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Marino M, Cannarella R, Condorelli RA, Crafa A, La Vignera S, Calogero AE. New Insights of Target Therapy: Effects of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors on Male Gonadal Function: A Systematic Review. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2024; 22:102131. [PMID: 38901138 DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2024.102131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
The number of cancer patients undergoing chronic treatment with target therapy is increasing. Although much is known about the toxicity of conventional anticancer therapies, evidence on the effects of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) on fertility is still lacking. Therefore, this review was undertaken to evaluate the effects of TKIs on male gonadal function. A comprehensive search of PubMed and Scopus databases was conducted, focusing on the effects of TKIs on spermatogenesis and testicular endocrine function. We included animal studies, observational studies, and case reports published up to December 31, 2023. Identified articles were reviewed and analyzed to evaluate the impact of TKIs on the male gonad. Their long-term effects, the reversibility of the observed changes, and the underlying molecular mechanisms involved were recorded. The findings emerging on the effects of TKIs on male gonadal function are conflicting. Although specific TKIs (imatinib, gefitinib, sorafenib, sunitinib, quizartinib, dasatinib, and nilotinib) have been identified as potentially as potential interfering with spermatogenesis and hormone production, the extent and severity of these effects may vary from patient to patient and between different drugs within this drug class. Experimental studies on mouse models have suggested a potential interference with spermatogenesis. Evidence also suggests that TKIs affects the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis, decreasing serum testosterone and gonadotropin levels. The effects of TKIs on male gonadal function highlight the need for personalized treatment choices. Potential fertility concerns can help minimize adverse effects and improve patient outcomes. Addressing the potential impact of TKIs on male fertility helps optimize cancer treatment and survival outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Marino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Rossella Cannarella
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Glickman Urological & Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH.
| | - Rosita A Condorelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Andrea Crafa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Sandro La Vignera
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Aldo E Calogero
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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2
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Sevilla A, Grichnik J. Therapeutic modulation of KIT ligand in melanocytic disorders with implications for mast cell diseases. Exp Dermatol 2024; 33:e15091. [PMID: 38711220 DOI: 10.1111/exd.15091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
KIT ligand and its associated receptor KIT serve as a master regulatory system for both melanocytes and mast cells controlling survival, migration, proliferation and activation. Blockade of this pathway results in cell depletion, while overactivation leads to mastocytosis or melanoma. Expression defects are associated with pigmentary and mast cell disorders. KIT ligand regulation is complex but efficient targeting of this system would be of significant benefit to those suffering from melanocytic or mast cell disorders. Herein, we review the known associations of this pathway with cutaneous diseases and the regulators of this system both in skin and in the more well-studied germ cell system. Exogenous agents modulating this pathway will also be presented. Ultimately, we will review potential therapeutic opportunities to help our patients with melanocytic and mast cell disease processes potentially including vitiligo, hair greying, melasma, urticaria, mastocytosis and melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec Sevilla
- Department of Dermatology, New York Medical College, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lakeland Regional Health, Lakeland, Florida, USA
| | - James Grichnik
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA
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3
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Jorge BC, Stein J, Reis ACC, de Matos Manoel B, Nagaoka LT, Arena AC. Insights from the maternal lineage of the F2 generation after exposure to an environmentally relevant dose of benzo(a)pyrene in the male rats of F0 generation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:110363-110376. [PMID: 37783996 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30089-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) is a substance with the potential to induce endocrine disruption in the F0 generation and cause adverse multigenerational effects (F1 generation) for reproductive parameters in rats. The objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence of transgenerational inheritance in the reproductive aspects of male and female rats belonging to the F2 generation (MF2). This investigation was conducted following the exposure of male rats from the F0 generation to BaP to assess potential effects on subsequent generation from the maternal lineage (F1). For that, juvenile male Wistar rats (F0) were orally exposed to BaP (0.1 µg/kg/day) for 31 consecutive days. In adulthood, they were mated with untreated females to obtain female offspring (F1), which later produced the MF2. In the MF2 generation, both males and females exhibited increased body weight on postnatal day (PND) 1. In MF2 males, we observed delayed preputial separation, altered pup weight, reduced levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), increased intratesticular testosterone levels, decreased type A sperm, epididymal disturbances, reduced 5 α-reductase activity, increased testicular proliferation, and alterations in testicular antioxidant enzymes. In MF2 females, we noted morphological uterine enlargement, reduced sexual activity, and decreased progesterone levels. The findings suggest that the alterations observed in both MF2 males and females can be attributed to modifications in the sperm from F0 generation, which were subsequently transmitted to F1 females and MF2 generation due to BaP exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Campos Jorge
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University (Unesp), District of Rubião Junior, S/N, code post - 510, Botucatu, São Paulo, CEP: 18618970, Brazil.
| | - Julia Stein
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University (Unesp), District of Rubião Junior, S/N, code post - 510, Botucatu, São Paulo, CEP: 18618970, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Casali Reis
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University (Unesp), District of Rubião Junior, S/N, code post - 510, Botucatu, São Paulo, CEP: 18618970, Brazil
| | - Beatriz de Matos Manoel
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University (Unesp), District of Rubião Junior, S/N, code post - 510, Botucatu, São Paulo, CEP: 18618970, Brazil
| | - Lívia Trippe Nagaoka
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University (Unesp), District of Rubião Junior, S/N, code post - 510, Botucatu, São Paulo, CEP: 18618970, Brazil
| | - Arielle Cristina Arena
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University (Unesp), District of Rubião Junior, S/N, code post - 510, Botucatu, São Paulo, CEP: 18618970, Brazil
- Information and Toxicological Assistance Center (CIATOX), Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University (Unesp), São Paulo, Brazil
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4
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Gardner CC, James PF. Na +/H + Exchangers (NHEs) in Mammalian Sperm: Essential Contributors to Male Fertility. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14981. [PMID: 37834431 PMCID: PMC10573352 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Na+/H+ exchangers (NHEs) are known to be important regulators of pH in multiple intracellular compartments of eukaryotic cells. Sperm function is especially dependent on changes in pH and thus it has been postulated that NHEs play important roles in regulating the intracellular pH of these cells. For example, in order to achieve fertilization, mature sperm must maintain a basal pH in the male reproductive tract and then alkalize in response to specific signals in the female reproductive tract during the capacitation process. Eight NHE isoforms are expressed in mammalian testis/sperm: NHE1, NHE3, NHE5, NHE8, NHA1, NHA2, NHE10, and NHE11. These NHE isoforms are expressed at varying times during spermatogenesis and localize to different subcellular structures in developing and mature sperm where they contribute to multiple aspects of sperm physiology and male fertility including proper sperm development/morphogenesis, motility, capacitation, and the acrosome reaction. Previous work has provided evidence for NHE3, NHE8, NHA1, NHA2, and NHE10 being critical for male fertility in mice and NHE10 has recently been shown to be essential for male fertility in humans. In this article we review what is known about each NHE isoform expressed in mammalian sperm and discuss the physiological significance of each NHE isoform with respect to male fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul F. James
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA;
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5
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Reifarth L, Körber H, Packeiser EM, Goericke-Pesch S. Detection of spermatogonial stem cells in testicular tissue of dogs with chronic asymptomatic orchitis. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1205064. [PMID: 37396999 PMCID: PMC10311113 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1205064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic asymptomatic idiopathic orchitis (CAO) is an important but neglected cause of acquired infertility due to non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) in male dogs. The similarity of the pathophysiology in infertile dogs and men supports the dog's suitability as a possible animal model for studying human diseases causing disruption of spermatogenesis and evaluating the role of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) as a new therapeutic approach to restore or recover fertility in cases of CAO. To investigate the survival of resilient stem cells, the expression of the protein gene product (PGP9.5), deleted in azoospermia like (DAZL), foxo transcription factor 1 (FOXO1) and tyrosine-kinase receptor (C-Kit) were evaluated in healthy and CAO-affected canine testes. Our data confirmed the presence of all investigated germ cell markers at mRNA and protein levels. In addition, we postulate a specific expression pattern of FOXO1 and C-Kit in undifferentiated and differentiating spermatogonia, respectively, whereas DAZL and PGP9.5 expressions were confirmed in the entire spermatogonial population. Furthermore, this is the first study revealing a significant reduction of PGP9.5, DAZL, and FOXO1 in CAO at protein and/or gene expression level indicating a severe disruption of spermatogenesis. This means that chronic asymptomatic inflammatory changes in CAO testis are accompanied by a significant loss of SSCs. Notwithstanding, our data confirm the survival of putative stem cells with the potential of self-renewal and differentiation and lay the groundwork for further research into stem cell-based therapeutic options to reinitialize spermatogenesis in canine CAO-affected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sandra Goericke-Pesch
- Reproductive Unit – Clinic for Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
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6
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Testosterone secretion is affected by receptor tyrosine kinase c-Kit and anoctamin 1 activation in mouse Leydig cells. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL REPRODUCTION AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.12750/jarb.37.2.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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7
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Himelreich-Perić M, Katušić-Bojanac A, Hohšteter M, Sinčić N, Mužić-Radović V, Ježek D. Mast Cells in the Mammalian Testis and Epididymis-Animal Models and Detection Methods. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052547. [PMID: 35269690 PMCID: PMC8909951 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are an evolutionary well-conserved type of cells, mediating and modulating allergic responses in innate immunity and tissue remodeling after chronic inflammation. Among other tissues, they inhabit both the testis and epididymis. In the testis, MCs usually appear in the interstitial compartment in humans, but not in other standard experimental models, like rats and mice. MCs seem to be responsible for testicular tissue fibrosis in different causes of infertility. Although experimental animal models follow the effect on MC activation or penetration to the interstitial tissue like in humans to some extent, there is an inconsistency in the available literature regarding experimental design, animal strain, and detection methods used. This comprehensive review offers an insight into the literature on MCs in mammalian testes and epididymides. We aimed to find the most suitable model for research on MC and offer recommendations for future experimental designs. When using in vivo animal models, tunica albuginea incorporation and standard histological assessment need to be included. Domesticated boar strains kept in modified controlled conditions exhibit the highest similarity to the MC distribution in the human testis. 3D testicular models are promising but need further fine-tuning to become a valid model for MC investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Himelreich-Perić
- Scientific Centre of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.K.-B.); (N.S.); (D.J.)
