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Ilyas A, Dyussupova A, Sultangaziyev A, Shevchenko Y, Filchakova O, Bukasov R. SERS immuno- and apta-assays in biosensing/bio-detection: Performance comparison, clinical applications, challenges. Talanta 2023; 265:124818. [PMID: 37453393 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy is increasingly used as a sensitive bioanalytical tool for detection of variety of analytes ranging from viruses and bacteria to cancer biomarkers and toxins, etc. This comprehensive review describes principles of operation and compares the performance of immunoassays and aptamer assays with Surface Enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) detection to each other and to some other bioassay methods, including ELISA and fluorescence assays. Both immuno- and aptamer-based assays are categorized into assay on solid substrates, assays with magnetic nanoparticles and assays in laminar flow or/and strip assays. The best performing and recent examples of assays in each category are described in the text and illustrated in the figures. The average performance, particularly, limit of detection (LOD) for each of those methods reflected in 9 tables of the manuscript and average LODs are calculated and compared. We found out that, on average, there is some advantage in terms of LOD for SERS immunoassays (0.5 pM median LOD of 88 papers) vs SERS aptamer-based assays (1.7 pM median LOD of 51 papers). We also tabulated and analyzed the clinical performance of SERS immune and aptamer assays, where selectivity, specificity, and accuracy are reported, we summarized the best examples. We also reviewed challenges to SERS bioassay performance and real-life application, including non-specific protein binding, nanoparticle aggregation, limited nanotag stability, sometimes, relatively long time to results, etc. The proposed solutions to those challenges are also discussed in the review. Overall, this review may be interesting not only to bioanalytical chemist, but to medical and life science researchers who are interested in improvement of bioanalyte detection and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Ilyas
- Department of Chemistry, SSH, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | | | | | - Yegor Shevchenko
- Department of Chemistry, SSH, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Olena Filchakova
- Department of Biology, SSH, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Rostislav Bukasov
- Department of Chemistry, SSH, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan.
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Aitekenov S, Sultangaziyev A, Boranova A, Dyussupova A, Ilyas A, Gaipov A, Bukasov R. SERS for Detection of Proteinuria: A Comparison of Gold, Silver, Al Tape, and Silicon Substrates for Identification of Elevated Protein Concentration in Urine. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:1605. [PMID: 36772644 PMCID: PMC9921516 DOI: 10.3390/s23031605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Excessive protein excretion in human urine is an early and sensitive marker of diabetic nephropathy and primary and secondary renal disease. Kidney problems, particularly chronic kidney disease, remain among the few growing causes of mortality in the world. Therefore, it is important to develop an efficient, expressive, and low-cost method for protein determination. Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) methods are potential candidates to achieve these criteria. In this paper, a SERS method was developed to distinguish patients with proteinuria from the healthy group. Commercial gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with diameters of 60 nm and 100 nm, and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with a diameter of 100 nm were tested on the surface of four different substrates including silver and gold films, silicon, and aluminum tape. SERS spectra were acquired from 111 unique human urine samples prepared and measured for each of the seven different nanoparticle plus substrate combinations. Data analysis by the PCA-LDA algorithm and the ROC curves gave results for the diagnostic figures of merits. The best sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and AUC were 0.91, 0.84, 0.88, and 0.94 for the set with 100 nm Au NPs on the silver substrate, respectively. Among the three metal substrates, the substrate with AuNPs and Al tape performed slightly worse than the other three substrates, and 100 nm gold nanoparticles on average produced better results than 60 nm gold nanoparticles. The 60 nm diameter AuNPs and silicon, which is about one order of magnitude more cost-effective than AuNPs and gold film, showed a relative performance close to the performance of 60 nm AuNPs and Au film (average AUC 0.88 (Si) vs. 0.89 (Au)). This is likely the first reported application of unmodified silicon in SERS substrates applied for direct detection of proteins in any biofluid, particularly in urine. These results position silicon and AuNPs@Si in particular as a perspective SERS substrate for direct urine analysis, including clinical diagnostics of proteinuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultan Aitekenov
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences and Humanities (SSH) Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Alisher Sultangaziyev
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences and Humanities (SSH) Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Aigerim Boranova
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences and Humanities (SSH) Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Aigerim Dyussupova
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences and Humanities (SSH) Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Aisha Ilyas
