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Pillay J, Guitard S, Rahman S, Saba S, Rahman A, Bialy L, Gehring N, Tan M, Melton A, Hartling L. Patient preferences for breast cancer screening: a systematic review update to inform recommendations by the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care. Syst Rev 2024; 13:140. [PMID: 38807191 PMCID: PMC11134964 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-024-02539-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different guideline panels, and individuals, may make different decisions based in part on their preferences. Preferences for or against an intervention are viewed as a consequence of the relative importance people place on the expected or experienced health outcomes it incurs. These findings can then be considered as patient input when balancing effect estimates on benefits and harms reported by empirical evidence on the clinical effectiveness of screening programs. This systematic review update examined the relative importance placed by patients on the potential benefits and harms of mammography-based breast cancer screening to inform an update to the 2018 Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care's guideline on screening. METHODS We screened all articles from our previous review (search December 2017) and updated our searches to June 19, 2023 in MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and CINAHL. We also screened grey literature, submissions by stakeholders, and reference lists. The target population was cisgender women and other adults assigned female at birth (including transgender men and nonbinary persons) aged ≥ 35 years and at average or moderately increased risk for breast cancer. Studies of patients with breast cancer were eligible for health-state utility data for relevant outcomes. We sought three types of data, directly through (i) disutilities of screening and curative treatment health states (measuring the impact of the outcome on one's health-related quality of life; utilities measured on a scale of 0 [death] to 1 [perfect health]), and (ii) other preference-based data, such as outcome trade-offs, and indirectly through (iii) the relative importance of benefits versus harms inferred from attitudes, intentions, and behaviors towards screening among patients provided with estimates of the magnitudes of benefit(s) and harms(s). For screening, we used machine learning as one of the reviewers after at least 50% of studies had been reviewed in duplicate by humans; full-text selection used independent review by two humans. Data extraction and risk of bias assessments used a single reviewer with verification. Our main analysis for utilities used data from utility-based health-related quality of life tools (e.g., EQ-5D) in patients; a disutility value of about 0.04 can be considered a minimally important value for the Canadian public. When suitable, we pooled utilities and explored heterogeneity. Disutilities were calculated for screening health states and between different treatment states. Non-utility data were grouped into categories, based on outcomes compared (e.g. for trade-off data), participant age, and our judgements of the net benefit of screening portrayed by the studies. Thereafter, we compared and contrasted findings while considering sample sizes, risk of bias, subgroup findings and data on knowledge scores, and created summary statements for each data set. Certainty assessments followed GRADE guidance for patient preferences and used consensus among at least two reviewers. FINDINGS Eighty-two studies (38 on utilities) were included. The estimated disutilities were 0.07 for a positive screening result (moderate certainty), 0.03-0.04 for a false positive (FP; "additional testing" resolved as negative for cancer) (low certainty), and 0.08 for untreated screen-detected cancer (moderate certainty) or (low certainty) an interval cancer. At ≤12 months, disutilities of mastectomy (vs. breast-conserving therapy), chemotherapy (vs. none) (low certainty), and radiation therapy (vs. none) (moderate certainty) were 0.02-0.03, 0.02-0.04, and little-to-none, respectively, though in each case findings were somewhat limited in their applicability. Over the longer term, there was moderate certainty for little-to-no disutility from mastectomy versus breast-conserving surgery/lumpectomy with radiation and from radiation. There was moderate certainty that a majority (>50%) and possibly a large majority (>75%) of women probably accept up to six cases of overdiagnosis to prevent one breast-cancer death; there was some uncertainty because of an indication that overdiagnosis was not fully understood by participants in some cases. Low certainty evidence suggested that a large majority may accept that screening may reduce breast-cancer but not all-cause mortality, at least when presented with relatively high rates of breast-cancer mortality reductions (n = 2; 2 and 5 fewer per 1000 screened), and at least a majority accept that to prevent one breast-cancer death at least a few hundred patients will receive a FP result and 10-15 will have a FP resolved through biopsy. An upper limit for an acceptable number of FPs was not evaluated. When using data from studies assessing attitudes, intentions, and screening behaviors, across all age groups but most evident for women in their 40s, preferences reduced as the net benefit presented by study authors decreased in magnitude. In a relatively low net-benefit scenario, a majority of patients in their 40s may not weigh the benefits as greater than the harms from screening whereas for women in their 50s a large majority may prefer screening (low certainty evidence for both ages). There was moderate certainty that a large majority of women 50 years of age and 50 to 69 years of age, who have usually experienced screening, weigh the benefits as greater than the harms from screening in a high net-benefit scenario. A large majority of patients aged 70-71 years who have recently screened probably think the benefits outweigh the harms of continuing to screen. A majority of women in their mid-70s to early 80s may prefer to continue screening. CONCLUSIONS Evidence across a range of data sources on how informed patients value the potential outcomes from breast-cancer screening will be useful during decision-making for recommendations. The evidence suggests that all of the outcomes examined have importance to women of any age, that there is at least some and possibly substantial (among those in their 40s) variability across and within age groups about the acceptable magnitude of effects across outcomes, and that provision of easily understandable information on the likelihood of the outcomes may be necessary to enable informed decision making. Although studies came from a wide range of countries, there were limited data from Canada and about whether findings applied well across an ethnographically and socioeconomically diverse population. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION Protocol available at Open Science Framework https://osf.io/xngsu/ .
