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Duan K, Wang J, Chen S, Chen T, Wang J, Wang S, Chen X. Causal associations between both psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis and multiple autoimmune diseases: a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1422626. [PMID: 39119335 PMCID: PMC11306030 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1422626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Numerous observational studies have identified associations between both psoriasis (PsO) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA), and autoimmune diseases (AIDs); however, the causality of these associations remains undetermined. Methods We conducted a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian Randomization study to identify causal associations and directions between both PsO and PsA and AIDs, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Crohn's disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC), multiple sclerosis (MS), uveitis, bullous pemphigoid (BP), Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), vitiligo, and ankylosing spondylitis (AS). The causal inferences were drawn by integrating results from four regression models: Inverse Variance Weighting (IVW), MR-Egger, Weighted Median, and Maximum Likelihood. Furthermore, we performed sensitivity analyses to confirm the reliability of our findings. Results The results showed that CD [IVW odds ratio (ORIVW), 1.11; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.06-1.17; P = 8.40E-06], vitiligo (ORIVW, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.05-1.28; P = 2.45E-03) were risk factors for PsO, while BP may reduce the incidence of PsO (ORIVW, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.87-0.96; P = 1.26E-04). CD (ORIVW, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.02-1.12; P = 0.01), HT (ORIVW, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.08-1.40; P = 1.43E-03), RA (ORIVW, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.02-1.21, P = 2.05E-02), AS (ORIVW, 2.18; 95% CI, 1.46-3.27; P = 1.55E-04), SLE (ORIVW, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.01-1.08; P = 1.07E-02) and vitiligo (ORIVW, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.14-1.42; P = 2.67E-05) were risk factors for PsA. Sensitivity analyses had validated the reliability of the results. Conclusions Our study provides evidence for potential causal relationships between certain AIDs and both PsO and PsA. Specifically, CD and vitiligo may increase the risk of developing PsO, while CD, HT, SLE, RA, AS, and vitiligo may elevate the risk for PsA. Additionally, it is crucial to closely monitor the condition of PsO patients with specific AIDs, as they have a higher likelihood of developing PsA than those without AIDs. Moving forward, greater attention should be paid to PsA and further exploration of other PsO subtypes is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Duan
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingrui Wang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaomin Chen
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tong Chen
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiajue Wang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shujing Wang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinsheng Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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2
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He CC, Song TC, Qi RQ, Gao XH. Integrated single-cell and spatial transcriptomics reveals heterogeneity of fibroblast and pivotal genes in psoriasis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17134. [PMID: 37816883 PMCID: PMC10564713 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44346-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis, which is one of the most common skin diseases, involves an array of complex immune constituents including T cells, dendritic cells and monocytes. Particularly, the cytokine IL17A, primarily generated by TH17 cells, assumes a crucial function in the etiology of psoriasis. In this study, a comprehensive investigation utilizing bulk RNA analysis, single-cell RNA sequencing, and spatial transcriptomics was employed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of psoriasis. Our study revealed that there is an overlap between the genes that are differentially expressed in psoriasis patients receiving three anti-IL17A monoclonal antibody drugs and the genes that are differentially expressed in lesion versus non-lesion samples in these patients. Further analysis using single-cell and spatial data from psoriasis samples confirmed the expression of hub genes that had low expressions in psoriasis tissue but were up-regulated after anti-IL17A treatments. These genes were found to be associated with the treatment effects of brodalumab and methotrexate, but not adalimumab, etanercept, and ustekinumab. Additionally, these genes were predominantly expressed in fibroblasts. In our study, fibroblasts were categorized into five clusters. Notably, hub genes exhibited predominant expression in cluster 3 fibroblasts, which were primarily engaged in the regulation of the extracellular matrix and were predominantly located in the reticular dermis. Subsequent analysis unveiled that cluster 3 fibroblasts also established communication with epithelial cells and monocytes via the ANGPTL-SDC4 ligand-receptor configuration, and their regulation was governed by the transcription factor TWIST1. Conversely, cluster 4 fibroblasts, responsible for vascular endothelial regulation, were predominantly distributed in the papillary dermis. Cluster 4 predominantly engaged in interactions with endothelial cells via MDK signals and was governed by the distinctive transcription factor, ERG. By means of an integrated analysis encompassing bulk transcriptomics, single-cell RNA sequencing, and spatial transcriptomics, we have discerned genes and clusters of fibroblasts that potentially contribute to the pathogenesis of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong-Cong He
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University and Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education, No.155 Nanjing Bei Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-Cong Song
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui-Qun Qi
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University and Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education, No.155 Nanjing Bei Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Hua Gao
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University and Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education, No.155 Nanjing Bei Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.
