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Ilyas A, Dyussupova A, Sultangaziyev A, Shevchenko Y, Filchakova O, Bukasov R. SERS immuno- and apta-assays in biosensing/bio-detection: Performance comparison, clinical applications, challenges. Talanta 2023; 265:124818. [PMID: 37453393 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy is increasingly used as a sensitive bioanalytical tool for detection of variety of analytes ranging from viruses and bacteria to cancer biomarkers and toxins, etc. This comprehensive review describes principles of operation and compares the performance of immunoassays and aptamer assays with Surface Enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) detection to each other and to some other bioassay methods, including ELISA and fluorescence assays. Both immuno- and aptamer-based assays are categorized into assay on solid substrates, assays with magnetic nanoparticles and assays in laminar flow or/and strip assays. The best performing and recent examples of assays in each category are described in the text and illustrated in the figures. The average performance, particularly, limit of detection (LOD) for each of those methods reflected in 9 tables of the manuscript and average LODs are calculated and compared. We found out that, on average, there is some advantage in terms of LOD for SERS immunoassays (0.5 pM median LOD of 88 papers) vs SERS aptamer-based assays (1.7 pM median LOD of 51 papers). We also tabulated and analyzed the clinical performance of SERS immune and aptamer assays, where selectivity, specificity, and accuracy are reported, we summarized the best examples. We also reviewed challenges to SERS bioassay performance and real-life application, including non-specific protein binding, nanoparticle aggregation, limited nanotag stability, sometimes, relatively long time to results, etc. The proposed solutions to those challenges are also discussed in the review. Overall, this review may be interesting not only to bioanalytical chemist, but to medical and life science researchers who are interested in improvement of bioanalyte detection and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Ilyas
- Department of Chemistry, SSH, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | | | | | - Yegor Shevchenko
- Department of Chemistry, SSH, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Olena Filchakova
- Department of Biology, SSH, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Rostislav Bukasov
- Department of Chemistry, SSH, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan.
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2
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Peng X, Kotnala A, Rajeeva BB, Wang M, Yao K, Bhatt N, Penley D, Zheng Y. Plasmonic Nanotweezers and Nanosensors for Point-of-Care Applications. ADVANCED OPTICAL MATERIALS 2021; 9:2100050. [PMID: 34434691 PMCID: PMC8382230 DOI: 10.1002/adom.202100050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The capabilities of manipulating and analyzing biological cells, bacteria, viruses, DNAs, and proteins at high resolution are significant in understanding biology and enabling early disease diagnosis. We discuss progress in developments and applications of plasmonic nanotweezers and nanosensors where the plasmon-enhanced light-matter interactions at the nanoscale improve the optical manipulation and analysis of biological objects. Selected examples are presented to illustrate their design and working principles. In the context of plasmofluidics, which merges plasmonics and fluidics, the integration of plasmonic nanotweezers and nanosensors with microfluidic systems for point-of-care (POC) applications is envisioned. We provide our perspectives on the challenges and opportunities in further developing and applying the plasmofluidic POC devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Peng
- Materials Science & Engineering Program and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Abhay Kotnala
- Materials Science & Engineering Program and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Bharath Bangalore Rajeeva
- Materials Science & Engineering Program and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Mingsong Wang
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Kan Yao
- Materials Science & Engineering Program and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Neel Bhatt
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Daniel Penley
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Yuebing Zheng
- Materials Science & Engineering Program and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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3
