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Ayuso-Jimeno IP, Ronchi P, Wang T, Gallori CE, Gross CT. Identifying long-range synaptic inputs using genetically encoded labels and volume electron microscopy. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10213. [PMID: 35715545 PMCID: PMC9205864 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14309-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes that facilitate the local deposition of electron dense reaction products have been widely used as labels in electron microscopy (EM) for the identification of synaptic contacts in neural tissue. Peroxidases, in particular, can efficiently metabolize 3,3'-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride hydrate (DAB) to produce precipitates with high contrast under EM following heavy metal staining, and can be genetically encoded to facilitate the labeling of specific cell-types or organelles. Nevertheless, the peroxidase/DAB method has so far not been reported to work in a multiplexed manner in combination with 3D volume EM techniques (e.g. Serial blockface electron microscopy, SBEM; Focused ion beam electron microscopy, FIBSEM) that are favored for the large-scale ultrastructural assessment of synaptic architecture However, a recently described peroxidase with enhanced enzymatic activity (dAPEX2) can efficienty deposit EM-visible DAB products in thick tissue without detergent treatment opening the possibility for the multiplex labeling of genetically defined cell-types in combination with volume EM methods. Here we demonstrate that multiplexed dAPEX2/DAB tagging is compatible with both FIBSEM and SBEM volume EM approaches and use them to map long-range genetically identified synaptic inputs from the anterior cingulate cortex to the periaqueductal gray in the mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene P Ayuso-Jimeno
- Epigenetics & Neurobiology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Via Ramarini 32, 00015, Monterotondo, RM, Italy
| | - Paolo Ronchi
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility (EMCF), European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), 69117, Meyerhofstr, Germany
| | - Tianzi Wang
- Epigenetics & Neurobiology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Via Ramarini 32, 00015, Monterotondo, RM, Italy
| | - Catherine E Gallori
- Epigenetics & Neurobiology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Via Ramarini 32, 00015, Monterotondo, RM, Italy
| | - Cornelius T Gross
- Epigenetics & Neurobiology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Via Ramarini 32, 00015, Monterotondo, RM, Italy.
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2
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Arai Y, Takeuchi K, Hatanaka S, Ishikawa A, Inoue T, Takakuma S, Kajimoto Y, Toda E, Kunugi S, Terasaki M, Shimizu A. Heavy Metal Enhancement Technique for Diaminobenzidine in Immunohistochemistry Enables Ultrastructural Observation by Low-vacuum Scanning Electron Microscopy. J Histochem Cytochem 2022; 70:427-436. [PMID: 35611640 DOI: 10.1369/00221554221102996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-vacuum scanning electron microscopy (LV-SEM) is a powerful tool that allows to observe light microscopic specimens with periodic acid-silver methenamine (PAM) staining at a higher magnification, simply by removing the coverslip. However, it is not suitable for observation of immunohistochemistry (IHC) using 3,3'-diaminobenzidine (DAB) due to insufficient backscattered electron image. Traditional heavy metal enhancement techniques for DAB in IHC, (1) osmium tetroxide and iron, (2) cobalt, (3) methenamine silver (Ag), (4) gold chloride (Gold), and (5) both Ag and Gold (Ag + Gold), were examined by LV-SEM. Tissue specimens from Thy1.1 glomerulonephritis rat kidney stained with α-smooth muscle actin and visualized with DAB were enhanced by each of these enhancement methods. We found, in light microscopic and LV-SEM, that the enhancement with Ag, Gold, or Ag + Gold had better intensity and contrast than others. At a higher magnification, Ag + Gold enhancement showed high intensity and low background, although only Ag or Gold enhancement had nonspecific background. Even after observation by LV-SEM, the quality of specimens was maintained after remounting the coverslip. It was also confirmed that Ag + Gold enhancement could be useful for IHC using clinical human renal biopsy. These findings indicate that Ag + Gold provided an adequate enhancement in IHC for both LM and LV SEM observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Arai
- Third Grade Student, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Takeuchi
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Saeko Hatanaka
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Arimi Ishikawa
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taichi Inoue
- Fourth Grade Student, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Takakuma
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kajimoto
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Etsuko Toda
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinobu Kunugi
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mika Terasaki
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Shimizu
- Department of Analytic Human Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
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3
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Rae J, Ferguson C, Ariotti N, Webb RI, Cheng HH, Mead JL, Riches JD, Hunter DJ, Martel N, Baltos J, Christopoulos A, Bryce NS, Cagigas ML, Fonseka S, Sayre ME, Hardeman EC, Gunning PW, Gambin Y, Hall TE, Parton RG. A robust method for particulate detection of a genetic tag for 3D electron microscopy. eLife 2021; 10:64630. [PMID: 33904409 PMCID: PMC8104959 DOI: 10.7554/elife.64630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic tags allow rapid localization of tagged proteins in cells and tissues. APEX, an ascorbate peroxidase, has proven to be one of the most versatile and robust genetic tags for ultrastructural localization by electron microscopy (EM). Here, we describe a simple method, APEX-Gold, which converts the diffuse oxidized diaminobenzidine reaction product of APEX into a silver/gold particle akin to that used for immunogold labelling. The method increases the signal-to-noise ratio for EM detection, providing unambiguous detection of the tagged protein, and creates a readily quantifiable particulate signal. We demonstrate the wide applicability of this method for detection of membrane proteins, cytoplasmic proteins, and cytoskeletal proteins. The method can be combined with different EM techniques including fast freezing and freeze substitution, focussed ion beam scanning EM, and electron tomography. Quantitation of expressed APEX-fusion proteins is achievable using membrane vesicles generated by a cell-free expression system. These membrane vesicles possess a defined quantum of signal, which can act as an internal standard for determination of the absolute density of expressed APEX-fusion proteins. Detection of fusion proteins expressed at low levels in cells from CRISPR-edited mice demonstrates the high sensitivity of the APEX-Gold method.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Rae
