1
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Corbally MA, Freye CE. Development of a Gas Chromatography with High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry Methodology for BDNPA/F. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:30330-30334. [PMID: 37636911 PMCID: PMC10448686 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of thermally labile compounds such as bis(2,2-dinitropropyl) acetal/formal (BDNPA/F), an energetic plasticizer, is usually performed via liquid chromatography (LC) as opposed to gas chromatography (GC) due to thermal decomposition in the inlet or the analytical column. While LC is a powerful technique, the analysis of volatile and semivolatile compounds is best suited to GC. Herein, a method was developed for a gas chromatograph coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometer (GC-HRMS), utilizing a programmable temperature vaporizer (PTV) inlet. A subset of the native compounds and several produced by the thermal decomposition of BDNPA/F in the inlet were evaluated by using multiple PTV inlet parameters to determine the optimal ramp rate and final temperature of the inlet (60 °C/min from 60 to 325 °C). The optimized GC-HRMS method nearly reduced all thermal decomposition, allowing for an excellent separation to be obtained. Furthermore, multiple ionization methods, including electron impact (EI), negative chemical ionization (NCI), and positive chemical ionization (PCI), were used to explore the many chemical differences between the BDNPA/F samples. A preliminary investigation of the benefits of using GC-HRMS to evaluate the chemical differences between unaged and aged BDNPA/F samples for unique insight was evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A. Corbally
- Q-5, High Explosives Science
and Technology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Chris E. Freye
- Q-5, High Explosives Science
and Technology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
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2
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Zarei AR, Mardi K. A simple and safe approach for simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of nitroglycerin and nitrocellulose in double base solid propellants. ANAL SCI 2022; 38:1417-1424. [PMID: 35932412 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-022-00174-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
An accurate, simple and safe method was developed for simultaneous determination of nitroglycerine (NG) and nitrocellulose (NC) in double base solid propellants (DB propellants). The proposed method is based on alkaline hydrolysis of NG and NC, and followed by colored reaction of released nitrite ion with p-nitroaniline in the presence of diphenylamine in acidic media and produce azo dye. The absorbance of the azo dye was measured at 534 nm. Two sets of reaction conditions were developed. In the first set, at room temperature, only NG was hydrolyzed and calibration curve obtained. In the second set, at 60 ℃, NG and NC were hydrolyzed simultaneously. Based on obtained amount for the NG at room temperature, and total amount of NG and NC at 60 ℃, the amount of NC was determined by using stoichiometric equations. The calibration curve was linear over the concentration ranges of 0.2-5.0, 0.5-10 μg mL-1 for NG and NC, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of NG and NC in DB propellants with good recoveries ranged from 99 to 101%, and RSD less than 2.0%. The method statistically compared based on t- and F-tests with those obtained in according to military standard method (MIL-STD-286). The results showed that the proposed method offers an accuracy and reliable approach for the determination of these compounds in DB propellants, and can be suggested as a routine method in military quality control laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Reza Zarei
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Malek Ashtar University of Technology, 15875-1774, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Kobra Mardi
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Malek Ashtar University of Technology, 15875-1774, Tehran, Iran
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3
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Talaat W, ElOnsy S, Keshk RM. Fluorescent sensing for some nitric oxide donors in dosage forms and biological matrices. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 257:119788. [PMID: 33894636 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.119788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
New fluorescent sensing of some nitric oxide donors, nitroglycerin and isosorbide dinitrate was developed in our laboratories. Two fluorescent reagents, 2-(2-hydroxyethylamino)-4,6-dimethylpyridine-3-carbonitrile, 3a and 2-(3-chloro-phenylamino)-4,6-dimethylpyridine-3-carbonitrile, 3b were synthesized in our laboratories and a comparative study was performed between them from the point of fluorescence intensity. The fluorophore, 3a, was selected for the analytical study as it exhibit higher quantum yield value. The interaction between the selected drugs and the fluorophore was noticed to be quenching. The mechanism of quenching was studied and it was supposed to be collisional quenching through photo induced electron transfer process. The proposed sensing method was applied successfully for the analysis of nitroglycerin and isosorbide dinitrate in dosage forms within concentration range of (0.05-0.5 µg/mL) with percentage recoveries of 99.9 ± 0.5 and 99.9 ± 0.7 respectively. The studied drugs, nitroglycerin and isosorbide dinitrate, were also probed in spiked biological matrices such as plasma samples with percentage recoveries of 99.1 ± 1.97 and 100.7 ± 1.96 and urine samples with percentage recoveries of 100.4 ± 1.8 and 100.3 ± 1.7 respectively. In vivo analysis of both drugs in real plasma was also investigated. The sensing method exhibit well intra-day and inter day precision with %RSD < 2%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael Talaat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt.