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Pillay
- Alberta Research Centre for Health Evidence, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 11405 87 Avenue NW, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1C9, Canada.
| | - Samantha Guitard
- Alberta Research Centre for Health Evidence, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 11405 87 Avenue NW, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Sholeh Rahman
- Alberta Research Centre for Health Evidence, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 11405 87 Avenue NW, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Sabrina Saba
- Alberta Research Centre for Health Evidence, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 11405 87 Avenue NW, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Ashiqur Rahman
- Alberta Research Centre for Health Evidence, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 11405 87 Avenue NW, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Liza Bialy
- Alberta Research Centre for Health Evidence, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 11405 87 Avenue NW, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Nicole Gehring
- Alberta Research Centre for Health Evidence, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 11405 87 Avenue NW, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Maria Tan
- Alberta Research Centre for Health Evidence, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 11405 87 Avenue NW, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Alex Melton
- Alberta Research Centre for Health Evidence, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 11405 87 Avenue NW, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Lisa Hartling
- Alberta Research Centre for Health Evidence, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 11405 87 Avenue NW, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1C9, Canada
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Riganti P, Ruiz Yanzi MV, Escobar Liquitay CM, Sgarbossa NJ, Alarcon-Ruiz CA, Kopitowski KS, Franco JV. Shared decision-making for supporting women's decisions about breast cancer screening. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2024; 5:CD013822. [PMID: 38726892 PMCID: PMC11082933 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013822.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In breast cancer screening programmes, women may have discussions with a healthcare provider to help them decide whether or not they wish to join the breast cancer screening programme. This process is called shared decision-making (SDM) and involves discussions and decisions based on the evidence and the person's values and preferences. SDM is becoming a recommended approach in clinical guidelines, extending beyond decision aids. However, the overall effect of SDM in women deciding to participate in breast cancer screening remains uncertain. OBJECTIVES To assess the effect of SDM on women's satisfaction, confidence, and knowledge when deciding whether to participate in breast cancer screening. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Breast Cancer Group's Specialised Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, ClinicalTrials.gov, and the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform on 8 August 2023. We also screened abstracts from two relevant conferences from 2020 to 2023. SELECTION CRITERIA We included parallel randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and cluster-RCTs assessing interventions targeting various components of SDM. The focus was on supporting women aged 40 to 75 at average or above-average risk of breast cancer in their decision to participate in breast cancer screening. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently assessed studies for inclusion and conducted data extraction, risk of bias assessment, and GRADE assessment of the certainty of the evidence. Review outcomes included satisfaction with the decision-making process, confidence in the decision made, knowledge of all options, adherence to the chosen option, women's involvement in SDM, woman-clinician communication, and mental health. MAIN RESULTS We identified 19 studies with 64,215 randomised women, mostly with an average to moderate risk of breast cancer. Two studies covered all aspects of SDM; six examined shortened forms of SDM involving communication on risks and personal values; and 11 focused on enhanced communication of risk without other SDM aspects. SDM involving all components compared to control The two eligible studies did not assess satisfaction with the SDM process or confidence in the decision. Based on a single study, SDM showed uncertain effects on participant knowledge regarding the age to start screening (risk ratio (RR) 1.18, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.61 to 2.28; 133 women; very low certainty evidence) and frequency of testing (RR 0.84, 95% CI 0.68 to 1.04; 133 women; very low certainty evidence). Other review outcomes were not measured. Abbreviated forms of SDM with clarification of values and preferences compared to control Of the six included studies, none evaluated satisfaction with the SDM process. These interventions may reduce conflict in the decision made, based on two measures, Decisional Conflict Scale scores (mean difference (MD) -1.60, 95% CI -4.21 to 0.87; conflict scale from 0 to 100; 4 studies; 1714 women; very low certainty evidence) and the proportion of women with residual conflict compared to control at one to three months' follow-up (rate of women with a conflicted decision, RR 0.75, 95% CI 0.56 to 0.99; 1 study; 1001 women, very low certainty evidence). Knowledge of