- The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Queensland, Australia
| | - Charles Ferguson
- The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nicholas Ariotti
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Richard I Webb
- The University of Queensland, Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, Queensland, Australia
| | - Han-Hao Cheng
- The University of Queensland, Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, Queensland, Australia
| | - James L Mead
- The University of Queensland, Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, Queensland, Australia.,Division Microrobotics and Control Engineering, Department of Computing Science, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - James D Riches
- Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dominic Jb Hunter
- The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Queensland, Australia.,EMBL Australia Node for Single Molecule Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nick Martel
- The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Queensland, Australia
| | - Joanne Baltos
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicole S Bryce
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Sachini Fonseka
- The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Queensland, Australia
| | - Marcel E Sayre
- The University of Queensland, Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, Queensland, Australia
| | - Edna C Hardeman
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Peter W Gunning
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Yann Gambin
- EMBL Australia Node for Single Molecule Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Thomas E Hall
- The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Queensland, Australia
| | - Robert G Parton
- The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Queensland, Australia.,The University of Queensland, Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, Queensland, Australia
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4
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Török I, Seprényi G, Pór E, Borbély E, Szögi T, Dobó E. Post-diaminobenzidine Treatments for Double Stainings: Extension of Sulfide-Silver-Gold Intensification for Light and Fluorescent Microscopy. J Histochem Cytochem 2020; 68:571-582. [PMID: 32660313 DOI: 10.1369/0022155420942213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Double staining protocols using the most popular immunoperoxidase techniques may raise difficulties. The two ordinary detection systems may cross-talk, when the primary antibodies are derived from phylogenetically closely related animals. A color shift of the 3,3'-diaminobenzidine (DAB) polymer may occur during the second development, resulting in poor distinction between the two kinds of deposits. A post-DAB technique, sulfide-silver-gold intensification, was fine tuned to eliminate these difficulties, which may be especially suitable for colocalization of cell nuclei and perikarya of the same cells. The revised method was probed in combination with a subsequent other immunoperoxidase step or fluorochrome-tagged reagents. The nuclear antigens (BrdU, c-Fos, and Prox-1) were first visualized with DAB polymer, which were then treated with SSGI, turning the deposit black. Thereafter, cytoplasmic antigens (doublecortin, neuronal nuclei, and calbindin) were detected with either another immunoperoxidase using DAB again or immunofluorescence labeling. In both approaches, the immunopositive nuclei and cytoplasmic sites could be easily distinguished even at low magnifications. Different shielding or eluting posttreatments were compared for consecutive acetylcholinesterase histochemistry terminated with DAB development and immunohistochemistry in the same sections. In conclusion, we recommend post-DAB treatments that abolish interactions between detection systems and allow clear distinction between the two signals under various conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibolya Török
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - György Seprényi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Pór
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Emőke Borbély
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Titanilla Szögi
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Endre Dobó
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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5
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Szőnyi A, Zichó K, Barth AM, Gönczi RT, Schlingloff D, Török B, Sipos E, Major A, Bardóczi Z, Sos KE, Gulyás AI, Varga V, Zelena D, Freund TF, Nyiri G. Median raphe controls acquisition of negative experience in the mouse. Science 2020; 366:366/6469/eaay8746. [PMID: 31780530 DOI: 10.1126/science.aay8746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Adverse events need to be quickly evaluated and memorized, yet how these processes are coordinated is poorly understood. We discovered a large population of excitatory neurons in mouse median raphe region (MRR) expressing vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (vGluT2) that received inputs from several negative experience-related brain centers, projected to the main aversion centers, and activated the septohippocampal system pivotal for learning of adverse events. These neurons were selectively activated by aversive but not rewarding stimuli. Their stimulation induced place aversion, aggression, depression-related anhedonia, and suppression of reward-seeking behavior and memory acquisition-promoting hippocampal theta oscillations. By contrast, their suppression impaired both contextual and cued fear memory formation. These results suggest that MRR vGluT2 neurons are crucial for the acquisition of negative experiences and may play a central role in depression-related mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Szőnyi
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research, Department of Cellular and Network Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztián Zichó
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research, Department of Cellular and Network Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Albert M Barth
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research, Department of Cellular and Network Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Roland T Gönczi
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research, Department of Cellular and Network Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dániel Schlingloff
