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Elyamany AM, Mahmoud EI, Salem MM, Khairy RA. Immunohistochemical Expression of Claudin-1 and Claudin-4 in Urothelial Carcinoma of the Urinary Bladder. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2024; 25:637-646. [PMID: 38415551 PMCID: PMC11077106 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2024.25.2.637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Egypt, bladder cancer occupies the second rankamong reported cancers in men. Claudins are tight junctions that have a critical role in tumor pathogenesis, invasion, progression, and metastasis and currentlyare a focus of interest for targeting therapies. OBJECTIVES We aimed to evaluatethe immunohistochemical expression of Claudin-1 and Claudin-4 in urinary bladder urothelial carcinoma and investigate the relationshipbetweenthe expressed Claudins with differentclinicopathological parameters. METHODS Claudin-1 and Claudin-4 immunohistochemical expression was studied in 62 cases of urinary bladder urothelial carcinomas. The cases were classified into two categories; low and high Claudin-1 and Claudin-4 expression. RESULTS High Claudin-1 expression was detected in67.7% of the studied urothelial carcinomas while 32.3% showed low expression. Claudin-1 expression was reduced significantly with high tumor grade, non-papillary tumors, muscle invasion, schistosomal infestation, and perineural invasion (p-value < 0.05). Claudin-4 high expression was detected in 82.3% of our cases while low expression was detected in 17.7%. Claudin-4 reduced expression was significantly associated with non-papillary tumors, muscle invasion, advanced T stages, and associated lympho-vascular emboli (P-value < 0.05). CONCLUSION According to the results ofthe present study, the reduced expressions of Claudin-1 and Claudin-4 provide clues concerning the progression of urothelial carcinoma. Consequently, it is thought that Claudin-1 and Claudin-4 could help to differentiatelow-grade from high-grade and muscle-invasive from non-muscle-invasive urothelial carcinomas. In addition, it can be introduced as a possible therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rasha Ahmed Khairy
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
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2
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Arabi TZ, Fawzy NA, Sabbah BN, Ouban A. Claudins in genitourinary tract neoplasms: mechanisms, prognosis, and therapeutic prospects. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1308082. [PMID: 38188015 PMCID: PMC10771851 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1308082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Genitourinary (GU) cancers are among the most prevalent neoplasms in the world, with bladder cancers constituting 3% of global cancer diagnoses. However, several pathogenetic mechanisms remain controversial and unclear. Claudins, for example, have been shown to play a significant role in several cancers of the human body. Their role in GU cancers has not been extensively studied. Aberrant expression of claudins -1, -2, -3, -4, -7, and -11 has been expressed in urothelial cell carcinomas. In prostate cancers, altered levels of claudins -1, -2, -3, -4, and -5 have been reported. Furthermore, the levels of claudins -1, -2, -3, -4, -6, -7, -8, and -10 have been studied in renal cell carcinomas. Specifically, claudins -7 and -8 have proven especially useful in differentiating between chromophobe renal cell carcinomas and oncocytomas. Several of these claudins also correlate with clinicopathologic parameters and prognosis in GU cancers. Although mechanisms underpinning aberrant expression of claudins in GU cancers are unclear, epigenetic changes, tumor necrosis factor-ɑ, and the p63 protein have been implicated. Claudins also provide therapeutic value through tailored immunotherapy via molecular subtyping and providing therapeutic targets, which have shown positive outcomes in preclinical studies. In this review, we aim to summarize the literature describing aberrant expression of claudins in urothelial, prostatic, and renal cell carcinomas. Then, we describe the mechanisms underlying these changes and the therapeutic value of claudins. Understanding the scope of claudins in GU cancers paves the way for several diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic innovations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Abderrahman Ouban
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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3
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Taylor AS, Acosta AM, Al-Ahmadie HA, Mehra R. Precursors of urinary bladder cancer: molecular alterations and biomarkers. Hum Pathol 2023; 133:5-21. [PMID: 35716731 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2022.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Clinical surveillance and follow-up of patients diagnosed with or at risk for urinary bladder cancers represent long-term, invasive, and costly processes for which supplemental biomarker information could help provide objective, personalized risk assessment. In particular, there are several precursors and possible precursors to urinary bladder cancer for which clinical behavior is heterogenous and interobserver variability in histopathologic diagnosis make it difficult to standardize management. This review seeks to highlight these precursor lesions from a diagnostic perspective (including flat urothelial lesions, papillary urothelial lesions, squamous lesions, and glandular lesions) and qualify known multiomic biomarkers that may help explain their behavior, predict patient risk, and acknowledge the nuance inherent to the question of whether these lesions are "benign" or "preneoplastic."
