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Walldorf J, Mezger NCS, Weber L, Knothe A, Klose M, Moritz S, Kantelhardt EJ, Feller S, Schlitt A, Greinert R, Michl P. [Climate Crisis: What Gastrointestinal Complications of this Medical Emergency Should We Be Aware Of?]. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR GASTROENTEROLOGIE 2023; 61:1608-1617. [PMID: 37044125 DOI: 10.1055/a-2058-8883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The climate crisis has serious consequences for many areas of life. This applies in particular to human health - also in Europe. While cardiovascular, pneumological and dermatological diseases related to the climate crisis are often discussed, the crisis' significant gastroenterological consequences for health must also be considered. METHODS A literature search (Pubmed, Cochrane Library) was used to identify papers with relevance particularly to the field of gastroenterology in (Central) Europe. Findings were supplemented and discussed by an interdisciplinary team. RESULTS The climate crisis impacts the frequency and severity of gastrointestinal diseases in Europe due to more frequent and severe heat waves, flooding and air pollution. While patients with intestinal diseases are particularly vulnerable to acute weather events, the main long-term consequences of climate change are gastrointestinal cancer and liver disease. In addition to gastroenteritis, other infectious diseases such as vector-borne diseases and parasites are important in the context of global warming, heat waves and floods. DISCUSSION Adaptation strategies must be consistently developed and implemented for vulnerable groups. Patients at risk should be informed about measures that can be implemented individually, such as avoiding heat, ensuring appropriate hydration and following hygiene instructions. Recommendations for physical activity and a healthy and sustainable diet are essential for the prevention of liver diseases and carcinomas. Measures for prevention and the promotion of resilience can be supported by the physicians at various levels. In addition to efforts fostering sustainability in the immediate working environment, a system-oriented commitment to climate protection is important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Walldorf
- Klinik für Innere Medizin I, University Hospital Halle, Halle, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Christian Simon Mezger
- Arbeitsgruppe Global and Planetary Health, Institut für Medizinische Epidemiologie, Biometrie und Informatik, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Lena Weber
- Medizinische Fakultät, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Anja Knothe
- Medizinische Fakultät, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Michelle Klose
- Klinik für Innere Medizin I, University Hospital Halle, Halle, Germany
| | - Stefan Moritz
- Klinische Infektiologie, Universitätsklinikum Halle (Saale), Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Eva Johanna Kantelhardt
- Arbeitsgruppe Global and Planetary Health, Institut für Medizinische Epidemiologie, Biometrie und Informatik, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Stephan Feller
- Institut für Molekulare Medizin, Medizinische Fakultät, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Axel Schlitt
- Paracelsus-Harz-Klinik Bad Suderode, Bad Suderode, Germany
| | - Robin Greinert
- Klinik für Innere Medizin I, University Hospital Halle, Halle, Germany
| | - Patrick Michl
- Klinik für Innere Medizin I, University Hospital Halle, Halle, Germany
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Mavrouli M, Mavroulis S, Lekkas E, Tsakris A. Infectious Diseases Associated with Hydrometeorological Hazards in Europe: Disaster Risk Reduction in the Context of the Climate Crisis and the Ongoing COVID-19 Pandemic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10206. [PMID: 36011854 PMCID: PMC9408126 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191610206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hydrometeorological hazards comprise a wide range of events, mainly floods, storms, droughts, and temperature extremes. Floods account for the majority of the related disasters in both developed and developing countries. Flooding alters the natural balance of the environment and frequently establish a favorable habitat for pathogens and vectors to thrive. Diseases caused by pathogens that require vehicle transmission from host to host (waterborne) or a host/vector as part of their life cycle (vector-borne) are those most likely to be affected by flooding. Considering the most notable recent destructive floods events of July 2021 that affected several Central Europe countries, we conducted a systematic literature review in order to identify documented sporadic cases and outbreaks of infectious diseases in humans in Europe, where hydrometeorological hazards, mainly floods, were thought to have been involved. The occurrence of water-, rodent-, and vector-borne diseases in several European countries is highlighted, as flooding and the harsh post-flood conditions favor their emergence and transmission. In this context, strategies for prevention and management of infectious disease outbreaks in flood-prone and flood-affected areas are also proposed and comprise pre- and post-flood prevention measures, pre- and post-outbreak prevention measures, as well as mitigation actions when an infectious disease outbreak finally occurs. Emphasis is also placed on the collision of floods, flood-related infectious disease outbreaks, and the evolving COVID-19 pandemic, which may result in unprecedented multi-hazard conditions and requires a multi-hazard approach for the effective disaster management and risk reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Mavrouli
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Spyridon Mavroulis
- Department of Dynamic Tectonic Applied Geology, Faculty of Geology and Geoenvironment, School of Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Efthymios Lekkas
- Department of Dynamic Tectonic Applied Geology, Faculty of Geology and Geoenvironment, School of Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Athanassios Tsakris
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