| | - Sohila ElOnsy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt.
| | - Reda Mohammed Keshk
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
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4
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Irlam RC, Hughes C, Parkin MC, Beardah MS, O'Donnell M, Brabazon D, Barron LP. Trace multi-class organic explosives analysis in complex matrices enabled using LEGO®-inspired clickable 3D-printed solid phase extraction block arrays. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1629:461506. [PMID: 32866822 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The development of a new, lower cost method for trace explosives recovery from complex samples is presented using miniaturised, click-together and leak-free 3D-printed solid phase extraction (SPE) blocks. For the first time, a large selection of ten commercially available 3D printing materials were comprehensively evaluated for practical, flexible and multiplexed SPE using stereolithography (SLA), PolyJet and fused deposition modelling (FDM) technologies. Miniaturised single-piece, connectable and leak-free block housings inspired by Lego® were 3D-printed in a methacrylate-based resin, which was found to be most stable under different aqueous/organic solvent and pH conditions, using a cost-effective benchtop SLA printer. Using a tapered SPE bed format, frit-free packing of multiple different commercially available sorbent particles was also possible. Coupled SPE blocks were then shown to offer efficient analyte enrichment and a potentially new approach to improve the stability of recovered analytes in the field when stored on the sorbent, rather than in wet swabs. Performance was measured using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry and was better, or similar, to commercially available coupled SPE cartridges, with respect to recovery, precision, matrix effects, linearity and range, for a selection of 13 peroxides, nitramines, nitrate esters and nitroaromatics. Mean % recoveries from dried blood, oil residue and soil matrices were 79 ± 24%, 71 ± 16% and 76 ± 24%, respectively. Excellent detection limits between 60 fg for 3,5-dinitroaniline to 154 pg for nitroglycerin were also achieved across all matrices. To our knowledge, this represents the first application of 3D printing to SPE of so many organic compounds in complex samples. Its introduction into this forensic method offered a low-cost, 'on-demand' solution for selective extraction of explosives, enhanced flexibility for multiplexing/design alteration and potential application at-scene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C Irlam
- Department Analytical, Environmental & Forensic Sciences, King's College London, 150 Stamford St., London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Cian Hughes
- Advanced Processing Technology Research Centre, Dublin City University, Dublin9, Ireland
| | - Mark C Parkin
- Eurofins Forensic Services, Teddington, Middlesex, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew S Beardah
- Forensic Explosives Laboratory, Dstl, Fort Halstead, Sevenoaks, Kent, United Kingdom
| | - Michael O'Donnell
- Forensic Explosives Laboratory, Dstl, Fort Halstead, Sevenoaks, Kent, United Kingdom
| | - Dermot Brabazon
- Advanced Processing Technology Research Centre, Dublin City University, Dublin9, Ireland
| | - Leon P Barron
- Department Analytical, Environmental & Forensic Sciences, King's College London, 150 Stamford St., London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom; Environmental Research Group, Imperial College London, 80 Wood Lane, LondonW12 0BZ, United Kingdom.
