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Arunachalam K, Yang X, San TT. Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers: Protection mechanisms and strategies against oxidative stress-related diseases. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 283:114540. [PMID: 34509604 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers (Menispermaceae) is a Mediterranean herb, used in Ayurvedic, Siddha, Unani, and folk medicines. The herb is also used in conventional medicine to treat oxidative stress-related diseases and conditions, including inflammation, pain, diarrhea, asthma, respiratory infections, cancer, diabetes, and gastrointestinal disorders. AIM OF THE REVIEW The taxonomy, botanical classification, geographical distribution, and ethnobotanical uses of T. cordifolia, as well as the phytochemical compounds found in the herb, the toxicology of and pharmacological and clinical studies on the effects of T. cordifolia are all covered in this study. MATERIALS AND METHODS To gather information on T. cordifolia, we used a variety of scientific databases, including Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct. The information discussed focuses on biologically active compounds found in T. cordifolia, and common applications and pharmacological activity of the herb, as well as toxicological and clinical studies on its properties. RESULTS The findings of this study reveal a connection between the use of T. cordifolia in conventional medicine and its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, anticancer, immunomodulatory, and other biological effects. The entire plant, stem, leaves, root, and extracts of T. cordifolia have been shown to have a variety of biological activities, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral, antiparasitic, antidiabetic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, hepatoprotective, and cardioprotective impact. Toxicological testing demonstrated that this plant may have medicinal applications. T. cordifolia contains a variety of biologically active compounds from various chemical classes, including alkaloids, terpenoids, sitosterols, flavonoids, and phenolic acids. Based on the reports researched for this review, we believe that chemicals in T. cordifolia may activate Nrf2, which leads to the overexpression of antioxidant enzymes such as CAT, GPx, GST, and GR, and thereby induces the adaptive response to oxidative stress. T. cordifolia is also able to reduce NF-κB signalling by inhibiting PI3K/Akt, activating AMPK and sirtuins, and downregulating PI3K/Akt. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that the pharmacological properties displayed by T. cordifolia back up its conventional uses. Antimicrobial, antiviral, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, antidiabetic, nephroprotective, gastroprotective, hepatoprotective, and cardioprotective activities were all demonstrated in T. cordifolia stem extracts. To validate pharmacodynamic targets, further research is needed to evaluate the molecular mechanisms of the known compounds against gastrointestinal diseases, inflammatory processes, and microbial infections, as immunostimulants, and in chemotherapy. The T. cordifolia safety profile was confirmed in a toxicological analysis, which prompted pharmacokinetic assessment testing to confirm its bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karuppusamy Arunachalam
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology and the Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650 201, People's Republic of China; Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw, 05282, Myanmar.
| | - Xuefei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology and the Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650 201, People's Republic of China; Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw, 05282, Myanmar.
| | - Thae Thae San
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology and the Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650 201, People's Republic of China; Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw, 05282, Myanmar
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Patel RK, Trivedi PD. Design-of-experiment approach for the development and validation of a high-performance thin-layer chromatography method for the simultaneous estimation of berberine chloride and galangin in Tinospora cordifoliaM. and Alpinia galangaL. and their herbal formulations. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2018. [DOI: 10.1556/1006.2018.31.6.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra K. Patel
- Pharmaceutical chemistry department, K.B. Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382023, India
| | - Priti D. Trivedi
- Pharmaceutical chemistry department, K.B. Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382023, India
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Studies on the Dual Cytotoxicity and Antioxidant Properties of Berberis vulgaris Extracts and Its Main Constituent Berberine. Adv Pharmacol Sci 2018; 2018:3018498. [PMID: 29805448 PMCID: PMC5817274 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3018498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study attempts to investigate the cytotoxic activity of ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts of the Moroccan Berberis vulgaris and its major component berberine, together with exploring their antioxidant properties. It also consists of studying the combination effect of berberine and S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP), a nitric oxide (NO) donor, against the human breast adenocarcinoma cell line (MCF-7). Using the MTT assay, we report a differential cytotoxic effect of ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts since the ethanol extract is more cytotoxic than the ethyl acetate one, with IC50 = 3.54 μg/mL and 596.71 μg/mL, respectively. Interestingly, no cytotoxic effect was observed against normal cells. Furthermore, these extracts showed a remarkable antioxidant activity as measured by the DPPH free radicals scavenging assay. In fact, the IC50 values are 69.65 μg/mL and 77.75 μg/mL for the ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts, respectively. In addition, several concentrations of berberine, when combined with the NO donor used at IC30, induced a synergistic cytotoxic activity at concentrations ranging from 8.40 μM to 33.60 μM, as revealed by the combination index values, using the Chou–Talalay method. However, at the other concentrations tested, an antagonistic effect was observed. The observed cytotoxicity was related to apoptosis induction as demonstrated by the annexin-V-streptavidin FITC-staining analysis.
