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Fernández MP, Schwiedrzik J, Bürki A, Peyrin F, Michler J, Zysset PK, Wolfram U. In situ synchrotron radiation μCT indentation of cortical bone: Anisotropic crack propagation, local deformation, and fracture. Acta Biomater 2023:S1742-7061(23)00237-4. [PMID: 37127075 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The development of treatment strategies for skeletal diseases relies on the understanding of bone mechanical properties in relation to its structure at different length scales. At the microscale, indention techniques can be used to evaluate the elastic, plastic, and fracture behaviour of bone tissue. Here, we combined in situ high-resolution SRμCT indentation testing and digital volume correlation to elucidate the anisotropic crack propagation, deformation, and fracture of ovine cortical bone under Berkovich and spherical tips. Independently of the indenter type we observed significant dependence of the crack development due to the anisotropy ahead of the tip, with lower strains and smaller crack systems developing in samples indented in the transverse material direction, where the fibrillar bone ultrastructure is largely aligned perpendicular to the indentation direction. Such alignment allows to accommodate the strain energy, inhibiting crack propagation. Higher tensile hoop strains generally correlated with regions that display significant cracking radial to the indenter, indicating a predominant Mode I fracture. This was confirmed by the three-dimensional analysis of crack opening displacements and stress intensity factors along the crack front obtained for the first time from full displacement fields in bone tissue. The X-ray beam significantly influenced the relaxation behaviour independent of the tip. Raman analyses did not show significant changes in specimen composition after irradiation compared to non-irradiated tissue, suggesting an embrittlement process that may be linked to damage of the non-fibrillar organic matrix. This study highlights the importance of three-dimensional investigation of bone deformation and fracture behaviour to explore the mechanisms of bone failure in relation to structural changes due to aging or disease. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: : Characterising the three-dimensional deformation and fracture behaviour of bone remains essential to decipher the interplay between structure, function, and composition with the aim to improve fracture prevention strategies. The experimental methodology presented here, combining high-resolution imaging, indentation testing and digital volume correlation, allows us to quantify the local deformation, crack propagation, and fracture modes of cortical bone tissue. Our results highlight the anisotropic behaviour of osteonal bone and the complex crack propagation patterns and fracture modes initiating by the intricate stress states beneath the indenter tip. This is of wide interest not only for the understanding of bone fracture but also to understand other architectured (bio)structures providing an effective way to quantify their toughening mechanisms in relation to their main mechanical function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Peña Fernández
- School of Engineering and Physical Science, Institute for Mechanical, Process and Energy Engineering, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jakob Schwiedrzik
- EMPA, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Thun, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Bürki
- ARTORG Centre for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Françoise Peyrin
- Université de Lyon, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UJM-Saint Etienne, CNRS UMR 5220, Inserm U1294, CREATIS, Lyon, France
| | - Johann Michler
- EMPA, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Thun, Switzerland
| | - Philippe K Zysset
- ARTORG Centre for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Uwe Wolfram
- School of Engineering and Physical Science, Institute for Mechanical, Process and Energy Engineering, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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Diaz Barrero D, Zeller G, Schlösser M, Bornschein B, Telle HH. Versatile Confocal Raman Imaging Microscope Built from Off-the-Shelf Opto-Mechanical Components. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:10013. [PMID: 36560382 PMCID: PMC9786121 DOI: 10.3390/s222410013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Confocal Raman microscopic (CRM) imaging has evolved to become a key tool for spatially resolved, compositional analysis and imaging, down to the μm-scale, and nowadays one may choose between numerous commercial instruments. That notwithstanding, situations may arise which exclude the use of a commercial instrument, e.g., if the analysis involves toxic or radioactive samples/environments; one may not wish to render an expensive instrument unusable for other uses, due to contamination. Therefore, custom-designed CRM instrumentation-being adaptable to hazardous conditions and providing operational flexibility-may be beneficial. Here, we describe a CRM setup, which is constructed nearly in its entirety from off-the-shelf optomechanical and optical components. The original aim was to develop a CRM suitable for the investigation of samples exposed to tritium. For increased flexibility, the CRM system incorporates optical fiber coupling to both the Raman excitation laser and the spectrometer. Lateral raster scans and axial profiling of samples are facilitated by the use of a motorized xyz-translation assembly. Besides the description of the construction and alignment of the CRM system, we also provide (i) the experimental evaluation of system performance (such as, e.g., spatial resolution) and (ii) examples of Raman raster maps and axial profiles of selected thin-film samples (such as, e.g., graphene sheets).
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Affiliation(s)
- Deseada Diaz Barrero
- Departamento de Química Física Aplicada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Genrich Zeller
- Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Institute for Astroparticle Physics (IAP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Magnus Schlösser
- Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Institute for Astroparticle Physics (IAP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Beate Bornschein
- Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Institute for Astroparticle Physics (IAP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Helmut H. Telle
- Departamento de Química Física Aplicada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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A Novel Symmetrical Peak Fitting Method Based on Improved WOA Algorithm for the Analysis of Microchip Electrophoresis Signals. Symmetry (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/sym14122603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The problem of overlapping peaks has been a challenge in microchip electrophoresis (ME) signal analysis. However, traditional peak fitting algorithms have difficulty analyzing overlapping peaks due to the high dependence on the starting point. In this study, we propose a symmetrical peak fitting method named the tent-mapped whale optimization algorithm and Levenberg–Marquardt (TWOALM), which combines a whale optimization algorithm (WOA) improved by one of the most commonly used chaotic maps, the tent map and the Levenberg–Marquardt (LM) algorithm. Specifically, we first derive the fitted model for the overlapping peaks, showing that it is separable nonlinear least squares, significantly reducing the number of parameters to be optimized. Second, we integrate the tent map into the WOA, which improves the convergence speed of the peak fitting algorithm. Finally, we propose an efficient peak-fitting algorithm that combines the improved WOA and LM. The advantage of the proposed algorithm is that it is significantly faster than WOA and significantly more accurate than the LM algorithm. The results of fitting the synthetic peaks and ME signals showed that the combination of the chaotic map-based WOA algorithm and the LM algorithm can significantly improve the peak fitting performance and provide an effective solution for the analysis of overlapping peaks.
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4
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Krishna R, Colak I. Advances in Biomedical Applications of Raman Microscopy and Data Processing: A Mini Review. ANAL LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2022.2094391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ram Krishna
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Madanapalle Institute of Technology & Science, Madanapalle, Andhra Pradesh, India
- Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Nisantasi University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Ohm Janki Biotech Research Private Limited, India
| | - Ilhami Colak
- Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Nisantasi University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Kongklad G, Chitaree R, Taechalertpaisarn T, Panvisavas N, Nuntawong N. Discriminant Analysis PCA-LDA Assisted Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for Direct Identification of Malaria-Infected Red Blood Cells. Methods Protoc 2022; 5:mps5030049. [PMID: 35736550 PMCID: PMC9231316 DOI: 10.3390/mps5030049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Various methods for detecting malaria have been developed in recent years, each with its own set of advantages. These methods include microscopic, antigen-based, and molecular-based analysis of blood samples. This study aimed to develop a new, alternative procedure for clinical use by using a large data set of surface-enhanced Raman spectra to distinguish normal and infected red blood cells. PCA-LDA algorithms were used to produce models for separating P. falciparum (3D7)-infected red blood cells and normal red blood cells based on their Raman spectra. Both average normalized spectra and spectral imaging were considered. However, these initial spectra could hardly differentiate normal cells from the infected cells. Then, discrimination analysis was applied to assist in the classification and visualization of the different spectral data sets. The results showed a clear separation in the PCA-LDA coordinate. A blind test was also carried out to evaluate the efficiency of the PCA-LDA separation model and achieved a prediction accuracy of up to 80%. Considering that the PCA-LDA separation accuracy will improve when a larger set of training data is incorporated into the existing database, the proposed method could be highly effective for the identification of malaria-infected red blood cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunganist Kongklad
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Ratchapak Chitaree
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
- Correspondence:
| | - Tana Taechalertpaisarn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Nathinee Panvisavas
- Department of Plant, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Noppadon Nuntawong
- National Electronics and Computer Technology Center (NECTEC), 112 Thailand Science Park, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand;
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Pulassery S, Abraham B, Ajikumar N, Munnilath A, Yoosaf K. Rapid Iodine Value Estimation Using a Handheld Raman Spectrometer for On-Site, Reagent-Free Authentication of Edible Oils. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:9164-9171. [PMID: 35350360 PMCID: PMC8945061 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Edible oil adulteration is a common and serious issue faced by human societies across the world. Iodine value (IV), the total unsaturation measure, is an authentication tool used by food safety officers and industries for edible oils. Current wet titrimetric methods (e.g., Wijs method) employed for IV estimation use dangerous chemicals and elaborate procedures for analysis. Alternate approaches for oil analysis require sophisticated and costly equipment such as gas chromatography (GC), liquid chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry (MS), UV-Visible, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies. Mass screening of the samples from the market and industrial environment requires a greener, fast, and more robust technique and is an unmet need. Herein, we present a handheld Raman spectrometer-based methodology for fast IV estimation. We conducted a detailed Raman spectroscopic investigation of coconut oil, sunflower oil, and intentionally adulterated mixtures with a handheld device having a 785 nm excitation source. The obtained data were analyzed in conjunction with the GC-MS results and the conventional wet Wijs titrimetric estimated IVs. Based on these studies, a specific equation for IV estimation is derived from the intensity of identified Raman spectral bands. Further, an algorithm is designed to automate the signal processing and IV estimation, and a stand-alone graphical user interface is created in user-friendly LabVIEW software. The data acquisition and analysis require < 2 minutes, and the estimated statistical parameters such as the R 2 value (0.9), root-mean-square error of calibration (1.3), and root-mean-square error of prediction (0.9) indicate that the demonstrated method has a high precision level. Also, the limit of detection and the limit of quantification for IV estimation through the current approach is ∼1 and ∼3 gI2/100 g oil, respectively. The IVs of different oils, including hydrogenated vegetable oils, were evaluated, and the results show an excellent correlation between the estimated and reported ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanoop Pulassery
- Photosciences
and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science
and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019 Kerala, India
- Research
Centre, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram 695034, Kerala, India
| | - Bini Abraham
- Photosciences
and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science
and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019 Kerala, India
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Nandu Ajikumar
- Photosciences
and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science
and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019 Kerala, India
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Arun Munnilath
- Photosciences
and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science
and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019 Kerala, India
| | - Karuvath Yoosaf
- Photosciences
and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science
and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019 Kerala, India
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
- Research
Centre, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram 695034, Kerala, India
- . Phone: 0091-471-2515477
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Rao AP, Jenkins PR, Auxier JD, Shattan MB, Patnaik AK. Development of advanced machine learning models for analysis of plutonium surrogate optical emission spectra. APPLIED OPTICS 2022; 61:D30-D38. [PMID: 35297826 DOI: 10.1364/ao.444093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This work investigates and applies machine learning paradigms seldom seen in analytical spectroscopy for quantification of gallium in cerium matrices via processing of laser-plasma spectra. Ensemble regressions, support vector machine regressions, Gaussian kernel regressions, and artificial neural network techniques are trained and tested on cerium-gallium pellet spectra. A thorough hyperparameter optimization experiment is conducted initially to determine the best design features for each model. The optimized models are evaluated for sensitivity and precision using the limit of detection (LoD) and root mean-squared error of prediction (RMSEP) metrics, respectively. Gaussian kernel regression yields the superlative predictive model with an RMSEP of 0.33% and an LoD of 0.015% for quantification of Ga in a Ce matrix. This study concludes that these machine learning methods could yield robust prediction models for rapid quality control analysis of plutonium alloys.