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Kozhin PM, Romashin DD, Rusanov AL, Luzgina NG. Knockout of mutant TP53 in the HaCaT cells enhances their migratory activity. BULLETIN OF RUSSIAN STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2022. [DOI: 10.24075/brsmu.2022.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The HaCaT cell line represents the spontaneously immortalized non-carcinogenic human keratinocytes that are used as a model for studying the function of normal human keratinocytes. There are two TP53 alleles in the HaCaT cell genome, which comprise two gain-of-function (GOF) mutations acquired through spontaneous immortalization (mutTP53). Mutations result in the increased proliferation rate and violation of the stratification program. The study was aimed to assess the effects of the mutTP53 gene knockout on the HaCaT keratinocytes capability of proliferation and migration in the in vitro model of epidermal injury and regeneration (scratch test), and on the ability to form stratified epithelium in the organotypic epidermal model. To perform the scratch-test, cells were cultured until monolayer was formed, then the standardized injury was created. The organotypic model was obtained by growing keratinocytes in the polycarbonate membrane inserts with the pore size of 0.4 μm at the interface between the phases (air-liquid). It has been shown that the mutant TP53 gene knockout results in the increased migration capability of the HaCaT keratinocytes: in the HaCaT with the mutTP53 knockout, the defect closure occurred faster than in the appropriate group of the WT HaCaT (p < 0.05), on day three the defect size was 12% ± 3% and 66% ± 5% of the initial size. There is evidence that mutant TP53 in the HaCaT cells is a negative regulator of the laminin 5 expression (LAMC2 expression was 9.96 ± 1.92 times higher in the cells with the mutTP53 knockout, p < 0.05), however, this does not promote normalization of the program of epithelial differentiation and stratification followed by formation of the stratum corneum in the organotypic model.
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Affiliation(s)
- PM Kozhin
- Orekhovich Research Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - DD Romashin
- Orekhovich Research Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - AL Rusanov
- Orekhovich Research Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - NG Luzgina
- Orekhovich Research Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
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4
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He Y, Kim J, Tacconi C, Moody J, Dieterich LC, Anzengruber F, Maul JT, Gousopoulos E, Restivo G, Levesque MP, Lindenblatt N, Shin JW, Hon CC, Detmar M. Mediators of Capillary-to-Venule Conversion in the Chronic Inflammatory Skin Disease Psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol 2022; 142:3313-3326.e13. [PMID: 35777499 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.05.1089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by epidermal hyperplasia and hyperkeratosis, immune cell infiltration and vascular remodeling. Despite the emerging recognition of vascular normalization as a potential strategy for managing psoriasis, an in-depth delineation of the remodeled dermal vasculature has been missing. In this study, we exploited 5' single-cell RNA sequencing to investigate the transcriptomic alterations in different subpopulations of blood vascular and lymphatic endothelial cells directly isolated from psoriatic and healthy human skin. Individual subtypes of endothelial cells underwent specific molecular repatterning associated with cell adhesion and extracellular matrix organization. Blood capillaries, in particular, showed upregulation of the melanoma cell adhesion molecule as well as its binding partners and adopted postcapillary venule‒like characteristics during chronic inflammation that are more permissive to leukocyte transmigration. We also identified psoriasis-specific interactions between cis-regulatory enhancers and promoters for each endothelial cell subtype, revealing the dysregulated gene regulatory networks in psoriasis. Together, our results provide more insights into the specific transcriptional responses and epigenetic signatures of endothelial cells lining different vessel compartments in chronic skin inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliang He
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (IPW), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jihye Kim
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (IPW), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Carlotta Tacconi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (IPW), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Jonathan Moody