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Zhang H, Xiao L, Li Q, Qi X, Zhou A. Microfluidic chip for non-invasive analysis of tumor cells interaction with anti-cancer drug doxorubicin by AFM and Raman spectroscopy. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2018; 12:024119. [PMID: 29755636 PMCID: PMC5924378 DOI: 10.1063/1.5024359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy has been playing an increasingly significant role for cell classification. Here, we introduce a novel microfluidic chip for non-invasive Raman cell natural fingerprint collection. Traditional Raman spectroscopy measurement of the cells grown in a Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) based microfluidic device suffers from the background noise from the substrate materials of PDMS when intended to apply as an in vitro cell assay. To overcome this disadvantage, the current device is designed with a middle layer of PDMS layer sandwiched by two MgF2 slides which minimize the PDMS background signal in Raman measurement. Three cancer cell lines, including a human lung cancer cell A549, and human breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-231/BRMS1, were cultured in this microdevice separately for a period of three days to evaluate the biocompatibility of the microfluidic system. In addition, atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to measure the Young's modulus and adhesion force of cancer cells at single cell level. The AFM results indicated that our microchannel environment did not seem to alter the cell biomechanical properties. The biochemical responses of cancer cells exposed to anti-cancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) up to 24 h were assessed by Raman spectroscopy. Principal component analysis over the Raman spectra indicated that cancer cells untreated and treated with DOX can be distinguished. This PDMS microfluidic device offers a non-invasive and reusable tool for in vitro Raman measurement of living cells, and can be potentially applied for anti-cancer drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhang
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, 4105 Old Main Hill, Logan, Utah 84322, USA
| | - Lifu Xiao
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, 4105 Old Main Hill, Logan, Utah 84322, USA
| | - Qifei Li
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, 4105 Old Main Hill, Logan, Utah 84322, USA
| | - Xiaojun Qi
- Department of Computer Science, Utah State University, 4205 Old Main Hill, Logan, Utah 84322, USA
| | - Anhong Zhou
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, 4105 Old Main Hill, Logan, Utah 84322, USA
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4
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SERS-microfluidic systems: A potential platform for rapid analysis of food contaminants. Trends Food Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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5
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Tycova A, Prikryl J, Foret F. Recent strategies toward microfluidic-based surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Electrophoresis 2017; 38:1977-1987. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Tycova
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the CAS; v. v. i.; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Jan Prikryl
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the CAS; v. v. i.; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Frantisek Foret
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the CAS; v. v. i.; Brno Czech Republic
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology; Brno Czech Republic
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6
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Madiyar FR, Bhana S, Swisher LZ, Culbertson CT, Huang X, Li J. Integration of a nanostructured dielectrophoretic device and a surface-enhanced Raman probe for highly sensitive rapid bacteria detection. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:3726-36. [PMID: 25641315 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr07183b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This work reports a synergistic approach to the concentration, detection and kinetic monitoring of pathogens through the integration of nanostructured dielectrophoresis (DEP) with nanotag-labelled Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS). A nanoelectrode array made of embedded Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanofibers (VACNFs) at the bottom of a microfluidic chip was used to effectively capture and concentrate nanotag-labelled E. coli DHα5 cells into a 200 μm × 200 μm area on which a Raman laser probe was focused. The SERS nanotags were based on iron oxide-gold (IO-Au) core-shell nanoovals (NOVs) of ∼50 nm size, which were coated with a QSY21 Raman reporter and attached to E. coli through specific immunochemistry. The combination of the greatly enhanced Raman signal by the SERS nanotags and the effective DEP concentration significantly improved the detection limit and speed. The SERS signal was measured with both a confocal Raman microscope and a portable Raman probe during DEP capture, and was fully validated with fluorescence microscopy measurements under all DEP conditions. The SERS measurements were sensitive enough to detect a single bacterium. A concentration detection limit as low as 210 cfu ml(-1) using a portable Raman system was obtained with a DEP capture time of only ∼50 s. These results demonstrate the potential to develop a compact portable system for rapid and highly sensitive detection of specific pathogens. This system is reusable, requires minimum sample preparation, and is amenable to field applications.