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S Taylor
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Andres M Acosta
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hikmat A Al-Ahmadie
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Rohit Mehra
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Rogel Cancer Center, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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4
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Wang DW, Zhang WH, Danil G, Yang K, Hu JK. The role and mechanism of claudins in cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1051497. [PMID: 36620607 PMCID: PMC9818346 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1051497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Claudins are a tetraspan membrane protein multigene family that plays a structural and functional role in constructing tight junctions. Claudins perform crucial roles in maintaining cell polarity in epithelial and endothelial cell sheets and controlling paracellular permeability. In the last two decades, increasing evidence indicates that claudin proteins play a major role in controlling paracellular permeability and signaling inside cells. Several types of claudins are dysregulated in various cancers. Depending on where the tumor originated, claudin overexpression or underexpression has been shown to regulate cell proliferation, cell growth, metabolism, metastasis and cell stemness. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition is one of the most important functions of claudin proteins in disease progression. However, the exact molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways that explain why claudin proteins are so important to tumorigenesis and progression have not been determined. In addition, claudins are currently being investigated as possible diagnostic and treatment targets. Here, we discuss how claudin-related signaling pathways affect tumorigenesis, tumor progression, and treatment sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Wen Wang
- Gastric Cancer Center and Laboratory of Gastric Cancer, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei-Han Zhang
- Gastric Cancer Center and Laboratory of Gastric Cancer, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Galiullin Danil
- Gastric Cancer Center and Laboratory of Gastric Cancer, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,Central Research Laboratory, Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Russia
| | - Kun Yang
- Gastric Cancer Center and Laboratory of Gastric Cancer, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian-Kun Hu
- Gastric Cancer Center and Laboratory of Gastric Cancer, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,*Correspondence: Jian-Kun Hu,
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5
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Jafari NV, Rohn JL. The urothelium: a multi-faceted barrier against a harsh environment. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:1127-1142. [PMID: 36180582 PMCID: PMC9705259 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00565-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
All mucosal surfaces must deal with the challenge of exposure to the outside world. The urothelium is a highly specialized layer of stratified epithelial cells lining the inner surface of the urinary bladder, a gruelling environment involving significant stretch forces, osmotic and hydrostatic pressures, toxic substances, and microbial invasion. The urinary bladder plays an important barrier role and allows the accommodation and expulsion of large volumes of urine without permitting urine components to diffuse across. The urothelium is made up of three cell types, basal, intermediate, and umbrella cells, whose specialized functions aid in the bladder's mission. In this review, we summarize the recent insights into urothelial structure, function, development, regeneration, and in particular the role of umbrella cells in barrier formation and maintenance. We briefly review diseases which involve the bladder and discuss current human urothelial in vitro models as a complement to traditional animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazila V Jafari
- Department of Renal Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, Royal Free Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Jennifer L Rohn
- Department of Renal Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, Royal Free Hospital Campus, London, UK.
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6
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Claudin-4 Immunoexpression in Urothelial Carcinomas. CURRENT HEALTH SCIENCES JOURNAL 2020; 46:379-382. [PMID: 33717512 PMCID: PMC7948025 DOI: 10.12865/chsj.46.04.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of claudins in urothelial carcinogenesis is controversial. In this study, we analyzed Claudin-4 immunoexpression in 50 cases of bladder urothelial carcinomas depending on the main prognostic parameters of the lesions represented by the tumor grade and tumor extension. Claudin-4 immunoexpression scores were significantly higher in high-grade urothelial carcinomas and in tumors with invasion in muscularis propria. The results obtained indicate the involvement of Claudin-4 in the progression of urothelial bladder carcinomas.