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Niemes S, Telle HH, Bornschein B, Fasselt L, Größle R, Priester F, Schlösser M, Sturm M, Welte S, Zeller G. Accurate Reference Gas Mixtures Containing Tritiated Molecules: Their Production and Raman-Based Analysis. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21186170. [PMID: 34577377 PMCID: PMC8473055 DOI: 10.3390/s21186170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Highly accurate, quantitative analyses of mixtures of hydrogen isotopologues—both the stable species, H2, D2, and HD, and the radioactive species, T2, HT, and DT—are of great importance in fields as diverse as deuterium–tritium fusion, neutrino mass measurements using tritium β-decay, or for photonuclear experiments in which hydrogen–deuterium targets are used. In this publication we describe a production, handling, and analysis facility capable of fabricating well-defined gas samples, which may contain any of the stable and radioactive hydrogen isotopologues, with sub-percent accuracy for the relative species concentrations. The production is based on precise manometric gas mixing of H2, D2, and T2. The heteronuclear isotopologues HD, HT, and DT are generated via controlled, in-line catalytic reaction or by β-induced self-equilibration, respectively. The analysis was carried out using an in-line intensity- and wavelength-calibrated Raman spectroscopy system. This allows for continuous monitoring of the composition of the circulating gas during the self-equilibration or catalytic evolution phases. During all procedures, effects, such as exchange reactions with wall materials, were considered with care. Together with measurement statistics, these and other systematic effects were included in the determination of composition uncertainties of the generated reference gas samples. Measurement and calibration accuracy at the level of 1% was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Niemes
- Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Institute for Astroparticle Physics (IAP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany; (B.B.); (L.F.); (R.G.); (F.P.); (M.S.); (M.S.); (S.W.); (G.Z.)
- Correspondence: (S.N.); (H.H.T.)
| | - Helmut H. Telle
- Departamento de Química Física Aplicada, Campus de Cantoblanco, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (S.N.); (H.H.T.)
| | - Beate Bornschein
- Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Institute for Astroparticle Physics (IAP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany; (B.B.); (L.F.); (R.G.); (F.P.); (M.S.); (M.S.); (S.W.); (G.Z.)
| | - Lucian Fasselt
- Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Institute for Astroparticle Physics (IAP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany; (B.B.); (L.F.); (R.G.); (F.P.); (M.S.); (M.S.); (S.W.); (G.Z.)
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robin Größle
- Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Institute for Astroparticle Physics (IAP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany; (B.B.); (L.F.); (R.G.); (F.P.); (M.S.); (M.S.); (S.W.); (G.Z.)
| | - Florian Priester
- Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Institute for Astroparticle Physics (IAP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany; (B.B.); (L.F.); (R.G.); (F.P.); (M.S.); (M.S.); (S.W.); (G.Z.)
| | - Magnus Schlösser
- Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Institute for Astroparticle Physics (IAP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany; (B.B.); (L.F.); (R.G.); (F.P.); (M.S.); (M.S.); (S.W.); (G.Z.)
| | - Michael Sturm
- Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Institute for Astroparticle Physics (IAP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany; (B.B.); (L.F.); (R.G.); (F.P.); (M.S.); (M.S.); (S.W.); (G.Z.)
| | - Stefan Welte
- Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Institute for Astroparticle Physics (IAP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany; (B.B.); (L.F.); (R.G.); (F.P.); (M.S.); (M.S.); (S.W.); (G.Z.)
| | - Genrich Zeller
- Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Institute for Astroparticle Physics (IAP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany; (B.B.); (L.F.); (R.G.); (F.P.); (M.S.); (M.S.); (S.W.); (G.Z.)
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Ren P, Niu H, Cen H, Jia S, Gong H, Fan Y. Biochemical and Morphological Abnormalities of Subchondral Bone and Their Association with Cartilage Degeneration in Spontaneous Osteoarthritis. Calcif Tissue Int 2021; 109:179-189. [PMID: 33715052 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-021-00834-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate how biochemical composition in subchondral bone (SB) relates to the sulfated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) content of articular cartilage (AC) in the knee joint of guinea pigs from the early to moderate osteoarthritis (OA). Male Dunkin Hartley strain guinea pigs were grouped according to age (1, 3, 6, and 9 months, with 10 guinea pigs in each group). The biochemical properties of the AC and SB in the tibial plateau of the guinea pigs were determined through histology and Raman spectroscopy, respectively. Furthermore, the microstructures of the SB were investigated using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and histology. Increased thickness and bone mineral density (BMD) and decreased porosity were observed in the subchondral plate (SP) with the progression of spontaneous OA, accompanied by a decreasing trend in sGAG integrated optical density (IOD) of AC. Compared with the changes in the microstructure of subchondral bone, the content of sGAG was more correlated to the changes in the mineral/matrix ratio of subchondral bone. The mineralization of the matrix was significantly correlated to the content of sGAG compared with crystallinity/maturity and Type B carbonate substitution. PO43- ν1/Amide III was more correlated to the content of sGAG than PO43- ν1/Amide I, PO43- ν1/CH2 wag during the progression of spontaneous osteoarthritis. This study demonstrated that the mineralization of subchondral bone plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of OA. Future studies may access to the mineralization of subchondral bone in addition to its microstructure in the study for pathogenesis and early diagnosis of osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengling Ren
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Haijun Niu
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Haipeng Cen
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaowei Jia
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - He Gong
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yubo Fan
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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10
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Zeng J, Ping W, Sanaeifar A, Xu X, Luo W, Sha J, Huang Z, Huang Y, Liu X, Zhan B, Zhang H, Li X. Quantitative visualization of photosynthetic pigments in tea leaves based on Raman spectroscopy and calibration model transfer. PLANT METHODS 2021; 17:4. [PMID: 33407678 PMCID: PMC7788994 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-020-00704-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photosynthetic pigments participating in the absorption, transformation and transfer of light energy play a very important role in plant growth. While, the spatial distribution of foliar pigments is an important indicator of environmental stress, such as pests, diseases and heavy metal stress. RESULTS In this paper, in situ quantitative visualization of chlorophyll and carotenoid was realized by combining the Raman spectroscopy with calibration model transfer, and a laboratory Raman spectral model was successfully extended to a portable field spectral measurement. Firstly, a nondestructive and fast model for determination of chlorophyll and carotenoid in tea leaf was established based on confocal micro-Raman spectrometer in the laboratory. Then the spectral model was extended to a real-time foliar map scanning spectra of a field portable Raman spectrometer through calibration model transfer, and the spectral variation between the confocal micro-Raman spectrometer in the laboratory and the portable Raman spectrometer were effectively corrected by the direct standardization (DS) algorithm. The portable map scanning Raman spectra of the tea leaves after the model transfer were got into the established quantitative determination model to predict the concentration of photosynthetic pigments at each pixel of the tea leaves. The predicted photosynthetic pigments concentration of each pixel was imaged to illustrate the distribution map of foliar pigments. Statistical analysis showed that the predicted pigment contents were highly correlated with the real contents. CONCLUSIONS It can be concluded that the Raman spectroscopy was applicable for in situ, non-destructive and rapid quantitative detecting and imaging of photosynthetic pigment concentration in tea leaves, and the spectral detection model established based on the laboratory Raman spectrometer can be applied to a portable field spectrometer for quantitatively imaging of the foliar pigments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Zeng
- College of Electrical and Automation Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Wen Ping
- College of Electrical and Automation Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Alireza Sanaeifar
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiao Xu
- College of Electrical and Automation Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Wei Luo
- College of Electrical and Automation Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Junjing Sha
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhenxiong Huang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yifeng Huang
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Xuemei Liu
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Baishao Zhan
- College of Electrical and Automation Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Hailiang Zhang
- College of Electrical and Automation Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang, 330013, China.