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Abstract
Tinospora cordifolia (Menispermaceae) is an Ayurvedic medicinal plant distributed throughout the Indian subcontinent and China. The whole plant is used in folk and the Ayurvedic system of medicine alone and in combination with other plants. Due to its commercial importance, T. cordifolia has been of intense research interest for the last four decades with the isolation of diverse compounds such as alkaloids, sesquiterpenoids, diterpenoids, phenolics, steroids, aliphatic compounds and polysaccharides, along with the discovery of a wide spectrum of pharmacological properties like immunomodulation, anticancer, hepatoprotective and hypoglycemic. Although pharmacological activities of extracts and compounds of T. cordifolia have been studied both in vitro and in vivo, only few mechanisms of action have been explored and need further elaboration. In the present review, the pharmacological activities of compounds and different extracts of T. cordifolia are highlighted, along with those of the marketed products, showing the relevance of phytochemicals and the standardization of the marketed products for medicinal use. This compilation of the extensive literature of T. cordifolia here will be a referral point for clinical study and the development of standardized phytomedicines in healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Singh
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, PO CIMAP, Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Prabir K Chaudhuri
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, PO CIMAP, Lucknow 226015, India
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Bala M, Pratap K, Verma PK, Singh B, Padwad Y. Validation of ethnomedicinal potential of Tinospora cordifolia for anticancer and immunomodulatory activities and quantification of bioactive molecules by HPTLC. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 175:131-137. [PMID: 26253577 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers ex Hook. f. & Thomas. (Menispermaceae) is one of the most widely used plants in various traditional medicinal systems including "Ayurveda". The plant is used for the treatment of jaundice, rheumatism, urinary disorder, skin diseases, diabetes and anemia. The phytoconstituents present in the plant belongs to different class of compounds such as alkaloids, diterpenoids lactones, glycosides, steroids, phenol, aliphatic compounds and polysaccharides. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of present study was the isolation, structure elucidation, quantification and pharmacological evaluation of secondary metabolites from T. cordifolia for anticancer and immunomodulatory activities. MATERIALS AND METHODS Different extracts and fractions were prepared from the stem of T. cordifolia. Pure molecules were isolated using normal phase chromatography and characterized on the basis of NMR and mass spectroscopic techniques. The anti-cancer and immunomodulatory activities of different extracts, fractions and isolated compounds were evaluated against four different human cancer cell lines, KB (human oral squamous carcinoma), CHOK-1 (hamster ovary), HT-29 (human colon cancer) and SiHa (human cervical cancer) and murine primary cells respectively. A simple, normal phase HPTLC method was also developed for the quantification of three bioactive compounds i.e N-formylannonain (1), 11-hydroxymustakone (5) and yangambin (8) in the stem of T. cordifolia hosted on fifteen different plants. RESULTS Chromatographic purification of different fractions led to the isolation of eight pure molecules i.e N-formylannonain (1), magnoflorine (2), jatrorrhizine (3) palmatine (4), 11-hydroxymustakone (5), cordifolioside A (6), tinocordiside (7) and yangambin (8). All extracts and fractions were active against KB and CHOK-1 cells whereas among the pure molecules palmatine (4) was found to be active against KB and HT-29; tinocordiside (7) against KB and CHOK-1; yangambin (8) against KB cells however N-formylannonain (1) and 11-hydroxymustakone (5), was found active for immunomodulatory activity. HPTLC quantification of three active molecules i.e N-formylannonain (1), 11-hydroxymustakone (5), and yangambin (8) were found in highest quantity in the stem of T. cordifolia hosted on Mangifera indica, however, other two active molecules were not quantified due to their insufficient quantity. CONCLUSION Eight compounds have been isolated and characterized belonging to different classes. The pharmacological evaluation of extract, fractions and pure molecules revealed the ethnomedicinal value of T. cordifolia for anticancer and immunomodulatory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manju Bala
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India; Natural Product Chemistry and Process Development Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176 061, India
| | - Kunal Pratap
- Regulatory Research Centre, Department of Biotechnology, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176 061, India
| | - Praveen Kumar Verma
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India; Natural Product Chemistry and Process Development Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176 061, India
| | - Bikram Singh
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India; Natural Product Chemistry and Process Development Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176 061, India.
| | - Yogendra Padwad
- Regulatory Research Centre, Department of Biotechnology, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, 176 061, India.