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences and Humanities (SSH) Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Abduzhappar Gaipov
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Rostislav Bukasov
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences and Humanities (SSH) Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan
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Sultangaziyev A, Ilyas A, Dyussupova A, Bukasov R. Trends in Application of SERS Substrates beyond Ag and Au, and Their Role in Bioanalysis. Biosensors (Basel) 2022; 12:bios12110967. [PMID: 36354477 PMCID: PMC9688019 DOI: 10.3390/bios12110967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This article compares the applications of traditional gold and silver-based SERS substrates and less conventional (Pd/Pt, Cu, Al, Si-based) SERS substrates, focusing on sensing, biosensing, and clinical analysis. In recent decades plethora of new biosensing and clinical SERS applications have fueled the search for more cost-effective, scalable, and stable substrates since traditional gold and silver-based substrates are quite expensive, prone to corrosion, contamination and non-specific binding, particularly by S-containing compounds. Following that, we briefly described our experimental experience with Si and Al-based SERS substrates and systematically analyzed the literature on SERS on substrate materials such as Pd/Pt, Cu, Al, and Si. We tabulated and discussed figures of merit such as enhancement factor (EF) and limit of detection (LOD) from analytical applications of these substrates. The results of the comparison showed that Pd/Pt substrates are not practical due to their high cost; Cu-based substrates are less stable and produce lower signal enhancement. Si and Al-based substrates showed promising results, particularly in combination with gold and silver nanostructures since they could produce comparable EFs and LODs as conventional substrates. In addition, their stability and relatively low cost make them viable alternatives for gold and silver-based substrates. Finally, this review highlighted and compared the clinical performance of non-traditional SERS substrates and traditional gold and silver SERS substrates. We discovered that if we take the average sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of clinical SERS assays reported in the literature, those parameters, particularly accuracy (93-94%), are similar for SERS bioassays on AgNP@Al, Si-based, Au-based, and Ag-based substrates. We hope that this review will encourage research into SERS biosensing on aluminum, silicon, and some other substrates. These Al and Si based substrates may respond efficiently to the major challenges to the SERS practical application. For instance, they may be not only less expensive, e.g., Al foil, but also in some cases more selective and sometimes more reproducible, when compared to gold-only or silver-only based SERS substrates. Overall, it may result in a greater diversity of applicable SERS substrates, allowing for better optimization and selection of the SERS substrate for a specific sensing/biosensing or clinical application.
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Aitekenov S, Sultangaziyev A, Abdirova P, Yussupova L, Gaipov A, Utegulov Z, Bukasov R. Raman, Infrared and Brillouin Spectroscopies of Biofluids for Medical Diagnostics and for Detection of Biomarkers. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022; 53:1561-1590. [PMID: 35157535 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2036941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
This review surveys Infrared, Raman/SERS and Brillouin spectroscopies for medical diagnostics and detection of biomarkers in biofluids, that include urine, blood, saliva and other biofluids. These optical sensing techniques are non-contact, noninvasive and relatively rapid, accurate, label-free and affordable. However, those techniques still have to overcome some challenges to be widely adopted in routine clinical diagnostics. This review summarizes and provides insights on recent advancements in research within the field of vibrational spectroscopy for medical diagnostics and its use in detection of many health conditions such as kidney injury, cancers, cardiovascular and infectious diseases. The six comprehensive tables in the review and four tables in supplementary information summarize a few dozen experimental papers in terms of such analytical parameters as limit of detection, range, diagnostic sensitivity and specificity, and other figures of merits. Critical comparison between SERS and FTIR methods of analysis reveals that on average the reported sensitivity for biomarkers in biofluids for SERS vs FTIR is about 103 to 105 times higher, since LOD SERS are lower than LOD FTIR by about this factor. High sensitivity gives SERS an edge in detection of many biomarkers present in biofluids at low concentration (nM and sub nM), which can be particularly advantageous for example in early diagnostics of cancer or viral infections.HighlightsRaman, Infrared spectroscopies use low volume of biofluidic samples, little sample preparation, fast time of analysis and relatively inexpensive instrumentation.Applications of SERS may be a bit more complicated than applications of FTIR (e.g., limited shelf life for nanoparticles and substrates, etc.), but this can be generously compensated by much higher (by several order of magnitude) sensitivity in comparison to FTIR.High sensitivity makes SERS a noninvasive analytical method of choice for detection, quantification and diagnostics of many health conditions, metabolites, and drugs, particularly in diagnostics of cancer, including diagnostics of its early stages.FTIR, particularly ATR-FTIR can be a method of choice for efficient sensing of many biomarkers, present in urine, blood and other biofluids at sufficiently high concentrations (mM and even a few µM)Brillouin scattering spectroscopy detecting visco-elastic properties of probed liquid medium, may also find application in clinical analysis of some biofluids, such as cerebrospinal fluid and urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultan Aitekenov