all options was assessed through knowledge scores and informed choice. The effect of SDM may enhance knowledge (MDs ranged from 0.47 to 1.44 higher scores on a scale from 0 to 10; 5 studies; 2114 women; low certainty evidence) and may lead to higher rates of informed choice (RR 1.24, 95% CI 0.95 to 1.63; 4 studies; 2449 women; low certainty evidence) compared to control at one to three months' follow-up. These interventions may result in little to no difference in anxiety (MD 0.54, 95% -0.96 to 2.14; scale from 20 to 80; 2 studies; 749 women; low certainty evidence) and the number of women with worries about cancer compared to control at four to six weeks' follow-up (RR 0.88, 95% CI 0.73 to 1.06; 1 study, 639 women; low certainty evidence). Other review outcomes were not measured. Enhanced communication about risks without other SDM aspects compared to control Of 11 studies, three did not report relevant outcomes for this review, and none assessed satisfaction with the SDM process. Confidence in the decision made was measured by decisional conflict and anticipated regret of participating in screening or not. These interventions, without addressing values and preferences, may result in lower confidence in the decision compared to regular communication strategies at two weeks' follow-up (MD 2.89, 95% CI -2.35 to 8.14; Decisional Conflict Scale from 0 to 100; 2 studies; 1191 women; low certainty evidence). They may result in higher anticipated regret if participating in screening (MD 0.28, 95% CI 0.15 to 0.41) and lower anticipated regret if not participating in screening (MD -0.28, 95% CI -0.42 to -0.14). These interventions increase knowledge (MD 1.14, 95% CI 0.61 to 1.62; scale from 0 to 10; 4 studies; 2510 women; high certainty evidence), while it is unclear if there is a higher rate of informed choice compared to regular communication strategies at two to four weeks' follow-up (RR 1.27, 95% CI 0.83 to 1.92; 2 studies; 1805 women; low certainty evidence). These interventions result in little to no difference in anxiety (MD 0.33, 95% CI -1.55 to 0.99; scale from 20 to 80) and depression (MD 0.02, 95% CI -0.41 to 0.45; scale from 0 to 21; 2 studies; 1193 women; high certainty evidence) and lower cancer worry compared to control (MD -0.17, 95% CI -0.26 to -0.08; scale from 1 to 4; 1 study; 838 women; high certainty evidence). Other review outcomes were not measured. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Studies using abbreviated forms of SDM and other forms of enhanced communications indicated improvements in knowledge and reduced decisional conflict. However, uncertainty remains about the effect of SDM on supporting women's decisions. Most studies did not evaluate outcomes considered important for this review topic, and those that did measured different concepts. High-quality randomised trials are needed to evaluate SDM in diverse cultural settings with a focus on outcomes such as women's satisfaction with choices aligned to their values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Riganti
- Family and Community Medicine Division, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Victoria Ruiz Yanzi
- Family and Community Medicine Division, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Nadia J Sgarbossa
- Health Department, Universidad Nacional de La Matanza, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Christoper A Alarcon-Ruiz
- Unidad de Investigación para la Generación y Síntesis de Evidencias en Salud, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima, Peru
| | - Karin S Kopitowski
- Family and Community Medicine Division, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Va Franco
- Institute of General Practice, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Busch J, Madsen EK, Fage-Butler AM, Kjær M, Ledderer L. Dilemmas of nudging in public health: an ethical analysis of a Danish pamphlet. Health Promot Int 2021; 36:1140-1150. [PMID: 33367635 DOI: 10.1093/heapro/daaa146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nudging has been discussed in the context of public health, and ethical issues raised by nudging in public health contexts have been highlighted. In this article, we first identify types of nudging approaches and techniques that have been used in screening programmes, and ethical issues that have been associated with nudging: paternalism, limited autonomy and manipulation. We then identify nudging techniques used in a pamphlet developed for the Danish National Screening Program for Colorectal Cancer. These include framing, default nudge, use of hassle bias, authority nudge and priming. The pamphlet and the very offering of a screening programme can in themselves be considered nudges. Whether nudging strategies are ethically problematic depend on whether they are categorized as educative- or non-educative nudges. Educative nudges seek to affect people's choice making by engaging their reflective capabilities. Non-educative nudges work by circumventing people's reflective capabilities. Information materials are, on the face of it, meant to engage citizens' reflective capacities. Recipients are likely to receive information materials with this expectation, and thus not expect to be affected in other ways. Non-educative nudges may therefore be particularly problematic in the context of information on screening, also as participating in screening does not always benefit the individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Busch
- Department of Philosophy, School of Communication and Society, Aarhus University, Jens Chr. Skous Vej 7, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
| | - Emilie Kirstine Madsen