| | - Xiaoli Li
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Cowger W, Gray A, Christiansen SH, DeFrond H, Deshpande AD, Hemabessiere L, Lee E, Mill L, Munno K, Ossmann BE, Pittroff M, Rochman C, Sarau G, Tarby S, Primpke S. Critical Review of Processing and Classification Techniques for Images and Spectra in Microplastic Research. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 74:989-1010. [PMID: 32500727 DOI: 10.1177/0003702820929064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Microplastic research is a rapidly developing field, with urgent needs for high throughput and automated analysis techniques. We conducted a review covering image analysis from optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, and spectral analysis from Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, pyrolysis gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. These techniques were commonly used to collect, process, and interpret data from microplastic samples. This review outlined and critiques current approaches for analysis steps in image processing (color, thresholding, particle quantification), spectral processing (background and baseline subtraction, smoothing and noise reduction, data transformation), image classification (reference libraries, morphology, color, and fluorescence intensity), and spectral classification (reference libraries, matching procedures, and best practices for developing in-house reference tools). We highlighted opportunities to advance microplastic data analysis and interpretation by (i) quantifying colors, shapes, sizes, and surface topologies with image analysis software, (ii) identifying threshold values of particle characteristics in images that distinguish plastic particles from other particles, (iii) advancing spectral processing and classification routines, (iv) creating and sharing robust spectral libraries, (v) conducting double blind and negative controls, (vi) sharing raw data and analysis code, and (vii) leveraging readily available data to develop machine learning classification models. We identified analytical needs that we could fill and developed supplementary information for a reference library of plastic images and spectra, a tutorial for basic image analysis, and a code to download images from peer reviewed literature. Our major findings were that research on microplastics was progressing toward the use of multiple analytical methods and increasingly incorporating chemical classification. We suggest that new and repurposed methods need to be developed for high throughput screening using a diversity of approaches and highlight machine learning as one potential avenue toward this capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Win Cowger
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California, Riverside, USA
| | - Andrew Gray
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California, Riverside, USA
| | - Silke H Christiansen
- Research Group Christiansen, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Berlin, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen, Germany
- Physics Department, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hannah DeFrond
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ashok D Deshpande
- NOAA Fisheries, James J. Howard Marine Sciences Laboratory at Sandy Hook, Highlands, USA
| | - Ludovic Hemabessiere
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Leonid Mill
- Pattern Recognition Lab, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Keenan Munno
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Barbara E Ossmann
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Erlangen, Germany
- Food Chemistry Unit, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy-Emil Fischer Center, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marco Pittroff
- TZW: DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser (German Water Centre), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Chelsea Rochman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - George Sarau
- Research Group Christiansen, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Berlin, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Shannon Tarby
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California, Riverside, USA
| | - Sebastian Primpke
- Alfred-Wegener-Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Helgoland, Germany
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12
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Aker M, Altenmüller K, Beglarian A, Behrens J, Berlev A, Besserer U, Bieringer B, Blaum K, Block F, Bornschein B, Bornschein L, Böttcher M, Brunst T, Caldwell TC, Chilingaryan S, Choi W, Díaz Barrero DD, Debowski K, Deffert M, Descher M, Doe PJ, Dragoun O, Drexlin G, Dyba S, Edzards F, Eitel K, Ellinger E, Engel R, Enomoto S, Fedkevych M, Felden A, Formaggio JF, Fränkle F, Franklin GB, Friedel F, Fulst A, Gauda K, Gil W, Glück F, Größle R, Gumbsheimer R, Hannen V, Haußmann N, Helbing K, Hickford S, Hiller R, Hillesheimer D, Hinz D, Höhn T, Houdy T, Huber A, Jansen A, Karl C, Kellerer J, Kippenbrock L, Klein M, Köhler C, Köllenberger L, Kopmann A, Korzeczek M, Kovalík A, Krasch B, Krause H, La Cascio L, Lasserre T, Le TL, Lebeda O, Lehnert B, Lokhov A, Machatschek M, Malcherek E, Marsteller A, Martin EL, Meier M, Melzer C, Mertens S, Müller K, Niemes S, Oelpmann P, Osipowicz A, Parno DS, Poon AW, Lopez Poyato JM, Priester F, Rest O, Röllig M, Röttele C, Robertson RH, Rodenbeck C, Ryšavỳ M, Sack R, Saenz A, Schäfer P, Schaller (née Pollithy) A, Schimpf L, Schlösser K, Schlösser M, Schlüter L, Schrank M, Schulz B, Sefčík M, Seitz-Moskaliuk H, Sibille V, Siegmann D, Slezák M, Spanier F, Steidl M, Sturm M, Sun M, Telle HH, Thorne LA, Thümmler T, Titov N, Tkachev I, Vénos D, Valerius K, Vizcaya Hernández AP, Weber M, Weinheimer C, Weiss C, Welte S, Wendel J, Wilkerson JF, Wolf J, Wüstling S, Xu W, Yen YR, Zadoroghny S, Zeller G. Quantitative Long-Term Monitoring of the Circulating Gases in the KATRIN Experiment Using Raman Spectroscopy. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20174827. [PMID: 32859049 PMCID: PMC7506894 DOI: 10.3390/s20174827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Karlsruhe Tritium Neutrino (KATRIN) experiment aims at measuring the effective electron neutrino mass with a sensitivity of 0.2 eV/c2, i.e., improving on previous measurements by an order of magnitude. Neutrino mass data taking with KATRIN commenced in early 2019, and after only a few weeks of data recording, analysis of these data showed the success of KATRIN, improving on the known neutrino mass limit by a factor of about two. This success very much could be ascribed to the fact that most of the system components met, or even surpassed, the required specifications during long-term operation. Here, we report on the performance of the laser Raman (LARA) monitoring system which provides continuous high-precision information on the gas composition injected into the experiment’s windowless gaseous tritium source (WGTS), specifically on its isotopic purity of tritium—one of the key parameters required in the derivation of the electron neutrino mass. The concentrations cx for all six hydrogen isotopologues were monitored simultaneously, with a measurement precision for individual components of the order 10−3 or better throughout the complete KATRIN data taking campaigns to date. From these, the tritium purity, εT, is derived with precision of <10−3 and trueness of <3 × 10−3, being within and surpassing the actual requirements for KATRIN, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Aker
- Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; (M.A.); (U.B.); (B.B.); (R.G.); (D.H.); (B.K.); (T.-L.L.); (A.M.); (C.M.); (S.N.); (F.P.); (M.R.); (C.R.); (P.S.); (M.S.); (S.W.); (J.W.); (G.Z.)
| | - Konrad Altenmüller
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany; (K.A.); (T.B.); (F.E.); (T.H.); (C.K.); (C.K.); (M.M.); (S.M.); (A.S.); (L.S.); (D.S.); (M.S.)
- IRFU (DPhP & APC), CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France;
| | - Armen Beglarian
- Institute for Data Processing and Electronics (IPE), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; (A.B.); (S.C.); (A.K.); (M.W.); (S.W.)
| | - Jan Behrens
- Institute of Experimental Particle Physics (ETP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Str. 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (J.B.); (F.B.); (W.C.); (M.D.); (M.D.); (G.D.); (F.F.); (S.H.); (R.H.); (A.H.); (J.K.); (M.K.); (M.K.); (L.L.C.); (M.M.); (L.S.); (H.S.-M.); (J.W.)