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences and Humanities (SSH), Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Alisher Sultangaziyev
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences and Humanities (SSH), Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Perizat Abdirova
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences and Humanities (SSH), Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Lyailya Yussupova
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences and Humanities (SSH), Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Zhandos Utegulov
- Department of Physics, School of Sciences and Humanities (SSH), Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Rostislav Bukasov
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences and Humanities (SSH), Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
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Arbuz A, Sultangaziyev A, Rapikov A, Kunushpayeva Z, Bukasov R. How gap distance between gold nanoparticles in dimers and trimers on metallic and non-metallic SERS substrates can impact signal enhancement. Nanoscale Adv 2021; 4:268-280. [PMID: 36132951 PMCID: PMC9417094 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00114k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The impact of variation in the interparticle gaps in dimers and trimers of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), modified with Raman reporter (2-MOTP), on surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) intensity, relative to the SERS intensity of a single AuNP, is investigated in this paper. The dimers, trimers, and single particles are investigated on the surfaces of four substrates: gold (Au), aluminium (Al), silver (Ag) film, and silicon (Si) wafer. The interparticle distance between AuNPs was tuned by selecting mercaptocarboxylic acids of various carbon chain lengths when each acid forms a mixed SAM with 2-MOTP. The SERS signal quantification was accomplished by combining maps of SERS intensity from a Raman microscope, optical microscope images (×100), and maps/images from AFM or SEM. In total, we analysed 1224 SERS nanoantennas (533 dimers, 648 monomers, and 43 trimers). The average interparticle gaps were measured using TEM. We observed inverse exponential trends for the Raman intensity ratio and enhancement factor ratio versus gap distance on all substrates. Gold substrate, followed by silicon, showed the highest Raman intensity ratio (9) and dimer vs. monomer enhancement factor ratio (up to 4.5), in addition to the steepest inverse exponential curve. The results may help find a balance between SERS signal reproducibility and signal intensity that would be beneficial for future agglomerated NPs in SERS measurements. The developed method of 3 to 1 map combination by an increase in image transparency can be used to study structure-activity relationships on various substrates in situ, and it can be applied beyond SERS microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandr Arbuz
- Chemistry Department, SSH, Nazarbayev University Nur-Sultan Kazakhstan
| | | | - Alisher Rapikov
- Chemistry Department, SSH, Nazarbayev University Nur-Sultan Kazakhstan
| | | | - Rostislav Bukasov
- Chemistry Department, SSH, Nazarbayev University Nur-Sultan Kazakhstan
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Sultangaziyev A, Bukasov R. Review: Applications of surface-enhanced fluorescence (SEF) spectroscopy in bio-detection and biosensing. Sens Biosensing Res 2020; 30:100382. [PMID: 33101976 PMCID: PMC7566769 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2020.100382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface-enhanced fluorescence (SEF) is rapidly becoming one of the main spectroscopic techniques for the detection of a variety of biomolecules and biomarkers. The main reasons for this trend are the high sensitivity and selectivity, robustness, and speed of this analytical method. Each year, the number of applications that utilize this phenomenon increases and with each such work, the complexity and novelty of the used substrates, procedures, and analytes rises. To obtain a clearer view of this phenomenon and research area, we decided to combine 76 valuable research articles from a variety of different research groups into this mini-review. We present and describe these works concisely and clearly, with a particular interest in the quantitative parameters of the experiment. These sources are classified according to the nature of the analyte, on the contrary to most reviews, which sort them by substrate nature. This point of view gives us insight into the development of this research area and the consequent increase in the complexity of the analyte nature. Moreover, this type of sorting can show possible future routes for the expansion of this research area. Along with the analytes, we can also pay attention to the substrates used for each situation and how the development of substrates affects the direction of research and subsequently, the choice of an analyte. About 108 sources and several interesting trends in the SEF research area over the past 25 years are discussed in this mini-review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rostislav Bukasov