- Division of Genomic Technologies, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Lothar C Dieterich
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (IPW), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Florian Anzengruber
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Internal Medicine - Dermatology, Cantonal Hospital Graubünden, Chur, Switzerland
| | - Julia-Tatjana Maul
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Gaetana Restivo
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Nicole Lindenblatt
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, University Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jay W Shin
- Division of Genomic Technologies, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Chung-Chau Hon
- Division of Genomic Technologies, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Michael Detmar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (IPW), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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Kashyap MP, Khan J, Sinha R, Jin L, Atigadda V, Deshane JS, Ahmed AR, Kilic A, Raman C, Mukhtar MS, Elmets CA, Athar M. Advances in molecular pathogenesis of hidradenitis suppurativa: Dysregulated keratins and ECM signaling. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 128:120-129. [PMID: 35131152 PMCID: PMC9232849 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is characterized by deep-seated, highly inflamed, and painful lumps/abscesses, fistulae, and sinus tracts that grow extensively deep in the dermis and are highly immunogenic in nature. In about one-third of the HS patients there is strong evidence for the role of γ-secretase mutations along with dysregulated Notch signaling. However, the contribution of dysregulated Notch signaling in HS pathogenesis in relation to hair follicle alterations and hyper-activation of the immune system remains undefined. A genome-wide association study (GWAS), proteomic data and functional investigations of identified sequence variants in HS pathology are not fully revealing. The disease initiation or progression may involve bacterial infection besides intrinsic functional defects in keratinocytes, which may be key to further exacerbate immune cell infiltration and cytokine production in and around the lesional tissue. The absence of a suitable animal model that could fully recapitulate the pathogenesis of HS is a major impediment for proper understanding the underlying mechanisms and development of effective treatments. The presence of extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation products along with dysregulation in keratinocytes and, dermal fibroblasts ultimately affect immune regulation and are various components of HS pathogenesis. Bacterial infection further exacerbates the complexity of the disease progression. While anti-TNFα therapy shows partial efficacy, treatment to cure HS is absent. Multiple clinical trials targeting various cytokines, complement C5a and ECM products are in progress. This review provides state-of-the-art information on these aspects with a focus on dysregulated keratinocyte and immune cells; and role of ECM, and Keratin functions in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra Pratap Kashyap
- UAB Research Center of Excellence in Arsenicals, Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL35294, USA
| | - Jasim Khan
- UAB Research Center of Excellence in Arsenicals, Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL35294, USA
| | - Rajesh Sinha
- UAB Research Center of Excellence in Arsenicals, Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL35294, USA
| | - Lin Jin
- UAB Research Center of Excellence in Arsenicals, Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL35294, USA
| | - Venkatram Atigadda
- UAB Research Center of Excellence in Arsenicals, Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL35294, USA
| | - Jessy S Deshane
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL35294, USA
| | - Ayesha R Ahmed
- Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99202, USA
| | - Ali Kilic
- Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL35294, USA
| | - Chander Raman
- UAB Research Center of Excellence in Arsenicals, Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL35294, USA
| | - M Shahid Mukhtar
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL35294, USA
| | - Craig A Elmets
- UAB Research Center of Excellence in Arsenicals, Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL35294, USA
| | - Mohammad Athar
- UAB Research Center of Excellence in Arsenicals, Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL35294, USA.