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7
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Dalghi MG, Montalbetti N, Carattino MD, Apodaca G. The Urothelium: Life in a Liquid Environment. Physiol Rev 2020; 100:1621-1705. [PMID: 32191559 PMCID: PMC7717127 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00041.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The urothelium, which lines the renal pelvis, ureters, urinary bladder, and proximal urethra, forms a high-resistance but adaptable barrier that surveils its mechanochemical environment and communicates changes to underlying tissues including afferent nerve fibers and the smooth muscle. The goal of this review is to summarize new insights into urothelial biology and function that have occurred in the past decade. After familiarizing the reader with key aspects of urothelial histology, we describe new insights into urothelial development and regeneration. This is followed by an extended discussion of urothelial barrier function, including information about the roles of the glycocalyx, ion and water transport, tight junctions, and the cellular and tissue shape changes and other adaptations that accompany expansion and contraction of the lower urinary tract. We also explore evidence that the urothelium can alter the water and solute composition of urine during normal physiology and in response to overdistension. We complete the review by providing an overview of our current knowledge about the urothelial environment, discussing the sensor and transducer functions of the urothelium, exploring the role of circadian rhythms in urothelial gene expression, and describing novel research tools that are likely to further advance our understanding of urothelial biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianela G Dalghi
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Nicolas Montalbetti
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Marcelo D Carattino
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Gerard Apodaca
- Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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8
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Uc PY, Miranda J, Raya-Sandino A, Alarcón L, Roldán ML, Ocadiz-Delgado R, Cortés-Malagón EM, Chávez-Munguía B, Ramírez G, Asomoza R, Shoshani L, Gariglio P, González-Mariscal L. E7 oncoprotein from human papillomavirus 16 alters claudins expression and the sealing of epithelial tight junctions. Int J Oncol 2020; 57:905-924. [PMID: 32945372 PMCID: PMC7473757 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2020.5105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tight junctions (TJs) are cell-cell adhesion structures frequently altered by oncogenic transformation. In the present study the role of human papillomavirus (HPV) 16 E7 oncoprotein on the sealing of TJs was investigated and also the expression level of claudins in mouse cervix and in epithelial Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells. It was found that there was reduced expression of claudins -1 and -10 in the cervix of 7-month-old transgenic K14E7 mice treated with 17β-estradiol (E2), with invasive cancer. In addition, there was also a transient increase in claudin-1 expression in the cervix of 2-month-old K14E7 mice, and claudin-10 accumulated at the border of cells in the upper layer of the cervix in FvB mice treated with E2, and in K14E7 mice treated with or without E2. These changes were accompanied by an augmented paracellular permeability of the cervix in 2- and 7-monthold FvB mice treated with E2, which became more pronounced in K14E7 mice treated with or without E2. In MDCK cells the stable expression of E7 increased the space between adjacent cells and altered the architecture of the monolayers, induced the development of an acute peak of transepithelial electrical resistance accompanied by a reduced expression of claudins -1, -2 and -10, and an increase in claudin-4. Moreover, E7 enhances the ability of MDCK cells to migrate through a 3D matrix and induces cell stiffening and stress fiber formation. These observations revealed that cell transformation induced by HPV16 E7 oncoprotein was accompanied by changes in the pattern of expression of claudins and the degree of sealing of epithelial TJs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perla Yaceli Uc
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Jael Miranda
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Arturo Raya-Sandino
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Lourdes Alarcón
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - María Luisa Roldán
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Rodolfo Ocadiz-Delgado
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Enoc Mariano Cortés-Malagón
- Research Unit on Genetics and Cancer, Research Division, Hospital Juárez de México, Mexico City 07760, Mexico
| | - Bibiana Chávez-Munguía
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Georgina Ramírez
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - René Asomoza
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Liora Shoshani
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Patricio Gariglio
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Lorenza González-Mariscal
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
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9
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Jung M, Lee JH, Kim B, Park JH, Moon KC. Transcriptional Analysis of Immunohistochemically Defined Subgroups of Non-Muscle-Invasive Papillary High-Grade Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E570. [PMID: 30699951 PMCID: PMC6386996 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for CK5/6 and CK20 was reported to be correlated with the prognosis of early urothelial carcinoma in a way contrary to that of advanced tumors for unknown reasons. We aimed to characterize the gene expression profiles of subgroups of non-muscle-invasive papillary high-grade upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) classified by CK5/6 and CK20 expression levels: group 1 (CK5/6-high/CK20-low), group 2 (CK5/6-high/CK20-high), and group 3 (CK5/6-low/CK20-high). Expression of group 3 was predictive of worse prognosis of non-muscle-invasive papillary high-grade UTUC. Transcriptional analysis revealed 308 differentially expressed genes across the subgroups. Functional analyses of the genes identified cell adhesion as a common process differentially enriched in group 3 compared to the other groups, which could explain its high-risk phenotype. Late cell cycle/proliferation signatures were also enriched in group 3 and in some of the other groups, which may be used as a prognostic biomarker complementary to CK5/6 and CK20. Group 2, characterized by low levels of genes associated with mitogen-activated protein kinase and tumor necrosis factor signaling pathways, was hypothesized to represent the least cancerous subtype considering its normal urothelium-like IHC pattern. This study would facilitate the application of easily accessible prognostic biomarkers in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsun Jung
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.
