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Schiano Moriello A, Di Marzo V, Petrosino S. Mutual Links between the Endocannabinoidome and the Gut Microbiome, with Special Reference to Companion Animals: A Nutritional Viewpoint. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12030348. [PMID: 35158670 PMCID: PMC8833664 DOI: 10.3390/ani12030348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that perturbation of the gut microbiome, known as “dysbiosis”, is associated with the pathogenesis of human and veterinary diseases that are not restricted to the gastrointestinal tract. In this regard, recent studies have demonstrated that dysbiosis is linked to the pathogenesis of central neuroinflammatory disorders, supporting the existence of the so-called microbiome-gut-brain axis. The endocannabinoid system is a recently recognized lipid signaling system and termed endocannabinoidome monitoring a variety of body responses. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that a profound link exists between the gut microbiome and the endocannabinoidome, with mutual interactions controlling intestinal homeostasis, energy metabolism and neuroinflammatory responses during physiological conditions. In the present review, we summarize the latest data on the microbiome-endocannabinoidome mutual link in health and disease, focalizing the attention on gut dysbiosis and/or altered endocannabinoidome tone that may distort the bidirectional crosstalk between these two complex systems, thus leading to gastrointestinal and metabolic diseases (e.g., idiopathic inflammation, chronic enteropathies and obesity) as well as neuroinflammatory disorders (e.g., neuropathic pain and depression). We also briefly discuss the novel possible dietary interventions based not only on probiotics and/or prebiotics, but also, and most importantly, on endocannabinoid-like modulators (e.g., palmitoylethanolamide) for intestinal health and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniello Schiano Moriello
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Napoli, Italy; (A.S.M.); (V.D.M.)
- Epitech Group SpA, Via Einaudi 13, 35030 Padova, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Napoli, Italy; (A.S.M.); (V.D.M.)
- Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, CRIUCPQ and INAF, Centre NUTRISS, Faculties of Medicine and Agriculture and Food Sciences, Université Laval, Quebéc City, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Stefania Petrosino
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Napoli, Italy; (A.S.M.); (V.D.M.)
- Epitech Group SpA, Via Einaudi 13, 35030 Padova, Italy
- Correspondence:
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The Peripheral Cannabinoid Receptor Type 1 (CB 1) as a Molecular Target for Modulating Body Weight in Man. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26206178. [PMID: 34684760 PMCID: PMC8538448 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The cannabinoid 1 (CB1) receptor regulates appetite and body weight; however, unwanted central side effects of both agonists (in wasting disorders) or antagonists (in obesity and diabetes) have limited their therapeutic utility. At the peripheral level, CB1 receptor activation impacts the energy balance of mammals in a number of different ways: inhibiting satiety and emesis, increasing food intake, altering adipokine and satiety hormone levels, altering taste sensation, decreasing lipolysis (fat break down), and increasing lipogenesis (fat generation). The CB1 receptor also plays an important role in the gut–brain axis control of appetite and satiety. The combined effect of peripheral CB1 activation is to promote appetite, energy storage, and energy preservation (and the opposite is true for CB1 antagonists). Therefore, the next generation of CB1 receptor medicines (agonists and antagonists, and indirect modulators of the endocannabinoid system) have been peripherally restricted to mitigate these issues, and some of these are already in clinical stage development. These compounds also have demonstrated potential in other conditions such as alcoholic steatohepatitis and diabetic nephropathy (peripherally restricted CB1 antagonists) and pain conditions (peripherally restricted CB1 agonists and FAAH inhibitors). This review will discuss the mechanisms by which peripheral CB1 receptors regulate body weight, and the therapeutic utility of peripherally restricted drugs in the management of body weight and beyond.