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research, Department of Cellular and Network Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.,János Szentágothai Doctoral School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bibiána Török
- János Szentágothai Doctoral School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Laboratory of Behavioral and Stress Studies, Department of Behavioral Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter Sipos
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Stress Studies, Department of Behavioral Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Abel Major
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research, Department of Cellular and Network Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Bardóczi
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research, Department of Cellular and Network Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin E Sos
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research, Department of Cellular and Network Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.,János Szentágothai Doctoral School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila I Gulyás
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research, Department of Cellular and Network Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Viktor Varga
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research, Department of Cellular and Network Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dóra Zelena
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Stress Studies, Department of Behavioral Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás F Freund
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research, Department of Cellular and Network Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Nyiri
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research, Department of Cellular and Network Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
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6
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Szőnyi A, Sos KE, Nyilas R, Schlingloff D, Domonkos A, Takács VT, Pósfai B, Hegedüs P, Priestley JB, Gundlach AL, Gulyás AI, Varga V, Losonczy A, Freund TF, Nyiri G. Brainstem nucleus incertus controls contextual memory formation. Science 2019; 364:eaaw0445. [PMID: 31123108 PMCID: PMC7210779 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw0445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Hippocampal pyramidal cells encode memory engrams, which guide adaptive behavior. Selection of engram-forming cells is regulated by somatostatin-positive dendrite-targeting interneurons, which inhibit pyramidal cells that are not required for memory formation. Here, we found that γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-releasing neurons of the mouse nucleus incertus (NI) selectively inhibit somatostatin-positive interneurons in the hippocampus, both monosynaptically and indirectly through the inhibition of their subcortical excitatory inputs. We demonstrated that NI GABAergic neurons receive monosynaptic inputs from brain areas processing important environmental information, and their hippocampal projections are strongly activated by salient environmental inputs in vivo. Optogenetic manipulations of NI GABAergic neurons can shift hippocampal network state and bidirectionally modify the strength of contextual fear memory formation. Our results indicate that brainstem NI GABAergic cells are essential for controlling contextual memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Szőnyi
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research, Department of Cellular and Network Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- János Szentágothai Doctoral School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin E Sos
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research, Department of Cellular and Network Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- János Szentágothai Doctoral School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Rita Nyilas
- Department of Neuroscience, Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dániel Schlingloff
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research, Department of Cellular and Network Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- János Szentágothai Doctoral School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andor Domonkos
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research, Department of Cellular and Network Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Virág T Takács
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research, Department of Cellular and Network Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Pósfai
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research, Department of Cellular and Network Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- János Szentágothai Doctoral School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Panna Hegedüs
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research, Department of Cellular and Network Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- János Szentágothai Doctoral School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - James B Priestley
- Department of Neuroscience, Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrew L Gundlach
- Peptide Neurobiology Laboratory, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Attila I Gulyás
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research, Department of Cellular and Network Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Viktor Varga
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research, Department of Cellular and Network Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Losonczy
- Department of Neuroscience, Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tamás F Freund
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research, Department of Cellular and Network Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Nyiri
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research, Department of Cellular and Network Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
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7