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Pirani D, Safi-Keykaleh M, Farahi-Ashtiani I, Safarpour H, Jahangiri K. The challenges of health volunteers management in COVID19 pandemic in Iran. J Health Organ Manag 2022; ahead-of-print. [PMID: 35949037 DOI: 10.1108/jhom-05-2022-0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The use of volunteers is one of the approaches to capacity building, preparedness and the response of the health system in disasters. Appropriate management of volunteers during disasters and emergencies is essential. This study aimed to explain the challenges of volunteer management in the Pandemic COVID-19 in Iran. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH Qualitative research was conducted using the content analysis based on the Graneheim method. The participants' selection was done based on purposeful sampling and theoretical sampling until data saturation. Direct field observation and 26 interviews were applied to collect data. FINDINGS Four categories and 15 sub-categories emerged to describe the challenges of volunteer management during the COVID-19 crisis including policymaking barriers (including legal barriers, insurance and support coverage and risk governance), managerial barriers (including planning, coordinating and organizing, training and awareness, command and leadership and information management and documentation), socio-cultural barriers (personal safety attitude and culture, attitudes and expectations of the community and perspectives on volunteers) and executive-operational barriers (monitoring and evaluation, cost and needs assessment). ORIGINALITY/VALUE It is essential to increase managers', officials' and volunteers' perceptions of COVID19 risk through education and information. Preparing a database for volunteers' information, including non-governmental organization and governmental organization volunteers, planning for needs assessment, establishing a mechanism for recruiting volunteers and using their capacities and appropriate organizing, tracking and monitoring of volunteers can be among effective strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davoud Pirani
- Department of Health in Disasters and Emergencies, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Meysam Safi-Keykaleh
- Malayer School of Nursing, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Iman Farahi-Ashtiani
- Department of Health in Disasters and Emergencies, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Safarpour
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.,Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Katayoun Jahangiri
- Department of Health in Disasters and Emergencies, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Pouraghaei M, Babaie J, Rad Saeed L. Challenges of Emergency Medical Services Response to Arasbaran Twin Earthquakes; a Content Analysis. ARCHIVES OF ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2022; 10:e35. [PMID: 35765607 PMCID: PMC9187129 DOI: 10.22037/aaem.v10i1.1571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Introduction One of the most important concerns in responding to disasters is providing Basic Life Support (BLS) services. Considering the key role of Emergency Medical Services (EMS) in providing BLS, the purpose of this study is to investigate the experience of provincial EMS during their response to the Arasbaran twin earthquakes and its challenges in Iran. Methods This study was conducted using a qualitative approach and the conventional content analysis method. Data were collected through Focused Group Discussions (FGD) and semi-structured in-depth interviews with purposively-selected EMS paramedics and officials in East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. To form the main categories, the interviews were encoded in three stages and the similar codes were placed under the same subcategories and merged. Results A total of 26 EMS paramedics participated in the study. The codes extracted from the interviews, after three stages of reduction, were placed in the top ten categories, including the lack of preparedness and coordination, dead bodies' management challenges, responders' psychosocial support, deficiencies in supplies and ambulances, difficulty of access to rural areas, volunteer management, non-documentation of the experiences, communication challenges, recalling, and deploying of EMS responders. Conclusion Timely response of the EMS and paramedics' sense of responsibility for providing services were positive and successful points about the emergency response operations. The weaknesses of EMS should, therefore, be addressed through transferring of experiences and by planning and arranging training courses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahboub Pouraghaei
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Javad Babaie
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Management and Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Road Traffic Injury Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Corresponding author: Javad Babaie; Department of Health Policy and Management, Iranian Center of Excellence in Health Management, School of Management and Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. , Fax: +98 4152622456, Tel: +98 9144236905
| | - Laleh Rad Saeed
- Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Hamalaw SA, Bayati AH, Babakir-Mina M. An Assessment of Timeliness and Quality of Communicable Disease Surveillance System in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. INQUIRY: THE JOURNAL OF HEALTH CARE ORGANIZATION, PROVISION, AND FINANCING 2021; 58:469580211056045. [PMID: 34794356 PMCID: PMC8607484 DOI: 10.1177/00469580211056045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background The quality of the surveillance system can be defined by attributes such as
completeness, timeliness, usefulness, simplicity, flexibility,
acceptability, and reliability. This study aims to assess these quality
features of the communicable disease surveillance system (CDSS) in the
Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Methods This study was conducted using a retrospective review of records and
documents, and the interviews with the surveillance staff (n = 82) of the
Kurdistan governorates during 2018, 2019, and 2020. The World Health
Organization (WHO) guideline 2006 indicators were used for evaluation and
monitoring the quality of the communicable disease surveillance system. The