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Localization of cannabinoid and cannabinoid related receptors in the cat gastrointestinal tract. Histochem Cell Biol 2020; 153:339-356. [PMID: 32095931 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-020-01854-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of literature indicates that activation of cannabinoid receptors may exert beneficial effects on gastrointestinal inflammation and visceral hypersensitivity. The present study aimed to immunohistochemically investigate the distribution of the canonical cannabinoid receptors CB1 (CB1R) and CB2 (CB2R) and the putative cannabinoid receptors G protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55), nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1), and serotonin receptor 5-HT1a 5-HT1aR) in tissue samples of the gastrointestinal tract of the cat. CB1R-immunoreactivity (CB1R-IR) was observed in gastric epithelial cells, intestinal enteroendocrine cells (EECs) and goblet cells, lamina propria mast cells (MCs), and enteric neurons. CB2R-IR was expressed by EECs, enterocytes, and macrophages. GPR55-IR was expressed by EECs, macrophages, immunocytes, and MP neurons. PPARα-IR was expressed by immunocytes, smooth muscle cells, and enteroglial cells. TRPA1-IR was expressed by enteric neurons and intestinal goblet cells. 5-HT1a receptor-IR was expressed by gastrointestinal epithelial cells and gastric smooth muscle cells. Cannabinoid receptors showed a wide distribution in the feline gastrointestinal tract layers. Although not yet confirmed/supported by functional evidences, the present research might represent an anatomical substrate potentially useful to support, in feline species, the therapeutic use of cannabinoids during gastrointestinal inflammatory diseases.
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Karwad MA, Couch DG, Wright KL, Tufarelli C, Larvin M, Lund J, O'Sullivan SE. Endocannabinoids and endocannabinoid-like compounds modulate hypoxia-induced permeability in CaCo-2 cells via CB 1, TRPV1, and PPARα. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 168:465-472. [PMID: 31325449 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE We have previously reported that endocannabinoids modulate permeability in Caco-2 cells under inflammatory conditions and hypothesised in the present study that endocannabinoids could also modulate permeability in ischemia/reperfusion. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Caco-2 cells were grown on cell culture inserts to confluence. Trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) was used to measure permeability. To generate hypoxia (0% O2), a GasPak™ EZ anaerobe pouch system was used. Endocannabinoids were applied to the apical or basolateral membrane in the presence or absence of receptor antagonists. KEY RESULTS Complete hypoxia decreased TEER (increased permeability) by ~35% after 4 h (recoverable) and ~50% after 6 h (non-recoverable). When applied either pre- or post-hypoxia, apical application of N-arachidonoyl-dopamine (NADA, via TRPV1), oleamide (OA, via TRPV1) and oleoylethanolamine (OEA, via TRPV1) inhibited the increase in permeability. Apical administration of anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) worsened the permeability effect of hypoxia (both via CB1). Basolateral application of NADA (via TRPV1), OA (via CB1 and TRPV1), noladin ether (NE, via PPARα), and palmitoylethanolamine (PEA, via PPARα) restored permeability after 4 h hypoxia, whereas OEA increased permeability (via PPARα). After 6 h hypoxia, where permeability does not recover, only basolateral application PEA sustainably decreased permeability, and NE decreased permeability. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS A variety of endocannabinoids and endocannabinoid-like compounds modulate Caco-2 permeability in hypoxia/reoxygenation, which involves multiple targets, depending on whether the compounds are applied to the basolateral or apical membrane. CB1 antagonism and TRPV1 or PPARα agonism may represent novel therapeutic targets against several intestinal disorders associated with increased permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Karwad
- Division of Medical Sciences & Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - D G Couch
- Division of Medical Sciences & Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - K L Wright
- Division of Biomedical & Life Sciences, Faculty of Health & Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - C Tufarelli
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - M Larvin
- Graduate Entry Medical School and Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - J Lund
- Division of Medical Sciences & Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - S E O'Sullivan
- Division of Medical Sciences & Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
