1
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Tsekrekou M, Giannakou M, Papanikolopoulou K, Skretas G. Protein aggregation and therapeutic strategies in SOD1- and TDP-43- linked ALS. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1383453. [PMID: 38855322 PMCID: PMC11157337 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1383453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease with severe socio-economic impact. A hallmark of ALS pathology is the presence of aberrant cytoplasmic inclusions composed of misfolded and aggregated proteins, including both wild-type and mutant forms. This review highlights the critical role of misfolded protein species in ALS pathogenesis, particularly focusing on Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) and TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43), and emphasizes the urgent need for innovative therapeutic strategies targeting these misfolded proteins directly. Despite significant advancements in understanding ALS mechanisms, the disease remains incurable, with current treatments offering limited clinical benefits. Through a comprehensive analysis, the review focuses on the direct modulation of the misfolded proteins and presents recent discoveries in small molecules and peptides that inhibit SOD1 and TDP-43 aggregation, underscoring their potential as effective treatments to modify disease progression and improve clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tsekrekou
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Giannakou
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Katerina Papanikolopoulou
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Biomedical Sciences Research Centre “Alexander Fleming”, Vari, Greece
- ResQ Biotech, Patras Science Park, Rio, Greece
| | - Georgios Skretas
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
- ResQ Biotech, Patras Science Park, Rio, Greece
- Institute for Bio-innovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Centre “Alexander Fleming”, Vari, Greece
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2
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Desai M, Hemant, Deo A, Naik J, Dhamale P, Kshirsagar A, Bose T, Majumdar A. Mrj is a chaperone of the Hsp40 family that regulates Orb2 oligomerization and long-term memory in Drosophila. PLoS Biol 2024; 22:e3002585. [PMID: 38648719 PMCID: PMC11034981 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Orb2 the Drosophila homolog of cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding (CPEB) protein forms prion-like oligomers. These oligomers consist of Orb2A and Orb2B isoforms and their formation is dependent on the oligomerization of the Orb2A isoform. Drosophila with a mutation diminishing Orb2A's prion-like oligomerization forms long-term memory but fails to maintain it over time. Since this prion-like oligomerization of Orb2A plays a crucial role in the maintenance of memory, here, we aim to find what regulates this oligomerization. In an immunoprecipitation-based screen, we identify interactors of Orb2A in the Hsp40 and Hsp70 families of proteins. Among these, we find an Hsp40 family protein Mrj as a regulator of the conversion of Orb2A to its prion-like form. Mrj interacts with Hsp70 proteins and acts as a chaperone by interfering with the aggregation of pathogenic Huntingtin. Unlike its mammalian homolog, we find Drosophila Mrj is neither an essential gene nor causes any gross neurodevelopmental defect. We observe a loss of Mrj results in a reduction in Orb2 oligomers. Further, Mrj knockout exhibits a deficit in long-term memory and our observations suggest Mrj is needed in mushroom body neurons for the regulation of long-term memory. Our work implicates a chaperone Mrj in mechanisms of memory regulation through controlling the oligomerization of Orb2A and its association with the translating ribosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghal Desai
- National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University Campus, Pune, India
| | - Hemant
- National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University Campus, Pune, India
| | - Ankita Deo
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology (IBB), Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Jagyanseni Naik
- National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University Campus, Pune, India
| | - Prathamesh Dhamale
- National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University Campus, Pune, India
| | - Avinash Kshirsagar
- National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University Campus, Pune, India
| | - Tania Bose
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology (IBB), Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Amitabha Majumdar
- National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University Campus, Pune, India
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3
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Chen CC, Han J, Chinn CA, Rounds JS, Li X, Nikan M, Myszka M, Tong L, Passalacqua LFM, Bredy T, Wood MA, Luptak A. Inhibition of Cpeb3 ribozyme elevates CPEB3 protein expression and polyadenylation of its target mRNAs and enhances object location memory. eLife 2024; 13:e90116. [PMID: 38319152 PMCID: PMC10919898 DOI: 10.7554/elife.90116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