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Remodeling of the Dermal Extracellular Matrix in a Tissue-Engineered Psoriatic Skin Model by n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051078. [PMID: 35625817 PMCID: PMC9138383 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is an inflammatory skin disease mainly associated with an epidermal disorder. However, the involvement of the dermal extracellular matrix (ECM) composition in psoriasis is still poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the expression of ECM components in psoriatic skin substitutes (PS−) compared with healthy skin substitutes (HS−), as well as the effect of an n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, namely α-linolenic acid (ALA), on the psoriatic dermal compartment (PSALA+). Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analyses revealed that the lipidome of PS− contained higher amounts of n-6 derived prostaglandins (PGE2) and lipoxygenase products (9-HODE and 15-HETE). ALA supplementation increased the levels of PGE3, 13-HOTrE, 15-HEPE, and 18-HEPE, and decreased the levels of PGE2, 15-HETE, and 9-HOPE compared with PS−, indicating that ALA modulates the dermal lipidome of psoriatic skin substitutes. Gene expression profiling showed that several genes encoding for different ECM proteins were overexpressed in PS− compared with HS−, namely COL1A1 (4.2-fold), COL1A2 (3-fold), COL3A1 (4.4-fold), COL4A1 (2.3-fold), COL4A2 (6.3-fold), COL5A1 (3.3-fold), COL5A2 (5.2-fold), and COL5A3 (4.6-fold). Moreover, the expression of collagen IV (Col IV), collagen VII (Col VII), and laminin was found to be increased in PS− compared with HS−, and to be restored with ALA (PSALA+) according to immunofluorescence staining, while only the collagen I to collagen III ratio was altered according to dot blot analyses. Linear regression analysis revealed several positive correlations, including Col III with 14-HDHA levels, fibronectin with 12-HETE and 15-HETE levels, the dermo-epidermal junction Col IV with PGF2α, 9-HODE, and 13-HODE levels, and laminin with levels of PGF2α, 9-HODE, 13-HODE, 5-HETE, 12-HETE, and 15-HETE. These results suggest that the ECM plays an underestimated role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis and that ALA supplementation can regulate the ECM composition.
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7
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Suzuki T, Ito T, Gilhar A, Tokura Y, Reich K, Paus R. The hair follicle-psoriasis axis: Shared regulatory mechanisms and therapeutic targets. Exp Dermatol 2021; 31:266-279. [PMID: 34587317 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
It has long been known that there is a special affinity of psoriasis for the scalp: Here, it occurs most frequently, lesions terminate sharply in frontal skin beyond the hair line and are difficult to treat. Yet, surprisingly, scalp psoriasis only rarely causes alopecia, even though the pilosebaceous unit clearly is affected. Here, we systematically explore the peculiar, insufficiently investigated connection between psoriasis and growing (anagen) terminal scalp hair follicles (HFs), with emphasis on shared regulatory mechanism and therapeutic targets. Interestingly, several drugs and stressors that can trigger/aggravate psoriasis can inhibit hair growth (e.g. beta-blockers, chloroquine, carbamazepine, interferon-alpha, perceived stress). Instead, several anti-psoriatic agents can stimulate hair growth (e.g. cyclosporine, glucocorticoids, dithranol, UV irradiation), while skin/HF trauma (Köbner phenomenon/depilation) favours the development of psoriatic lesions and induces anagen in "quiescent" (telogen) HFs. On this basis, we propose two interconnected working models: (a) the existence of a bidirectional "hair follicle-psoriasis axis," along which keratinocytes of anagen scalp HFs secrete signals that favour the development and maintenance of psoriatic scalp lesions and respond to signals from these lesions, and (b) that anagen induction and psoriatic lesions share molecular "switch-on" mechanisms, which invite pharmacological targeting, once identified. Therefore, we advocate a novel, cross-fertilizing and integrative approach to psoriasis and hair research that systematically characterizes the "HF-psoriasis axis," focused on identification and therapeutic targeting of selected, shared signalling pathways in the future management of both, psoriasis and hair growth disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Suzuki
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Taisuke Ito
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Amos Gilhar
- Skin Research Laboratory, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yoshiki Tokura
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.,Allergic Disease Research Center, Chutoen General Medical Center, Kakegawa, Japan