data analyzed and showed as frequencies and percentages using Statistical
Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26 software. Results The reporting timeliness declined from 98% in 2019 to 69% in 2020. At the
same time, there was an improvement in completeness of reporting from 83% in
2018 to 99% in 2020. The total scores of other surveillance quality
attributes, simplicity, usefulness, flexibility, acceptability, and
reliability, were 75%, 72%, 67%, 72%, and 69%, respectively. Conclusion Current findings demonstrate that the CDSS is still facing significant
challenges in timeliness simplicity, usefulness, flexibility, acceptability,
and reliability. Further studies to assess the system’s quality,
particularly the system’s timeliness of outbreak response, sensitivity, and
specificity, are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soran Amin Hamalaw
- College of Health and Medical Technology, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region of Iraq
| | - Ali Hattem Bayati
- College of Health and Medical Technology, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region of Iraq
| | - Muhammed Babakir-Mina
- College of Health and Medical Technology, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Sulaiman, Kurdistan Region of Iraq
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Makwana N. Public health care system's preparedness to combat epidemics after natural disasters. J Family Med Prim Care 2020; 9:5107-5112. [PMID: 33409172 PMCID: PMC7773099 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_895_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Disaster management is the execution of various resources and responsibilities that deal with all civilized aspects of tragedies in the consequences of natural or human hazards. There are multiple factors that lead to the outbreak of epidemics after natural disasters, but often the association between natural calamity and the outbreak of epidemics is misconstrued. The health care system of any country has an imperative role in combating the disaster-related epidemics. In developing countries like India, where resources are limited, the public healthcare system plays a vital role against battling epidemics after a natural disaster, hence, preparedness of public health care system to combat epidemics after natural disasters is considered as a narrative review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikunj Makwana
- Research Scholar, Centre of Social Medicine and Community Health, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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Rahman AB, Chaklader MA, Muhamad F. Perceptions of Knowledge Regarding Disaster Management among Healthcare Workers in Bangladesh. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES AND HEALTH 2020. [DOI: 10.46347/jmsh.2019.v05i03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Yavarian J, Shafiei-Jandaghi NZ, Mokhtari-Azad T. Possible viral infections in flood disasters: a review considering 2019 spring floods in Iran. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 2019; 11:85-89. [PMID: 31341561 PMCID: PMC6635310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Floods are one of the natural disasters occurring worldwide which have a massive range of health impacts. In addition to immediate dangers such as drowning, floods can increase the transmission of some communicable diseases. Up to now there was no report of viral infection outbreaks after 2019 spring floods in Iran. This review explains the possible viral infections which may occur during or after floods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Talat Mokhtari-Azad
- Corresponding author: Talat Mokhtari-Azad, PhD, Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Telefax: +98-21-88962343,
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Babaie J, Barati M, Azizi M, Ephtekhari A, Sadat SJ. A systematic evidence review of the effect of climate change on malaria in Iran. J Parasit Dis 2018; 42:331-340. [PMID: 30166779 PMCID: PMC6104236 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-018-1017-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate is an effective factor in the ecological structure which plays an important role in control and outbreak of the diseases caused by biological factors like malaria. With regard to the occurring climatic change, this study aimed to review the effects of climate change on malaria in Iran. In this systematic review, Cochrane, PubMed and ScienceDirect (as international databases), SID and Magiran as Persian databases were investigated through MESH keywords including climate change, global warming, malaria, Anopheles, and Iran. The related articles were screened and finally their results were extracted using data extraction sheets. Totally 41 papers were resulted through databases searching process. Finally 14 papers which met inclusion criteria were included in data extraction stage. The findings indicated that Anopheles mosquitoes are present at least in 115 places in Iran; they are compatible with climatic zones of Iran. Malaria and it's vectors are affected by climate change. Temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, wind intensity and direction are the most important climatic factors affecting the growth and proliferation of Anopheles, Plasmodium and the prevalence of malaria. The transmission of malaria in Iran is associated with the climatic factors of temperature, rainfall, and humidity. Therefore, with regard to the occurring climatic change, the incidence of the disease may also change which needs to be taken into consideration while planning of malaria control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Babaie
- Iranian Center of Excellence in Health Management, School of Management and Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Barati
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Azizi
- Department of Health in Disaster and Emergency, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Adel Ephtekhari
- Department of Health in Disaster and Emergency, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Seyed Javad Sadat
- Department of Health in Disaster and Emergency, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
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Abstract