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Trexler KR, Eckard ML, Kinsey SG. CB 1 positive allosteric modulation attenuates Δ 9-THC withdrawal and NSAID-induced gastric inflammation. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2019; 177:27-33. [PMID: 30597181 PMCID: PMC6405226 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recently, multiple compounds have been synthesized that target the allosteric binding site(s) of CB1. These CB1 positive allosteric modulators may capture the benefits of cannabinoid receptor activation without unwanted psychoactive effects, such as sedation. For example, ZCZ011 blocks neuropathic pain, absent the catalepsy, sedation, and hypothermia caused by CB1 orthosteric modulators, including Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). The primary goal of the present study was to evaluate the potential of ZCZ011 to attenuate somatic signs of cannabinoid withdrawal in mice. Mice were repeatedly administered THC (10 mg/kg, s.c.) or vehicle, and withdrawal was either precipitated using the CB1 antagonist rimonabant (3 mg/kg, i.p.) or elicited spontaneously via THC abstinence. ZCZ011 (≥10 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly attenuated somatic signs of withdrawal, including head twitches and paw tremors, but had no effect on locomotor activity or conditioned place preference. We next tested the antiulcerogenic properties of CB1 positive allosteric modulation. Mice were fasted for 22 h, administered ZCZ011, and gastric hemorrhages were induced with the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac sodium (100 mg/kg, p.o.). ZCZ011 alone had no effect on gastric ulceration, but ZCZ011 (≥10 mg/kg) blocked ulcer formation when combined with a subthreshold MAGL inhibitor (JZL184; 1 mg/kg, i.p.). Thus, CB1 positive allosteric modulation is a novel approach to treat cannabinoid dependence and gastric inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Trexler
- Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - M L Eckard
- Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - S G Kinsey
- Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA; Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.
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Salama RAA, Abdelsalam RM, Abdel-Salam OME, Khattab MM, Salem NA, El-Khyat ZA, Morsy FA, Eldenshary EEDS. Modulation of gastric acid secretion by cannabinoids in rats. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2018; 33:e22256. [PMID: 30381869 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The current study aimed to evaluate the role of cannabinoid receptors in the regulation of gastric acid secretion and oxidative stress in gastric mucosa. To fulfill this aim, gastric acid secretion stimulated with histamine (5 mg/kg, subcutaneous [SC]), 2-deoxy- d-glucose (D-G) (200 mg/kg, intravenous) or -carbachol (4 μg/kg, SC) in the 4-hour pylorus-ligated rats. The CB1R agonist ( N-arachidonoyl dopamine, 1 mg/kg, SC) inhibited gastric acid secretion stimulated by D-G and carbachol but not in histamine, reduced pepsin content, and increased mucin secretion. Furthermore, it decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) contents with an increase in glutathione (GSH) and paraoxonase 1 (PON-1). Meanwhile, CB2R antagonist (AM630, 1 mg/kg, SC) inhibited gastric acid secretion stimulated by D-G and reduced MDA and NO contents with an increase in GSH and PON-1. Meanwhile, CB1R antagonist rimonabant or CB2R agonist GW 405833 had no effect on stimulated gastric acid secretion. Therefore, both CB1R agonist and CB2R antagonist may exert antisecretory and antioxidant potential in the stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania A A Salama
- Toxicology and Narcotics Department, National Research Center (NRC), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rania M Abdelsalam
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - O M E Abdel-Salam
- Toxicology and Narcotics Department, National Research Center (NRC), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud M Khattab
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Neveen A Salem
- Toxicology and Narcotics Department, National Research Center (NRC), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Zakaria A El-Khyat
- Medical Biochemistry Department, National Research Center (NRC), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Fatma A Morsy
- Clinical Pathology Department, National Research Center (NRC), Cairo, Egypt
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Localization of cannabinoid receptors CB1, CB2, GPR55, and PPARα in the canine gastrointestinal tract. Histochem Cell Biol 2018; 150:187-205. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-018-1684-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Abstract
Humans swallow a great variety and often large amounts of chemicals as nutrients, incidental food additives and contaminants, drugs, and inhaled particles and chemicals, thus exposing the gastrointestinal tract to many potentially toxic substances. It serves as a barrier in many cases to protect other components of the body from such substances and infections. Fortunately, the gastrointestinal tract is remarkably robust and generally is able to withstand multiple daily assaults by the chemicals to which it is exposed. Some chemicals, however, can affect one or more aspects of the gastrointestinal tract to produce abnormal events that reflect toxicity. It is the purpose of this chapter to evaluate the mechanisms by which toxic chemicals produce their deleterious effects and to determine the consequences of the toxicity on integrity of gastrointestinal structure and function. Probably because of the intrinsic ability of the gastrointestinal tract to resist toxic chemicals, there is a paucity of data regarding gastrointestinal toxicology. It is therefore necessary in many cases to extrapolate toxic mechanisms from infectious processes, inflammatory conditions, ischemia, and other insults in addition to more conventional chemical sources of toxicity.