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 2, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
| | - Antoinette Mary Fage-Butler
- Department of English, School of Communication and Culture, Aarhus University, Jens Chr. Skous Vej 4, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
| | - Marianne Kjær
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 2, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
| | - Loni Ledderer
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 2, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
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Sharma S, Traeger AC, O'Keeffe M, Copp T, Freeman A, Hoffmann T, Maher CG. Effect of information format on intentions and beliefs regarding diagnostic imaging for non-specific low back pain: A randomised controlled trial in members of the public. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2021; 104:595-602. [PMID: 32854984 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2020.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of information format on intentions to request diagnostic imaging for non-specific low back pain in members of the public. METHODS We performed a three arm, 1:1:1, superiority randomised trial on members of the public. Participants were randomised to one of the three groups: a Standard Care Leaflet group (standard information on low back pain), a Neutral Leaflet group (balanced information on the benefits and harms of imaging) and a Nudge Leaflet group (with behavioural cues to emphasise the harms of unnecessary imaging). Our primary outcome was intention to request imaging for low back pain. RESULTS 418 participants were randomised. After reading the leaflet, intention to request imaging (measured on an 11-point scale (0 = definitely would not request to 10 = definitely would request) was lower in the Nudge Leaflet group (mean = 4.6, SD = 3.4) compared with the Standard Care Leaflet group (mean = 5.3, SD = 3.3) and the Neutral Leaflet group (mean = 5.3, SD = 3.0) (adjusted mean difference between Nudge and Neutral, -1.0 points, 95%CI -1.6 to -0.4). CONCLUSION Framing information to emphasise potential harms from overdiagnosis reduced intention to request diagnostic imaging for low back pain. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Nudge leaflets could help clinicians manage patient pressure for unnecessary tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sweekriti Sharma
- Institute for Musculoskeletal Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Adrian C Traeger
- Institute for Musculoskeletal Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mary O'Keeffe
- Institute for Musculoskeletal Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tessa Copp
- Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alexandra Freeman
- Winton Centre for Risk and Communication, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tammy Hoffmann
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Institute for Evidence-Based Healthcare, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Chris G Maher
- Institute for Musculoskeletal Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Klarenbach S, Sims-Jones N, Lewin G, Singh H, Thériault G, Tonelli M, Doull M, Courage S, Garcia AJ, Thombs BD. Recommendations on screening for breast cancer in women aged 40-74 years who are not at increased risk for breast cancer. CMAJ 2019; 190:E1441-E1451. [PMID: 30530611 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.180463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Scott Klarenbach
- Department of Medicine (Klarenbach), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Lewin), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Internal Medicine and Community Health Sciences (Singh), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Family Medicine (Thériault), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Tonelli), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Sims-Jones, Courage, Doull, Jaramillo Garcia), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Psychiatry (Thombs), McGill University, Montréal, Que
| | - Nicki Sims-Jones
- Department of Medicine (Klarenbach), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Lewin), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Internal Medicine and Community Health Sciences (Singh), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Family Medicine (Thériault), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Tonelli), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Sims-Jones, Courage, Doull, Jaramillo Garcia), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Psychiatry (Thombs), McGill University, Montréal, Que
| | - Gabriela Lewin
- Department of Medicine (Klarenbach), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Lewin), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Internal Medicine and Community Health Sciences (Singh), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Family Medicine (Thériault), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Tonelli), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Sims-Jones, Courage, Doull, Jaramillo Garcia), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Psychiatry (Thombs), McGill University, Montréal, Que
| | - Harminder Singh
- Department of Medicine (Klarenbach), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Lewin), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Internal Medicine and Community Health Sciences (Singh), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Family Medicine (Thériault), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Tonelli), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Sims-Jones, Courage, Doull, Jaramillo Garcia), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Psychiatry (Thombs), McGill University, Montréal, Que