- Department of Biology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Correspondence:
| | - Ana Katušić-Bojanac
- Scientific Centre of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.K.-B.); (N.S.); (D.J.)
- Department of Biology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marko Hohšteter
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Nino Sinčić
- Scientific Centre of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.K.-B.); (N.S.); (D.J.)
- Department of Biology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vedrana Mužić-Radović
- Hospital for Medical Rehabilitation of the Health and Lung Diseases and Rheumatism “Thalassotherapia-Opatija”, 51410 Opatija, Croatia;
| | - Davor Ježek
- Scientific Centre of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.K.-B.); (N.S.); (D.J.)
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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8
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El-Fakharany YM, Mohamed EM, Etewa RL, Abdel Hamid OI. Selenium nanoparticles alleviate lead acetate-induced toxicological and morphological changes in rat testes through modulation of calmodulin-related genes expression. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2022; 36:e23017. [PMID: 35194871 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is one of the most common toxic heavy metals. It is a well-known testicular toxicant. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) are a more effective form of elemental selenium that reduces drug-induced toxicities. This study aimed to study the possible ameliorating effect of SeNPs on the toxicological and morphological changes in testes of lead acetate intoxicated rats. The study was conducted on 40 adult male albino rats divided into four groups; control, SeNPs-treated, lead acetate-treated, lead acetate and SeNPS treated groups. The concurrent treatment of lead acetate-exposed rats with SeNPs (0.1 mg/kg/day) for 12 weeks significantly lowered the blood and testicular lead levels, increased serum testosterone, and decreased luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone to approach control values. In addition, it improved the histopathological, and ultrastructural alterations of the testes and improved the immunohistochemical expression of the c-kit. This was accompanied by maintenance of the testicular oxidant/antioxidant balance and reversing the lead-induced disrupted calmodulin-related genes expression in testicular tissue in the form of downregulation of CAMMK2 and MAP2K6 and upregulation of CXCR4 genes. There was a strong positive correlation between testicular malondialdehyde and MAP2K6 expression level as well as a strong positive correlation between CXCR4 gene expression and the C-kit area %. In conclusion, SeNPs can be considered as a potential therapy for a lead-induced testicular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yara M El-Fakharany
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Human Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Eman M Mohamed
- Department of Medical Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Human Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Rasha L Etewa
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omaima I Abdel Hamid
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Human Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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9
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Lee E, de Paula MN, Baek S, Ta HKK, Nguyen MT, Jeong TH, Kim CJ, Jang YJ, Choe H. Novel Bacterial Production of Two Different Bioactive Forms of Human Stem-Cell Factor. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126361. [PMID: 34198626 PMCID: PMC8232154 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human stem-cell factor (hSCF) stimulates the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of hematopoietic cells by binding to the c-Kit receptor. Various applications of hSCF require the efficient and reliable production of hSCF. hSCF exists in three forms: as two membrane-spanning proteins hSCF248 and hSCF229 and truncated soluble N-terminal protein hSCF164. hSCF164 is known to be insoluble when expressed in Escherichia coli cytoplasm, requiring a complex refolding procedure. The activity of hSCF248 has never been studied. Here, we investigated novel production methods for recombinant hSCF164 and hSCF248 without the refolding process. To increase the solubility of hSCF164, maltose-binding protein (MBP) and protein disulfide isomerase b’a’ domain (PDIb’a’) tags were attached to the N-terminus of hSCF164. These fusion proteins were overexpressed in soluble form in the Origami 2(DE3) E. coli strain. These solubilization effects were enhanced at a low temperature. His-hSCF248, the poly-His tagged form of hSCF248, was expressed in a highly soluble form without a solubilization tag protein, which was unexpected because His-hSCF248 contains a transmembrane domain. hSCF164 was purified using affinity and ion-exchange chromatography, and His-hSCF248 was purified by ion-exchange and gel filtration chromatography. The purified proteins stimulated the proliferation of TF-1 cells. Interestingly, the EC50 value of His-hSCF248 was 1 pg/mL, 100-fold lower than 9 ng/mL hSCF164. Additionally, His-hSCF248 decreased the doubling time, increased the proportion of S and G2/M stages in the cell cycle, and increased the c-Myc expression at a 1000-fold lower concentration than hSCF164. In conclusion, His-hSCF248 was expressed in a soluble form in E. coli and had stronger activity than hSCF164. The molecular chaperone, MBP, enabled the soluble overexpression of hSCF164.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunyoung Lee
- Department of Physiology, Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea; (E.L.); (M.N.d.P.); (S.B.); (H.K.K.T.); (M.T.N.); (T.-H.J.); (Y.J.J.)
| | - Michelle Novais de Paula
- Department of Physiology, Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea; (E.L.); (M.N.d.P.); (S.B.); (H.K.K.T.); (M.T.N.); (T.-H.J.); (Y.J.J.)
| | - Sangki Baek
- Department of Physiology, Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea; (E.L.); (M.N.d.P.); (S.B.); (H.K.K.T.); (M.T.N.); (T.-H.J.); (Y.J.J.)
| | - Huynh Kim Khanh Ta
- Department of Physiology, Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea; (E.L.); (M.N.d.P.); (S.B.); (H.K.K.T.); (M.T.N.); (T.-H.J.); (Y.J.J.)
| | - Minh Tan Nguyen
- Department of Physiology, Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea; (E.L.); (M.N.d.P.); (S.B.); (H.K.K.T.); (M.T.N.); (T.-H.J.); (Y.J.J.)
| | - Taeck-Hyun Jeong
- Department of Physiology, Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea; (E.L.); (M.N.d.P.); (S.B.); (H.K.K.T.); (M.T.N.); (T.-H.J.); (Y.J.J.)