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Crowe MS, Kinsey SG. MAGL inhibition modulates gastric secretion and motility following NSAID exposure in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 807:198-204. [PMID: 28478068 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are common analgesic drugs that also cause well-known, negative gastrointestinal (GI) side effects. The physiological mechanism(s) of NSAID-induced GI damage are unclear and are likely due to multiple causes. The most studied contributing mechanisms are increased gastric acid secretion and increased gastric motility. The present study was designed to determine which ulcerogenic effects of the NSAID diclofenac sodium are reversed by blocking the endocannabinoid catabolic enzyme monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL). Both male and female mice were used to identify possible sex differences. We hypothesized that the MAGL inhibitor JZL184 would attenuate diclofenac-induced increases in both gastric acid secretion and gastric motility. Diclofenac dose-dependently induced gastric hemorrhages to a similar extent in both male and female mice. Gastric hemorrhage severity significantly correlated with gastric levels of myeloperoxidase, an objective measure of neutrophil infiltration. Similarly, JZL184 reduced gastric acidity, in controls as well as mice treated with pentagastrin, which stimulates gastric acid release. As hypothesized, JZL184 decreased gastric motility. Surprisingly, diclofenac also slowed gastric emptying, indicating that diclofenac-induced ulcers most likely occur through increased gastric acid secretion, and not increased gastric motility, as measured in the present study. Thus, MAGL inhibition may proffer gastroprotection through modulating the secretory pathway of gastric hemorrhage. These data underscore the importance of sampling multiple time points and using both sexes in research, in addition to multiple mechanistic targets, and contribute to the basic understanding of NSAID-induced gastric inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly S Crowe
- West Virginia University, Department of Psychology, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States; Virginia Commonwealth University, Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
| | - Steven G Kinsey
- West Virginia University, Department of Psychology, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States.
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10
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Abdel-Salam O. Gastric acid inhibitory and gastric protective effects of Cannabis and cannabinoids. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2016; 9:413-9. [PMID: 27261847 DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2016.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis sativa has long been known for its psychotropic effect. Only recently with the discovery of the cannabinoid receptors, their endogenous legends and the enzymes responsible for their synthesis and degradation, the role of this 'endocannabinoid system' in different pathophysiologic processes is beginning to be delineated. There is evidence that CB1 receptor stimulation with synthetic cannabinoids or Cannabis sativa extracts rich in Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol inhibit gastric acid secretion in humans and experimental animals. This is specially seen when gastric acid secretion is stimulated by pentagastrin, carbachol or 2-deoxy-d-glucose. Cannabis and/or cannabinoids protect the gastric mucosa against noxious challenge with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, ethanol as well as against stress-induced mucosal damage. Cannabis/cannabinoids might protect the gastric mucosa by virtue of its antisecretory, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and vasodilator properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Abdel-Salam
- Department of Toxicology and Narcotics, Medical Division, National Research Centre, Tahrir Street, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.
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11
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Peripheral signals mediate the beneficial effects of gastric surgery in obesity. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2015; 2015:560938. [PMID: 25960740 PMCID: PMC4413036 DOI: 10.1155/2015/560938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is nowadays a public health problem both in the industrialized world and developing countries. The different treatments to fight against obesity are not very successful with the exception of gastric surgery. The mechanism behind the achievement of this procedure remains unclear although the modifications in the pattern of gastrointestinal hormones production appear to be responsible for the beneficial effect. The gastrointestinal tract has emerged in the last time as an endocrine organ in charge of response to the different stimulus related to nutritional status by the modulation of more than 30 signals acting at central level to modulate food intake and body weight. The production of some of these gastric derived signals has been proved to be altered in obesity (ghrelin, CCK, and GLP-1). In fact, bariatric surgery modifies the production of both gastrointestinal and adipose tissue peripheral signals beyond the gut microbiota composition. Through this paper the main peripheral signals altered in obesity will be reviewed together with their modifications after bariatric surgery.
