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Ohoro CR, Adeniji AO, Okoh AI, Okoh OO. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the environmental systems: a review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2021; 19:1229-1247. [PMID: 34150307 PMCID: PMC8172818 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-021-00656-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
PBDEs are human-influenced chemicals utilized massively as flame retardants. They are environmentally persistent, not easily degraded, bioaccumulate in the biological tissue of organisms, and bio-magnify across the food web. They can travel over a long distance, with air and water being their possible transport media. They can be transferred to non-target organisms by inhalation, oral ingestion, breastfeeding, or dermal contact. These pollutants adsorb easily to solid matrices due to their lipophilicity and hydrophobicity; thus, sediments from rivers, lakes, estuaries, and ocean are becoming their major reservoirs aquatic environments. They have low acute toxicity, but the effects of interfering with the thyroid hormone metabolism in the endocrine system are long term. Many congeners of PBDEs are considered to pose a danger to humans and the aquatic environment. They have shown the possibility of causing many undesirable effects, together with neurologic, immunological, and reproductive disruptions and possible carcinogenicity in humans. PBDEs have been detected in small amounts in biological samples, including hair, human semen, blood, urine, and breastmilk, and environmental samples such as sediment, soil, sewage sludge, air, biota, fish, mussels, surface water, and wastewater. The congeners prevailing in environmental samples, with soil being the essential matrix, are BDE 47, 99, and 100. BDE 28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, and 183 are more frequently detected in human tissues, whereas in sediment and soil, BDE 100 and 183 predominate. Generally, BDE 153 and 154 appear very often across different matrices. However, BDE 209 seems not frequently determined, owing to its tendency to quickly breakdown into smaller congeners. This paper carried out an overview of PBDEs in the environmental, human, and biota niches with their characteristics, physicochemical properties, and fate in the environment, human exposure, and health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinemerem Ruth Ohoro
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700 South Africa
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700 South Africa
| | - Abiodun Olagoke Adeniji
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700 South Africa
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700 South Africa
| | - Anthony Ifeanyi Okoh
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700 South Africa
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700 South Africa
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Omobola Oluranti Okoh
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700 South Africa
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700 South Africa
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Cui S, Hough R, Fu Q, Qi X, Liu D, Cooper P, Li P, Zhang Z. Concentrations and uptake pathways of polychlorinated biphenyls from soil to grass. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 182:109428. [PMID: 31302331 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Field coupled samples in soil and grass were collected to determine the concentrations and identify the uptake pathways of PCBs into the grass at a pasture from Scotland, UK. Concentrations of indicator PCBs (∑7PCBs) in soils ranged from 0.20 to 0.88 ng g-1 dw (dry weight), with a mean of 0.33 ng g-1 dw, and in grass ranged from 0.20 to 2.14 ng g-1 dw, with a mean of 0.48 ng g-1 dw. The comprehensive factors of low concentrations and detection rate (PCB28: 18.8%; PCB52: 37.5%) of PCBs in soil, as well as continuously declined air concentrations of PCBs in the UK since the 1990s suggested that the secondary emission from the soil is becoming the supplied source of PCBs to air and grass. The significant correlations between bioconcentration factor (BCF) values and the log KOW (R = -0.850, p < 0.05) and log KOA (R = -0.860, p < 0.05) of indicator PCB congeners were found in the present study, indicating that these two parameters are likely to affect the bioaccumulation and uptake of grass. A generic one-compartment model was employed to identify uptake pathways of grass and evaluate the uptake amounts for PCBs. This suggested that the most important pathway for uptake of PCBs by grass was at the aerial part, and the difference of PCBs concentrations between leaves and roots was about four orders of magnitude. Removing and risk transfer of PCBs or other organic pollutants by grass need to be investigated and assessed further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Cui
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, China; The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, AB15 8QH, UK
| | - Rupert Hough
- The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, AB15 8QH, UK
| | - Qiang Fu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, China
| | - Xuebin Qi
- China-UK Water and Soil Resources Sustainable Utilization Joint Research Centre, Farmland Irrigation Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang, Henan, 453002, China
| | - Dong Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, China
| | - Pat Cooper
- The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, AB15 8QH, UK
| | - Ping Li
- China-UK Water and Soil Resources Sustainable Utilization Joint Research Centre, Farmland Irrigation Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang, Henan, 453002, China
| | - Zulin Zhang
- The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, AB15 8QH, UK.