- Institute for Nuclear Physics (IKP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; (L.B.); (K.E.); (R.E.); (A.F.); (F.F.); (W.G.); (F.G.); (R.G.); (D.H.); (T.H.); (A.J.); (L.K.); (H.K.); (E.M.); (K.M.); (K.S.); (M.S.); (F.S.); (M.S.); (T.T.); (K.V.)
| | - Anatoly Berlev
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 60th October Anniversary Prospect 7a, 117312 Moscow, Russia; (A.B.); (N.T.); (I.T.); (S.Z.)
| | - Uwe Besserer
- Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; (M.A.); (U.B.); (B.B.); (R.G.); (D.H.); (B.K.); (T.-L.L.); (A.M.); (C.M.); (S.N.); (F.P.); (M.R.); (C.R.); (P.S.); (M.S.); (S.W.); (J.W.); (G.Z.)
| | - Benedikt Bieringer
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 9, 48149 Münster, Germany; (B.B.); (M.B.); (S.D.); (M.F.); (A.F.); (K.G.); (V.H.); (A.L.); (P.O.); (O.R.); (C.R.); (R.S.); (C.W.)
| | - Klaus Blaum
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Fabian Block
- Institute of Experimental Particle Physics (ETP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Str. 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (J.B.); (F.B.); (W.C.); (M.D.); (M.D.); (G.D.); (F.F.); (S.H.); (R.H.); (A.H.); (J.K.); (M.K.); (M.K.); (L.L.C.); (M.M.); (L.S.); (H.S.-M.); (J.W.)
| | - Beate Bornschein
- Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; (M.A.); (U.B.); (B.B.); (R.G.); (D.H.); (B.K.); (T.-L.L.); (A.M.); (C.M.); (S.N.); (F.P.); (M.R.); (C.R.); (P.S.); (M.S.); (S.W.); (J.W.); (G.Z.)
| | - Lutz Bornschein
- Institute for Nuclear Physics (IKP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; (L.B.); (K.E.); (R.E.); (A.F.); (F.F.); (W.G.); (F.G.); (R.G.); (D.H.); (T.H.); (A.J.); (L.K.); (H.K.); (E.M.); (K.M.); (K.S.); (M.S.); (F.S.); (M.S.); (T.T.); (K.V.)
| | - Matthias Böttcher
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 9, 48149 Münster, Germany; (B.B.); (M.B.); (S.D.); (M.F.); (A.F.); (K.G.); (V.H.); (A.L.); (P.O.); (O.R.); (C.R.); (R.S.); (C.W.)
| | - Tim Brunst
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany; (K.A.); (T.B.); (F.E.); (T.H.); (C.K.); (C.K.); (M.M.); (S.M.); (A.S.); (L.S.); (D.S.); (M.S.)
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, Föhringer Ring 6, 80805 München, Germany
| | - Thomas C. Caldwell
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (T.C.C.); (E.L.M.); (J.F.W.)
- Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Suren Chilingaryan
- Institute for Data Processing and Electronics (IPE), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; (A.B.); (S.C.); (A.K.); (M.W.); (S.W.)
| | - Wonqook Choi
- Institute of Experimental Particle Physics (ETP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Str. 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (J.B.); (F.B.); (W.C.); (M.D.); (M.D.); (G.D.); (F.F.); (S.H.); (R.H.); (A.H.); (J.K.); (M.K.); (M.K.); (L.L.C.); (M.M.); (L.S.); (H.S.-M.); (J.W.)
| | - Deseada D. Díaz Barrero
- Departamento de Química Física Aplicada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (D.D.D.B.); (J.M.L.P.)
| | - Karol Debowski
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany; (K.D.); (E.E.); (N.H.); (K.H.)
| | - Marco Deffert
- Institute of Experimental Particle Physics (ETP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Str. 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (J.B.); (F.B.); (W.C.); (M.D.); (M.D.); (G.D.); (F.F.); (S.H.); (R.H.); (A.H.); (J.K.); (M.K.); (M.K.); (L.L.C.); (M.M.); (L.S.); (H.S.-M.); (J.W.)
| | - Martin Descher
- Institute of Experimental Particle Physics (ETP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Str. 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (J.B.); (F.B.); (W.C.); (M.D.); (M.D.); (G.D.); (F.F.); (S.H.); (R.H.); (A.H.); (J.K.); (M.K.); (M.K.); (L.L.C.); (M.M.); (L.S.); (H.S.-M.); (J.W.)
| | - Peter J. Doe
- Center for Experimental Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics, and Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (P.J.D.); (S.E.); (L.K.); (R.G.H.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Otokar Dragoun
- Nuclear Physics Institute of the CAS, v.v.i., CZ-250 68 Husinec—Řež, Czech Republic; (O.D.); (A.K.); (O.L.); (M.R.); (M.S.); (D.V.)
| | - Guido Drexlin
- Institute of Experimental Particle Physics (ETP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Str. 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (J.B.); (F.B.); (W.C.); (M.D.); (M.D.); (G.D.); (F.F.); (S.H.); (R.H.); (A.H.); (J.K.); (M.K.); (M.K.); (L.L.C.); (M.M.); (L.S.); (H.S.-M.); (J.W.)
| | - Stephan Dyba
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 9, 48149 Münster, Germany; (B.B.); (M.B.); (S.D.); (M.F.); (A.F.); (K.G.); (V.H.); (A.L.); (P.O.); (O.R.); (C.R.); (R.S.); (C.W.)
| | - Frank Edzards
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany; (K.A.); (T.B.); (F.E.); (T.H.); (C.K.); (C.K.); (M.M.); (S.M.); (A.S.); (L.S.); (D.S.); (M.S.)
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, Föhringer Ring 6, 80805 München, Germany
| | - Klaus Eitel
- Institute for Nuclear Physics (IKP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; (L.B.); (K.E.); (R.E.); (A.F.); (F.F.); (W.G.); (F.G.); (R.G.); (D.H.); (T.H.); (A.J.); (L.K.); (H.K.); (E.M.); (K.M.); (K.S.); (M.S.); (F.S.); (M.S.); (T.T.); (K.V.)
| | - Enrico Ellinger
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany; (K.D.); (E.E.); (N.H.); (K.H.)
| | - Ralph Engel
- Institute for Nuclear Physics (IKP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; (L.B.); (K.E.); (R.E.); (A.F.); (F.F.); (W.G.); (F.G.); (R.G.); (D.H.); (T.H.); (A.J.); (L.K.); (H.K.); (E.M.); (K.M.); (K.S.); (M.S.); (F.S.); (M.S.); (T.T.); (K.V.)
| | - Sanshiro Enomoto
- Center for Experimental Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics, and Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (P.J.D.); (S.E.); (L.K.); (R.G.H.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Mariia Fedkevych
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 9, 48149 Münster, Germany; (B.B.); (M.B.); (S.D.); (M.F.); (A.F.); (K.G.); (V.H.); (A.L.); (P.O.); (O.R.); (C.R.); (R.S.); (C.W.)
| | - Arne Felden
- Institute for Nuclear Physics (IKP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; (L.B.); (K.E.); (R.E.); (A.F.); (F.F.); (W.G.); (F.G.); (R.G.); (D.H.); (T.H.); (A.J.); (L.K.); (H.K.); (E.M.); (K.M.); (K.S.); (M.S.); (F.S.); (M.S.); (T.T.); (K.V.)
| | - Joseph F. Formaggio
- Laboratory for Nuclear Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; (J.F.F.); (V.S.); (W.X.)
| | - Florian Fränkle
- Institute for Nuclear Physics (IKP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; (L.B.); (K.E.); (R.E.); (A.F.); (F.F.); (W.G.); (F.G.); (R.G.); (D.H.); (T.H.); (A.J.); (L.K.); (H.K.); (E.M.); (K.M.); (K.S.); (M.S.); (F.S.); (M.S.); (T.T.); (K.V.)
| | - Gregg B. Franklin
- Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (G.B.F.); (D.S.P.); (L.A.T.); (A.P.V.H.); (Y.-R.Y.)
| | - Fabian Friedel
- Institute of Experimental Particle Physics (ETP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Str. 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (J.B.); (F.B.); (W.C.); (M.D.); (M.D.); (G.D.); (F.F.); (S.H.); (R.H.); (A.H.); (J.K.); (M.K.); (M.K.); (L.L.C.); (M.M.); (L.S.); (H.S.-M.); (J.W.)
| | - Alexander Fulst
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 9, 48149 Münster, Germany; (B.B.); (M.B.); (S.D.); (M.F.); (A.F.); (K.G.); (V.H.); (A.L.); (P.O.); (O.R.); (C.R.); (R.S.); (C.W.)
| | - Kevin Gauda
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 9, 48149 Münster, Germany; (B.B.); (M.B.); (S.D.); (M.F.); (A.F.); (K.G.); (V.H.); (A.L.); (P.O.); (O.R.); (C.R.); (R.S.); (C.W.)
| | - Woosik Gil
- Institute for Nuclear Physics (IKP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; (L.B.); (K.E.); (R.E.); (A.F.); (F.F.); (W.G.); (F.G.); (R.G.); (D.H.); (T.H.); (A.J.); (L.K.); (H.K.); (E.M.); (K.M.); (K.S.); (M.S.); (F.S.); (M.S.); (T.T.); (K.V.)
| | - Ferenc Glück
- Institute for Nuclear Physics (IKP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; (L.B.); (K.E.); (R.E.); (A.F.); (F.F.); (W.G.); (F.G.); (R.G.); (D.H.); (T.H.); (A.J.); (L.K.); (H.K.); (E.M.); (K.M.); (K.S.); (M.S.); (F.S.); (M.S.); (T.T.); (K.V.)
| | - Robin Größle
- Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; (M.A.); (U.B.); (B.B.); (R.G.); (D.H.); (B.K.); (T.-L.L.); (A.M.); (C.M.); (S.N.); (F.P.); (M.R.); (C.R.); (P.S.); (M.S.); (S.W.); (J.W.); (G.Z.)
| | - Rainer Gumbsheimer
- Institute for Nuclear Physics (IKP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; (L.B.); (K.E.); (R.E.); (A.F.); (F.F.); (W.G.); (F.G.); (R.G.); (D.H.); (T.H.); (A.J.); (L.K.); (H.K.); (E.M.); (K.M.); (K.S.); (M.S.); (F.S.); (M.S.); (T.T.); (K.V.)
| | - Volker Hannen
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 9, 48149 Münster, Germany; (B.B.); (M.B.); (S.D.); (M.F.); (A.F.); (K.G.); (V.H.); (A.L.); (P.O.); (O.R.); (C.R.); (R.S.); (C.W.)