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Quantitative estimation of (-)-hinokinin, a trypanosomicidal marker in Piper cubeba, and some of its commercial formulations using HPLC-PDA. J Pharm Anal 2014; 5:130-136. [PMID: 29403924 PMCID: PMC5761475 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The fruits of Piper cubeba have been used in Ayurvedic system of medicine for pain, tastelessness, painful urination and mouth diseases. Among its various chemical constituents, (-)-hinokinin, a trypanosomicidal dibenzylbutyrolactone lignan, is found in significant quantities. For quality evaluation of P. cubeba fruit and its commercial formulations, there is an urgent need to develop an analytical method based on (-)-hinokinin. For this purpose, an HPLC method was developed using photo diode array detector and Waters HR C18 column with gradient elution consisting of water and acetonitrile. The developed method was validated as per ICH-Q2B guidelines and found to be accurate, precise and linear over a wide range of concentrations (5-300 µg/mL). (-)-Hinokinin contents were found to be in the range of 0.005-0.109% (m/m) in various P. cubeba samples. The developed method was extended to LC-MS for further identification and characterization of (-)-hinokinin in samples. The developed method is simple, rapid and specific, and can be used as a tool for quality control of P. cubeba fruits and its commercial formulations.
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Sánchez FG, Díaz AN, Lama IM, Aguilar A, Algarra M. HPLC ENANTIOSEPARATION OF THE ALKALOID CANADINE AND DETERMINATION OF ENANTIOMERIC PURITY WITH CHIRAL/PHOTOMETRIC AND ACHIRAL/POLARIMETRIC DETECTION. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2012.733996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco García Sánchez
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science , University of Malaga , Malaga , Spain
| | - Aurora Navas Díaz
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science , University of Malaga , Malaga , Spain
| | - Ignacio Medina Lama
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science , University of Malaga , Malaga , Spain
| | - Alfonso Aguilar
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science , University of Malaga , Malaga , Spain
| | - Manuel Algarra
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science , University of Malaga , Malaga , Spain
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Patil D, Gautam M, Gairola S, Jadhav S, Patwardhan B. Effect of Botanical Immunomodulators on Human CYP3A4 Inhibition. Integr Cancer Ther 2013; 13:167-75. [DOI: 10.1177/1534735413503551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose. Many botanical immunomodulators are used as adjuvants along with cancer chemotherapy. However, information on the impact of concurrent administration of such botanicals on pharmacokinetics of chemotherapy agents is inadequate. This study investigates inhibitory activities of 3 popular botanical adjuvants: Asparagus racemosus (root aqueous extract; ARE), Withania somnifera (root aqueous extract; WSE), and Tinospora cordifolia (stem aqueous extract, TCE) on human CYP3A4 isoenzyme, responsible for metabolism of several chemotherapy agents. Experimental design. Testosterone 6-β hydroxylation was monitored using high-performance liquid chromatography as an indicator of CYP3A4 catalytic activities. Ketoconazole (positive control) and extracts were studied at their in vivo–relevant concentrations. Results. TCE showed mild inhibition while no significant inhibitory activities were observed in WSE and ARE. TCE was further fractionated to obtain polar and nonpolar fractions. The nonpolar fraction showed significant CYP3A4 inhibition with IC50 13.06 ± 1.38 µg/mL. Major constituents of nonpolar fraction were identified using HPLC-DAD-MS profiling as berberine, jatrorrhizine, and palmatine, which showed IC50 values as 6.25 ± 0.30, 15.18 ± 1.59, and 15.53 ± 1.89 µg/mL, respectively. Conclusion. Our findings suggest that constituents of TCE extract especially protoberberine alkaloids have the potential to interact with cancer chemotherapy agents that are metabolized by CYP3A4 in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dada Patil
- Serum Institute of India Research Foundation, Hadapsar, Pune, India
| | - Manish Gautam
- Serum Institute of India Research Foundation, Hadapsar, Pune, India
| | - Sunil Gairola
- Serum Institute of India Limited, Hadapsar, Pune, India
| | - Suresh Jadhav
- Serum Institute of India Limited, Hadapsar, Pune, India