| | - Jeong Hoon Lee
- Seoul National University Biomedical Informatics (SNUBI), Division of Biomedical Informatics and Systems Biomedical Informatics National Core Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.
| | - Bohyun Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.
| | - Jeong Hwan Park
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.
- Department of Pathology, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul 03080, Korea.
| | - Kyung Chul Moon
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.
- Kidney Research Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea.
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10
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Jaworski D, Szylberg Ł, Gzil A, Stawinski P, Kasperska A, Marszałek A. Diagnostic difficulties in cases of papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential, urothelial proliferation of uncertain malignant potential, urothelial dysplasia and urothelial papilloma: A review of current literature. Ann Diagn Pathol 2017; 40:182-188. [PMID: 29395466 DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tumours of the urinary tract are the fifth most frequent type of cancer. The most common types are urothelial tumours, among which, non-invasive urothelial neoplasms represent 45% of all cases. The 2016 WHO classification of urinary tract tumours introduced new classifications of non-invasive lesions. Besides urothelial papilloma (UP) and papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential (PUNLMP), as described in the former classification, the new classification also includes new entities such as urothelial proliferation of uncertain malignant potential (UPUMP) and urothelial dysplasia (UD). Of the aforementioned, UPUMP is the lesion that most commonly progresses, but solely to non-invasive carcinomas. UD is associated with a high risk of progression to invasive carcinoma. Understanding the biological character, and establishing the correct differential diagnosis in cases of non-invasive, non-cancerous lesions of the urinary bladder, will be of importance in establishing outcome predictions for future patients. A systematic review of the current literature allows us to systematize genetic, morphologic and prognostic factors of such lesions. Moreover, the collected data provide the basis for a proposed diagnostic algorithm which facilitates quick and effective differential diagnoses in cases of non-invasive non-cancerous urinary bladder lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Jaworski
- Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland
| | - Łukasz Szylberg
- Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland.
| | - Arkadiusz Gzil
- Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland
| | - Peter Stawinski
- Department of Oncologic Pathology and Prophylactics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Department of Oncologic Pathology, Greater Poland Cancer Center, Poland
| | - Anna Kasperska
- Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland
| | - Andrzej Marszałek
- Department of Oncologic Pathology and Prophylactics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Department of Oncologic Pathology, Greater Poland Cancer Center, Poland
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11
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Abu-Farsakh S, Wu T, Lalonde A, Sun J, Zhou Z. High expression of Claudin-2 in esophageal carcinoma and precancerous lesions is significantly associated with the bile salt receptors VDR and TGR5. BMC Gastroenterol 2017; 17:33. [PMID: 28212604 PMCID: PMC5316202 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-017-0590-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Claudins are a family of integral membrane proteins and are components of tight junctions (TJs). Many TJ proteins are known to tighten the cell structure and maintain a barrier. Claudin-2 forms gated paracellular channels and allows sodium ions and other small positively charged ions to cross between adjacent cells. Recently, we found that vitamin D receptor (VDR) enhanced Claudin-2 expression in colon and that bile salt receptors VDR and Takeda G-protein coupled receptor5 (TGR5) were highly expressed in esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) and precancerous lesions. Here, we examined the expression of Claudin-2 in EAC and precancerous lesions and its association with VDR and TGR5 expression. METHODS Claudin-2 expression was examined by immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays, containing EAC, high grade dysplasia (HGD), low grade dysplasia (LGD), Barrett's esophagus (BE), columnar cell metaplasia (CM), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and squamous epithelium (SE) cases. Intensity (0 to 3) and percentage were scored for each case. High expression was defined as 2-3 intensity in ≥ 10% of cells. RESULTS Claudin-2 was highly expressed in 77% EAC (86/111), 38% HGD (5/13), 61% LGD (17/28), 46% BE (18/39), 45% CM (29/65), 88% SCC (23/26), and 14% SE (11/76). It was significantly more highly-expressed in EAC, SCC and glandular lesions than in SE and more in EAC than in BE and CM. A significant association was found between Claudin-2 expression and VDR and TGR5 expression. No significant association was found between expression of Claudin-2 and age, gender, grade, stage, or patients' survival time in EAC and SCC. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that Claudin-2 expression is significantly associated with bile acid receptors VDR and TGR5 expression. Our studies identify a novel role of a tight junction protein in the development and progression of esophageal mucosal metaplasia, dysplasia and carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohaib Abu-Farsakh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester, Box 626, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Tongtong Wu
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, 265 Crittenden Boulevard CU 420630, Rochester, NY, 14642-0630, USA
| | - Amy Lalonde
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, 265 Crittenden Boulevard CU 420630, Rochester, NY, 14642-0630, USA
| | - Jun Sun
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, 840 South Wood Street MC 716, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Zhongren Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester, Box 626, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
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12
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Sewda K, Coppola D, Enkemann S, Yue B, Kim J, Lopez AS, Wojtkowiak JW, Stark VE, Morse B, Shibata D, Vignesh S, Morse DL. Cell-surface markers for colon adenoma and adenocarcinoma. Oncotarget 2017; 7:17773-89. [PMID: 26894861 PMCID: PMC4951249 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Early detection of colorectal cancer (CRC) is crucial for effective treatment. Among CRC screening techniques, optical colonoscopy is widely considered the gold standard. However, it is a costly and invasive procedure with a low rate of compliance. Our long-term goal is to develop molecular imaging agents for the non-invasive detection of CRC by molecular imaging-based colonoscopy using CT, MRI or fluorescence. To achieve this, cell surface targets must be identified and validated. Here, we report the discovery of cell-surface markers that distinguish CRC from surrounding tissues that could be used as molecular imaging targets. Profiling of mRNA expression microarray data from patient tissues including adenoma, adenocarcinoma, and normal gastrointestinal tissues was used to identify potential CRC specific cell-surface markers. Of the identified markers, six were selected for further validation (CLDN1, GPR56, GRM8, LY6G6D/F, SLCO1B3 and TLR4). Protein expression was confirmed by immunohistochemistry of patient tissues. Except for SLCO1B3, diffuse and low expression was observed for each marker in normal colon tissues. The three markers with the greatest protein overexpression were CLDN1, LY6G6D/F and TLR4, where at least one of these markers was overexpressed in 97% of the CRC samples. GPR56, LY6G6D/F and SLCO1B3 protein expression was significantly correlated with the proximal tumor location and with expression of mismatch repair genes. Marker expression was further validated in CRC cell lines. Hence, three cell-surface markers were discovered that distinguish CRC from surrounding normal tissues. These markers can be used to develop imaging or therapeutic agents targeted to the luminal surface of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamini Sewda
- Department of Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Domenico Coppola
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Steven Enkemann
- Department of Molecular Genomics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Binglin Yue
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Jongphil Kim
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Alexis S Lopez
- Department of Tissue Core, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Jonathan W Wojtkowiak
- Department of Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Valerie E Stark
- Department of Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Brian Morse