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Hwang E, Willis BS, Burwell RD. Prefrontal connections of the perirhinal and postrhinal cortices in the rat. Behav Brain Res 2017; 354:8-21. [PMID: 28765070 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Knowing how prefrontal regions interact with medial temporal lobe structures is important for understanding memory and cognition. Using anterograde and retrograde tract tracing methods in the rat, we report a detailed study of the perirhinal (PER) and postrhinal (POR) connections with the lateral, ventrolateral, and medial orbitofrontal cortices (ORBl, ORBvl, ORBm), infralimbic and prelimbic cortices (IL, PL), ventral and dorsal anterior cingulate cortices (ACAv, ACAd), and secondary motor cortex (MOs). Our analyses included the topography and laminar patterns of these connections. The PER and POR showed reciprocal connectivity with all prefrontal regions examined, but the patterns of connections differed. In general, PER areas 36 and 35 showed patterns of connectivity that were more similar to each other than to those of the POR. Analysis of anterograde tracers showed that PER areas 36 and 35 provide the strongest projections to prefrontal regions. The heaviest fiber labeling was in IL and PL, closely followed by orbital regions. Fiber labeling arising from injections in POR was weaker overall. The strongest POR efferents targeted MOs, ACAv, and ORBvl. For return projections, analysis of retrograde tracers showed that PER areas 36 and 35 receive strong inputs from orbitofrontal and medial prefrontal regions. Interestingly, PER also received substantial inputs from MOs and ACAd. The POR receives a very strong input from MOs, followed by ACAd, and ORBvl. Based on comparison of our findings with those obtained in monkeys, we argue that the rodent ACAd and MOs may be a functional homolog of the primate dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunkyu Hwang
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Bailey S Willis
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Rebecca D Burwell
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
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8
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Danbolt NC, Zhou Y, Furness DN, Holmseth S. Strategies for immunohistochemical protein localization using antibodies: What did we learn from neurotransmitter transporters in glial cells and neurons. Glia 2016; 64:2045-2064. [PMID: 27458697 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Immunocytochemistry and Western blotting are still major methods for protein localization, but they rely on the specificity of the antibodies. Validation of antibody specificity remains challenging mostly because ideal negative controls are often unavailable. Further, immunochemical labeling patterns are also influenced by a number of other factors such as postmortem changes, fixation procedures and blocking agents as well as the general assay conditions (e.g., buffers, temperature, etc.). Western blotting similarly depends on tissue collection and sample preparation as well as the electrophoretic separation, transfer to blotting membranes and the immunochemical probing of immobilized molecules. Publication of inaccurate information on protein distribution has downstream consequences for other researchers because the interpretation of physiological and pharmacological observations depends on information on where ion channels, receptors, enzymes or transporters are located. Despite numerous reports, some of which are strongly worded, erroneous localization data are being published. Here we describe the extent of the problem and illustrate the nature of the pitfalls with examples from studies of neurotransmitter transporters. We explain the importance of supplementing immunochemical observations with other measurements (e.g., mRNA levels and distribution, protein activity, mass spectrometry, electrophysiological recordings, etc.) and why quantitative considerations are integral parts of the quality control. Further, we propose a practical strategy for researchers who plan to embark on a localization study. We also share our thoughts about guidelines for quality control. GLIA 2016;64:2045-2064.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Christian Danbolt
- Neurotransporter Group, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Yun Zhou
- Neurotransporter Group, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - David N Furness
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffs, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Holmseth
- Neurotransporter Group, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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9
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Takács VT, Szőnyi A, Freund TF, Nyiri G, Gulyás AI. Quantitative ultrastructural analysis of basket and axo-axonic cell terminals in the mouse hippocampus. Brain Struct Funct 2014; 220:919-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-013-0692-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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10
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Agster KL, Burwell RD. Hippocampal and subicular efferents and afferents of the perirhinal, postrhinal, and entorhinal cortices of the rat. Behav Brain Res 2013; 254:50-64. [PMID: 23872326 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Available evidence suggests there is functional differentiation among hippocampal and parahippocampal subregions and along the dorsoventral (septotemporal) axis of the hippocampus. The aim of this study was to characterize and compare the efferent and afferent connections of perirhinal areas 35 and 36, postrhinal cortex, and the lateral and medial entorhinal areas (LEA and MEA) with dorsal and ventral components of the hippocampal formation (dentate gyrus, hippocampus cornu ammonis fields, and subiculum) as well as the presubiculum, and the parasubiculum. The entorhinal connections were also characterized with respect to the LEA and MEA dentate gyrus-projecting bands. In general, the entorhinal connections with the hippocampal formation are much stronger than the perirhinal and postrhinal connections. The entorhinal cortex projects strongly to all components of the hippocampal formation, whereas the perirhinal and postrhinal cortices project weakly and only to CA1 and the subiculum. In addition, the postrhinal cortex preferentially targets the dorsal CA1 and subiculum, whereas the perirhinal cortex targets ventral subiculum. Similarly, the perirhinal cortex receives more input from ventral hippocampal formation structures and the postrhinal cortex receives more input from dorsal hippocampal structures. The LEA and the MEA medial band are more strongly interconnected with ventral hippocampal structures, whereas the MEA lateral band is more interconnected with dorsal hippocampal structures. With regard to the presubiculum and parasubiculum, the postrhinal cortex and the MEA lateral band receive stronger input from the dorsal presubiculum and caudal parasubiculum. In contrast, the LEA and MEA medial bands receive stronger input from the ventral presubiculum and rostral parasubiculum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara L Agster
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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11
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Glutamatergic input from specific sources influences the nucleus accumbens-ventral pallidum information flow. Brain Struct Funct 2011; 217:37-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-011-0331-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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