLC in, for example, coupled column systems. Reduced plate heights of 3 could be obtained on the homemade columns, offering the promise for reasonable column efficiencies in TRLC despite the use of bulky polymers as stationary phases in HPLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathijs Baert
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kristina Wicht
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Zhanyao Hou
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Roman Szucs
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Filip Du Prez
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frederic Lynen
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Sun W, Dai R, Li B, Dai G, Wang D, Yang D, Chu P, Deng Y, Luo A. Combination of Three Functionalized Temperature-Sensitive Chromatographic Materials for Serum Protein Analysis. Molecules 2019; 24:E2626. [PMID: 31330945 PMCID: PMC6680567 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24142626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a methodology to capture acidic proteins, alkaline proteins, and glycoproteins separately in mouse serum using a combination of three functionalized temperature-responsive chromatographic stationary phases. The temperature-responsive polymer poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) was attached to the stationary phase, silica. The three temperature-responsive chromatographic stationary phase materials were prepared by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization. Alkaline, acidic, and boric acid functional groups were introduced to capture acidic proteins, alkaline proteins, and glycoproteins, respectively. The protein enrichment and release properties of the materials were examined using the acidic protein, bovine serum albumin; the alkaline protein, protamine; and the glycoprotein, horseradish peroxidase. Finally, the three materials were used to analyze mouse serum. Without switching the mobile phase, the capture and separation of mouse serum was achieved by the combination of three temperature-responsive chromatographic stationary phase materials. On the whole, 313 proteins were identified successfully. The number of different proteins identified using the new method was 1.46 times greater than the number of proteins that has been identified without applying this method. To our knowledge, this method is the first combinatorial use of three functionalized temperature-responsive chromatographic stationary phase silica materials to separate proteins in mouse serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Sun
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Rongji Dai
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Bo Li
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Guoxin Dai
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Di Wang
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Dandan Yang
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Pingping Chu
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yulin Deng
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Aiqin Luo
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
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Baert M, Martens S, Desmet G, de Villiers A, Du Prez F, Lynen F. Enhancing the Possibilities of Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography through Hyphenation of Purely Aqueous Temperature-Responsive and Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2018; 90:4961-4967. [PMID: 29551061 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (LC × LC) allows for substantial gains in theoretical peak capacity in the field of liquid chromatography. However, in practice, theoretical performance is rarely achieved due to a combination of undersampling, orthogonality, and refocusing issues prevalent in many LC × LC applications. This is intricately linked to the column dimensions, flow rates, and mobile-phase compositions used, where, in many cases, incompatible or strong solvents are introduced in the second-dimension (2D) column, leading to peak broadening and the need for more complex interfacing approaches. In this contribution, the combination of temperature-responsive (TR) and reversed-phase (RP) LC is demonstrated, which, due to the purely aqueous mobile phase used in TRLC, allows for complete and more generic refocusing of organic solutes prior to the second-dimension RP separation using a conventional 10-port valve interface. Thus far, this was only possible when combining other purely aqueous modes such as ion exchange or gel filtration chromatography with RPLC, techniques which are limited to the analysis of charged or high MW solutes, respectively. This novel TRLC × RPLC combination relaxes undersampling constraints and complete refocusing and therefore offers novel possibilities in the field of LC × LC including temperature modulation. The concept is illustrated through the TRLC × RPLC analysis of mixtures of neutral organic solutes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gert Desmet
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Pleinlaan 2 , 1050 Brussel , Belgium
| | - André de Villiers
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science , Stellenbosch University , Private Bag X1 , Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602 , South Africa
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Liu ZJ, Huang S, Ran YY, Chen J, Hu XM, Du HS, Wang J. Functionalization of Silica Microparticles with Multiple-Responsive Copolymers for Smart Controlled Chromatograph. Ind Eng Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b04570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jie Chen
- College
of Innovation and Entrepreneurship Education, Chongqing University of Post and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China
| | | | | | - Jin Wang
- Suzhou
Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
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Chocholoušková M, Komendová M, Urban J. Retention of small molecules on polymethacrylate monolithic capillary columns. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1488:85-92. [PMID: 28162237 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.01.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, the concentration of N-isopropylacrylamide in the polymerization mixture has been varied to prepare several polymethacrylate monolithic capillary columns. Polymer monoliths combining N-isopropylacrylamide with zwitterion monomer, as well as various dimethacrylate crosslinking monomers have been prepared and characterized. Uracil, thiourea, phenol, toluene, ethylbenzene, propylbenzene, and butylbenzene have been used to characterize retention of prepared capillary columns in the mobile phases with 40-95% of acetonitrile and at working temperatures ranging from 25 to 60°C. By an optimization of six-parameter polynomial models we have found that the retention of small molecules is affected mainly by the concentration of the acetonitrile in the mobile phase with very low contribution of working temperature and combined effect of acetonitrile concentration and temperature. Concentration of the mobile phase controlled also enthalpy of the retention. On the other hand, entropic contribution was almost insensitive to the change of the mobile phase composition, especially for mobile phases containing more than 60% of acetonitrile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Chocholoušková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, Pardubice 532 10, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Komendová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, Pardubice 532 10, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Urban
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, Pardubice 532 10, Czech Republic.
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Tunable temperature responsive liquid chromatography through thiolactone-based immobilization of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide). J Chromatogr A 2015; 1426:126-32. [PMID: 26655790 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A straightforward and efficient functionalization of aminopropylsilica with polymeric structures is described for the development of temperature responsive stationary phases applicable in purely aqueous liquid chromatography. The immobilization of the thermoresponsive polymers involves a thiolactone-based ring opening using the primary amines in aminopropylsilica, with a simultaneous one-pot, thiol-ene functionalization with an acrylate of choice. This mild, straightforward and modular grafting process results in high polymer coupling yields. By variation of the acrylate for the thiol-ene reaction, different stationary phases can be readily obtained. Two stationary phases as a result of the modular modification of aminopropylsilica were evaluated with test mixtures of hydrophobic analytes and a mixture of di- and tripeptides. Analyses using the 5μm material packed in 10cm×4.6mm columns revealed high hydrophobic retention, which proved adaptable as a function of the temperature in aqueous mobile phases. High versus low retention were obtained at temperatures above and below the lower critical solution temperature of the polymer, respectively. Moreover, the columns depict potential for diastereoisomeric peptide separation. Finally, the lower retention, observed when using PEGylated silica, illustrates the potential of the approach for modular stationary phase tuning.
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Lorenzo RA, Carro AM, Concheiro A, Alvarez-Lorenzo C. Stimuli-responsive materials in analytical separation. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:4927-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8679-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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23
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Liu Z, Geng F, Ha X, Feng Y, Che B, Wu K, Li Y, Dai R, Zhang Y, Deng Y. Evaluation of Temperature-Responsive Open Tubular Capillary Electrochromatographic Column Modified with Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide). Chromatographia 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-012-2383-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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24
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Dai R, Chen L, Liu Z, Wang H, Hu D, Deng Y. Preparation and characterization of temperature-responsive chromatographic column containing poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) and poly([2-(methacryloyloxy)- ethyl]trimetylammonium chloride). J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.33830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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26
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Miserez B, Lynen F, Wright A, Euerby M, Sandra P. Thermoresponsive Poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) as Stationary Phase for Aqueous and Green Liquid Chromatography. Chromatographia 2009. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-009-1394-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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