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - David Shibata
- Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Shivakumar Vignesh
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, SUNY Health Sciences Center at Brooklyn, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - David L Morse
- Department of Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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Alikanoglu AS, Gunduz S, Demirpence O, Suren D, Gunduz UR, Sezer C, Yildiz M, Yildirim M. Expression pattern and prognostic significance of claudin 1, 4 and 7 in pancreatic cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016; 16:4387-92. [PMID: 26028104 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.10.4387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tight junctions (TJs) organise paracellular permeability and they have an important role in epithelial and endothelial cell polarity and permanence of barrier function. It has been demonstrated that the Claudin family constitutes an important component of them. In this study, we assessed expression patterns of of Claudin1, 4 and 7 and whether they have any relation with prognosis in patients with pancreatic cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Expression patterns of Claudin 1,4 and 7 were examined by immunohistochemistry in 25 patients with a histopathological diagnosis of pancreatic cancer using a semiquantitative scoring of the extent and intensity of staining. After grouping the staining scores as low (final score 0-2) and high (final score 3-9) the relation between expression of Claudin 1,4 and 7 and survival was evaluated. RESULTS There was no significant relation between expression of Claudin 1,4 and 7 and gender and stage. No statistically significant relation was found between Claudin 1 and 4 expression and survival whereas a statistically significant relation was found between decrease in Claudin 7 expression and decrease in survival. CONCLUSIONS Claudins have important functions other than their popular function known as adhesion. Supporting this hypothesis, we found a statistically significant relationship between increased Claudin 7 expression and increased survival time, and this suggests that Claudin 7 may exert different tumorigenic effects in pancreatic cancer other than its well- known adhesion effect.
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Radi DA, Abd-Elazeem MA. Prognostic Significance of Lymphatic Vessel Density Detected by D2-40 and Its Relation to Claudin-4 Expression in Prostatic Adenocarcinoma. Int J Surg Pathol 2015; 24:219-26. [PMID: 26464161 DOI: 10.1177/1066896915611488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Lymphovascular invasion is an important pathway of metastatic spread and regional lymph node metastasis is the major prognostic factor in prostatic adenocarcinoma. D2-40 is used to identify the lymphatic vessels and to assess the lymphatic vessel density (LVD). Expression of claudin-4 may be related to invasion and progression of carcinoma cells in several primary tumors. Aim To evaluate intra- and peritumoral LVD through immunohistochemical expression of D2-40 in relation to claudin-4 expression and clinicopathological parameters in prostatic adenocarcinoma. Materials and Methods Immunohistochemical staining procedure was performed on 53 paraffin-embedded blocks of radical prostatectomy specimens for prostatic adenocarcinoma using anti D2-40 and claudin-4 antibodies. Sections were evaluated for mean LVD in intratumoral and peritumoral tissues assessed by D2-40 expression. Results LVD in intratumoral tissues was significantly lower compared with peritumoral areas (P = .0001). Peritumoral mean LVD was significantly higher in cases with lymphovascular invasion (P = .041) and in cases with positive lymph node metastasis (P = .003) than intratumoral mean LVD. High claudin-4 expression was significantly correlated with high tumor grade (P = .0001), lymphovascular invasion (P = .006), and positive lymph node metastasis (P = .004). High claudin-4 expression was significantly associated with increased mean LVD in peritumoral tissues. Conclusion Increased peritumoral mean LVD in prostatic adenocarcinoma is associated with lymphovascular invasion and positive lymph node metastasis. High claudin-4 expression is associated with high tumor grade, lymphocascular invasion, positive lymph node metastasis, and high mean peritumoral LVD suggesting that D2-40 and claudin-4 may represent different mechanisms of lymphatic vessel invasion with both biomarkers is related to poor prognosis.