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Paquet-Mercier F, Aznaveh NB, Safdar M, Greener J. A microfluidic bioreactor with in situ SERS imaging for the study of controlled flow patterns of biofilm precursor materials. SENSORS 2013; 13:14714-27. [PMID: 24172286 PMCID: PMC3871105 DOI: 10.3390/s131114714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Revised: 10/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A microfluidic bioreactor with an easy to fabricate nano-plasmonic surface is demonstrated for studies of biofilms and their precursor materials via Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS). The system uses a novel design to induce sheath flow confinement of a sodium citrate biofilm precursor stream against the SERS imaging surface to measure spatial variations in the concentration profile. The unoptimised SERS enhancement was approximately 2.5 × 104, thereby improving data acquisition time, reducing laser power requirements and enabling a citrate detection limit of 0.1 mM, which was well below the concentrations used in biofilm nutrient solutions. The flow confinement was observed by both optical microscopy and SERS imaging with good complementarity. We demonstrate the new bioreactor by growing flow-templated biofilms on the microchannel wall. This work opens the way for in situ spectral imaging of biofilms and their biochemical environment under dynamic flow conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Paquet-Mercier
- Département de Chimie, Université Laval, 1045 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
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Lee SY, Walsh GF, Dal Negro L. Microfluidics integration of aperiodic plasmonic arrays for spatial-spectral optical detection. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:4945-4957. [PMID: 23482027 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.004945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate successful integration of aperiodic arrays of metal nanoparticles with microfluidics technology for optical sensing using the spectral-colorimetric responses of nanostructured arrays to refractive index variations. Different aperiodic arrays of gold (Au) nanoparticles with varying interparticle separations and Fourier spectral properties are fabricated using Electron Beam Lithography (EBL) and integrated with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidics structures by soft-lithographic micro-imprint techniques. The spectral shifts of scattering spectra and the distinctive modifications of structural color patterns induced by refractive index variations were simultaneously measured inside microfluidic flow cells by dark-field spectroscopy and image correlation analysis in the visible spectral range. The integration of engineered aperiodic arrays of Au nanoparticles with microfluidics devices provides a novel sensing platform with multiplexed spatial-spectral responses for opto-fluidics applications and lab-on-a-chip optical biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvanus Y Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering & Photonics Center, Boston University, 8 St. Mary's St., Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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9
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Ríos Á, Ríos Á, Zougagh M, Zougagh M. Sample preparation for micro total analytical systems (μ-TASs). Trends Analyt Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2012.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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10
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Avci E, Culha M. Influence of droplet drying configuration on surface-enhanced Raman scattering performance. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra42838a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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11
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Huh YS, Choi BG, Hong WH. Fabrication of Nano-filter Device for High Efficient Separation and Concentration of Biomolecules. KOREAN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH 2012. [DOI: 10.9713/kcer.2012.50.4.738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Kode K, Shachaf C, Elchuri S, Nolan G, Paik DS. Raman Labeled Nanoparticles: Characterization of Variability and Improved Method for Unmixing. JOURNAL OF RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY : JRS 2012; 43:895-905. [PMID: 24833814 PMCID: PMC4019428 DOI: 10.1002/jrs.3114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy can differentiate the spectral fingerprints of many molecules, resulting in potentially high multiplexing capabilities of Raman-tagged nanoparticles. However, accurate quantitative unmixing of Raman spectra is challenging because of potential overlaps between Raman peaks from each molecule as well as slight variations in the location, height and width of the very narrow peaks. If not accounted for properly, even minor fluctuations in the spectra may produce significant error which will ultimately result in poor unmixing accuracy. The objective of our study was to develop and validate a mathematical model of the Raman spectra of nanoparticles to unmix the contributions from each nanoparticle allowing simultaneous quantitation of several nanoparticle concentrations during sample characterization. We developed and evaluated an algorithm for quantitative unmixing of the