| | - Guylène Thériault
- Department of Medicine (Klarenbach), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Lewin), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Internal Medicine and Community Health Sciences (Singh), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Family Medicine (Thériault), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Tonelli), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Sims-Jones, Courage, Doull, Jaramillo Garcia), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Psychiatry (Thombs), McGill University, Montréal, Que
| | - Marcello Tonelli
- Department of Medicine (Klarenbach), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Lewin), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Internal Medicine and Community Health Sciences (Singh), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Family Medicine (Thériault), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Tonelli), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Sims-Jones, Courage, Doull, Jaramillo Garcia), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Psychiatry (Thombs), McGill University, Montréal, Que
| | - Marion Doull
- Department of Medicine (Klarenbach), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Lewin), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Internal Medicine and Community Health Sciences (Singh), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Family Medicine (Thériault), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Tonelli), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Sims-Jones, Courage, Doull, Jaramillo Garcia), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Psychiatry (Thombs), McGill University, Montréal, Que
| | - Susan Courage
- Department of Medicine (Klarenbach), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Lewin), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Internal Medicine and Community Health Sciences (Singh), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Family Medicine (Thériault), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Tonelli), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Sims-Jones, Courage, Doull, Jaramillo Garcia), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Psychiatry (Thombs), McGill University, Montréal, Que
| | - Alejandra Jaramillo Garcia
- Department of Medicine (Klarenbach), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Lewin), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Internal Medicine and Community Health Sciences (Singh), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Family Medicine (Thériault), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Tonelli), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Sims-Jones, Courage, Doull, Jaramillo Garcia), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Psychiatry (Thombs), McGill University, Montréal, Que
| | - Brett D Thombs
- Department of Medicine (Klarenbach), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Lewin), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Internal Medicine and Community Health Sciences (Singh), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Department of Family Medicine (Thériault), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; Department of Medicine (Tonelli), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Sims-Jones, Courage, Doull, Jaramillo Garcia), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Psychiatry (Thombs), McGill University, Montréal, Que
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Fisher KA, Tan ASL, Matlock DD, Saver B, Mazor KM, Pieterse AH. Keeping the patient in the center: Common challenges in the practice of shared decision making. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2018; 101:2195-2201. [PMID: 30144968 PMCID: PMC6376968 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine situations where shared decision making (SDM) in practice does not achieve the goal of a patient-centered decision. METHODS We explore circumstances in which elements necessary to realize SDM - patient readiness to participate and understanding of the decision - are not present. We consider the influence of contextual factors on decision making. RESULTS Patients' preference and readiness for participation in SDM are influenced by multiple interacting factors including the patient's comprehension of the decision, their emotional state, the strength of their relationship with the clinician, and the nature of the decision. Uncertainty often inherent in information can lead to misconceptions and ill-formed opinions that impair patients' understanding. In combination with cognitive biases, these factors may result in decisions that are incongruent with patients' preferences. The impact of suboptimal understanding on decision making may be augmented by the context. CONCLUSIONS There are circumstances in which basic elements required for SDM are not present and therefore the clinician may not achieve the goal of a patient-centered decision. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS A flexible and tailored approach that draws on the full continuum of decision making models and communication strategies is required to achieve the goal of a patient-centered decision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Fisher
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA; Meyers Primary Care Institute, A joint Endeavor Between the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Reliant Medical Group, and Fallon Health, Worcester, MA, USA.