- Chemistry Department, SSH, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan
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Bukasov R, Kunushpayeva Z, Rapikov A, Zhunussova S, Sultangaziyev A, Filchakova O. High Contrast Surface Enhanced Fluorescence of Carbon Dot Labeled Bacteria Cells on Aluminum Foil. J Fluoresc 2020; 30:1477-1482. [PMID: 32857236 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-020-02610-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Surface enhanced fluorescence (SEF) is observed with very high contrast (100-200) from single E. coli bacteria cells labeled with Carbon nanodots (CDs), on aluminum foil and aluminum film. Likely, it is the first application of organic CDs in SEF. SEF with 633 nm excitation delivered a much higher contrast than SEF with 532 nm excitation. Contrast is the ratio of the fluorescent intensities of labeled CDs to unlabeled (control) cells. High contrast with CDs is also observed on the gold film, silicon, and glass. Enhancement factor (EF) is the ratio of the signal on the metal substrate to the signal on the glass. Single E. coli cells, labeled with commercial graphene quantum dots (GCDs), demonstrated higher EFs (44 on gold, 35 on Al film), but at least one order of magnitude lower contrast (7-10 on aluminum and gold) than cells labeled with organic CDs. Therefore, organic CDs can be a good choice for cell imaging/labeling, capable of achieving a signal to noise (standard deviation of the control) as high as 700 on Al film. Overall, aluminum foil and film are highlighted as inexpensive but efficient substrates for Metal Enhanced Fluorescence, particularly MEF of bacterial cells stained with CDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rostislav Bukasov
- Chemistry Department, SSH, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan.
| | | | - Alisher Rapikov
- Chemistry Department, SSH, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Saida Zhunussova
- Chemistry Department, SSH, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Olena Filchakova
- Biology Department, SSH, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
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Kunushpayeva Z, Rapikov A, Akhmetova A, Sultangaziyev A, Dossym D, Bukasov R. Sandwich SERS immunoassay of human immunoglobulin on silicon wafer compared to traditional SERS substrate, gold film. Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2020.100355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Gaipov A, Utegulov Z, Bukasov R, Turebekov D, Tarlykov P, Markhametova Z, Nurekeyev Z, Kunushpayeva Z, Sultangaziyev A. Development and validation of hybrid Brillouin-Raman spectroscopy for non-contact assessment of mechano-chemical properties of urine proteins as biomarkers of kidney diseases. BMC Nephrol 2020; 21:229. [PMID: 32539773 PMCID: PMC7296939 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-020-01890-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteinuria is a major marker of chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression and the predictor of cardiovascular mortality. The rapid development of renal failure is expected in those patients who have higher level of proteinuria however, some patients may have slow decline of renal function despite lower level of urinary protein excretion. The different mechanical (visco-elastic) and chemical properties, as well as the proteome profiles of urinary proteins might explain their tubular toxicity mechanism. Brillouin light scattering (BLS) and surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopies are non-contact, laser optical-based techniques providing visco-elastic and chemical property information of probed human biofluids. We proposed to study and compare these properties of urinary proteins using BLS and SERS spectroscopies in nephrotic patient and validate hybrid BLS-SERS spectroscopy in diagnostic of urinary proteins as well as their profiling. The project ultimately aims for the development of an optical spectroscopic sensor for rapid, non-contact monitoring of urine samples from patients in clinical settings. METHODS BLS and SERS spectroscopies will be used for non-contact assessment of urinary proteins in proteinuric patients and healthy subjects and will be cross-validated by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS). Participants will be followed-up during the 1 year and all adverse events such as exacerbation of proteinuria, progression of CKD, complications of nephrotic syndrome, disease relapse rate and inefficacy of treatment regimen will be registered referencing incident dates. Associations between urinary protein profiles (obtained from BLS and SERS as well as LC-MS) and adverse outcomes will be evaluated to identify most unfavored protein profiles. DISCUSSION This prospective study is focused on the development of non-contact hybrid BLS - SERS sensing tool and its clinical deployment for diagnosis and prognosis of proteinuria. We will identify the most important types of urine proteins based on their visco-elasticity, amino-acid profile and molecular weight responsible for the most severe cases of proteinuria and progressive renal function decline. We will aim for the developed hybrid BLS - SERS sensor, as a new diagnostic & prognostic tool, to be transferred to other biomedical applications. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial has been approved by ClinicalTrials.gov (Trial registration ID NCT04311684). The date of registration was March 17, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abduzhappar Gaipov
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Nazarbayev University School of Medicine, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan, 010000.
