Moving From Problem-Oriented to Goal-Directed Health Records

[Public health and digital interdependence: technological evolution, technological sustainability, and the user revolutionSaúde pública e a interdependência digital: evolução tecnológica, sustentabilidade tecnológica e a revolução do usuário]

The "technological revolution in the health sector" resulting from the boom in the use of information and communications technologies (ICT) during the COVID-19 pandemic may, in fact, be due to a revolution among users whose close relationship with ICT has mobilized health systems, with the pandemic as a turning point. This article proposes a conceptual model of technological evolution and revolution among users, with transitions from acceptance of digital health to an understanding of its potential, and from the sustainability of digital health to trust in its various applications and governance. This requires clear approaches and agreements between the different sectors of the health system in terms of management, infrastructure, policies, and training, among other areas, focused on the user revolution and ensuring that no one is left behind.This article aims to conceptualize the process of evolution and revolution in ICT, as it applies to health in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.

The patient at the centre: evidence from 17 European integrated care programmes for persons with complex needs

BACKGROUND

As the prevalence of multi-morbidity increases in ageing societies, health and social care systems face the challenge of providing adequate care to persons with complex needs. Approaches that integrate care across sectors and disciplines have been increasingly developed and implemented in European countries in order to tackle this challenge. The aim of the article is to identify success factors and crucial elements in the process of integrated care delivery for persons with complex needs as seen from the practical perspective of the involved stakeholders (patients, professionals, informal caregivers, managers, initiators, payers).

METHODS

Seventeen integrated care programmes for persons with complex needs in 8 European countries were investigated using a qualitative approach, namely thick description, based on semi-structured interviews and document analysis. In total, 233 face-to-face interviews were conducted with stakeholders of the programmes between March and September 2016. Meta-analysis of the individual thick description reports was performed with a focus on the process of care delivery.

RESULTS

Four categories that emerged from the overarching analysis are discussed in the article: (1) a holistic view of the patient, considering both mental health and the social situation in addition to physical health, (2) continuity of care in the form of single contact points, alignment of services and good relationships between patients and professionals, (3) relationships between professionals built on trust and facilitated by continuous communication, and (4) patient involvement in goal-setting and decision-making, allowing patients to adapt to reorganised service delivery.

CONCLUSIONS

We were able to identify several key aspects for a well-functioning integrated care process for complex patients and how these are put into actual practice. The article sets itself apart from the existing literature by specifically focussing on the growing share of the population with complex care needs and by providing an analysis of actual processes and interpersonal relationships that shape integrated care in practice, incorporating evidence from a variety of programmes in several countries.

Development of a person-centered interdisciplinary plan-of-care program for dialysis

BACKGROUND

Dialysis care often focuses on outcomes that are of lesser importance to patients than to clinicians. There is growing international interest in individualizing care based on patient priorities, but evidence-based approaches are lacking. The objective of this study was to develop a person-centered dialysis care planning program. To achieve this objective we performed qualitative interviews, responsively developed a novel care planning program and then assessed program content and burden.

METHODS

We conducted 25 concept elicitation interviews with US hemodialysis patients, care partners and care providers, using thematic analysis to analyze transcripts. Interview findings and interdisciplinary stakeholder panel input informed the development of a new care planning program, My Dialysis Plan. We then conducted 19 cognitive debriefing interviews with patients, care partners and care providers to assess the program's content and face validities, comprehensibility and burden.

RESULTS

We identified five themes in concept elicitation interviews: feeling boxed in by the system, navigating dual lives, acknowledging an evolving identity, respecting the individual as a whole person and increasing individualization to enhance care. We then developed a person-centered care planning program and supporting materials that underwent 32 stakeholder-informed iterations. Data from subsequent cognitive interviews led to program revisions intended to improve contextualization and understanding, decrease burden and facilitate implementation.

CONCLUSIONS

My Dialysis Plan is a content-valid, person-centered dialysis care planning program that aims to promote care individualization. Investigation of the program's capacity to improve patient experiences and outcomes is needed.

Moving Beyond the Rhetoric of Shared Decision-Making: Designing Personal Health Record Technology With Young Adults With Type 1 Diabetes

OBJECTIVES

Engaging young adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D) in the self-management of daily tasks and decision-making provides opportunities for positive health outcomes. However, emerging adulthood and care transitions are associated with decreased clinic attendance and diabetes complications. Shared decision-making (SDM) is an optimal approach for health decisions; however, it has been difficult to implement in practice. Personal health record (PHR) technology is a promising approach for overcoming such barriers. Still, today, PHRs have yet to root themselves into care and present an opportunity for improvement in SDM and engagement in self-management decision-making. The objective of this study was to confirm a functional model of an integrated shared decision-making-personal health record system (e-PHR) by young adults with T1D and care providers.

METHODS

User-centred design approach whereby young adults with T1D, 18 to 24 years of age, and care providers matched PHR functions for the SDM process to confirm an e-PHR functional model.

RESULTS

An e-PHR functional model justified by young adults (n=7) and providers (n=15) was confirmed. The conceptual design was architected within an interconnected digital health ecosystem and integrated 23 PHR functionalities for SDM with a moderate level of agreement between patients and providers (Cohen kappa 0.60 to 0.74).

CONCLUSIONS

The establishment of an e-PHR functional model is a precursor to system design requirements. Results highlight the conceivable value of integrating SDM into PHRs for engagement of young adults with T1D in self-management decision-making. Design implications highlight key challenges for future research and system development, including information exchange across disparate systems, usability considerations and system intelligence for information personalization and decision-support tools.

Clinicians' Perspectives on Barriers and Enablers of Optimal Prescribing in Patients with Dementia and Coexisting Conditions

PURPOSE

Patients with dementia experience high rates of polypharmacy, potentially inappropriate medication use, and adverse drug events. There is little guidance for clinicians on how to optimize prescribing for this population. Our objective was to investigate clinician-perceived barriers to and facilitators of optimizing prescribing for people with dementia.

METHODS

Qualitative study involving semistructured interviews of primary care and specialist clinicians in urban, suburban, and rural settings. Transcripts were analyzed using qualitative content analysis.

RESULTS

Interviews were conducted with 12 primary care and 9 specialist clinicians, with a mean (SD) age of 47 (9) and mean (SD) of 14 (10) years in practice. Clinicians cited decisions regarding the following drug classes as particularly challenging: oral anticoagulants, antidiabetic agents, statins, bladder antimuscarinics, and antipsychotics. Perceived enablers of optimizing prescribing included access to interdisciplinary services and guidelines for nondementia illnesses (eg, diabetes) addressing the care of people with dementia. Barriers included the lack of data on efficacy and safety of most medications in people with dementia, difficulty assessing medication effects in an individual patient, and the perception that stopping medications is seen as "giving up." Clinicians used a variety of strategies to discuss risks and benefits of medications with patients and caregivers.

CONCLUSIONS

Clinicians identified numerous barriers to and some facilitators of optimizing prescribing in people with dementia. More data are needed on the benefits and harms of stopping medications in this population. Research should also test different approaches for supporting informed decision making about medications by people with dementia and caregivers.