| | - Norman Haußmann
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany; (K.D.); (E.E.); (N.H.); (K.H.)
| | - Klaus Helbing
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany; (K.D.); (E.E.); (N.H.); (K.H.)
| | - Stephanie Hickford
- Institute of Experimental Particle Physics (ETP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Str. 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (J.B.); (F.B.); (W.C.); (M.D.); (M.D.); (G.D.); (F.F.); (S.H.); (R.H.); (A.H.); (J.K.); (M.K.); (M.K.); (L.L.C.); (M.M.); (L.S.); (H.S.-M.); (J.W.)
| | - Roman Hiller
- Institute of Experimental Particle Physics (ETP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Str. 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (J.B.); (F.B.); (W.C.); (M.D.); (M.D.); (G.D.); (F.F.); (S.H.); (R.H.); (A.H.); (J.K.); (M.K.); (M.K.); (L.L.C.); (M.M.); (L.S.); (H.S.-M.); (J.W.)
| | - David Hillesheimer
- Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; (M.A.); (U.B.); (B.B.); (R.G.); (D.H.); (B.K.); (T.-L.L.); (A.M.); (C.M.); (S.N.); (F.P.); (M.R.); (C.R.); (P.S.); (M.S.); (S.W.); (J.W.); (G.Z.)
| | - Dominic Hinz
- Institute for Nuclear Physics (IKP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; (L.B.); (K.E.); (R.E.); (A.F.); (F.F.); (W.G.); (F.G.); (R.G.); (D.H.); (T.H.); (A.J.); (L.K.); (H.K.); (E.M.); (K.M.); (K.S.); (M.S.); (F.S.); (M.S.); (T.T.); (K.V.)
| | - Thomas Höhn
- Institute for Nuclear Physics (IKP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; (L.B.); (K.E.); (R.E.); (A.F.); (F.F.); (W.G.); (F.G.); (R.G.); (D.H.); (T.H.); (A.J.); (L.K.); (H.K.); (E.M.); (K.M.); (K.S.); (M.S.); (F.S.); (M.S.); (T.T.); (K.V.)
| | - Thibaut Houdy
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany; (K.A.); (T.B.); (F.E.); (T.H.); (C.K.); (C.K.); (M.M.); (S.M.); (A.S.); (L.S.); (D.S.); (M.S.)
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, Föhringer Ring 6, 80805 München, Germany
| | - Anton Huber
- Institute of Experimental Particle Physics (ETP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Str. 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (J.B.); (F.B.); (W.C.); (M.D.); (M.D.); (G.D.); (F.F.); (S.H.); (R.H.); (A.H.); (J.K.); (M.K.); (M.K.); (L.L.C.); (M.M.); (L.S.); (H.S.-M.); (J.W.)
| | - Alexander Jansen
- Institute for Nuclear Physics (IKP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; (L.B.); (K.E.); (R.E.); (A.F.); (F.F.); (W.G.); (F.G.); (R.G.); (D.H.); (T.H.); (A.J.); (L.K.); (H.K.); (E.M.); (K.M.); (K.S.); (M.S.); (F.S.); (M.S.); (T.T.); (K.V.)
| | - Christian Karl
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany; (K.A.); (T.B.); (F.E.); (T.H.); (C.K.); (C.K.); (M.M.); (S.M.); (A.S.); (L.S.); (D.S.); (M.S.)
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, Föhringer Ring 6, 80805 München, Germany
| | - Jonas Kellerer
- Institute of Experimental Particle Physics (ETP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Str. 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (J.B.); (F.B.); (W.C.); (M.D.); (M.D.); (G.D.); (F.F.); (S.H.); (R.H.); (A.H.); (J.K.); (M.K.); (M.K.); (L.L.C.); (M.M.); (L.S.); (H.S.-M.); (J.W.)
| | - Luke Kippenbrock
- Center for Experimental Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics, and Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (P.J.D.); (S.E.); (L.K.); (R.G.H.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Manuel Klein
- Institute of Experimental Particle Physics (ETP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Str. 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (J.B.); (F.B.); (W.C.); (M.D.); (M.D.); (G.D.); (F.F.); (S.H.); (R.H.); (A.H.); (J.K.); (M.K.); (M.K.); (L.L.C.); (M.M.); (L.S.); (H.S.-M.); (J.W.)
| | - Christoph Köhler
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany; (K.A.); (T.B.); (F.E.); (T.H.); (C.K.); (C.K.); (M.M.); (S.M.); (A.S.); (L.S.); (D.S.); (M.S.)
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, Föhringer Ring 6, 80805 München, Germany
| | - Leonard Köllenberger
- Institute for Nuclear Physics (IKP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; (L.B.); (K.E.); (R.E.); (A.F.); (F.F.); (W.G.); (F.G.); (R.G.); (D.H.); (T.H.); (A.J.); (L.K.); (H.K.); (E.M.); (K.M.); (K.S.); (M.S.); (F.S.); (M.S.); (T.T.); (K.V.)
| | - Andreas Kopmann
- Institute for Data Processing and Electronics (IPE), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; (A.B.); (S.C.); (A.K.); (M.W.); (S.W.)
| | - Marc Korzeczek
- Institute of Experimental Particle Physics (ETP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Str. 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (J.B.); (F.B.); (W.C.); (M.D.); (M.D.); (G.D.); (F.F.); (S.H.); (R.H.); (A.H.); (J.K.); (M.K.); (M.K.); (L.L.C.); (M.M.); (L.S.); (H.S.-M.); (J.W.)
| | - Alojz Kovalík
- Nuclear Physics Institute of the CAS, v.v.i., CZ-250 68 Husinec—Řež, Czech Republic; (O.D.); (A.K.); (O.L.); (M.R.); (M.S.); (D.V.)
| | - Bennet Krasch
- Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; (M.A.); (U.B.); (B.B.); (R.G.); (D.H.); (B.K.); (T.-L.L.); (A.M.); (C.M.); (S.N.); (F.P.); (M.R.); (C.R.); (P.S.); (M.S.); (S.W.); (J.W.); (G.Z.)
| | - Holger Krause
- Institute for Nuclear Physics (IKP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; (L.B.); (K.E.); (R.E.); (A.F.); (F.F.); (W.G.); (F.G.); (R.G.); (D.H.); (T.H.); (A.J.); (L.K.); (H.K.); (E.M.); (K.M.); (K.S.); (M.S.); (F.S.); (M.S.); (T.T.); (K.V.)
| | - Luisa La Cascio
- Institute of Experimental Particle Physics (ETP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Str. 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (J.B.); (F.B.); (W.C.); (M.D.); (M.D.); (G.D.); (F.F.); (S.H.); (R.H.); (A.H.); (J.K.); (M.K.); (M.K.); (L.L.C.); (M.M.); (L.S.); (H.S.-M.); (J.W.)
| | - Thierry Lasserre
- IRFU (DPhP & APC), CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France;
| | - Thanh-Long Le
- Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; (M.A.); (U.B.); (B.B.); (R.G.); (D.H.); (B.K.); (T.-L.L.); (A.M.); (C.M.); (S.N.); (F.P.); (M.R.); (C.R.); (P.S.); (M.S.); (S.W.); (J.W.); (G.Z.)
| | - Ondřej Lebeda
- Nuclear Physics Institute of the CAS, v.v.i., CZ-250 68 Husinec—Řež, Czech Republic; (O.D.); (A.K.); (O.L.); (M.R.); (M.S.); (D.V.)
| | - Bjoern Lehnert
- Institute for Nuclear and Particle Astrophysics and Nuclear Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; (B.L.); (A.W.P.P.)
| | - Alexey Lokhov
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 9, 48149 Münster, Germany; (B.B.); (M.B.); (S.D.); (M.F.); (A.F.); (K.G.); (V.H.); (A.L.); (P.O.); (O.R.); (C.R.); (R.S.); (C.W.)
| | - Moritz Machatschek
- Institute of Experimental Particle Physics (ETP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Str. 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (J.B.); (F.B.); (W.C.); (M.D.); (M.D.); (G.D.); (F.F.); (S.H.); (R.H.); (A.H.); (J.K.); (M.K.); (M.K.); (L.L.C.); (M.M.); (L.S.); (H.S.-M.); (J.W.)
| | - Emma Malcherek
- Institute for Nuclear Physics (IKP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; (L.B.); (K.E.); (R.E.); (A.F.); (F.F.); (W.G.); (F.G.); (R.G.); (D.H.); (T.H.); (A.J.); (L.K.); (H.K.); (E.M.); (K.M.); (K.S.); (M.S.); (F.S.); (M.S.); (T.T.); (K.V.)
| | - Alexander Marsteller
- Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; (M.A.); (U.B.); (B.B.); (R.G.); (D.H.); (B.K.); (T.-L.L.); (A.M.); (C.M.); (S.N.); (F.P.); (M.R.); (C.R.); (P.S.); (M.S.); (S.W.); (J.W.); (G.Z.)
| | - Eric L. Martin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (T.C.C.); (E.L.M.); (J.F.W.)
- Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Matthias Meier
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany; (K.A.); (T.B.); (F.E.); (T.H.); (C.K.); (C.K.); (M.M.); (S.M.); (A.S.); (L.S.); (D.S.); (M.S.)