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Barja-Fernandez S, Leis R, Casanueva FF, Seoane LM. Drug development strategies for the treatment of obesity: how to ensure efficacy, safety, and sustainable weight loss. Drug Des Devel Ther 2014; 8:2391-400. [PMID: 25489237 PMCID: PMC4257050 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s53129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity has increased worldwide, and approximately 25%-35% of the adult population is obese in some countries. The excess of body fat is associated with adverse health consequences. Considering the limited efficacy of diet and exercise in the current obese population and the use of bariatric surgery only for morbid obesity, it appears that drug therapy is the only available method to address the problem on a large scale. Currently, pharmacological obesity treatment options are limited. However, new antiobesity drugs acting through central nervous system pathways or the peripheral adiposity signals and gastrointestinal tract are under clinical development. One of the most promising approaches is the use of peptides that influence the peripheral satiety signals and brain-gut axis such as GLP-1 analogs. However, considering that any antiobesity drug may affect one or several of the systems that control food intake and energy expenditure, it is unlikely that a single pharmacological agent will be effective as a striking obesity treatment. Thus, future strategies to treat obesity will need to be directed at sustainable weight loss to ensure maximal safety. This strategy will probably require the coadministration of medications that act through different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Barja-Fernandez
- Grupo Fisiopatología Endocrina, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Departamento de Pediatría, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - R Leis
- Departamento de Pediatría, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - FF Casanueva
- CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (USC) Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - LM Seoane
- Grupo Fisiopatología Endocrina, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Kinsey SG, Cole EC. Acute Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol blocks gastric hemorrhages induced by the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac sodium in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 715:111-6. [PMID: 23769745 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which are among the most widely used analgesics in the world, cause gastrointestinal inflammation that is potentially life-threatening. Although inhibitors of endocannabinoid catabolic enzymes protect against gastropathy in fasted NSAID-treated mice, the gastroprotective effects of Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the primary psychoactive component of marijuana, have yet to be investigated. Male C57BL/6J mice were fasted, administered vehicle or Δ(9)-THC (.01-50mg/kg; oral or intraperitoneal), and then treated with the NSAID diclofenac sodium (100mg/kg, p.o.) to induce gastric lesions. In separate groups of mice, the cannabimimetic behavioral effects of Δ(9)-THC given via each route of administration were compared using a battery of tests, consisting of assessment of locomotor activity, nociception in the tail withdrawal test, catalepsy in the bar test, and hypothermia. Δ(9)-THC dose-dependently attenuated diclofenac-induced gastric hemorrhagic streaks through both p.o. and i.p. routes of administration (ED50 (95% confidence interval)=0.64 (0.26-1.55)mg/kg and 0.06 (0.01-0.34) mg/kg, respectively). Δ(9)-THC given i.p. was 2-3 orders of magnitude more potent in reducing diclofenac-induced gastric ulcers than in producing locomotor immobility, antinociception, hypothermia, and catalepsy, while the potency of ratio of p.o. Δ(9)-THC between each behavior measure was 7-18. These data indicate that the phytocannabinoid Δ(9)-THC protects against diclofenac-induced gastric inflammatory tissue damage at doses insufficient to cause common cannabinoid side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven G Kinsey
- Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506-6040, USA.