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5
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Desai PR, Mehta PJ, Chokshi AB. Liquid Chromatographic Method Development for Quantification of Inorganic Nitrite and Nitrate Impurities from Nitroglycerin Drug Substance by Using Ion-Pair Reagents with Liquid-Liquid Extraction Technique. J Chromatogr Sci 2019; 58:22-30. [PMID: 31879777 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmz102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A large number of laboratory studies have reported Nitrite (NO2-) and Nitrate (NO3-) to be among the most common degradation products of the high-explosive Nitroglycerin drug substance. A novel, simple, robust and rapid reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method has been developed for quantification of inorganic Nitrite and Nitrate impurities from Nitroglycerin drug substance. Successful separation was achieved in isocratic elution, using Inertsil C8-3, (250 × 4.6 mm, 5.0 μm) column, with mobile phase consisting of pH 7.0 tetrabutyl ammonium hydrogen sulfate buffer, methanol and acetonitrile (96:02:02, v/v/v). Flow rate was monitored at 2.0 mL min-1 and ultraviolet detection at 220 nm. The present work describes the role of an ion-pair reagent in the separation of polar compounds and liquid-liquid extraction technique for separation of polar and non-polar compounds. Nitroglycerin was subjected to various stress conditions to demonstrate the stability-indicating power of the method. The performance of the method was validated as per present International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) guidelines for specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, ruggedness and robustness. The developed method can be a valuable alternative to the current ion-exchange chromatographic method mentioned in the literature. To the best of our knowledge, a rapid Liquid Chromatography (LC) method, which separates inorganic Nitrite and Nitrate impurities of Nitroglycerin, disclosed in this investigation was not published elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritesh R Desai
- Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad 382481, Gujarat, India
| | - Priti J Mehta
- Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad 382481, Gujarat, India
| | - Avani B Chokshi
- Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, CHARUSAT, Changa 388421, Gujarat, India
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6
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Rajapakse MY, Fowler PE, Eiceman GA, Stone JA. Dissociation Enthalpies of Chloride Adducts of Nitrate and Nitrite Explosives Determined by Ion Mobility Spectrometry. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:690-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b10765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maneeshin Y. Rajapakse
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003, United States
| | - Peter E. Fowler
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003, United States
| | - Gary A. Eiceman
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003, United States
| | - John A. Stone
- Department
of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
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7
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Sisco E, Forbes TP. Direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry of potential by-products from homemade nitrate ester explosive synthesis. Talanta 2015; 150:177-83. [PMID: 26838397 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This work demonstrates the coupling of direct analysis in real time (DART) ionization with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MS) in an off-axis configuration for the trace detection and analysis of potential partially nitrated and dimerized by-products of homemade nitrate ester explosive synthesis. Five compounds relating to the synthesis of nitroglycerin (NG) and pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) were examined. Deprotonated ions and adducts with molecular oxygen, nitrite, and nitrate were observed in the mass spectral responses of these compounds. A global optimum temperature of 350 °C for the by-products investigated here enabled single nanogram to sub nanogram trace detection. Matrix effects were examined through a series of mixtures containing one or more compounds (sugar alcohol precursors, by-products, and/or explosives) across a range of mass loadings. The explosives MS responses experienced competitive ionization in the presence of all by-products. The magnitude of this influence corresponded to both the degree of by-product nitration and the relative mass loading of the by-product to the explosive. This work provides a characterization of potential by-products from homemade nitrate ester synthesis, including matrix effects and potential challenges that might arise from the trace detection of homemade explosives (HMEs) containing impurities. Detection and understanding of HME impurities and complex mixtures may provide valuable information for the screening and sourcing of homemade nitrate ester explosives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Sisco
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Materials Measurement Science Division, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, United States.