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Berton P, Lana NB, Ríos JM, García-Reyes JF, Altamirano JC. State of the art of environmentally friendly sample preparation approaches for determination of PBDEs and metabolites in environmental and biological samples: A critical review. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 905:24-41. [PMID: 26755134 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Green chemistry principles for developing methodologies have gained attention in analytical chemistry in recent decades. A growing number of analytical techniques have been proposed for determination of organic persistent pollutants in environmental and biological samples. In this light, the current review aims to present state-of-the-art sample preparation approaches based on green analytical principles proposed for the determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and metabolites (OH-PBDEs and MeO-PBDEs) in environmental and biological samples. Approaches to lower the solvent consumption and accelerate the extraction, such as pressurized liquid extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, and ultrasound-assisted extraction, are discussed in this review. Special attention is paid to miniaturized sample preparation methodologies and strategies proposed to reduce organic solvent consumption. Additionally, extraction techniques based on alternative solvents (surfactants, supercritical fluids, or ionic liquids) are also commented in this work, even though these are scarcely used for determination of PBDEs. In addition to liquid-based extraction techniques, solid-based analytical techniques are also addressed. The development of greener, faster and simpler sample preparation approaches has increased in recent years (2003-2013). Among green extraction techniques, those based on the liquid phase predominate over those based on the solid phase (71% vs. 29%, respectively). For solid samples, solvent assisted extraction techniques are preferred for leaching of PBDEs, and liquid phase microextraction techniques are mostly used for liquid samples. Likewise, green characteristics of the instrumental analysis used after the extraction and clean-up steps are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Berton
- Laboratorio de Química Ambiental, Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA) - CONICET, Mendoza 5500, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza 5500, Argentina
| | - Nerina B Lana
- Laboratorio de Química Ambiental, Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA) - CONICET, Mendoza 5500, Argentina
| | - Juan M Ríos
- Laboratorio de Química Ambiental, Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA) - CONICET, Mendoza 5500, Argentina
| | - Juan F García-Reyes
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaen, Spain
| | - Jorgelina C Altamirano
- Laboratorio de Química Ambiental, Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA) - CONICET, Mendoza 5500, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza 5500, Argentina.
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Zhang ZL, Leith C, Rhind SM, Kerr C, Osprey M, Kyle C, Coull M, Thomson C, Green G, Maderova L, McKenzie C. Long term temporal and spatial changes in the distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Scottish soils. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 468-469:158-164. [PMID: 24012902 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Long term changes in polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) concentrations in soil from four transects across Scotland were measured in three surveys conducted between 1990 and 2007-9. Overall PCB level declined during this period (22.5 to 4.55 ng/g, p<0.001) but PBDEs increased (0.68 to 2.55 ng/g, p<0.001), reflecting the ban on PCB use in the 1980s while PBDE use increased until about 2004 when the use of penta-mix congener ceased in Europe. The proportion of lighter PCB congeners (28+52) present declined (p<0.001) primarily between 1990 and 1999. However, the proportion of lighter PBDE congeners (47+99) in the soil samples increased (p<0.01) from 1990 to 1999 and declined (p<0.001) thereafter, probably reflecting the introduction of legislation banning penta-BDE products and the degradation of lighter congeners and their translocation. PCBs were slightly higher in two southernmost transects but PBDE concentrations were significantly higher (p<0.001) in the two southern transects than in the two northern transects. This may reflect proximity to areas of high population and industrial activity. It is concluded that temporal and spatial changes in the distribution of PCBs and PBDEs reflect geography, physical processes and legislation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z L Zhang
- The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK.
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Aitkenhead MJ, Rhind SM, Zhang ZL, Kyle CE, Coull MC. Neural network integration of field observations for soil endocrine disruptor characterisation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 468-469:240-248. [PMID: 24036219 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A neural network approach was used to predict the presence and concentration of a range of endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), based on field observations. Soil sample concentrations of endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) and site environmental characteristics, drawn from the National Soil Inventory of Scotland (NSIS) database, were used. Neural network models were trained to predict soil EDC concentrations using field observations for 184 sites. The results showed that presence/absence and concentration of several of the EDCs, mostly no longer in production, could be predicted with some accuracy. We were able to predict concentrations of seven of 31 compounds with r(2) values greater than 0.25 for log-normalised values and of eight with log-normalised predictions converted to a linear scale. Additional statistical analyses were carried out, including Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Error (ME), Willmott's index of agreement, Percent Bias (PBIAS) and ratio of root mean square to standard deviation (RSR). These analyses allowed us to demonstrate that the neural network models were making meaningful predictions of EDC concentration. We identified the main predictive input parameters in each case, based on a sensitivity analysis of the trained neural network model. We also demonstrated the capacity of the method for predicting the presence and level of EDC concentration in the field, identified further developments required to make this process as rapid and operator-friendly as possible and discussed the potential value of a system for field surveys of soil composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Aitkenhead
- The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, Scotland, UK.