| | - Chong Jai Kim
- Department of Pathology, Asan-Minnesota Institute for Innovating Transplantation, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea;
| | - Yeon Jin Jang
- Department of Physiology, Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea; (E.L.); (M.N.d.P.); (S.B.); (H.K.K.T.); (M.T.N.); (T.-H.J.); (Y.J.J.)
| | - Han Choe
- Department of Physiology, Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea; (E.L.); (M.N.d.P.); (S.B.); (H.K.K.T.); (M.T.N.); (T.-H.J.); (Y.J.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-3010-4292; Fax: +82-2-3010-8148
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La H, Yoo H, Lee EJ, Thang NX, Choi HJ, Oh J, Park JH, Hong K. Insights from the Applications of Single-Cell Transcriptomic Analysis in Germ Cell Development and Reproductive Medicine. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E823. [PMID: 33467661 PMCID: PMC7829788 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanistic understanding of germ cell formation at a genome-scale level can aid in developing novel therapeutic strategies for infertility. Germ cell formation is a complex process that is regulated by various mechanisms, including epigenetic regulation, germ cell-specific gene transcription, and meiosis. Gonads contain a limited number of germ cells at various stages of differentiation. Hence, genome-scale analysis of germ cells at the single-cell level is challenging. Conventional genome-scale approaches cannot delineate the landscape of genomic, transcriptomic, and epigenomic diversity or heterogeneity in the differentiating germ cells of gonads. Recent advances in single-cell genomic techniques along with single-cell isolation methods, such as microfluidics and fluorescence-activated cell sorting, have helped elucidate the mechanisms underlying germ cell development and reproductive disorders in humans. In this review, the history of single-cell transcriptomic analysis and their technical advantages over the conventional methods have been discussed. Additionally, recent applications of single-cell transcriptomic analysis for analyzing germ cells have been summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kwonho Hong
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Regenerative Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.L.); (H.Y.); (E.J.L.); (N.X.T.); (H.J.C.); (J.O.); (J.H.P.)
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11
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Khanehzad M, Abbaszadeh R, Holakuyee M, Modarressi MH, Nourashrafeddin SM. FSH regulates RA signaling to commit spermatogonia into differentiation pathway and meiosis. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2021; 19:4. [PMID: 33407539 PMCID: PMC7789255 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-020-00686-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spermatogenesis is a complex process that is controlled by interactions between germ cells and somatic cells. The commitment of undifferentiated spermatogonia to differentiating spermatogonia and normal spermatogenesis requires the action of gonadotropins. Additionally, numerous studies revealed the role of retinoic acid signaling in induction of germ cell differentiation and meiosis entry. MAIN TEXT Recent studies have shown that expression of several RA signaling molecules including Rdh10, Aldh1a2, Crabp1/2 are influenced by changes in gonadotropin levels. Components of signaling pathways that are regulated by FSH signaling such as GDNF, Sohlh1/2, c-Kit, DMRT, BMP4 and NRGs along with transcription factors that are important for proliferation and differentiation of spermatogonia are also affected by retinoic acid signaling. CONCLUSION According to all studies that demonstrate the interface between FSH and RA signaling, we suggest that RA may trigger spermatogonia differentiation and initiation of meiosis through regulation by FSH signaling in testis. Therefore, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that the correlation between FSH and RA signaling in spermatogenesis is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Khanehzad
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roya Abbaszadeh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Seyed Mehdi Nourashrafeddin
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA.
- School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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12
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Francis F, Zhou M. Clinical Applications of Immunohistochemistry in Germ Cell Tumors in Men. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2195:13-29. [PMID: 32852754 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0860-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Germ cell tumors (GCT) in men comprise of tumor subtypes with distinct histomorphologies, genetic and genomic alterations, and clinical behavior. Immunohistochemical (IHC) markers, including many newly described nuclear transcription factors, are often applied in challenging cases to arrive at a correct diagnosis and classification, and to establish germ cell origin for metastatic tumors. However, there is no established role for IHC markers in prognosis and therapy response prediction in GCTs. This chapter briefly reviews the clinical utility of IHC in diagnosis and classification of GCTs, including technical aspects of performing IHC and clinical applications of commonly used IHC markers in the workup of common and clinically relevant diagnostic scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franto Francis
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ming Zhou
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA. .,Tufts Medical Center and Tufts School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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Li X, Dong L, Wang J, Sun S, Wang B, Li H. Effects of Zuogui Wan on testis structure and expression of c-Kit and Oct4 in rats with impaired spermatogenesis. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2020; 58:44-50. [PMID: 33826487 PMCID: PMC6968518 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2019.1693603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Zuogui Wan is a classic traditional Chinese prescription. Preliminary studies have confirmed that it could improve sperm quality significantly. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of Zuogui Wan on testis structure and c-kitproto-oncogeneprotein (c-Kit) and octamer-binding transcription factor-4 (Oct4) expression in a rat model of impaired spermatogenesis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Thirty-six Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into Blank control, Tripterygium glycosides (GTW) and Zuogui Wan groups (n = 12). GTW was used to generate models of impaired spermatogenesis. Then Zuogui Wan group was administered 6 g/kg/d of Zuogui Wan granules for 4 weeks. Changes in the pathological structure and ultrastructure were observed with optical microscope and transmission electron microscope. Expression of c-Kit and Oct4 were quantified by RT qPCR and Western blots. RESULTS Both the pathological damage and the damages in the ultrastructure of spermatogenic epithelium had improved in Zuogui Wan group. Compared with the GTW model group (0.47 ± 0.19; 0.38 ± 0.14), c-Kit and Oct4 protein expression increased in the Zuogui Wan group (0.75 ± 0.27; 0.65 ± 0.23). C-Kit and Oct4 mRNA expression increased in Zuogui Wan group (1.06 ± 0.16; 1.85 ± 1.04) compared to the GTW model group (0.66 ± 0.23; 0.46 ± 0.29). CONCLUSIONS Zuogui Wan is capable of restoring the damage to the testis structure and ultrastructure and regulates the expression of c-Kit and Oct4 at protein and mRNA levels, inhibiting apoptosis and promoting proliferation of spermatogenic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- Department of Andrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Andrology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Dong
- Department of Andrology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jingshang Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Song Sun
- Department of Surgery, Beijing Changping Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Andrology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Haisong Li
- Department of Andrology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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Xie Y, Wei BH, Ni FD, Yang WX. Conversion from spermatogonia to spermatocytes: Extracellular cues and downstream transcription network. Gene 2020; 764:145080. [PMID: 32858178 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.145080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Spermatocyte (spc) formation from spermatogonia (spg) differentiation is the first step of spermatogenesis which produces prodigious spermatozoa for a lifetime. After decades of studies, several factors involved in the functioning of a mouse were discovered both inside and outside spg. Considering the peculiar expression and working pattern of each factor, this review divides the whole conversion of spg to spc into four consecutive development processes with a focus on extracellular cues and downstream transcription network in each one. Potential coordination among Dmrt1, Sohlh1/2 and BMP families mediates Ngn3 upregulation, which marks progenitor spg, with other changes. After that, retinoic acid (RA), as a master regulator, promotes A1 spg formation with its helpers and Sall4. A1-to-B spg transition is under the control of Kitl and impulsive RA signaling together with early and late transcription factors Stra8 and Dmrt6. Finally, RA and its responsive effectors conduct the entry into meiosis. The systematic transcription network from outside to inside still needs research to supplement or settle the controversials in each process. As a step further ahead, this review provides possible drug targets for infertility therapy by cross-linking humans and mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xie
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bang-Hong Wei
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fei-Da Ni
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wan-Xi Yang
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Gaudichon J, Jakobczyk H, Debaize L, Cousin E, Galibert MD, Troadec MB, Gandemer V. Mechanisms of extramedullary relapse in acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Reconciling biological concepts and clinical issues. Blood Rev 2019; 36:40-56. [PMID: 31010660 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Long-term survival rates in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are currently above 85% due to huge improvements in treatment. However, 15-20% of children still experience relapses. Relapses can either occur in the bone marrow or at extramedullary sites, such as gonads or the central nervous system (CNS), formerly referred to as ALL-blast sanctuaries. The reason why ALL cells migrate to and stay in these sites is still unclear. In this review, we have attempted to assemble the evidence concerning the microenvironmental factors that could explain why ALL cells reside in such sites. We present criteria that make extramedullary leukemia niches and solid tumor metastatic niches comparable. Indeed, considering extramedullary leukemias as metastases could be a useful approach for proposing more effective treatments. In this context, we conclude with several examples of potential niche-based therapies which could be successfully added to current treatments of ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Gaudichon
- CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes), Univ Rennes, UMR 6290, Rennes F-35000, France; Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Department, University Hospital, Caen, France.