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, Föhringer Ring 6, 80805 München, Germany
| | - Christin Melzer
- Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; (M.A.); (U.B.); (B.B.); (R.G.); (D.H.); (B.K.); (T.-L.L.); (A.M.); (C.M.); (S.N.); (F.P.); (M.R.); (C.R.); (P.S.); (M.S.); (S.W.); (J.W.); (G.Z.)
| | - Susanne Mertens
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany; (K.A.); (T.B.); (F.E.); (T.H.); (C.K.); (C.K.); (M.M.); (S.M.); (A.S.); (L.S.); (D.S.); (M.S.)
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, Föhringer Ring 6, 80805 München, Germany
| | - Klaus Müller
- Institute for Nuclear Physics (IKP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; (L.B.); (K.E.); (R.E.); (A.F.); (F.F.); (W.G.); (F.G.); (R.G.); (D.H.); (T.H.); (A.J.); (L.K.); (H.K.); (E.M.); (K.M.); (K.S.); (M.S.); (F.S.); (M.S.); (T.T.); (K.V.)
| | - Simon Niemes
- Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; (M.A.); (U.B.); (B.B.); (R.G.); (D.H.); (B.K.); (T.-L.L.); (A.M.); (C.M.); (S.N.); (F.P.); (M.R.); (C.R.); (P.S.); (M.S.); (S.W.); (J.W.); (G.Z.)
| | - Patrick Oelpmann
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 9, 48149 Münster, Germany; (B.B.); (M.B.); (S.D.); (M.F.); (A.F.); (K.G.); (V.H.); (A.L.); (P.O.); (O.R.); (C.R.); (R.S.); (C.W.)
| | - Alexander Osipowicz
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University of Applied Sciences (HFD) Fulda, Leipziger Str. 123, 36037 Fulda, Germany;
| | - Diana S. Parno
- Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (G.B.F.); (D.S.P.); (L.A.T.); (A.P.V.H.); (Y.-R.Y.)
| | - Alan W.P. Poon
- Institute for Nuclear and Particle Astrophysics and Nuclear Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; (B.L.); (A.W.P.P.)
| | - Jose M. Lopez Poyato
- Departamento de Química Física Aplicada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (D.D.D.B.); (J.M.L.P.)
| | - Florian Priester
- Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; (M.A.); (U.B.); (B.B.); (R.G.); (D.H.); (B.K.); (T.-L.L.); (A.M.); (C.M.); (S.N.); (F.P.); (M.R.); (C.R.); (P.S.); (M.S.); (S.W.); (J.W.); (G.Z.)
| | - Oliver Rest
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 9, 48149 Münster, Germany; (B.B.); (M.B.); (S.D.); (M.F.); (A.F.); (K.G.); (V.H.); (A.L.); (P.O.); (O.R.); (C.R.); (R.S.); (C.W.)
| | - Marco Röllig
- Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; (M.A.); (U.B.); (B.B.); (R.G.); (D.H.); (B.K.); (T.-L.L.); (A.M.); (C.M.); (S.N.); (F.P.); (M.R.); (C.R.); (P.S.); (M.S.); (S.W.); (J.W.); (G.Z.)
| | - Carsten Röttele
- Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; (M.A.); (U.B.); (B.B.); (R.G.); (D.H.); (B.K.); (T.-L.L.); (A.M.); (C.M.); (S.N.); (F.P.); (M.R.); (C.R.); (P.S.); (M.S.); (S.W.); (J.W.); (G.Z.)
- Institute of Experimental Particle Physics (ETP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Str. 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (J.B.); (F.B.); (W.C.); (M.D.); (M.D.); (G.D.); (F.F.); (S.H.); (R.H.); (A.H.); (J.K.); (M.K.); (M.K.); (L.L.C.); (M.M.); (L.S.); (H.S.-M.); (J.W.)
- Institute for Nuclear Physics (IKP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; (L.B.); (K.E.); (R.E.); (A.F.); (F.F.); (W.G.); (F.G.); (R.G.); (D.H.); (T.H.); (A.J.); (L.K.); (H.K.); (E.M.); (K.M.); (K.S.); (M.S.); (F.S.); (M.S.); (T.T.); (K.V.)
| | - R.G. Hamish Robertson
- Center for Experimental Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics, and Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (P.J.D.); (S.E.); (L.K.); (R.G.H.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Caroline Rodenbeck
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 9, 48149 Münster, Germany; (B.B.); (M.B.); (S.D.); (M.F.); (A.F.); (K.G.); (V.H.); (A.L.); (P.O.); (O.R.); (C.R.); (R.S.); (C.W.)
| | - Milos Ryšavỳ
- Nuclear Physics Institute of the CAS, v.v.i., CZ-250 68 Husinec—Řež, Czech Republic; (O.D.); (A.K.); (O.L.); (M.R.); (M.S.); (D.V.)
| | - Rudolf Sack
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 9, 48149 Münster, Germany; (B.B.); (M.B.); (S.D.); (M.F.); (A.F.); (K.G.); (V.H.); (A.L.); (P.O.); (O.R.); (C.R.); (R.S.); (C.W.)
| | - Alejandro Saenz
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstr. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany; (A.S.); (B.S.)
| | - Peter Schäfer
- Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; (M.A.); (U.B.); (B.B.); (R.G.); (D.H.); (B.K.); (T.-L.L.); (A.M.); (C.M.); (S.N.); (F.P.); (M.R.); (C.R.); (P.S.); (M.S.); (S.W.); (J.W.); (G.Z.)
| | - Anna Schaller (née Pollithy)
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany; (K.A.); (T.B.); (F.E.); (T.H.); (C.K.); (C.K.); (M.M.); (S.M.); (A.S.); (L.S.); (D.S.); (M.S.)
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, Föhringer Ring 6, 80805 München, Germany
| | - Lutz Schimpf
- Institute of Experimental Particle Physics (ETP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Str. 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (J.B.); (F.B.); (W.C.); (M.D.); (M.D.); (G.D.); (F.F.); (S.H.); (R.H.); (A.H.); (J.K.); (M.K.); (M.K.); (L.L.C.); (M.M.); (L.S.); (H.S.-M.); (J.W.)
| | - Klaus Schlösser
- Institute for Nuclear Physics (IKP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; (L.B.); (K.E.); (R.E.); (A.F.); (F.F.); (W.G.); (F.G.); (R.G.); (D.H.); (T.H.); (A.J.); (L.K.); (H.K.); (E.M.); (K.M.); (K.S.); (M.S.); (F.S.); (M.S.); (T.T.); (K.V.)
| | - Magnus Schlösser
- Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; (M.A.); (U.B.); (B.B.); (R.G.); (D.H.); (B.K.); (T.-L.L.); (A.M.); (C.M.); (S.N.); (F.P.); (M.R.); (C.R.); (P.S.); (M.S.); (S.W.); (J.W.); (G.Z.)
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (H.H.T.)
| | - Lisa Schlüter
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany; (K.A.); (T.B.); (F.E.); (T.H.); (C.K.); (C.K.); (M.M.); (S.M.); (A.S.); (L.S.); (D.S.); (M.S.)
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, Föhringer Ring 6, 80805 München, Germany
| | - Michael Schrank
- Institute for Nuclear Physics (IKP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; (L.B.); (K.E.); (R.E.); (A.F.); (F.F.); (W.G.); (F.G.); (R.G.); (D.H.); (T.H.); (A.J.); (L.K.); (H.K.); (E.M.); (K.M.); (K.S.); (M.S.); (F.S.); (M.S.); (T.T.); (K.V.)
| | - Bruno Schulz
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstr. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany; (A.S.); (B.S.)
| | - Michal Sefčík
- Nuclear Physics Institute of the CAS, v.v.i., CZ-250 68 Husinec—Řež, Czech Republic; (O.D.); (A.K.); (O.L.); (M.R.); (M.S.); (D.V.)
| | - Hendrik Seitz-Moskaliuk
- Institute of Experimental Particle Physics (ETP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Str. 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (J.B.); (F.B.); (W.C.); (M.D.); (M.D.); (G.D.); (F.F.); (S.H.); (R.H.); (A.H.); (J.K.); (M.K.); (M.K.); (L.L.C.); (M.M.); (L.S.); (H.S.-M.); (J.W.)
| | - Valérian Sibille
- Laboratory for Nuclear Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; (J.F.F.); (V.S.); (W.X.)
| | - Daniel Siegmann
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany; (K.A.); (T.B.); (F.E.); (T.H.); (C.K.); (C.K.); (M.M.); (S.M.); (A.S.); (L.S.); (D.S.); (M.S.)
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, Föhringer Ring 6, 80805 München, Germany
| | - Martin Slezák
- Department of Physics, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany; (K.A.); (T.B.); (F.E.); (T.H.); (C.K.); (C.K.); (M.M.); (S.M.); (A.S.); (L.S.); (D.S.); (M.S.)