Infectious disease during an emergency condition can raise the death rate 60 times in comparison to other causes including trauma. An epidemic, or outbreak, can occur when several aspects of the agent (pathogen), population (hosts), and the environment create an ideal situation for spread. Overcrowding, poor regional design and hygiene due to poverty, dirty drinking water, rapid climate changes, and natural disasters, can lead to conditions that allow easier transmission of disease. Once it has been established that an emergency condition exists, there must be a prompt and thorough response for communicable disease control. A camp should be created, and the disease managed rapidly. The overall goals are rapid assessment, prevention, surveillance, outbreak control, and disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Ameli
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, USA
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Developing a Performance Assessment Framework and Indicators for Communicable Disease Management in Natural Disasters. Prehosp Disaster Med 2015; 31:27-35. [PMID: 26652758 DOI: 10.1017/s1049023x15005452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Communicable disease management (CDM) is an important component of disaster public health response operations. However, there is a lack of any performance assessment (PA) framework and related indicators for the PA. This study aimed to develop a PA framework and indicators in CDM in disasters. METHODS In this study, a series of methods were used. First, a systematic literature review (SLR) was performed in order to extract the existing PA frameworks and indicators. Then, using a qualitative approach, some interviews with purposively selected experts were conducted and used in developing the PA framework and indicators. Finally, the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) was used for weighting of the developed indicators. RESULTS The input, process, products, and outcomes (IPPO) framework was found to be an appropriate framework for CDM PA. Seven main functions were revealed to CDM during disasters. Forty PA indicators were developed for the four categories. CONCLUSION There is a lack of any existing PA framework in CDM in disasters. Thus, in this study, a PA framework (IPPO framework) was developed for the PA of CDM in disasters through a series of methods. It can be an appropriate framework and its indicators could measure the performance of CDM in disasters.
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Charles-Smith LE, Reynolds TL, Cameron MA, Conway M, Lau EHY, Olsen JM, Pavlin JA, Shigematsu M, Streichert LC, Suda KJ, Corley CD. Using Social Media for Actionable Disease Surveillance and Outbreak Management: A Systematic Literature Review. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139701. [PMID: 26437454 PMCID: PMC4593536 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Research studies show that social media may be valuable tools in the disease surveillance toolkit used for improving public health professionals' ability to detect disease outbreaks faster than traditional methods and to enhance outbreak response. A social media work group, consisting of surveillance practitioners, academic researchers, and other subject matter experts convened by the International Society for Disease Surveillance, conducted a systematic primary literature review using the PRISMA framework to identify research, published through February 2013, answering either of the following questions: Can social media be integrated into disease surveillance practice and outbreak management to support and improve public health?Can social media be used to effectively target populations, specifically vulnerable populations, to test an intervention and interact with a community to improve health outcomes?Examples of social media included are Facebook, MySpace, microblogs (e.g., Twitter), blogs, and discussion forums. For Question 1, 33 manuscripts were identified, starting in 2009 with topics on Influenza-like Illnesses (n = 15), Infectious Diseases (n = 6), Non-infectious Diseases (n = 4), Medication and Vaccines (n = 3), and Other (n = 5). For Question 2, 32 manuscripts were identified, the first in 2000 with topics on Health Risk Behaviors (n = 10), Infectious Diseases (n = 3), Non-infectious Diseases (n = 9), and Other (n = 10). CONCLUSIONS The literature on the use of social media to support public health practice has identified many gaps and biases in current knowledge. Despite the potential for success identified in exploratory studies, there are limited studies on interventions and little use of social media in practice. However, information gleaned from the articles demonstrates the effectiveness of social media in supporting and improving public health and in identifying target populations for intervention. A primary recommendation resulting from the review is to identify opportunities that enable public health professionals to integrate social media analytics into disease surveillance and outbreak management practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E. Charles-Smith
- Data Sciences and Analytics Group, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, United States of America
| | - Tera L. Reynolds
- International Society for Disease Surveillance, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mark A. Cameron
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Digital Productivity Flagship, Canberra, Australia
| | - Mike Conway
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Eric H. Y. Lau
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jennifer M. Olsen
- Skoll Global Threats Fund, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Julie A. Pavlin
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mika Shigematsu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Laura C. Streichert
- International Society for Disease Surveillance, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Katie J. Suda
- Center of Innovation for Complex Chronic Healthcare, United States Department of Veterans Affairs, Hines, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Courtney D. Corley
- Data Sciences and Analytics Group, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, United States of America
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