| | - Hélène Jakobczyk
- CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes), Univ Rennes, UMR 6290, Rennes F-35000, France
| | - Lydie Debaize
- CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes), Univ Rennes, UMR 6290, Rennes F-35000, France
| | - Elie Cousin
- CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes), Univ Rennes, UMR 6290, Rennes F-35000, France; Pediatric Hematology Department, University Hospital, Rennes, France
| | - Marie-Dominique Galibert
- CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes), Univ Rennes, UMR 6290, Rennes F-35000, France.
| | - Marie-Bérengère Troadec
- CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes), Univ Rennes, UMR 6290, Rennes F-35000, France
| | - Virginie Gandemer
- CNRS, IGDR (Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes), Univ Rennes, UMR 6290, Rennes F-35000, France; Pediatric Hematology Department, University Hospital, Rennes, France.
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16
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Abstract
KIT is a receptor tyrosine kinase that after binding to its ligand stem cell factor activates signaling cascades linked to biological processes such as proliferation, differentiation, migration and cell survival. Based on studies performed on SCF and/or KIT mutant animals that presented anemia, sterility, and/or pigmentation disorders, KIT signaling was mainly considered to be involved in the regulation of hematopoiesis, gametogenesis, and melanogenesis. More recently, novel animal models and ameliorated cellular and molecular techniques have led to the discovery of a widen repertoire of tissue compartments and functions that are being modulated by KIT. This is the case for the lung, heart, nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, kidney, liver, and bone. For this reason, the tyrosine kinase inhibitors that were originally developed for the treatment of hemato-oncological diseases are being currently investigated for the treatment of non-oncological disorders such as asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, and alzheimer's disease, among others. The beneficial effects of some of these tyrosine kinase inhibitors have been proven to depend on KIT inhibition. This review will focus on KIT expression and regulation in healthy and pathologic conditions other than cancer. Moreover, advances in the development of anti-KIT therapies, including tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and their application will be discussed.
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17
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Reappraising the microscopic anatomy of human testis: identification of telocyte networks in the peritubular and intertubular stromal space. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14780. [PMID: 30283023 PMCID: PMC6170475 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33126-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Telocytes are a recently described stromal cell type widely distributed in various organs including the female and male reproductive systems. This study was aimed to investigate for the first time the existence, distribution and characteristics of telocytes in normal human testis by an integrated morphological approach (immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy). We found that telocytes displaying typical long and moniliform prolongations and coexpressing CD34 and PDGFRα formed networks in the outer layer of peritubular tissue and around Leydig cells and vessels in the intertubular stroma. Testicular telocytes were immunophenotypically negative for CD31, c-kit/CD117 as well as α-SMA, thus making them clearly distinguishable from myoid cells/myofibroblasts located in the inner layer of peritubular tissue. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the presence of cells ultrastructurally identifiable as telocytes (i.e. cells with telopodes alternating podomers and podoms) in the aforementioned locations. Intercellular contacts between neighboring telocytes and telopodes were observed throughout the testicular stromal compartment. Telopodes intimately surrounded and often established close contacts with peritubular myoid cells/myofibroblasts, Leydig cells and vessels. Extracellular vesicles were also frequently detected near telopodes. In summary, we demonstrated that telocytes are a previously neglected stromal component of human testis with potential implications in tissue homeostasis deserving further investigation.
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Laldinsangi C, Senthilkumaran B. Expression profiling of c-kit and its impact after esiRNA silencing during gonadal development in catfish. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2018; 266:38-51. [PMID: 29625123 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Receptor, c-Kit is a member of a family of growth factor receptors that have tyrosine kinase activity, and are involved in the transduction of growth regulatory signals across plasma membrane by activation of its ligand, kitl/scf. The present study analyzed mRNA and protein expression profiles of c-kit in the gonads of catfish, Clarias gariepinus, using real time PCR, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Tissue distribution analysis revealed higher expression mainly in the catfish gonads. Ontogeny studies showed minimal expression during early developmental stages and highest during 50-75 days post hatch, and the dimorphic expression in gonads decreased gradually till adulthood, which might suggest an important role for this gene around later stages of sex differentiation and gonadal development. Expression of c-kit was analyzed at various phases of gonadal cycle in both male and female, which showed minimal expression during the resting phase, and higher expression during the pre-spawning phase in male compared to females. In vitro and in vivo induction using human chorionic gonadotropin elevated the expression of c-kit indicating the regulatory influence of hypothalamo-hypophyseal axis. In vivo transient gene silencing using c-kit-esiRNA in adult catfish during gonadal recrudescence showed a decrease in c-kit expression, which affected the expression levels of germ cell meiotic marker sycp3, as well as several factors and steroidogenic enzyme genes that are involved in germ cell development. Decrease in the levels of 11-ketotestosterone and testosterone in serum were also observed after esiRNA silencing. The findings suggests that c-kit has an important role in the process of germ cell proliferation, development and maturation during gonadal development and recrudescence in catfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Laldinsangi
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
| | - B Senthilkumaran
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India.
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19
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von Kopylow K, Spiess AN. Human spermatogonial markers. Stem Cell Res 2017; 25:300-309. [PMID: 29239848 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we provide an up-to-date compilation of published human spermatogonial markers, with focus on the three nuclear subtypes Adark, Apale and B. In addition, we have extended our recently published list of putative spermatogonial markers with protein expression and RNA-sequencing data from the Human Protein Atlas and supported these by literature evidence. Most importantly, we have put substantial effort in acquiring a comprehensive list of new and potentially interesting markers by refiltering the raw data of 15 published germ cell expression datasets (four human, eleven rodent) and subsequent building of intersections to acquire a robust, cross-species set of spermatogonia-enriched or -specific transcripts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrein von Kopylow
- Department of Andrology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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20
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Figueira MI, Cardoso HJ, Correia S, Maia CJ, Socorro S. The stem cell factor (SCF)/c-KIT system in carcinogenesis of reproductive tissues: What does the hormonal regulation tell us? Cancer Lett 2017; 405:10-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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22
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Clark AT, Gkountela S, Chen D, Liu W, Sosa E, Sukhwani M, Hennebold JD, Orwig KE. Primate Primordial Germ Cells Acquire Transplantation Potential by Carnegie Stage 23. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 9:329-341. [PMID: 28579394 PMCID: PMC5511048 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are the earliest embryonic progenitors in the germline. Correct formation of PGCs is critical to reproductive health as an adult. Recent work has shown that primate PGCs can be differentiated from pluripotent stem cells; however, a bioassay that supports their identity as transplantable germ cells has not been reported. Here, we adopted a xenotransplantation assay by transplanting single-cell suspensions of human and nonhuman primate embryonic Macaca mulatta (rhesus macaque) testes containing PGCs into the seminiferous tubules of adult busulfan-treated nude mice. We discovered that both human and nonhuman primate embryonic testis are xenotransplantable, generating colonies while not generating tumors. Taken together, this work provides two critical references (molecular and functional) for defining transplantable primate PGCs. These results provide a blueprint for differentiating pluripotent stem cells to transplantable PGC-like cells in a species that is amenable to transplantation and fertility studies. Rhesus PGCs in Carnegie stage 23 correspond to human PGCs at 8–10 weeks Carnegie stage 23 PGCs co-express cKIT, OCT4, TFAP2C, BLIMP1, SOX17, and VASA Carnegie stage 23 PGCs generate colonies following xenotransplantation Carnegie stage 23 PGCs do not yield tumors following xenotransplantation
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Affiliation(s)
- Amander T Clark
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Sofia Gkountela
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Di Chen
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Wanlu Liu
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Enrique Sosa
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Meena Sukhwani
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences and Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jon D Hennebold
- Division of Reproductive & Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Kyle E Orwig
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences and Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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23
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Laheri S, Modi D, Bhatt P. Extra-oviductal expression of oviductal glycoprotein 1 in mouse: Detection in testis, epididymis and ovary. J Biosci 2017; 42:69-80. [PMID: 28229966 DOI: 10.1007/s12038-016-9657-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Oviductal glycoprotein 1 (OVGP1), also called oviductin, is an oviduct-specific protein and is suggested to play a role in fertilization. Traditionally, Ovgp1 has been shown to be exclusively expressed by the oviduct; however, recent studies have demonstrated its expression in some cancers. This observation led us to hypothesize that Ovgp1 might have some extra-oviductal expression. In the current study, we evaluated the mRNA and protein expression of Ovgp1 in normal reproductive tissues of male and female mice. For the first time, we demonstrate that beyond the oviduct, Ovgp1 mRNA is expressed in the testis, epididymis and ovary, but not in the uterus, cervix, vagina, breast, seminal vesicles and prostate gland. In the testis, Ovgp1 mRNA was localized in the cells at the base of seminiferous tubules (most likely, Sertoli cells), while the protein was detected in the round and elongating spermatids. In the epididymis, Ovgp1 transcripts were localized in epididymal epithelium of the caput but not the corpus and cauda; OVGP1 protein was, however, not detected in any of the segments but was present in the epididymal sperm. In the ovary, Ovgp1 transcripts and protein were detected in the surface epithelium, granulosa cells of the preantral and the antral follicles and corpus luteum. In both, the ovary and oviduct, the expression of Ovgp1 was found to be higher at estrus stage than at diestrus stage. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating the extra-oviductal expression of Ovgp1. Our data suggests that, beyond fertilization, Ovgp1 might have specific roles in gonadal physiology. [Laheri S, Modi D and Bhatt P 2017 Extra-oviductal expression of oviductal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saniya Laheri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunandan Divatia School of Science, NMIMS University, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai 400 056, India