spectra, called Narrow Peak Spectral Algorithm (NPSA) . Using NPSA, we were able to successfully unmix Raman spectra from up to 7 Raman nanoparticles after correcting for the spectral variations of 30% in intensity and shifts in peak locations of up to 10 cm-1 which is equivalent to 50% of the full width at half maximum (FWHM). We compared the performance of NPSA to the conventional least squares analysis (LS), error in NPSA is approximately 50% lower than LS. The error in estimating the relative contributions of each nanoparticle using NPSA are in the range of 10-16% for equal ratios and 13-19% for unequal ratios for unmixing of 7 composite organic - inorganic nanoparticles (COINs) whereas the errors using the traditional least squares approach were in the range of 25-38% for equal ratios and 45-68% for unequal ratios. Here, we report for the first time, the quantitative unmixing of 7 nanoparticles with maximum RMS % error less than 20%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kranthi Kode
- Deparment of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine ; Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University School of Engineering
| | - Cathy Shachaf
- Deparment of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine ; Deparment of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Sailaja Elchuri
- Deparment of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Garry Nolan
- Deparment of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - David S Paik
- Deparment of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine
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13
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Van de Sompel D, Garai E, Zavaleta C, Gambhir SS. A hybrid least squares and principal component analysis algorithm for Raman spectroscopy. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38850. [PMID: 22723895 PMCID: PMC3377733 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy is a powerful technique for detecting and quantifying analytes in chemical mixtures. A critical part of Raman spectroscopy is the use of a computer algorithm to analyze the measured Raman spectra. The most commonly used algorithm is the classical least squares method, which is popular due to its speed and ease of implementation. However, it is sensitive to inaccuracies or variations in the reference spectra of the analytes (compounds of interest) and the background. Many algorithms, primarily multivariate calibration methods, have been proposed that increase robustness to such variations. In this study, we propose a novel method that improves robustness even further by explicitly modeling variations in both the background and analyte signals. More specifically, it extends the classical least squares model by allowing the declared reference spectra to vary in accordance with the principal components obtained from training sets of spectra measured in prior characterization experiments. The amount of variation allowed is constrained by the eigenvalues of this principal component analysis. We compare the novel algorithm to the least squares method with a low-order polynomial residual model, as well as a state-of-the-art hybrid linear analysis method. The latter is a multivariate calibration method designed specifically to improve robustness to background variability in cases where training spectra of the background, as well as the mean spectrum of the analyte, are available. We demonstrate the novel algorithm’s superior performance by comparing quantitative error metrics generated by each method. The experiments consider both simulated data and experimental data acquired from in vitro solutions of Raman-enhanced gold-silica nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Van de Sompel
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Ellis Garai
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Cristina Zavaleta
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Sanjiv Sam Gambhir
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Syme CD, Martino C, Yusvana R, Sirimuthu NMS, Cooper JM. Quantitative Characterization of Individual Microdroplets using Surface-Enhanced Resonance Raman Scattering Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2012; 84:1491-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ac202705a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D. Syme
- Advanced Medical Diagnostics
group, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8LT, Scotland,
U.K
| | - Chiara Martino
- Advanced Medical Diagnostics
group, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8LT, Scotland,
U.K
| | - Rama Yusvana
- Advanced Medical Diagnostics
group, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8LT, Scotland,
U.K
| | - Narayana M. S. Sirimuthu
- Advanced Medical Diagnostics
group, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8LT, Scotland,
U.K
| | - Jonathan M. Cooper
- Advanced Medical Diagnostics
group, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8LT, Scotland,
U.K
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15
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Taylor LC, Kirchner TB, Lavrik NV, Sepaniak MJ. Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy for microfluidic pillar arrayed separation chips. Analyst 2012; 137:1005-12. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an16239c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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16