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, Föhringer Ring 6, 80805 München, Germany
| | - Felix Spanier
- Institute for Nuclear Physics (IKP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; (L.B.); (K.E.); (R.E.); (A.F.); (F.F.); (W.G.); (F.G.); (R.G.); (D.H.); (T.H.); (A.J.); (L.K.); (H.K.); (E.M.); (K.M.); (K.S.); (M.S.); (F.S.); (M.S.); (T.T.); (K.V.)
| | - Markus Steidl
- Institute for Nuclear Physics (IKP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; (L.B.); (K.E.); (R.E.); (A.F.); (F.F.); (W.G.); (F.G.); (R.G.); (D.H.); (T.H.); (A.J.); (L.K.); (H.K.); (E.M.); (K.M.); (K.S.); (M.S.); (F.S.); (M.S.); (T.T.); (K.V.)
| | - Michael Sturm
- Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; (M.A.); (U.B.); (B.B.); (R.G.); (D.H.); (B.K.); (T.-L.L.); (A.M.); (C.M.); (S.N.); (F.P.); (M.R.); (C.R.); (P.S.); (M.S.); (S.W.); (J.W.); (G.Z.)
| | - Menglei Sun
- Center for Experimental Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics, and Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (P.J.D.); (S.E.); (L.K.); (R.G.H.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Helmut H. Telle
- Departamento de Química Física Aplicada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (D.D.D.B.); (J.M.L.P.)
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (H.H.T.)
| | - Larisa A. Thorne
- Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (G.B.F.); (D.S.P.); (L.A.T.); (A.P.V.H.); (Y.-R.Y.)
| | - Thomas Thümmler
- Institute for Nuclear Physics (IKP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; (L.B.); (K.E.); (R.E.); (A.F.); (F.F.); (W.G.); (F.G.); (R.G.); (D.H.); (T.H.); (A.J.); (L.K.); (H.K.); (E.M.); (K.M.); (K.S.); (M.S.); (F.S.); (M.S.); (T.T.); (K.V.)
| | - Nikita Titov
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 60th October Anniversary Prospect 7a, 117312 Moscow, Russia; (A.B.); (N.T.); (I.T.); (S.Z.)
| | - Igor Tkachev
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 60th October Anniversary Prospect 7a, 117312 Moscow, Russia; (A.B.); (N.T.); (I.T.); (S.Z.)
| | - Drahoš Vénos
- Nuclear Physics Institute of the CAS, v.v.i., CZ-250 68 Husinec—Řež, Czech Republic; (O.D.); (A.K.); (O.L.); (M.R.); (M.S.); (D.V.)
| | - Kathrin Valerius
- Institute for Nuclear Physics (IKP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; (L.B.); (K.E.); (R.E.); (A.F.); (F.F.); (W.G.); (F.G.); (R.G.); (D.H.); (T.H.); (A.J.); (L.K.); (H.K.); (E.M.); (K.M.); (K.S.); (M.S.); (F.S.); (M.S.); (T.T.); (K.V.)
| | - Ana P. Vizcaya Hernández
- Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (G.B.F.); (D.S.P.); (L.A.T.); (A.P.V.H.); (Y.-R.Y.)
| | - Marc Weber
- Institute for Data Processing and Electronics (IPE), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; (A.B.); (S.C.); (A.K.); (M.W.); (S.W.)
| | - Christian Weinheimer
- Institut für Kernphysik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 9, 48149 Münster, Germany; (B.B.); (M.B.); (S.D.); (M.F.); (A.F.); (K.G.); (V.H.); (A.L.); (P.O.); (O.R.); (C.R.); (R.S.); (C.W.)
| | - Christiane Weiss
- Project, Process, and Quality Management (PPQ), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany;
| | - Stefan Welte
- Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; (M.A.); (U.B.); (B.B.); (R.G.); (D.H.); (B.K.); (T.-L.L.); (A.M.); (C.M.); (S.N.); (F.P.); (M.R.); (C.R.); (P.S.); (M.S.); (S.W.); (J.W.); (G.Z.)
| | - Jürgen Wendel
- Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; (M.A.); (U.B.); (B.B.); (R.G.); (D.H.); (B.K.); (T.-L.L.); (A.M.); (C.M.); (S.N.); (F.P.); (M.R.); (C.R.); (P.S.); (M.S.); (S.W.); (J.W.); (G.Z.)
| | - John F. Wilkerson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (T.C.C.); (E.L.M.); (J.F.W.)
- Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Joachim Wolf
- Institute of Experimental Particle Physics (ETP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Str. 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (J.B.); (F.B.); (W.C.); (M.D.); (M.D.); (G.D.); (F.F.); (S.H.); (R.H.); (A.H.); (J.K.); (M.K.); (M.K.); (L.L.C.); (M.M.); (L.S.); (H.S.-M.); (J.W.)
| | - Sascha Wüstling
- Institute for Data Processing and Electronics (IPE), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; (A.B.); (S.C.); (A.K.); (M.W.); (S.W.)
| | - Weiran Xu
- Laboratory for Nuclear Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; (J.F.F.); (V.S.); (W.X.)
| | - Yung-Ruey Yen
- Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (G.B.F.); (D.S.P.); (L.A.T.); (A.P.V.H.); (Y.-R.Y.)
| | - Sergey Zadoroghny
- Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, 60th October Anniversary Prospect 7a, 117312 Moscow, Russia; (A.B.); (N.T.); (I.T.); (S.Z.)
| | - Genrich Zeller
- Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; (M.A.); (U.B.); (B.B.); (R.G.); (D.H.); (B.K.); (T.-L.L.); (A.M.); (C.M.); (S.N.); (F.P.); (M.R.); (C.R.); (P.S.); (M.S.); (S.W.); (J.W.); (G.Z.)
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13
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Welte S, Sturm M, Hillesheimer D, Le LT, Schäfer S, Fanghänel E, Priester F, Marsteller A. Tritium Supply and Processing for the First KATRIN Tritium Operation. FUSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/15361055.2019.1705681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Welte
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Nuclear Physics, Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe, Herrmannvon-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - M. Sturm
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Nuclear Physics, Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe, Herrmannvon-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - D. Hillesheimer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Nuclear Physics, Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe, Herrmannvon-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - L. T. Le
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Nuclear Physics, Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe, Herrmannvon-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - S. Schäfer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Nuclear Physics, Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe, Herrmannvon-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - E. Fanghänel
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Nuclear Physics, Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe, Herrmannvon-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - F. Priester
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Nuclear Physics, Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe, Herrmannvon-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - A. Marsteller
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Nuclear Physics, Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe, Herrmannvon-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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14
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Barton SJ, Hennelly BM. An Algorithm for the Removal of Cosmic Ray Artifacts in Spectral Data Sets. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 73:893-901. [PMID: 31008665 DOI: 10.1177/0003702819839098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cosmic ray artifacts may be present in all photo-electric readout systems. In spectroscopy, they present as random unidirectional sharp spikes that distort spectra and may have an affect on post-processing, possibly affecting the results of multivariate statistical classification. A number of methods have previously been proposed to remove cosmic ray artifacts from spectra but the goal of removing the artifacts while making no other change to the underlying spectrum is challenging. One of the most successful and commonly applied methods for the removal of comic ray artifacts involves the capture of two sequential spectra that are compared in order to identify spikes. The disadvantage of this approach is that at least two recordings are necessary, which may be problematic for dynamically changing spectra, and which can reduce the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio when compared with a single recording of equivalent duration due to the inclusion of two instances of read noise. In this paper, a cosmic ray artefact removal algorithm is proposed that works in a similar way to the double acquisition method but requires only a single capture, so long as a data set of similar spectra is available. The method employs normalized covariance in order to identify a similar spectrum in the data set, from which a direct comparison reveals the presence of cosmic ray artifacts, which are then replaced with the corresponding values from the matching spectrum. The advantage of the proposed method over the double acquisition method is investigated in the context of the S/N ratio and is applied to various data sets of Raman spectra recorded from biological cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinead J Barton
- 1 Department of Electronic Engineering, Maynooth University, Kildare, Ireland
| | - Bryan M Hennelly
- 1 Department of Electronic Engineering, Maynooth University, Kildare, Ireland
- 2 Department of Computer Science, Maynooth University, Kildare, Ireland
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15
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Mirz S, Groessle R, Kraus A. Optimization and quantification of the systematic effects of a rolling circle filter for spectral pre-processing. Analyst 2019; 144:4281-4287. [PMID: 31180082 DOI: 10.1039/c8an02476f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Spectral pre-processing, especially baseline approximation, is a crucial part in quantitative spectroscopic applications, such as Raman or FTIR spectroscopy. Filters used for this task need to be optimized for their application, in order to achieve a sufficient baseline approximation while minimizing the distortion of the spectral lines. We propose a combined method that optimizes a rolling circle filter and quantifies the residual systematic influence on the spectral lines by a Monte Carlo approach that simulates and subsequently analyses spectra with known line properties and known maximum baseline curvature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Mirz
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, PO Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Robin Groessle
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, PO Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Alexander Kraus
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, PO Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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16
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Jenkins CA, Jenkins RA, Pryse MM, Welsby KA, Jitsumura M, Thornton CA, Dunstan PR, Harris DA. A high-throughput serum Raman spectroscopy platform and methodology for colorectal cancer diagnostics. Analyst 2018; 143:6014-6024. [DOI: 10.1039/c8an01323c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Translating Raman spectroscopy for colorectal cancer diagnosis with a focus on high-throughput design, inter-user variability and sample handling considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cerys A. Jenkins
- Swansea University Medical School
- Institute of Life Science 1
- Swansea University
- Swansea
- UK
| | - Rhys A. Jenkins
- Department of Physics
- Centre for Nanohealth
- Swansea University
- Swansea
- UK
| | - Meleri M. Pryse
- Department of Physics
- Centre for Nanohealth
- Swansea University
- Swansea
- UK
| | - Kathryn A. Welsby
- Department of Physics
- Centre for Nanohealth
- Swansea University
- Swansea
- UK
| | | | - Catherine A. Thornton
- Swansea University Medical School
- Institute of Life Science 1
- Swansea University
- Swansea
- UK
| | - Peter R. Dunstan
- Department of Physics
- Centre for Nanohealth
- Swansea University
- Swansea
- UK
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17
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An extended PROSPECT: Advance in the leaf optical properties model separating total chlorophylls into chlorophyll a and b. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6429. [PMID: 28743986 PMCID: PMC5526878 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06694-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The PROSPECT leaf optical model has, to date, well-separated the effects of total chlorophyll and carotenoids on leaf reflectance and transmittance in the 400–800 nm. Considering variations in chlorophyll a:b ratio with leaf age and physiological stress, a further separation of total plant-based chlorophylls into chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b is necessary for advanced monitoring of plant growth. In this study, we present an extended version of PROSPECT model (hereafter referred to as PROSPECT-MP) that can combine the effects of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids on leaf directional hemispherical reflectance and transmittance (DHR and DHT) in the 400–800 nm. The LOPEX93 dataset was used to evaluate the capabilities of PROSPECT-MP for spectra modelling and pigment retrieval. The results show that PROSPECT-MP can both simultaneously retrieve leaf chlorophyll a and b, and also performs better than PROSPECT-5 in retrieving carotenoids concentrations. As for the simulation of DHR and DHT, the performances of PROSPECT-MP are similar to that of PROSPECT-5. This study demonstrates the potential of PROSPECT-MP for improving capabilities of remote sensing of leaf photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids) and for providing a framework for future refinements in the modelling of leaf optical properties.