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25
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Qin Q, Liu J, Ma Y, Wang Y, Zhang F, Gao S, Dong L. Aberrant expressions of stem cell factor/c-KIT in rat testis with varicocele. J Formos Med Assoc 2016; 116:542-548. [PMID: 27707610 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Varicocele (VC) is considered by the World Health Organization as the main cause of male infertility. Studies have shown that VC can affect spermatogenesis and then result in male infertility. But the exact mechanism by which VC affects spermatogenesis is still unclear. Stem cell factor (SCF) and c-KIT receptor are crucial molecules during spermatogenesis in testis. This study aims to investigate whether SCF/c-KIT signaling is involved in the pathophysiology of VC on spermatogenesis. METHODS Rat models of VC were built (n = 13), and sham-operated rats were used as controls (n = 8). The seminiferous tubules of the testis were observed with hematoxylin and eosin staining, expression of SCF was analyzed via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot, and expression of c-KIT was assessed with Western blot and immunofluorescence. RESULTS Compared with controls, the seminiferous epithelium was disorganized and had significantly fewer cells in the testes of rats with VC. Expression of SCF increased in testes of VC rats, while expression of c-KIT was decreased. CONCLUSION These results suggest that sperm counts in seminiferous epithelium are affected by VC, and the SCF/c-KIT system is aberrantly expressed in VC testis, which could be involved in male infertility caused by VC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Qin
- Central Laboratory, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliate of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Jianrong Liu
- Central Laboratory, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliate of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China; Reproductive Medical Department, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliate of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.
| | - Yuehong Ma
- Central Laboratory, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliate of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Yimin Wang
- Central Laboratory, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliate of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliate of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Songdan Gao
- Central Laboratory, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliate of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Lina Dong
- Central Laboratory, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliate of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
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Comprehensive Immunophenotypic Characterization of Adult and Fetal Testes, the Excretory Duct System, and Testicular and Epididymal Appendages. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2016; 24:e50-68. [DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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27
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Spermatogonial cells: mouse, monkey and man comparison. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 59:79-88. [PMID: 26957475 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In all mammals, spermatogonia are defined as constituting the mitotic compartment of spermatogenesis including stem, undifferentiated and differentiating cell types, possessing distinct morphological and molecular characteristics. Even though the real nature of the spermatogonial stem cell and its regulation is still debated the general consensus holds that in steady-state spermatogenesis the stem cell compartment needs to balance differentiation versus self-renewal. This review highlights current understanding of spermatogonial biology, the kinetics of amplification and the signals directing spermatogonial differentiation in mammals. The focus will be on relevant similarities and differences between rodents and non human and human primates.
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28
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Mostafa HES, Abd El-Baset SA, Kattaia AAA, Zidan RA, Al Sadek MMA. Efficacy of naringenin against permethrin-induced testicular toxicity in rats. Int J Exp Pathol 2016; 97:37-49. [PMID: 26867500 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Permethrin (PM), a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide, has broad toxicity spectra. We aimed to investigate the effects of PM on the testes of adult albino rats, examine the recovery response and evaluate the efficacy of naringenin (NG) supplementation. Adult male albino rats were randomly assigned to five groups of six each: control, NG (50 mg/kg), PM (70 mg/kg), recovery (after subsequent withdrawal of PM) and NG-PM group. All treatments were given by oral gavage for 6 weeks and another 3 weeks for the recovery group. At the time of sacrifice, each testis was weighed. Biochemical analysis of epididymal sperm count and serum testosterone level was performed. Testes were processed for histological, ultrastructural and c-Kit immunohistochemical study. PM toxicity was evidenced by a highly significant decrease in testicular weight, epididymal sperm count and serum testosterone level compared to control. Furthermore, testicular structure abnormalities and reduced c-Kit immunoreactions were observed. Stoppage of PM in the recovery group partially reversed PM-induced changes. There was a mild decrease in testicular weight and biochemical parameters compared to control. The structure of seminiferous tubules was partially retained. The NG-PM group showed an overall improvement in testicular weight and biochemical alterations which were confirmed by light and electron microscopic examination. In conclusion, PM induced testicular toxicity, which was ameliorated by NG co-administration. However, stoppage of PM exposure was associated with partial recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba El-Sayed Mostafa
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Samia A Abd El-Baset
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Asmaa A A Kattaia
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Rania A Zidan
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mona M A Al Sadek
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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Kheradmand F, Hashemnia SMR, Valizadeh N, Roshan-Milani S. The Effects of Imatinib Mesylate on Cellular Viability, Platelet Derived Growth Factor and Stem Cell Factor in Mouse Testicular Normal Leydig Cells. J Reprod Infertil 2016; 17:82-7. [PMID: 27141462 PMCID: PMC4842238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growth factors play an essential role in the development of tumor and normal cells like testicular leydig cells. Treatment of cancer with anti-cancer agents like imatinib mesylate may interfere with normal leydig cell activity, growth and fertility through failure in growth factors' production or their signaling pathways. The purpose of the study was to determine cellular viability and the levels of, platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) and stem cell factor (SCF) in normal mouse leydig cells exposed to imatinib, and addressing the effect of imatinib on fertility potential. METHODS The mouse TM3 leydig cells were treated with 0 (control), 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 μM imatinib for 2, 4 and 6 days. Each experiment was repeated three times (15 experiments in each day).The cellular viability and growth factors levels were assessed by MTT and ELISA methods, respectively. For statistical analysis, one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc and Kruskal-Wallis test were performed. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS With increasing drug concentration, cellular viability decreased significantly (p<0.05) and in contrast, PDGF levels increased (p<0.05). Different imatinib concentrations had no significant effect on SCF level. Increasing the duration of treatment from 2 to 6 days had no obvious effect on cellular viability, PDGF and SCF levels. CONCLUSION Imatinib may reduce fertility potential especially at higher concentrations in patients treated with this drug by decreasing cellular viability. The effect of imatinib on leydig cells is associated with PDGF stimulation. Of course future studies can be helpful in exploring the long term effects of this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Kheradmand
- Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | | | - Nasim Valizadeh
- Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shiva Roshan-Milani
- Department of Physiology, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran,Corresponding Author: Shiva Roshan-Milani, Department of Physiology, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences-Pardis Nazloo-11th Km of Sero (Nazloo) Road, Urmia, Iran, E-mail:
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Gonadal development and germ cell tumors in mouse and humans. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 45:114-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abstract
Germ cell tumors of the testis may be divided into 3 broad categories according to age at presentation. The tumors in the pediatric age group include teratoma and yolk sac tumor. These tumors are generally not associated with convincing intratubular neoplasia. The second group consists of tumors presenting in third and fourth decade of life and include seminoma, embryonal carcinoma, yolk sac tumor, choriocarcinoma, and teratoma as well as mixed germ cell tumors. The precursor cell for these tumors is an abnormal gonocyte that fails to differentiate completely into spermatogonia. These abnormal cells stay dormant in the gonad during intrauterine life as well as infancy and childhood, but undergo proliferation during puberty and can be identified as intratubular germ cell neoplasia unclassified (IGCNU). These tumor cells continue to manifest protein expression pattern that resembles primitive germ cells (PLAP, c-KIT, OCT3/4). After a variable interval following puberty, IGCNU cells may acquire ability to penetrate the seminiferous tubules and present as an overt germ cell tumor. Acquisition of isochrome 12 and other genetic abnormalities are usually associated with this transition. The level of DNA methylation generally determines the phenotype of the germ cell tumor. The third type of germ cell tumors is spermatocytic seminoma, which is a rare tumor encountered later in life usually in fifth and sixth decade. The cell of origin of this tumor is probably postpubertal mature spermatogonia which acquire abnormal proliferative capability probably due to gain of chromosome 9 resulting in activation and amplification of genes such as DMRT1. The tumor cells manifest many of the proteins normally expressed by mature sperms such as VASA, SSX2, and occasionally OCT2. Although spermatocytic seminoma may also have an intratubular growth phase, it completely lacks features of IGCNU.