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15
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Jørgensen PH, Vainer B, Hermann GG. A clinical and molecular review of inverted papilloma of the urinary tract: how to handle? APMIS 2015; 123:920-9. [PMID: 26358542 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Inverted papilloma (IP) of the urinary tract is classified by the World Health Organisation as a non-invasive urothelial tumour with normal to minimal cytological atypia of the neoplastic cells. During the 1980s, it came under suspicion of having a premalignant or malignant potential and of being concurrent with urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC). This quandary has been proven difficult to solve, due to the fact that IP is very rare and literature mostly consists of case reports with varying levels of information, making strong meta-analyses problematic. New immunohistochemical techniques and genetic approaches are more frequently being used in the attempt to achieve better classifications, prognosis and treatment of lesions hereunder IP. This review will, in our awareness, be the first to combine the knowledge from retrospective studies with these new approaches for determining a possible premalignant potential and concurrency with UCC and subsequently outline a recommendation for follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hjorth Jørgensen
- Department of Urology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ben Vainer
- Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gregers Gautier Hermann
- Department of Urology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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16
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Lasič E, Višnjar T, Kreft ME. Properties of the Urothelium that Establish the Blood–Urine Barrier and Their Implications for Drug Delivery. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 168:1-29. [DOI: 10.1007/112_2015_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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17
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Sappayatosok K, Phattarataratip E. Overexpression of Claudin-1 is Associated with Advanced Clinical Stage and Invasive Pathologic Characteristics of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Head Neck Pathol 2014; 9:173-80. [PMID: 25078758 PMCID: PMC4424206 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-014-0559-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Claudins constitute a group of principal proteins forming the tight junctional complex. The altered expression of selected claudins has been reported in several human cancers. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of claudin-1 and claudin-4 in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and examine its relationship with patient clinical-pathologic features. Forty-five OSCC cases were enrolled. Patient clinical, pathologic and follow-up data were reviewed and the claudin-1 and claudin-4 expression was analyzed immunohistochemically. Positive claudin-1 and claudin-4 immunoreactivities were noted in 86.7 and 80 % of cases, respectively. The majority of cases showed the staining in less than 25 % of cancer cells. The increased claudin-1 expression was significantly associated with the high pathologic grade, the presence of microscopic perineural invasion, vascular invasion, nodal metastasis, and advanced clinical stage. No relationship between various clinico-pathologic parameters and differential claudin-4 expression was observed. Claudin-1 may play a role in OSCC progression and could serve as a prognostic marker of advanced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kraisorn Sappayatosok
- />Faculty of Dental Medicine, Rangsit University, 52/347 Muang-Ake, Phaholyothin Road, Lak-Hok, Muang, Pathumthani 12000 Thailand
| | - Ekarat Phattarataratip
- />Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Henri-Dunant Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330 Thailand
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18
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Low expression of claudin-4: an indicator of recurrence in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma after Ivor Lewis esophagectomy? Med Oncol 2014; 31:951. [PMID: 24737010 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-014-0951-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The high recurrence rate after surgery is the main reason for the poor prognosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) patients. Finding indicators of recurrence and taking adjuvant therapy may be useful for patients in high risk of recurrence. claudin-4 (CLDN4) is the core protein to form the tight junction, which plays an important role in cell adhesion, and its aberrant expression were detected in various cancers while its expression and functions in ESCC still remained unclear. Here, we detected the expression of CLDN4 in 114 ESCC tissue samples by real-time RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry, and the result showed that the low expression of CLDN4 correlated with a higher T staging (P = 0.010), lymphatic metastasis (P < 0.001) and recurrence status (P = 0.002). And the Cox regression analysis showed that the T classification (P = 0.005), lymph node metastasis (P = 0.003) and low CLDN4 expression (P = 0.029) were independent risk factors of recurrence. Further, we proved the CLDN4 in inhibiting growth, colony formation and invasion in vitro by establishing two stable CLDN4-silencing ESCC cell lines. In conclusion, CLDN4 played an important role in preventing metastasis and could be an effective biomarker to predict the recurrence of ESCC.