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18
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Welte S, Fanghänel E, Fischer S, Kramer F, Le TL, Sturm M, Tuchscherer N. Experimental Performance Test of Key Components of the KATRIN Outer Tritium Loop. FUSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15361055.2017.1291233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Welte
- Institute of Technical Physics, Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe Institute for Technology, Herrmann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein - Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - E. Fanghänel
- Institute of Technical Physics, Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe Institute for Technology, Herrmann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein - Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - S. Fischer
- Institute of Technical Physics, Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe Institute for Technology, Herrmann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein - Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - F. Kramer
- Institute of Technical Physics, Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe Institute for Technology, Herrmann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein - Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - T. L. Le
- Institute of Technical Physics, Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe Institute for Technology, Herrmann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein - Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - M. Sturm
- Institute of Technical Physics, Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe Institute for Technology, Herrmann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein - Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - N. Tuchscherer
- Institute of Technical Physics, Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe Institute for Technology, Herrmann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein - Leopoldshafen, Germany
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19
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Schlösser M, Bornschein B, Fischer S, James TM, Kassel F, Rupp S, Sturm M, Telle HH. Raman Spectroscopy at the Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe. FUSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/fst14-t78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Schlösser
- Institute of Technical Physics, Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Beate Bornschein
- Institute of Technical Physics, Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sebastian Fischer
- Institute of Technical Physics, Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Timothy M. James
- Department of Physics, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Florian Kassel
- Institute of Technical Physics, Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Simone Rupp
- Institute of Technical Physics, Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Michael Sturm
- Institute of Technical Physics, Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Helmut H. Telle
- Department of Physics, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
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20
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Gröβle R, Beck A, Bornschein B, Fischer S, Kraus A, Mirz S, Rupp S. First Calibration Measurements of an FTIR Absorption Spectroscopy System for Liquid Hydrogen Isotopologues for the Isotope Separation System of Fusion Power Plants. FUSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/fst14-t29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Gröβle
- Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe, Institute of Technical Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - A. Beck
- Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe, Institute of Technical Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - B. Bornschein
- Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe, Institute of Technical Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - S. Fischer
- Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe, Institute of Technical Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - A. Kraus
- Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe, Institute of Technical Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - S. Mirz
- Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe, Institute of Technical Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - S. Rupp
- Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe, Institute of Technical Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
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21
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Rupp S, James TM, Telle HH, Schlösser M, Bornschein B. Enhanced Sensitivity of Raman Spectroscopy for Tritium Gas Analysis Using a Metal-Lined Hollow Glass Fiber. FUSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/fst14-t76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Rupp
- Fusion for Energy, Carrer J. Pla, 2, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
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22
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Größle R, Kraus A, Mirz S, Wozniewski S. First Calibration of an IR Absorption Spectroscopy System for the Measurement of H 2, D 2, and HD Concentration in the Liquid Phase. FUSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15361055.2017.1291237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robin Größle
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Technical Physics, Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe, P.O. Box 3640, Karlsruhe 76021, Germany
| | - Alexander Kraus
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Technical Physics, Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe, P.O. Box 3640, Karlsruhe 76021, Germany
| | - Sebastian Mirz
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Technical Physics, Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe, P.O. Box 3640, Karlsruhe 76021, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wozniewski
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Technical Physics, Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe, P.O. Box 3640, Karlsruhe 76021, Germany
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23
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Anthony SM, Timlin JA. Removing Cosmic Spikes Using a Hyperspectral Upper-Bound Spectrum Method. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 71:507-519. [PMID: 27815435 DOI: 10.1177/0003702816668528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cosmic ray spikes are especially problematic for hyperspectral imaging because of the large number of spikes often present and their negative effects upon subsequent chemometric analysis. Fortunately, while the large number of spectra acquired in a hyperspectral imaging data set increases the probability and number of cosmic spikes observed, the multitude of spectra can also aid in the effective recognition and removal of the cosmic spikes. Zhang and Ben-Amotz were perhaps the first to leverage the additional spatial dimension of hyperspectral data matrices (DM). They integrated principal component analysis (PCA) into the upper bound spectrum method (UBS), resulting in a hybrid method (UBS-DM) for hyperspectral images. Here, we expand upon their use of PCA, recognizing that principal components primarily present in only a few pixels most likely correspond to cosmic spikes. Eliminating the contribution of those principal components in those pixels improves the cosmic spike removal. Both simulated and experimental hyperspectral Raman image data sets are used to test the newly developed UBS-DM-hyperspectral (UBS-DM-HS) method which extends the UBS-DM method by leveraging characteristics of hyperspectral data sets. A comparison is provided between the performance of the UBS-DM-HS method and other methods suitable for despiking hyperspectral images, evaluating both their ability to remove cosmic ray spikes and the extent to which they introduce spectral bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Anthony
- Bioenergy and Defense Technologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Jerilyn A Timlin
- Bioenergy and Defense Technologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM
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24
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LIU W, DAI LK. Raman Spectral Analysis of Low-content Benzene Concentration in Gasoline with Partial Least Squares Based on Interference Peak Subtraction. ANAL SCI 2016; 32:861-6. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.32.861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei LIU
- State Key Lab of Industrial Control Technology, Zhejiang University
| | - Lian-kui DAI
- State Key Lab of Industrial Control Technology, Zhejiang University
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25
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Maury A, Revilla RI. Autocorrelation Analysis Combined with a Wavelet Transform Method to Detect and Remove Cosmic Rays in a Single Raman Spectrum. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 69:984-992. [PMID: 26163458 DOI: 10.1366/14-07834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Cosmic rays (CRs) occasionally affect charge-coupled device (CCD) detectors, introducing large spikes with very narrow bandwidth in the spectrum. These CR features can distort the chemical information expressed by the spectra. Consequently, we propose here an algorithm to identify and remove significant spikes in a single Raman spectrum. An autocorrelation analysis is first carried out to accentuate the CRs feature as outliers. Subsequently, with an adequate selection of the threshold, a discrete wavelet transform filter is used to identify CR spikes. Identified data points are then replaced by interpolated values using the weighted-average interpolation technique. This approach only modifies the data in a close vicinity of the CRs. Additionally, robust wavelet transform parameters are proposed (a desirable property for automation) after optimizing them with the application of the method in a great number of spectra. However, this algorithm, as well as all the single-spectrum analysis procedures, is limited to the cases in which CRs have much narrower bandwidth than the Raman bands. This might not be the case when low-resolution Raman instruments are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusto Maury
- Center for Advanced Studies of Cuba, Havana 19370, Cuba
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26
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Schlösser M, Rupp S, Brunst T, James TM. Relative Intensity Correction of Raman Systems with National Institute of Standards and Technology Standard Reference Material 2242 in 90°-Scattering Geometry. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 69:597-607. [PMID: 25811283 DOI: 10.1366/14-07748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has certified a set of Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) that can be used to accurately determine the spectral sensitivity of Raman spectrometers. These solid-state reference sources offer benefits such as exact reproduction of Raman sampling geometry, simple implementation, and long-term stability. However, a serious drawback of these SRMs is that they are certified only in the backscattering (180°) configuration. In this study, we investigated if and how SRM 2242 (applicable for 532 nm) can be employed in a 90°-scattering geometry Raman system. We found that the measurement procedure needs to be modified to comply with the certified uncertainty provided by NIST. This requires a change in the SRM illumination that is possible only if we polish the side surfaces. In addition, we need to account for the polarization configuration of the Raman system by choosing the appropriate polarization of the excitation beam. On top of that, the spatial inhomogeneity of the luminescence light needs to be taken into account, as well as its behavior while traveling through the SRM bulk. Finally, we show in a round-robin test that the resulting uncertainty for the quantification of Raman spectra using the modified technique is on the order of ±1.5 percentage points.
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