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Jenardhanan P, Mathur PP. Kinases as targets for chemical modulators: Structural aspects and their role in spermatogenesis. SPERMATOGENESIS 2015; 4:e979113. [PMID: 26413395 DOI: 10.4161/21565562.2014.979113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation and de-phosphorylation events are crucial in deciding the fate of cells. They regulate cellular growth, differentiation and cell death, and kinases are the key players of these events. The members of ser/thr kinases and tyrosine kinases form the majority of protein kinase family, exerting their regulatory mechanism in almost all cells. In testis, they impact signal transduction events, regulate all stages of sperm development from mitosis through fertilization. Understanding the function of these kinases at the structural level and studying their interactions with inhibitors can help in understanding the machinery of spermatogenesis. In view of this, we have reviewed some of the prominent kinases that are known to play a role in spermatogenesis. A better understanding of the impacts of kinase inhibition on spermatogenesis should aid in the interpretation of lesions and hopefully further the development of more efficient and potent drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranitha Jenardhanan
- Centre for Bioinformatics; School of Life Sciences; Pondicherry University ; Puducherry, India
| | - Premendu P Mathur
- Centre for Bioinformatics; School of Life Sciences; Pondicherry University ; Puducherry, India ; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; School of Life Sciences; Pondicherry University ; Puducherry, India ; KIIT University ; Bhubaneshwar, Odisha, India
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Tan C, Scotting P. Expression of Kit and Etv1 in restricted brain regions supports a brain-cell progenitor as an origin for cranial germinomas. Cancer Genet 2015; 208:55-61. [PMID: 25736805 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mismigrating germ-cell progenitors have historically been accepted as the cell of origin for central nervous system (CNS) germinomas. However, an alternative hypothesis suggests that CNS germinomas arise from a brain-cell progenitor. Germinomas often acquire Kit signaling pathway mutations, and there is evidence for an oncogenic relationship between KIT and the ETV1 transcription factor. KIT appears to be necessary to stabilize ETV1, and ETV1 then activates oncogenesis-associated genes. ETV1 expression is not increased by KIT, so ETV1 already needs to be expressed in order for KIT to have an oncogenic function. Therefore, if brain-cell progenitors are the cell of origin for germinomas, those cells would already need to coexpress ETV1 and KIT. We examined Kit and Etv1 in situ hybridization data from the Allen Brain Atlas, for mouse brain tissue at various stages of development. Both Kit and Etv1 were expressed in the regions where germinomas most commonly arise, and in the medulla oblongata. All human cases of germinomas correlated to the regions where ETV1 and KIT are coexpressed. We therefore postulate that germinomas in the brain share a similar mechanism with other KIT-driven cancers, which supports the hypothesis that germinomas arise from a brain-cell progenitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Tan
- Queen's Medical Centre Medical School, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
| | - Paul Scotting
- Queen's Medical Centre Medical School, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Cardoso HJ, Figueira MI, Correia S, Vaz CV, Socorro S. The SCF/c-KIT system in the male: Survival strategies in fertility and cancer. Mol Reprod Dev 2014; 81:1064-79. [PMID: 25359157 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Maintaining the delicate balance between cell survival and death is of the utmost importance for the proper development of germ cells and subsequent fertility. On the other hand, the fine regulation of tissue homeostasis by mechanisms that control cell fate is a factor that can prevent carcinogenesis. c-KIT is a type III receptor tyrosine kinase activated by its ligand, stem cell factor (SCF). c-KIT signaling plays a crucial role in cell fate decisions, specifically controlling cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis. Indeed, deregulating the SCF/c-KIT system by attenuation or overactivation of its signaling strength is linked to male infertility and cancer, and rebalancing its activity via c-KIT inhibitors has proven beneficial in treating human tumors that contain gain-of-function mutations or overexpress c-KIT. This review addresses the roles of SCF and c-KIT in the male reproductive tract, and discusses the potential application of c-KIT target therapies in disorders of the reproductive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique J Cardoso
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
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Figueira MI, Cardoso HJ, Correia S, Maia CJ, Socorro S. Hormonal regulation of c-KIT receptor and its ligand: implications for human infertility? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 49:1-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.proghi.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Correia S, Alves MR, Cavaco JE, Oliveira PF, Socorro S. Estrogenic regulation of testicular expression of stem cell factor and c-kit: implications in germ cell survival and male fertility. Fertil Steril 2014; 102:299-306. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Valli H, Sukhwani M, Dovey SL, Peters KA, Donohue J, Castro CA, Chu T, Marshall GR, Orwig KE. Fluorescence- and magnetic-activated cell sorting strategies to isolate and enrich human spermatogonial stem cells. Fertil Steril 2014; 102:566-580.e7. [PMID: 24890267 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the molecular characteristics of human spermatogonia and optimize methods to enrich spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs). DESIGN Laboratory study using human tissues. SETTING Research institute. PATIENT(S) Healthy adult human testicular tissue. INTERVENTION(S) Human testicular tissue was fixed or digested with enzymes to produce a cell suspension. Human testis cells were fractionated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Immunostaining for selected markers, human-to-nude mouse xenotransplantation assay. RESULT(S) Immunohistochemistry costaining revealed the relative expression patterns of SALL4, UTF1, ZBTB16, UCHL1, and ENO2 in human undifferentiated spermatogonia as well as the extent of overlap with the differentiation marker KIT. Whole mount analyses revealed that human undifferentiated spermatogonia (UCHL1+) were typically arranged in clones of one to four cells whereas differentiated spermatogonia (KIT+) were typically arranged in clones of eight or more cells. The ratio of undifferentiated-to-differentiated spermatogonia is greater in humans than in rodents. The SSC colonizing activity was enriched in the THY1dim and ITGA6+ fractions of human testes sorted by FACS. ITGA6 was effective for sorting human SSCs by MACS; THY1 and EPCAM were not. CONCLUSION(S) Human spermatogonial differentiation correlates with increased clone size and onset of KIT expression, similar to rodents. The undifferentiated-to-differentiated developmental dynamics in human spermatogonia is different than rodents. THY1, ITGA6, and EPCAM can be used to enrich human SSC colonizing activity by FACS, but only ITGA6 is amenable to high throughput sorting by MACS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Valli
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Meena Sukhwani
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Serena L Dovey
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Karen A Peters
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Julia Donohue
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Carlos A Castro
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Tianjiao Chu
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Gary R Marshall
- Department of Natural Sciences, Chatham University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kyle E Orwig
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Molecular Genetics and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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Guo Y, Hai Y, Gong Y, Li Z, He Z. Characterization, Isolation, and Culture of Mouse and Human Spermatogonial Stem Cells. J Cell Physiol 2013; 229:407-13. [PMID: 24114612 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Guo
- Renji Hospital; Clinic Stem Cell Research Center; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Yanan Hai
- Renji Hospital; Clinic Stem Cell Research Center; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Yuehua Gong
- Renji Hospital; Clinic Stem Cell Research Center; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Urology; Shanghai Human Sperm Bank; Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Zuping He
- Renji Hospital; Clinic Stem Cell Research Center; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine; Shanghai China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics; Shanghai China