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Manchee CPK, Zamora V, Silverstone JW, Veinot JGC, Meldrum A. Refractometric sensing with fluorescent-core microcapillaries. OPTICS EXPRESS 2011; 19:21540-21551. [PMID: 22109003 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.021540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Capillaries present a promising structure for microfluidic refractive index sensors. We demonstrate a capillary-type fluorescent core microcavity sensor based on whispering gallery mode (WGM) resonances. The device consists of a microcapillary having a layer of fluorescent silicon quantum dots (QDs) coated on the channel surface. The high effective index of the QD layer confines the electric field near the capillary channel and causes the development of WGM resonances in the fluorescence spectrum. Solutions consisting of sucrose dissolved in water were pumped through the capillary while the fluorescence WGMs were measured with a spectrometer. The device showed a refractometric sensitivity of 9.8 nm/RIU (up to 13.8 nm/RIU for higher solution refractive index) and a maximum detection limit of ~7.2 x 10(-3) RIU. Modeling the field inside the capillary structure, which is analogous to a layered hollow ring resonator, shows that sensitivities as high as 100 nm/RIU and detection limits as low as ~10(-5) RIU may be achievable by optimizing the QD film thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P K Manchee
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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17
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Chrimes AF, Kayani AA, Khoshmanesh K, Stoddart PR, Mulvaney P, Mitchell A, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Dielectrophoresis-Raman spectroscopy system for analysing suspended nanoparticles. LAB ON A CHIP 2011; 11:921-8. [PMID: 21267497 DOI: 10.1039/c0lc00481b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A microfluidic dielectrophoresis platform consisting of curved microelectrodes was developed and integrated with a Raman spectroscopy system. The electrodes were patterned on a quartz substrate, which has insignificant Raman response, and integrated with a microfluidic channel that was imprinted in poly-dimethylsiloxane (PDMS). We will show that this novel integrated system can be efficiently used for the determination of suspended particle types and the direct mapping of their spatial concentrations. We will also illustrate the system's unique advantages over conventional optical systems. Nanoparticles of tungsten trioxide (WO(3)) and polystyrene were used in the investigations, as they are Raman active and can be homogeneously suspended in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam F Chrimes
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, RMIT University, Victoria, Australia.
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18
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Wells SM, Retterer SD, Oran JM, Sepaniak MJ. Controllable nanofabrication of aggregate-like nanoparticle substrates and evaluation for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. ACS NANO 2009; 3:3845-53. [PMID: 19911835 DOI: 10.1021/nn9010939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The development of new and better substrates is a major focus of research aimed at improving the analytical capabilities of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Perhaps the most common type of SERS substrate, one consistently exhibiting large enhancements, is simple colloidal gold or silver nanoparticles in the 10-150 nm size range. The colloidal systems that are used most for ultrasensitive detection are generally aggregated clusters that possess "hot spot(s)" within some of the aggregates. A significant limitation of these synthetic substrates is that the "hot" aggregates are extremely difficult to create consistently or predict. Electron beam lithography (EBL) along with combinatorial spectral mapping can be used to overcome this limitation. Our previous work, and that of other researchers, invokes the special capabilities of EBL to design and fabricate periodic, highly ordered nanoparticle arrays for SERS. Building on this work, EBL, in conjunction with ancillary fabrication steps, can be used to create complex patterns that mimic random aggregates. These aggregates, unlike those created by colloidal deposition methods, can be uniquely reproduced within the resolution limits of EBL. In the work reported herein, we use a unique approach to create substrates containing a large number of randomly generated cells with different morphologies that are arrayed on silicon wafers. Instead of isolated metal nanoparticles, these structures resemble the aggregates of colloid. By spectral mapping, we investigate the SERS activity of the combinatorial arrays of cells using probe analytes. Two general categories of shapes are randomly designed in different sizes and densities into several hundred different 5 mum square cells. Following fabrication, it is shown that a SERS performance contrast of more than a factor of 44 is achieved among these cells and that the best performing cells can be cloned into uniformly high performing macropatterns of lithographically defined nanoaggregates (LDNAs). In this manner, extended LDNA surfaces with uniform 5 x 10(8) enhancement factors are created. Furthermore, the LDNAs can be further dissected and studied in an effort to increase the SERS enhancement per unit geometric substrate area.