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14
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Schicho R, Storr M. Targeting the endocannabinoid system for gastrointestinal diseases: future therapeutic strategies. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2012; 3:193-207. [PMID: 22111567 DOI: 10.1586/ecp.09.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoids extracted from the marijuana plant (Cannabis sativa) and synthetic cannabinoids have numerous effects on gastrointestinal (GI) functions. Recent experimental data support an important role for cannabinoids in GI diseases. Genetic studies in humans have proven that defects in endocannabinoid metabolism underlie functional GI disorders. Mammalian cells have machinery, the so-called endocannabinoid system (ECS), to produce and metabolize their own cannabinoids in order to control homeostasis of the gut in a rapidly adapting manner. Pharmacological manipulation of the ECS by cannabinoids, or by drugs that raise the levels of endogenous cannabinoids, have shown beneficial effects on GI pathophysiology. This review gives an introduction into the functions of the ECS in the GI tract, highlights the role of the ECS in GI diseases and addresses its potential pharmacological exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Schicho
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, 6D25, TRW Building, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary T2N 4N1, AB, Canada.
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Alternative targets within the endocannabinoid system for future treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY = JOURNAL CANADIEN DE GASTROENTEROLOGIE 2011; 25:377-83. [PMID: 21876860 DOI: 10.1155/2011/953975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Many beneficial effects of herbal and synthetic cannabinoids on gut motility and inflammation have been demonstrated, suggesting a vast potential for these compounds in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. These effects are based on the so-called 'endocannabinoid system' (ECS), a cooperating network of molecules that regulate the metabolism of the body's own and of exogenously administered cannabinoids. The ECS in the gastrointestinal tract quickly responds to homeostatic disturbances by de novo synthesis of its components to maintain homeostasis, thereby offering many potential targets for pharmacological intervention. Of major therapeutic interest are nonpsychoactive cannabinoids or compounds that do not directly target cannabinoid receptors but still possess cannabinoid-like properties. Drugs that inhibit endocannabinoid degradation and raise the level of endocannabinoids are becoming increasingly promising alternative therapeutic tools to manipulate the ECS.
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Kinsey SG, Nomura DK, O'Neal ST, Long JZ, Mahadevan A, Cravatt BF, Grider JR, Lichtman AH. Inhibition of monoacylglycerol lipase attenuates nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced gastric hemorrhages in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2011; 338:795-802. [PMID: 21659471 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.175778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used analgesics, but can cause gastric and esophageal hemorrhages, erosion, and ulceration. The endogenous cannabinoid (endocannabinoid; eCB) system possesses several potential targets to reduce gastric inflammatory states, including cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB(1)), cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB(2)), and enzymes that regulate the eCB ligands 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and N-arachidonoyl ethanolamine (anandamide; AEA). In the presented study, we tested whether 4-nitrophenyl 4-(dibenzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl(hydroxy)methyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate (JZL184), a selective inhibitor of the primary catabolic enzyme of 2-AG, monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), would protect against NSAID-induced gastric damage. Food-deprived mice administered the nonselective cyclooxygenase inhibitor diclofenac sodium displayed gastric hemorrhages and increases in proinflammatory cytokines. JZL184, the proton pump inhibitor omeprazole (positive control), or the primary constituent of marijuana, Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), significantly prevented diclofenac-induced gastric hemorrhages. JZL184 also increased stomach levels of 2-AG, but had no effect on AEA, arachidonic acid, or the prostaglandins E(2) and D(2). MAGL inhibition fully blocked diclofenac-induced increases in gastric levels of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor α, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, as well as IL-10. Pharmacological inhibition or genetic deletion of CB(1) or CB(2) revealed that the gastroprotective effects of JZL184 and THC were mediated via CB(1). The antihemorrhagic effects of JZL184 persisted with repeated administration, indicating a lack of tolerance. These data indicate that increasing 2-AG protects against gastric damage induced by NSAIDs, and its primary catabolic enzyme MAGL offers a promising target for the development of analgesic therapeutics possessing gastroprotective properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven G Kinsey
- Department of Psychology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA.