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Spade DJ, Hall SJ, Saffarini CM, Huse SM, McDonnell EV, Boekelheide K. Differential response to abiraterone acetate and di-n-butyl phthalate in an androgen-sensitive human fetal testis xenograft bioassay. Toxicol Sci 2013; 138:148-60. [PMID: 24284787 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In utero exposure to antiandrogenic xenobiotics such as di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) has been linked to congenital defects of the male reproductive tract, including cryptorchidism and hypospadias, as well as later life effects such as testicular cancer and decreased sperm counts. Experimental evidence indicates that DBP has in utero antiandrogenic effects in the rat. However, it is unclear whether DBP has similar effects on androgen biosynthesis in human fetal testis. To address this issue, we developed a xenograft bioassay with multiple androgen-sensitive physiological endpoints, similar to the rodent Hershberger assay. Adult male athymic nude mice were castrated, and human fetal testis was xenografted into the renal subcapsular space. Hosts were treated with human chorionic gonadotropin for 4 weeks to stimulate testosterone production. During weeks 3 and 4, hosts were exposed to DBP or abiraterone acetate, a CYP17A1 inhibitor. Although abiraterone acetate (14 d, 75 mg/kg/d po) dramatically reduced testosterone and the weights of androgen-sensitive host organs, DBP (14 d, 500 mg/kg/d po) had no effect on androgenic endpoints. DBP did produce a near-significant trend toward increased multinucleated germ cells in the xenografts. Gene expression analysis showed that abiraterone decreased expression of genes related to transcription and cell differentiation while increasing expression of genes involved in epigenetic control of gene expression. DBP induced expression of oxidative stress response genes and altered expression of actin cytoskeleton genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Spade
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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Kossack N, Terwort N, Wistuba J, Ehmcke J, Schlatt S, Schöler H, Kliesch S, Gromoll J. A combined approach facilitates the reliable detection of human spermatogonia in vitro. Hum Reprod 2013; 28:3012-25. [PMID: 24001715 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/det336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Does a combined approach allow for the unequivocal detection of human germ cells and particularly of spermatogonia in vitro? SUMMARY ANSWER Based on our findings, we conclude that an approach comprising: (i) the detailed characterization of patients and tissue samples prior to the selection of biopsies, (ii) the use of unambiguous markers for the characterization of cultures and (iii) the use of biopsies lacking the germ cell population as a negative control is the prerequisite for the establishment of human germ cell cultures. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY The use of non-specific marker genes and the failure to assess the presence of testicular somatic cell types in germ cell cultures may have led to a misinterpretation of results and the erroneous description of germ cells in previous studies. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Testicular biopsies were selected from a pool of 264 consecutively obtained biopsies. Based on the histological diagnosis, biopsies with distinct histological phenotypes were selected (n = 35) to analyze the expression of germ cell and somatic cell markers. For germ cell culture experiments, gonadotrophin levels and clinical data were used as selection criteria resulting in the following two groups: (i) biopsies with qualitatively intact spermatogenesis (n = 4) and (ii) biopsies from Klinefelter syndrome Klinefelter patients lacking the germ cell population (n = 3). PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Quantitative real-time PCR analyses were performed to evaluate the specificity of 18 selected germ cell and 3 somatic marker genes. Cell specificity of individual markers was subsequently validated using immunohistochemistry. Finally, testicular cell cultures were established and were analyzed after 10 days for the expression of germ cell- (UTF1, FGFR3, MAGE A4, DDX4) and somatic cell-specific markers (SMA, VIM, LHCGR) at the RNA and the protein levels. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Interestingly, only 9 out of 18 marker genes reflected the presence of germ cells and cell specificity could be validated using immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, VIM, SMA and LHCGR were found to reflect the presence of testicular somatic cells at the RNA and the protein levels. Using this validated marker panel and biopsies lacking the germ cell population (n = 3) as a negative control, we demonstrated that germ cell cultures containing spermatogonia can be established from biopsies with normal spermatogenesis (n = 4) and that these cultures can be maintained for the period of 10 days. However, marker profiling has to be performed at regular time points as the composition of testicular cell types may continuously change under longer term culture conditions. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION There are significant differences regarding the spermatogonial stem cell (SSC) system and spermatogenesis between rodents and primates. It is therefore possible that marker genes that do not reflect the presence of spermatogonia in the human are specific for spermatogonia in other animal models. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS While some studies have reported that human SSCs can be maintained in vitro and show characteristics of pluripotency, the germ cell origin and the differentiation potential of these cells were subsequently called into question. This study provides critical insights into possible sources for the misinterpretation of results regarding the presence of germ cells in human testicular cell cultures and our findings can therefore help to avoid conflicting reports in the future. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This project was supported by the Stem Cell Network North Rhine-Westphalia and the Innovative Medical Research of the University of Münster Medical School (Grant KO111014). In addition, it was funded by the DFG-Research Unit FOR 1041 Germ Cell Potential (GR 1547/11-1 and SCHL 394/11-2), the BMBF (01GN0809/10) and the IZKF (CRA 03/09). The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Not applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kossack
- Institute for Reproductive and Regenerative Biology, Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1 (D11), Münster 48149, Germany
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Sá R, Miranda C, Carvalho F, Barros A, Sousa M. Expression of stem cell markers: OCT4, KIT, ITGA6, and ITGB1 in the male germinal epithelium. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2013; 59:233-43. [PMID: 23758503 DOI: 10.3109/19396368.2013.804964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Efforts have been made for the isolation and characterization of human stem spermatogonia (SG) which would be of major interest for fertility preservation in oncologic patients. We evaluated the expression of mammalian SG stem cell markers, KIT, OCT4, integrin alpha 6 (ITGA6), and integrin beta 1 (ITGB1) as possible indicators for the isolation of those cells in humans. Two different types of SG were individually isolated by micromanipulation from testicular biopsies of men with conserved spermatogenesis. Expression of mRNA showed the absence of KIT and ITGB1 markers in SG. By immunocytochemistry (IC), protein expression for KIT and integrins revealed two types of SG populations, negative (type-1) and positive (type-2). By immunohistochemistry (IH), protein expression for KIT and ITGB1 also revealed two kinds of SG populations, negative (SG A-dark) and positive (SG A-pale). Results suggest that in humans it may be possible to obtain pure populations of stem SG by using negative KIT((-))/ITGB1((-)) sorting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosália Sá
- Department of Microscopy, Laboratory of Cell Biology, Biomedical Research Multidisciplinary Unit (UMIB), Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS) , University of Porto
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Very small embryonic-like stem cells: implications in reproductive biology. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:682326. [PMID: 23509758 PMCID: PMC3586435 DOI: 10.1155/2013/682326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The most primitive germ cells in adult mammalian testis are the spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) whereas primordial follicles (PFs) are considered the fundamental functional unit in ovary. However, this central dogma has recently been modified with the identification of a novel population of very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) in the adult mammalian gonads. These stem cells are more primitive to SSCs and are also implicated during postnatal ovarian neo-oogenesis and primordial follicle assembly. VSELs are pluripotent in nature and characterized by nuclear Oct-4A, cell surface SSEA-4, and other pluripotent markers like Nanog, Sox2, and TERT. VSELs are considered to be the descendants of epiblast stem cells and possibly the primordial germ cells that persist into adulthood and undergo asymmetric cell division to replenish the gonadal germ cells throughout life. Elucidation of their role during infertility, endometrial repair, superovulation, and pathogenesis of various reproductive diseases like PCOS, endometriosis, cancer, and so on needs to be addressed. Hence, a detailed review of current understanding of VSEL biology is pertinent, which will hopefully open up new avenues for research to better understand various reproductive processes and cancers. It will also be relevant for future regenerative medicine, translational research, and clinical applications in human reproduction.