| | - Thomas P Forbes
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Materials Measurement Science Division, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, United States
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8
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Contini AE, Flood N, McAteer D, Mai N, Akhavan J. Low hazard small-scale synthesis and chemical analysis of high purity nitroglycerine (NG). RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra17951c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A two-phase batch method to prepare high purity 1,2,3-propanetriyl trinitrate (nitroglycerine, NG) was evaluated, simplified and adapted specifically for low hazard small-scale synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro E. Contini
- Centre for Defence Chemistry
- Cranfield University
- Defence Academy of the United Kingdom
- Shrivenham
- UK
| | - Nathan Flood
- Centre for Defence Chemistry
- Cranfield University
- Defence Academy of the United Kingdom
- Shrivenham
- UK
| | - Daniel McAteer
- Centre for Defence Chemistry
- Cranfield University
- Defence Academy of the United Kingdom
- Shrivenham
- UK
| | - Nathalie Mai
- Centre for Defence Chemistry
- Cranfield University
- Defence Academy of the United Kingdom
- Shrivenham
- UK
| | - Jacqueline Akhavan
- Centre for Defence Chemistry
- Cranfield University
- Defence Academy of the United Kingdom
- Shrivenham
- UK
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9
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Bordeleau G, Martel R, Bamba AN, Blais JF, Ampleman G, Thiboutot S. Nitroglycerin degradation mediated by soil organic carbon under aerobic conditions. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2014; 166:52-63. [PMID: 25086776 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The presence of nitroglycerin (NG) has been reported in shallow soils and pore water of several military training ranges. In this context, NG concentrations can be reduced through various natural attenuation processes, but these have not been thoroughly documented. This study aimed at investigating the role of soil organic matter (SOM) in the natural attenuation of NG, under aerobic conditions typical of shallow soils. The role of SOM in NG degradation has already been documented under anoxic conditions, and was attributed to SOM-mediated electron transfer involving different reducing agents. However, unsaturated soils are usually well-oxygenated, and it was not clear whether SOM could participate in NG degradation under these conditions. Our results from batch- and column-type experiments clearly demonstrate that in presence of dissolved organic matter (DOM) leached from a natural soil, partial NG degradation can be achieved. In presence of particulate organic matter (POM) from the same soil, complete NG degradation was achieved. Furthermore, POM caused rapid sorption of NG, which should result in NG retention in the organic matter-rich shallow horizons of the soil profile, thus promoting degradation. Based on degradation products, the reaction pathway appears to be reductive, in spite of the aerobic conditions. The relatively rapid reaction rates suggest that this process could significantly participate in the natural attenuation of NG, both on military training ranges and in contaminated soil at production facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève Bordeleau
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Eau, Terre et Environnement (INRS-ETE), 490 de la Couronne, Quebec City, QC, Canada, G1K 9A9.
| | - Richard Martel
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Eau, Terre et Environnement (INRS-ETE), 490 de la Couronne, Quebec City, QC, Canada, G1K 9A9.
| | - Abraham N'Valoua Bamba
- Université Laval, Département de Géographie, Faculté de foresterie, de géographie et de géomatique, Pavillon Abitibi-Price, 2405, rue de la Terrasse, Local 3137, Quebec City, QC, Canada, G1V 0A6.
| | - Jean-François Blais
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre Eau, Terre et Environnement (INRS-ETE), 490 de la Couronne, Quebec City, QC, Canada, G1K 9A9.
| | - Guy Ampleman
- Defence Research and Development Canada - Valcartier, 2459 Pie-XI Blvd. North, Quebec City, QC, Canada, G3J 1X5.
| | - Sonia Thiboutot
- Defence Research and Development Canada - Valcartier, 2459 Pie-XI Blvd. North, Quebec City, QC, Canada, G3J 1X5.
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10
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Bordeleau G, Martel R, Lévesque R, Ampleman G, Thiboutot S, Marois A. Overestimation of nitrate and nitrite concentrations in water samples due to the presence of nitroglycerin or hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1252:130-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.06.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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