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Xian XS, Park H, Cho YK, Lee IS, Kim SW, Choi MG, Chung IS, Han KH, Park JM. Effect of a synthetic cannabinoid agonist on the proliferation and invasion of gastric cancer cells. J Cell Biochem 2010; 110:321-32. [PMID: 20336665 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Although cannabinoids are associated with antineoplastic activity in a number of cancer cell types, the effect in gastric cancer cells has not been clarified. In the present study, we investigated the effects of a cannabinoid agonist on gastric cancer cell proliferation and invasion. The cannabinoid agonist WIN 55,212-2 inhibited the proliferation of human gastric cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner and that this effect was mediated partially by the CB(1) receptor. We also found that WIN 55,212-2 induced apoptosis and down-regulation of the phospho-AKT expression in human gastric cancer cells. Furthermore, WIN 55,212-2 treatment inhibited the invasion of gastric cancer cells, and down-regulated the expression of MMP-2 and VEGF-A through the cannabinoid receptors. Our results open the possibilities in using cannabinoids as a new gastric cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Shu Xian
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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Izzo AA, Sharkey KA. Cannabinoids and the gut: new developments and emerging concepts. Pharmacol Ther 2010; 126:21-38. [PMID: 20117132 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 12/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis has been used to treat gastrointestinal (GI) conditions that range from enteric infections and inflammatory conditions to disorders of motility, emesis and abdominal pain. The mechanistic basis of these treatments emerged after the discovery of Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol as the major constituent of Cannabis. Further progress was made when the receptors for Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol were identified as part of an endocannabinoid system, that consists of specific cannabinoid receptors, endogenous ligands and their biosynthetic and degradative enzymes. Anatomical, physiological and pharmacological studies have shown that the endocannabinoid system is widely distributed throughout the gut, with regional variation and organ-specific actions. It is involved in the regulation of food intake, nausea and emesis, gastric secretion and gastroprotection, GI motility, ion transport, visceral sensation, intestinal inflammation and cell proliferation in the gut. Cellular targets have been defined that include the enteric nervous system, epithelial and immune cells. Molecular targets of the endocannabinoid system include, in addition to the cannabinoid receptors, transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 receptors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha receptors and the orphan G-protein coupled receptors, GPR55 and GPR119. Pharmacological agents that act on these targets have been shown in preclinical models to have therapeutic potential. Here, we discuss cannabinoid receptors and their localization in the gut, the proteins involved in endocannabinoid synthesis and degradation and the presence of endocannabinoids in the gut in health and disease. We focus on the pharmacological actions of cannabinoids in relation to GI disorders, highlighting recent data on genetic mutations in the endocannabinoid system in GI disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo A Izzo
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, University of Naples Federico II and Endocannabinoid Research Group, Naples, Italy.
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Borrelli F, Izzo AA. Role of acylethanolamides in the gastrointestinal tract with special reference to food intake and energy balance. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 23:33-49. [PMID: 19285259 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2008.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Acylethanolamides (AEs) are a group of lipids occurring in both plants and animals. The best-studied AEs are the endocannabinoid anandamide (AEA), the anti-inflammatory compound palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), and the potent anorexigenic molecule oleoylethanolamide (OEA). AEs are biosynthesized in the gastrointestinal tract, and their levels may change in response to noxious stimuli, food deprivation or diet-induced obesity. The biological actions of AEs within the gut are not limited to the modulation of food intake and energy balance. For example, AEs exert potential beneficial effects in the regulation of intestinal motility, secretion, inflammation and cellular proliferation. Molecular targets of AEs, which have been identified in the gastrointestinal tract, include cannabinoid CB(1) and CB(2) receptors (activated by AEA), transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1, activated by AEA and OEA), the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-alpha, activated by OEA and, to a less extent, by PEA), and the orphan G-coupled receptors GPR119 (activated by OEA) and GPR55 (activated by PEA and, with lower potency, by AEA and OEA). Modulation of AE levels in the gut may provide new pharmacological strategies not only for the treatment of feeding disorders but also for the prevention or cure of widespread intestinal diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease and colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Borrelli
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, University of Naples Federico II and Endocannabinoid Research Group, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
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[Esthetic-preventive conservation of first molars in mixed dentition]. Handb Exp Pharmacol 1990; 231:423-47. [PMID: 2640817 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-20825-1_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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