| | - Andy S L Tan
- Division of Population Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel D Matlock
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA; VA Eastern Colorado Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Barry Saver
- Swedish Family Medicine Residency Cherry Hill, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Kathleen M Mazor
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA; Meyers Primary Care Institute, A joint Endeavor Between the University of Massachusetts Medical School, Reliant Medical Group, and Fallon Health, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Arwen H Pieterse
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Hofmann B, Stanak M. Nudging in screening: Literature review and ethical guidance. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2018; 101:1561-1569. [PMID: 29657111 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2018.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Nudging is the purposeful alteration of choices presented to people that aims to make them choose in predicted ways. While nudging has been used to assure high uptake and good outcome of screening programs, it has been criticized for being paternalistic, undermining free choice, and shared decision making. Accordingly, the objective of this study is to explore a) nudging strategies identified in screening, b) arguments for and against nudging; and on basis of this, to c) suggest a tentative conclusion on how to handle nudging in screening. METHODS Literature searches in Ovid MEDLINE and PsycINFO for combinations of screening and nudging. Screening based on content analysis of titles, abstracts, and articles. RESULTS 239 references were identified and 109 were included. Several forms of nudging were identified: framed information, default bias, or authority bias. Uptake and public health outcome were the most important goals. Arguments for nudging were bounded rationality, unavoidability, and beneficence, while lack of transparency, crowding out of intrinsic values, and paternalism were arguments against it. The analysis indicates that nudging can be acceptable for screenings with (high quality) evidence for high benefit-harm ratio (beneficence), where nudging does not infringe other ethical principles, such as justice and non-maleficence. In particular, nudging should not only focus on attendance rates, but also on making people "better choosers." PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Four specific recommendations follow from the review and the analysis: 1) Nudging should be addressed in an explicit and transparent manner. 2) The means of nudging have to be in proportion to the benefit-harm ratio. 3) Disagreement on the evidence for either benefits or harms warrants special care. 4) Assessing and assuring the intended outcome of nudging appears to be crucial, as it can be context dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjørn Hofmann
- Institute for the Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Gjovik, Norway; Centre of Medical Ethics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Michal Stanak
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Health Technology Assessment, Vienna, Austria; Faculty of Philosophy and Education, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Abstract
Background:
Clinical decision support (CDS) systems can improve safety and facilitate evidence-based practice. However, clinical decisions are often affected by the cognitive biases and heuristics of clinicians, which is increasing the interest in behavioral and cognitive science approaches in the medical field.
Objectives:
This review aimed to identify decision biases that lead clinicians to exhibit irrational behaviors or responses, and to show how behavioral economics can be applied to interventions in order to promote and reveal the contributions of CDS to improving health care quality.
Methods:
We performed a systematic review of studies published in 2016 and 2017 and applied a snowball citationsearch method to identify topical publications related to studies forming part of the BEARI (Application of Behavioral Economics to Improve the Treatment of Acute Respiratory Infections) multisite, cluster-randomized controlled trial performed in the United States.
Results:
We found that 10 behavioral economics concepts with nine cognitive biases were addressed and investigated for clinician decision-making, and that the following five concepts, which were actively explored, had an impact in CDS applications: social norms, framing effect, status-quo bias, heuristics, and overconfidence bias.
Conclusions:
Our review revealed that the use of behavioral economics techniques is increasing in areas such as antibiotics prescribing and preventive care, and that additional tests of the concepts and heuristics described would be useful in other areas of CDS. An improved understanding of the benefits and limitations of behavioral economics techniques is also still needed. Future studies should focus on successful design strategies and how to combine them with CDS functions for motivating clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insook Cho
- Nursing Department, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea.,The Center for Patient Safety Research and Practice, Division of General Internal Medicine and Primary Care, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David W Bates
- The Center for Patient Safety Research and Practice, Division of General Internal Medicine and Primary Care, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Partners Healthcare Systems, Inc., Wellesley, MA, USA
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Bleyer A, Keen JD. Continued Avoidance of USPSTF Guidelines for Screening Mammography. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2018; 27:850-853. [DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2018.7197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Archie Bleyer
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - John D. Keen
- Department of Radiology, John H. Stroger, Jr., Hospital of Cook County, Cook County Health and Hospital System, Veterans Administration Hospital, Chicago, Illinois
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