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Sangeetha MK, Priya CDM, Vasanthi HR. Anti-diabetic property of Tinospora cordifolia and its active compound is mediated through the expression of Glut-4 in L6 myotubes. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 20:246-248. [PMID: 23290487 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2012.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/11/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Tinospora cordifolia is a well reported plant possessing numerous medicinal values including anti-diabetic property. Aim of the present study is to study the mechanism of action of Tinospora cordifolia and its active compound in differentiated myocytes, L6 cells. Key marker of diabetes in cells is the insulin dependent glucose transporter-4 (Glut-4) which also responds to exogenous chemicals, and is over expressed up to 5- and 4-fold, by Tinospora cordifolia and palmatine, respectively. Next to Glut-4, the predominant protein influencing glucose metabolism is PPARα and γ whose expressions were also positively modulated. Further, the inhibitors of insulin pathway prevented glucose uptake mediated by Tinospora cordifolia and palmatine which shows that the activity is majorly mediated through insulin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Sangeetha
- Herbal and Indian Medicine Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India
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Kamble B, Gupta A, Patil D, Janrao S, Khatal L, Duraiswamy B. Quantitative estimation of gymnemagenin in Gymnema sylvestre extract and its marketed formulations using the HPLC-ESI-MS/MS method. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2013; 24:135-140. [PMID: 22987643 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gymnema sylvestre, with gymnemic acids as active pharmacological constituents, is a popular ayurvedic herb and has been used to treat diabetes, as a remedy for cough and as a diuretic. However, very few analytical methods are available for quality control of this herb and its marketed formulations. OBJECTIVES To develop and validate a new, rapid, sensitive and selective HPLC-ESI (electrospray ionisation)-MS/MS method for quantitative estimation of gymnemagenin in G. sylvestre and its marketed formulations. METHOD HPLC-ESI-MS/MS method using a multiple reactions monitoring mode was used for quantitation of gymnemagenin. Separation was carried out on a Luna C-18 column using gradient elution of water and methanol (with 0.1% formic acid and 0.3% ammonia). RESULTS The developed method was validated as per International Conference on Harmonisation Guideline ICH-Q2B and found to be accurate, precise and linear over a relatively wide range of concentrations (5.280-305.920 ng/mL). Gymnemagenin contents were found from 0.056 ± 0.002 to 4.77 ± 0.59% w/w in G. sylvestre and its marketed formulations. CONCLUSION The method established is simple, rapid, with high sample throughput, and can be used as a tool for quality control of G. sylvestre and its formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhagyashree Kamble
- Department of Pharmacognosy, J.S.S. College of Pharmacy, Rocklands, Ootacamund 643 001, Tamilnadu, India.
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García Sánchez F, Navas Díaz A, Aguilar A, Medina Lama I, Algarra M. HPLC enantioseparation of alkaloid malacitanine using fluorimetric/polarimetric detection. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:1863-8. [PMID: 22865752 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This work reports two methods developed for the separation and determination of the enantiomers of the new alkaloid malacitanine (MLC) and the determination of the enantiomeric purity in mixtures. First, the isomers were separated using a Chirex 3020 (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) chiral column with a mobile phase of cyclohexane-1,2-dichloroethane-ethanol-trifluoroacetic acid (64:30:6:0.6, v/v/v/v) at a flow rate of 1 mL/min and fluorimetric detection. Obtained retention times were 12.4 and 15.9 min (+ and -) with a resolution Rs of 1.13. Relative standard deviations (RSDs) were 2.5 and 2.4% at the 0.5-μg level (four determinations). Second, a nonenantioselective procedure for the determination of enantiomeric purity of MLC using a Lichrospher ® Si-60 (250 mm × 5 mm, 5 μm) normal phase with a mobile phase of 100% ethanol at a flow rate of 0.9 mL/min coupled to two detectors in series, fluorimetric and polarimetric. RSD of 3.3% was obtained. Calculated enantiomeric purity by chiral chromatography gave 48.6% (-)-MLC in the near racemic product. Using polarimetric signal of the nonseparated enantiomers and comparing the slopes of the calibration curves (enantiomers) from the racemic product gave 47.8% (-)-MLC content. A study of accuracy of (-)-MLC gave recoveries from 98.3 to 100.7%.
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