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19
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Optical fibre SERS sensors. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 394:1761-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2797-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2009] [Revised: 04/07/2009] [Accepted: 04/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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20
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Huh YS, Chung AJ, Cordovez B, Erickson D. Enhanced on-chip SERS based biomolecular detection using electrokinetically active microwells. LAB ON A CHIP 2009; 9:433-9. [PMID: 19156293 PMCID: PMC2718423 DOI: 10.1039/b809702j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Here we present a novel microfluidic technique for on-chip surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) based biomolecular detection, exploiting the use of electrokinetically active microwells. Briefly, the chip comprises of a series of microfluidic channels containing embedded microwells that, when electrically actuated, either locally attract or repulse species from solution through a combination of electrokinetic effects. We demonstrate that the approach combines the advantages of existing homogeneous (solution phase) and heterogeneous (surface phase) on-chip techniques by enabling active mixing to enhance the rate of binding between the SERS enhancers and the biomolecular targets as well as rapid concentration of the product for surface phase optical interrogation. This paper describes the chip design and fabrication procedure, experimental results illustrating the optimal conditions for our concentration and mixing processes, and a numerical analysis of the flow pattern. To demonstrate the usefulness of the device we apply it to the quantitative detection of nucleic acid sequences associated with Dengue virus serotype 2. We report a limit of detection for Dengue sequences of 30 pM and show excellent specificity against other serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Suk Huh
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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21
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West J, Becker M, Tombrink S, Manz A. Micro Total Analysis Systems: Latest Achievements. Anal Chem 2008; 80:4403-19. [PMID: 18498178 DOI: 10.1021/ac800680j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan West
- ISAS, Institute for Analytical Sciences, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Strasse 11, D-44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Marco Becker
- ISAS, Institute for Analytical Sciences, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Strasse 11, D-44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sven Tombrink
- ISAS, Institute for Analytical Sciences, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Strasse 11, D-44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Andreas Manz
- ISAS, Institute for Analytical Sciences, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Strasse 11, D-44139 Dortmund, Germany
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Abu Hatab NA, Oran JM, Sepaniak MJ. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy substrates created via electron beam lithography and nanotransfer printing. ACS NANO 2008; 2:377-385. [PMID: 19206640 DOI: 10.1021/nn7003487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The development of quantitative, highly sensitive surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrates requires control over size, shape, and position of metal nanoparticles. Despite the fact that SERS has gained the reputation as an information-rich spectroscopy for detection of many classes of analytes, in some isolated instances down to the single molecule detection limit, its future development depends critically on techniques for nanofabrication. Herein, an unconventional nanofabrication approach is used to produce efficient SERS substrates. Metallic nanopatterns of silver disks are transferred from a stamp onto poly(dimethysiloxane) (PDMS) to create nanocomposite substrates with regular periodic morphologies. The stamp with periodic arrays of square, triangular, and elliptical pillars is created via electron beam lithography (EBL) of ma-N 2403 resist. A modified cyclodextrin is thermally evaporated onto the stamp to overcome the adhesive nature of the EBL resist and to function as a releasing layer. Subsequently, Ag is physically vapor deposited onto the stamp at a controlled rate and thickness and used directly for nanotransfer printing (nTP). Stamps, substrates, and the efficiency of the nTP process were explored by scanning electron microscopy. Transferred Ag nanodisk-PDMS substrates are studied by SERS using Rhodamine 6G as the probe analyte. There are observed optimal conditions involving both Ag and cyclodextrin thickness. The SERS response of metallic nanodisks of various shapes and sizes on the original stamp is compared to the corresponding nTP created substrates with similar trends observed. Limits of detection for crystal violet and Mitoxantrone are approximately 10(-8) and 10(-9) M, respectively. As an innovative feature of this approach, we demonstrate that physical manipulation of the PDMS post-nTP can be used to alter morphology, e.g., to change internanodisk spacing. Additionally, stamps are shown to be reusable after the nTP process, adding the potential to scale-up regular morphology substrates by a stamp-and-repeat methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahla A Abu Hatab
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1600, USA
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Chourpa I, Lei FH, Dubois P, Manfait M, Sockalingum GD. Intracellular applications of analytical SERS spectroscopy and multispectral imaging. Chem Soc Rev 2008; 37:993-1000. [DOI: 10.1039/b714732p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Bell SEJ, Sirimuthu NMS. Quantitative surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Chem Soc Rev 2008; 37:1012-24. [DOI: 10.1039/b705965p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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