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Bhartiya D, Kasiviswananthan S, Shaikh A. Cellular origin of testis-derived pluripotent stem cells: a case for very small embryonic-like stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2012; 21:670-4. [PMID: 21988281 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2011.0554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been suggested that testicular germ stem cells represent the only adult body stem cells that dedifferentiate and reprogram into a pluripotent state without any genetic modification. Emerging debate about the authenticity of embryonic stem cell (ES)-like cells derived from adult testicular tissue has prompted us to put forth this letter. We wish to reinforce our findings that pluripotent very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) exist as a small population in adult mammalian testis and may result in ES-like colonies. Because of their small size, it is felt that VSELs could be contaminating the initial cells used for seeding, although efforts were made to place a single germ cell per well in a 96-well plate for clonal expansion, or magnetic activated cell sorting (MACS)-sorted α6 integrin positive cells were used. On a similar note, it is felt that the presence of VSELs in various tissues along with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) may provide an alternative explanation to the transdifferentiation potential of MSCs. We conclude that like Oct-4 biology, presence of VSELs in adult body tissues has somewhat surprised stem cell biologists.
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Unni S, Kasiviswanathan S, D'Souza S, Khavale S, Mukherjee S, Patwardhan S, Bhartiya D. Efficient cryopreservation of testicular tissue: effect of age, sample state, and concentration of cryoprotectant. Fertil Steril 2011; 97:200-8.e1. [PMID: 22100171 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Revised: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the effect of age and sample state on cryopreservation of testicular tissue, evaluate toxicity of commonly used cryoprotectants (CPs), and determine their optimal concentration for use. DESIGN Prospective experimental study. SETTING Academic research unit. PATIENT(S) Patients with prostate carcinoma undergoing orchidectomy. We also studied immature and adult male Holtzman rats. INTERVENTION(S) Toxicity of CPs before freezing, morphology, and relative viability after freezing were evaluated for rat testicular cell suspensions (CS) and tubular fragments (TUB). Relative viability of adult human testicular CS and TUB after thaw was evaluated. Human TUB were cultured after thaw for 48 hours in medium containing epidermal growth factor (EGF), and effects on viability, morphology, and gene expression were determined. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Viability and ploidy were measured with flow cytometry, postthaw cryodamage of immature rat tissue was studied by transmission electron microscopy, cell proliferation and differentiation were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and by real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULT(S) Immature testicular tissue was more susceptible to toxic assault by CP than adult tissue and displayed cell-specific sensitivity to CP, with glycerol, dimethyl sulfoxide and ethylene glycol being effective in protecting spermatid (1N), spermatogonia (2N) and spermatocyte (4N) populations respectively. Preservation as TUB may be preferred over CS and DMSO is an effective CP for immature and ethylene glycol for adult testicular tissue. CONCLUSION(S) Differential sensitivity of immature testicular tissue to CPs warrants judicious selection of CP on the basis of end application for prepubertal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreepoorna Unni
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, India
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Merkwitz C, Lochhead P, Tsikolia N, Koch D, Sygnecka K, Sakurai M, Spanel-Borowski K, Ricken AM. Expression of KIT in the ovary, and the role of somatic precursor cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 46:131-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.proghi.2011.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Izadyar F, Wong J, Maki C, Pacchiarotti J, Ramos T, Howerton K, Yuen C, Greilach S, Zhao HH, Chow M, Chow YC, Rao J, Barritt J, Bar-Chama N, Copperman A. Identification and characterization of repopulating spermatogonial stem cells from the adult human testis. Hum Reprod 2011; 26:1296-306. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/der026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Bhartiya D, Kasiviswanathan S, Unni SK, Pethe P, Dhabalia JV, Patwardhan S, Tongaonkar HB. Newer insights into premeiotic development of germ cells in adult human testis using Oct-4 as a stem cell marker. J Histochem Cytochem 2010; 58:1093-106. [PMID: 20805580 PMCID: PMC2989246 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.2010.956870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor octamer-binding transforming factor 4 (Oct-4) is central to the gene regulatory network responsible for self-renewal, pluripotency, and lineage commitment in embryonic stem (ES) cells and induced pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). This study was undertaken to evaluate differential localization and expression of two major transcripts of Oct-4, viz. Oct-4A and Oct-4B, in adult human testis. A novel population of 5- to 10-μm PSCs with nuclear Oct-4A was identified by ISH and immunolocalization studies. Besides Oct-4, other pluripotent markers like Nanog and TERT were also detected by RT-PCR. A(dark) spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) were visualized in pairs and chains undergoing clonal expansion and stained positive for cytoplasmic Oct-4B. Quantitative PCR and Western blotting revealed both the transcripts, with higher expression of Oct-4B. It is proposed that PSCs undergo asymmetric cell division and give rise to A(dark) SSCs, which proliferate and initiate lineage-specific differentiation. The darkly stained nuclei in A(dark) SSCs may represent extensive nuclear reprogramming by epigenetic changes when a PSC becomes committed. Oct-4B eventually disappeared in mature germ cells, viz. spermatocytes, spermatids, and sperm. Besides maintaining normal testicular homeostasis, PSCs may also be implicated in germ cell tumors and ES-like colonies that have recently been derived from adult human testicular tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Bhartiya
- Dept. of Stem Cell Biology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, JM Street, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India.
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Muciaccia B, Sette C, Paronetto MP, Barchi M, Pensini S, D'Agostino A, Gandini L, Geremia R, Stefanini M, Rossi P. Expression of a truncated form of KIT tyrosine kinase in human spermatozoa correlates with sperm DNA integrity. Hum Reprod 2010; 25:2188-202. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deq168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Medrano JV, Marqués-Marí AI, Aguilar CE, Riboldi M, Garrido N, Martínez-Romero A, O'Connor E, Gil-Salom M, Simón C. Comparative analysis of the germ cell markers c-KIT, SSEA-1 and VASA in testicular biopsies from secretory and obstructive azoospermias. Mol Hum Reprod 2010; 16:811-7. [PMID: 20508065 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaq044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Testicular biopsy is needed to confirm diagnosis in azoospermic patients and to recover spermatozoa, if possible. This report aims to quantitatively analyse the germline markers stage-specific embryonic antigen (SSEA-1), c-KIT and VASA in testicular biopsies with distinct azoospermic aetiologies. Twenty-three testicular biopsies were analysed by flow cytometry and RT-qPCR for c-KIT, SSEA-1 and VASA. In all the Sertoli cell-only (SCO) samples, significantly lower VASA mRNA expression and fewer VASA+ cells were found compared with obstructive controls. Maturation arrest (MA) cases showed significant differences only with the non-mosaic SCO samples when compared for VASA mRNA expression and percentage of VASA+ cells, but not with the mosaics. However, the normalized VASA-KIT parameter obtained by subtracting the percentage of c-KIT+ cells from the percentage of VASA+ cells showed significant differences between the MA and all the SCO samples. RT-qPCR consistently found differences for the VASA expression between SCO mosaic and non-mosaic samples. However, by flow cytometry, only VASA-KIT showed significant differences between them. Conversely, the percentage of SSEA-1+ cells revealed no inter-group differences. In conclusion, testicular biopsies display different expression profiles for c-KIT and VASA depending on the azoospermic aetiology. These results can be used as a complementary tool to create new molecular categories for diagnoses in azoospermic patients, particularly useful to discriminate between mosaic and non-mosaic SCO patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J V Medrano
- Valencia Stem Cell Bank, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF), Valencia 46012, Spain
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