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Rhind SM, Kyle CE, Kerr C, Osprey M, Zhang ZL, Duff EI, Lilly A, Nolan A, Hudson G, Towers W, Bell J, Coull M, McKenzie C. Concentrations and geographic distribution of selected organic pollutants in Scottish surface soils. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2013; 182:15-27. [PMID: 23892068 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of selected persistent organic pollutants (POPs) representing three chemical classes (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and the organic pollutant diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), were determined in surface soil samples (0-5 cm) collected at 20 km grid intersects throughout Scotland over a three-year period. Detectable amounts of all chemical classes and most individual congeners were present in all samples. There were no consistent effects of soil or vegetation type, soil carbon content, pH, altitude or distance from centres of population on concentrations which exhibited extreme variation, even in adjacent samples. It is concluded that soil POPs and DEHP concentrations and associated rates of animal and human exposure were highly variable, influenced by multiple, interacting factors, and not clearly related to local sources but possibly related to wet atmospheric deposition and the organic carbon content of the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Rhind
- The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK
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Roth T, Wolf M, Pöhlein M, van Eldik R. Analysis of flame retardants and elements of concern in printed wiring boards with respect to origin and year of construction. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:7215-29. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7195-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Roth
- Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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Zhang S, Zhao TB, Luo G, Huang H, Wang J, Cai ZZ. A Total Solution to Baseline Separation of 20 Brominated Flame Retardant Additives in Electronic Products with Automated Soxhlet Hot Extraction and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201100598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Yuan JP, Zhao RS, Cheng CG, Wang XL, Cui ZJ. Rapid analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in soil by matrix solid-phase dispersion using bamboo charcoal as dispersive sorbent. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:2499-505. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201101096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Peng Yuan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering; Shandong University; Jinan China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments; Analysis and Test Center; Shandong Academy of Sciences; Jinan China
| | - Ru-Song Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments; Analysis and Test Center; Shandong Academy of Sciences; Jinan China
| | - Chuan-Ge Cheng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments; Analysis and Test Center; Shandong Academy of Sciences; Jinan China
| | - Xiao-Li Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments; Analysis and Test Center; Shandong Academy of Sciences; Jinan China
| | - Zhao-Jie Cui
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering; Shandong University; Jinan China
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Abstract
AbstractSpreading sewage sludge on agricultural lands has been actively promoted by national authorities as an economic way of recycling. However, as by-product of wastewater treatment, sewage sludge may contain toxic substances, which could be incorporated into agricultural products or be distributed in the environment. Moreover, sediments can be contaminated by the discharge of wastewater effluents into rivers. This article reviews the determination of emerging contaminants (surfactants, flame retardants, pharmaceuticals and personal care products) in environmental solid samples (sludge, soil and sediment). Sample preparation, including extraction and clean-up, as well as the subsequent instrumental determination of contaminants are discussed. Recent applications of extraction techniques, such as Soxhlet extraction, ultrasound assisted extraction, pressurised liquid extraction, microwave assisted extraction and matrix solid-phase dispersion to the analysis of emerging contaminants in environmental solid samples are reviewed. Determination of these contaminants, generally carried out by gas chromatography and liquid chromatography coupled with different detectors, especially mass spectrometry for the identification and quantification of residues, is also summarised and discussed.
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Zhu X, Xu Y, Gao Y, Huang L. Pressurized Liquid Extraction Combined with Dispersive Liquid-liquid Micro-extraction as an Efficient Sample Preparation Method for Determination of Volatile Components in Tobacco. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201100660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Graphene-assisted matrix solid-phase dispersion for extraction of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and their methoxylated and hydroxylated analogs from environmental samples. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 708:61-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Revised: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Optimized determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in sheep serum by solid-phase extraction–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Talanta 2011; 84:487-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Revised: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Zhang Z, Ohiozebau E, Rhind SM. Simultaneous extraction and clean-up of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls from sheep liver tissue by selective pressurized liquid extraction and analysis by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:1203-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.12.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 12/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Zhang Z, Rhind SM, Kerr C, Osprey M, Kyle CE. Selective pressurized liquid extraction of estrogenic compounds in soil and analysis by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 685:29-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Revised: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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