| | - Kristian Reich
- Institute for Health Services Research in Dermatology and Nursing, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Monasterium Laboratory, Münster, Germany
| | - Ralf Paus
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.,Monasterium Laboratory, Münster, Germany.,Centre for Dermatology Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Center, Manchester, UK
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8
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Fernandez-Flores A, Diep M, Cassarino D. Thickening of the basement membrane as a diagnostic sign of mycosis fungoides. J Cutan Pathol 2020; 48:356-363. [PMID: 32829519 DOI: 10.1111/cup.13853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The epidermal basement membrane (BM) is readily identified on skin biopsy specimens stained with periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) and PAS with diastase (PAS-D). Thickening of BM can be evidenced in several inflammatory and tumoral conditions. We noticed that most of our biopsy specimens of mycosis fungoides (MF) showed thickening of the BM. We decided to retrospectively study BM thickness in 27 biopsy specimens of MF and compare them with 27 cutaneous biopsy specimens of inflammatory diseases. We studied PAS and PAS-D stains in all cases and we measured BM thickness with an ocular micrometer. Cases were scored in a four-tiered system: 0: no detectable staining; 1+ (mild: < 5 μm); 2+ (moderate: 5-9 μm); and 3+ (prominent: >9 μm). The difference between both groups (MF vs controls) was highly significant for BM thickness values by both one- and two-tailed t tests (P < 0.0006). While only 3 biopsy specimens from the controls (11.11%) showed areas of 3+ thickening, 12 biopsy specimens of MF (44.44%) showed areas of 3+ thickening, and most cases showed diffuse, at least 2+ thickening, while the controls showed more segmental, mostly 1 or 2+ staining. We conclude that thickening of BM can be useful in the differential diagnosis with inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Fernandez-Flores
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Hospital Universitario El Bierzo, Ponferrada, Spain.,Department of Cellular Pathology, Hospital de la Reina, Ponferrada, Spain.,Research Department. Institute for Biomedical Research of A Coruña (INIBIC), University of A Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain
| | - My Diep
- Western University of Health Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Pomona, California, USA
| | - David Cassarino
- Los Angeles Medical Center (LAMC), Southern California Kaiser Permanente, Department of Dermatology, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Bhattacharjee O, Ayyangar U, Kurbet AS, Ashok D, Raghavan S. Unraveling the ECM-Immune Cell Crosstalk in Skin Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:68. [PMID: 31134198 PMCID: PMC6514232 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex network of proteins and proteoglycans secreted by keratinocytes, fibroblasts and immune cells. The function of the skin ECM has expanded from being a scaffold that provides structural integrity, to a more dynamic entity that is constantly remodeled to maintain tissue homeostasis. The ECM functions as ligands for cell surface receptors such as integrins, dystroglycans, and toll-like receptors (TLRs) and regulate cellular signaling and immune cell dynamics. The ECM also acts as a sink for growth factors and cytokines, providing critical cues during epithelial morphogenesis. Dysregulation in the organization and deposition of ECMs lead to a plethora of pathophysiological conditions that are exacerbated by aberrant ECM-immune cell interactions. In this review, we focus on the interplay between ECM and immune cells in the context of skin diseases and also discuss state of the art therapies that target the key molecular players involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oindrila Bhattacharjee
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, Sastra University, Thanjavur, India
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, GKVK Campus, Bangalore, India
| | - Uttkarsh Ayyangar
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, Sastra University, Thanjavur, India
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, GKVK Campus, Bangalore, India
| | - Ambika S. Kurbet
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, Sastra University, Thanjavur, India
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, GKVK Campus, Bangalore, India
| | - Driti Ashok
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, GKVK Campus, Bangalore, India
| | - Srikala Raghavan
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, GKVK Campus, Bangalore, India
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