| | - Zhandos Utegulov
- Department of Physics, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan, 010000
| | - Rostislav Bukasov
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan, 010000
| | - Duman Turebekov
- Department of Internal Medicine, Astana Medical University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan, 010000
| | - Pavel Tarlykov
- Department of Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry, National Center for Biotechnology, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan, 010000
| | - Zhannur Markhametova
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Nazarbayev University School of Medicine, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan, 010000
| | - Zhangatay Nurekeyev
- Department of Physics, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan, 010000
| | - Zhanar Kunushpayeva
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan, 010000
| | - Alisher Sultangaziyev
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan, 010000
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Gaipov A, Nurekeyev Z, Sultangaziyev A, Turebekov D, Tarlykov P, Bukasov R, Utegulov Z. P0666BRILLOUIN AND RAMAN SPECTROSCOPIES FOR NON-CONTACT ASSESSMENT OF MECHANO-CHEMICAL PROPORTIES OF URINARY PROTEINS: A PROOF OF CONCEPT STUDY. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfaa142.p0666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background and Aims
Proteinuria is a major marker of chronic kidney disease (CKD) severity, the predictor of renal function decline and cardiovascular mortality. The main pathway of CKD progressive is caused by tubular toxicity of filtering proteins, so more, the rapid development of renal failure is expected in those patients who have higher level of proteinuria. However, despite high level of proteinuria, paradoxically, some patients may have slow decline of renal function compared to those patients with lower level of urinary protein excretion. This may possibly due to their different mechanical (visco-elastic) and chemical properties, as well as the proteomics of excreting urinary proteins. Brillouin light scattering (BLS) and surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopies are non-contact (laser optical-based) techniques providing visco-elastic and chemical property information of probed human biofluids. We aimed to study and compare the visco-elastic and chemical properties of urinary proteins using BLS and SERS spectroscopies in nephrotic patient with high protein excretion and healthy subject.
Method
Two urine samples from nephrotic patient (proteinuria>3.5 g/24h) and healthy subject (undetectable proteinuria) investigated using BLS and SERS spectroscopies. Brillouin spectroscopy performed using Torus single longitudinal mode laser in conjunction with high contrast JRS Instruments 6-pass tandem Fabry-Perot interferometer coupled with confocal microscope. Using Horiba LabRAM HR Raman microscope with 785 nm laser excitation andx100 microscope objective the SERS spectroscopy was performed on urine samples in contact 60 nm gold nanoparticles placed on gold film. Additionally, reversed-phase liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was conducted for profiling of urinary proteins LC-MS data was analysed by Mascot software using the SwissProt protein database.
Results
We found that elevated protein levels in urine alter the urine fluid elasticity sufficiently to be measurable by BLS spectroscopy, with urine from healthy and proteinuric subjects distinguishable to marked significance, which increases with sample concentration. BLS spectroscopy demonstrated that patients with High Protein Loss, characterized by stiffer urine (i.e. higher Brillouin shift and elastic modulus) and less viscous (i.e. less hypersound attenuation) compared to healthy subject. (Figure 1A). SERS measurements of two urine samples taken from patient with high protein loss in healthy subject (Figure 1B) showed the integrated Raman intensity ratio of 1338 cm-1 and 1002 cm-1 peaks is many times higher for the sample with high protein concentration vs sample with low protein concentration. Urinary protein sequencing and Mascot analysis (Table 1) demonstrated that proteinuric patient had different type of proteins with up to 187k Daltons of molecular weight.
Conclusion
In this proof of concept study, we demonstrated that laser-optical BLS and SERS techniques combined with LC-MS measurements revealed that human urine fluids of healthy and proteinuric subjects had strong variation in the visco-elastic and chemical properties coupled with various level of protein content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abduzhappar Gaipov
- Nazarbayev University School of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Zhanatay Nurekeyev
- Nazarbayev University School of Sciences and Humanities, Department of Physics, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Alisher Sultangaziyev
- Nazarbayev University School of Sciences and Humanities, Department of Chemistry, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Duman Turebekov
- Astana Medical University, Department of Internal Medicine, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Pavel Tarlykov
- National Center for Biotechnology, Department of Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Rostislav Bukasov
- Nazarbayev University School of Sciences and Humanities, Department of Chemistry, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Zhandos Utegulov
- Nazarbayev University School of Sciences and Humanities, Department of Physics, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
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