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19
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Nelhűbel GA, Károly B, Szabó B, Lotz G, Kiss A, Tóvári J, Kenessey I. The Prognostic Role of Claudins in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas. Pathol Oncol Res 2013; 20:99-106. [DOI: 10.1007/s12253-013-9665-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Holczbauer Á, Gyöngyösi B, Lotz G, Szijártó A, Kupcsulik P, Schaff Z, Kiss A. Distinct claudin expression profiles of hepatocellular carcinoma and metastatic colorectal and pancreatic carcinomas. J Histochem Cytochem 2013; 61:294-305. [PMID: 23385421 PMCID: PMC3636686 DOI: 10.1369/0022155413479123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tight junction proteins, including claudins, are often dysregulated during carcinogenesis and tumor progression. Moreover, the claudin expression pattern usually varies between different tumor entities. We aimed to investigate claudin expression profiles of primary and metastatic liver malignancies. We analyzed claudin-1, -2, -3, -4, and -7 expression by quantitative immunohistochemistry and real-time RT-PCR, respectively. Twenty hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) and liver metastases of 20 colorectal adenocarcinomas (CRLMs) and 15 pancreatic adenocarcinomas (PLMs) were studied together with paired surrounding non-tumorous liver samples and 5 normal liver samples. Strong claudin-3 and -7 immunohistochemical positivities were detected in CRLM samples, each with significantly stronger staining when compared with HCC and PLM groups. Claudin-1 protein was found highly expressed in CRLM, in contrast to lower expression in PLM and HCC. CRLMs and PLMs also were strongly positive for claudin-4, while being virtually undetectable in HCC. Claudin-2 showed strong positivity in non-tumorous liver tissue, whereas significantly weaker positivity was observed in all tumors. Differences in mRNA expression were mostly similar to those found by immunohistochemistry. In conclusion, HCC and both CRLM and PLM display distinct claudin expression profiles, which might provide better understanding of the pathobiology of these lesions and might be used for differential diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ágnes Holczbauer
- 2nd Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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21
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Regulation of Tight Junctions for Therapeutic Advantages. CANCER METASTASIS - BIOLOGY AND TREATMENT 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-6028-8_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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22
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Neesse A, Griesmann H, Gress TM, Michl P. Claudin-4 as therapeutic target in cancer. Arch Biochem Biophys 2012; 524:64-70. [PMID: 22286027 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2012.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Revised: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intercellular junctional complexes such as adherens junctions and tight junctions are critical regulators of cellular polarity, paracellular permeability and metabolic and structural integrity of cellular networks. Abundant expression analysis data have yielded insights into the complex pattern of differentially expressed cell-adhesion proteins in epithelial cancers and provide a useful platform for functional, preclinical and clinical evaluation of novel targets. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review will focus on the role of claudin-4, an integral constituent of tight junctions, in the pathophysiology of epithelial malignancies with particular focus pancreatic cancer, and its potential applicability for prognostic, diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Claudin-4 expression is widely dysregulated in epithelial malignancies and in a number of premalignant precursor lesions. Although the functional implications are only starting to unravel, claudin-4 seems to play an important role in tumour cell invasion and metastasis, and its dual role as receptor of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (CPE) opens exciting avenues for molecular targeted approaches. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Claudin-4 constitutes a promising molecular marker for prognosis, diagnosis and therapy of epithelial malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Neesse
- Department of Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Philipps University Marburg, Baldinger Str., 35043 Marburg, Germany
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23
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Törzsök P, Riesz P, Kenessey I, Székely E, Somorácz A, Nyirády P, Romics I, Schaff Z, Lotz G, Kiss A. Claudins and ki-67: potential markers to differentiate low- and high-grade transitional cell carcinomas of the urinary bladder. J Histochem Cytochem 2011; 59:1022-30. [PMID: 22043024 DOI: 10.1369/0022155411424606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Updated classification of urothelial cell cancer differentiates low-grade and high-grade cancers, which determines potential clinical outcome. Substantial interobserver variability necessitates new biomarkers to ensure classification. Claudins' specific expression pattern characterizes normal tissues, different tumor types, and defined grades of tumor differentiation. The aim of this study was to examine the expression pattern of claudins and proliferation marker Ki-67 in low-grade and high-grade urothelial cell cancers compared with independent control samples of non-tumorous urothelium, as well as to reveal the predictive usefulness of claudins. The expression of claudins-1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -7, and -10 and Ki-67 was studied with quantitative immunohistochemistry and real-time RT-PCR with relative quantification in 103 samples: 86 urothelial cell cancers (27 low grade, 59 high grade) and 17 non-tumorous urothelia. Results were analyzed regarding overall survival and recurrence-free period as well. High-grade tumors overall showed significantly higher claudin-4 and Ki-67 and significantly lower claudin-7 expression when compared with low-grade ones. High-grade tumors revealed significantly shorter overall survival in Kaplan-Meier analysis. Claudin-4, claudin-7, and Ki-67 might be used as potential markers to differentiate low-grade and high-grade urothelial cell cancers, thereby possibly enhancing accuracy of pathological diagnosis and adding further information to clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Törzsök
- Second Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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