A self-cleaving ribozyme that maps to an intron of the cytoplasmic polyadenylation element-binding protein 3 (Cpeb3) gene is thought to play a role in human episodic memory, but the underlying mechanisms mediating this effect are not known. We tested the activity of the murine sequence and found that the ribozyme's self-scission half-life matches the time it takes an RNA polymerase to reach the immediate downstream exon, suggesting that the ribozyme-dependent intron cleavage is tuned to co-transcriptional splicing of the Cpeb3 mRNA. Our studies also reveal that the murine ribozyme modulates maturation of its harboring mRNA in both cultured cortical neurons and the hippocampus: inhibition of the ribozyme using an antisense oligonucleotide leads to increased CPEB3 protein expression, which enhances polyadenylation and translation of localized plasticity-related target mRNAs, and subsequently strengthens hippocampal-dependent long-term memory. These findings reveal a previously unknown role for self-cleaving ribozyme activity in regulating experience-induced co-transcriptional and local translational processes required for learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire C Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
| | - Joseph Han
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
| | - Carlene A Chinn
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
| | - Jacob S Rounds
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
| | | | - Marie Myszka
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
| | - Liqi Tong
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
| | - Luiz FM Passalacqua
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
| | - Timothy Bredy
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
| | - Marcelo A Wood
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
| | - Andrej Luptak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
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4
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Fernández Ramírez MDC, Afrin S, Saelices L. Conformational inhibitors of protein aggregation. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2023; 83:102700. [PMID: 37717490 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2023.102700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Amyloidoses are fatal conditions associated with the aggregation of proteins into amyloid fibrils that deposit systemically and/or locally. Possibly because the causal mechanism of protein aggregation and deposition is not fully understood, this group of diseases remains uncurable. Advances in structural biology, such as the use of nuclear magnetic resonance and cryo-electron microscopy, have enabled the study of the structures and the conformational nature of the proteins whose aggregation is associated with the underlying pathogenesis of amyloidosis. As a result, the last years of research have translated into the development of directed therapeutic strategies that target the specific conformations of precursors, fibrils, and intermediary species. Current efforts include the use of small molecules, peptides, and antibodies. This review summarizes the recent progress in developing strategies that target specific protein conformations for the treatment of amyloidoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Del Carmen Fernández Ramírez
- Center for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Biophysics, Peter O'Donnell Jr Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (UTSW), Dallas, TX, USA. https://twitter.com/FernandezR_MC
| | - Shumaila Afrin
- Center for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Biophysics, Peter O'Donnell Jr Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (UTSW), Dallas, TX, USA. https://twitter.com/Shumyla44
| | - Lorena Saelices
- Center for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Biophysics, Peter O'Donnell Jr Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (UTSW), Dallas, TX, USA.
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5
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Ramírez de Mingo D, López-García P, Vaquero ME, Hervás R, Laurents DV, Carrión-Vázquez M. Phase separation modulates the functional amyloid assembly of human CPEB3. Prog Neurobiol 2023; 231:102540. [PMID: 37898314 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2023.102540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
How functional amyloids are regulated to restrict their activity is poorly understood. The cytoplasmic polyadenylation element-binding protein 3 (CPEB3) is an RNA-binding protein that adopts an amyloid state key for memory persistence. Its monomer represses the translation of synaptic target mRNAs while phase separated, whereas its aggregated state acts as a translational activator. Here, we have explored the sequence-driven molecular determinants behind the functional aggregation of human CPEB3 (hCPEB3). We found that the intrinsically disordered region (IDR) of hCPEB3 encodes both an amyloidogenic and a phase separation domain, separated by a poly-A-rich region. The hCPEB3 amyloid core is composed by a hydrophobic region instead of the Q-rich stretch found in the Drosophila orthologue. The hCPEB3 phase separation domain relies on hydrophobic interactions with ionic strength dependence, and its droplet ageing process leads to a liquid-to-solid transition with the formation of a non-fibril-based hydrogel surrounded by starburst droplets. Furthermore, we demonstrate the differential behavior of the protein depending on its environment. Under physiological-like conditions, hCPEB3 can establish additional electrostatic interactions with ions, increasing the stability of its liquid droplets and driving a condensation-based amyloid pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paula López-García
- Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Avenida Doctor Arce 37, Madrid 28002, Spain; PhD Program in Neuroscience, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid-Cajal Institute, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | | | - Rubén Hervás
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Douglas V Laurents
- Instituto de Química Física "Blas Cabrera", CSIC, C/ Serrano 119, Madrid 28006, Spain
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6
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Bhopatkar AA, Kayed R. Flanking regions, amyloid cores, and polymorphism: the potential interplay underlying structural diversity. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105122. [PMID: 37536631 PMCID: PMC10482755 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The β-sheet-rich amyloid core is the defining feature of protein aggregates associated with neurodegenerative disorders. Recent investigations have revealed that there exist multiple examples of the same protein, with the same sequence, forming a variety of amyloid cores with distinct structural characteristics. These structural variants, termed as polymorphs, are hypothesized to influence the pathological profile and the progression of different neurodegenerative diseases, giving rise to unique phenotypic differences. Thus, identifying the origin and properties of these structural variants remain a focus of studies, as a preliminary step in the development of therapeutic strategies. Here, we review the potential role of the flanking regions of amyloid cores in inducing polymorphism. These regions, adjacent to the amyloid cores, show a preponderance for being structurally disordered, imbuing them with functional promiscuity. The dynamic nature of the flanking regions can then manifest in the form of conformational polymorphism of the aggregates. We take a closer look at the sequences flanking the amyloid cores, followed by a review of the polymorphic aggregates of the well-characterized proteins amyloid-β, α-synuclein, Tau, and TDP-43. We also consider different factors that can potentially influence aggregate structure and how these regions can be viewed as novel targets for therapeutic strategies by utilizing their unique structural properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anukool A Bhopatkar
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA; Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Rakez Kayed
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA; Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.
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7
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Kozlov EN, Deev RV, Tokmatcheva EV, Tvorogova A, Kachaev ZM, Gilmutdinov RA, Zhukova M, Savvateeva-Popova EV, Schedl P, Shidlovskii YV. 3'UTR of mRNA Encoding CPEB Protein Orb2 Plays an Essential Role in Intracellular Transport in Neurons. Cells 2023; 12:1717. [PMID: 37443751 PMCID: PMC10340461 DOI: 10.3390/cells12131717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular trafficking plays a critical role in the functioning of highly polarized cells, such as neurons. Transport of mRNAs, proteins, and other molecules to synaptic terminals maintains contact between neurons and ensures the transmission of nerve impulses. Cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding (CPEB) proteins play an essential role in long-term memory (LTM) formation by regulating local translation in synapses. Here, we show that the 3'UTR of the Drosophila CPEB gene orb2 is required for targeting the orb2 mRNA and protein to synapses and that this localization is important for LTM formation. When the orb2 3'UTR is deleted, the orb2 mRNAs and proteins fail to localize in synaptic fractions, and pronounced LTM deficits arise. We found that the phenotypic effects of the orb2 3'UTR deletion were rescued by introducing the 3'UTR from the orb, another Drosophila CPEB gene. In contrast, the phenotypic effects of the 3'UTR deletion were not rescued by the 3'UTR from one of the Drosophila α-tubulin genes. Our results show that the orb2 mRNAs must be targeted to the correct locations in neurons and that proper targeting depends upon sequences in the 3'UTR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene N. Kozlov
- Laboratory of Gene Expression Regulation in Development, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (E.N.K.); (R.V.D.); (Z.M.K.); (R.A.G.); (M.Z.); (P.S.)
| | - Roman V. Deev
- Laboratory of Gene Expression Regulation in Development, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (E.N.K.); (R.V.D.); (Z.M.K.); (R.A.G.); (M.Z.); (P.S.)
| | - Elena V. Tokmatcheva
- Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 188680 St. Petersburg, Russia; (E.V.T.); (E.V.S.-P.)
| | - Anna Tvorogova
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Zaur M. Kachaev
- Laboratory of Gene Expression Regulation in Development, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (E.N.K.); (R.V.D.); (Z.M.K.); (R.A.G.); (M.Z.); (P.S.)
| | - Rudolf A. Gilmutdinov
- Laboratory of Gene Expression Regulation in Development, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (E.N.K.); (R.V.D.); (Z.M.K.); (R.A.G.); (M.Z.); (P.S.)
| | - Mariya Zhukova
- Laboratory of Gene Expression Regulation in Development, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (E.N.K.); (R.V.D.); (Z.M.K.); (R.A.G.); (M.Z.); (P.S.)
| | - Elena V. Savvateeva-Popova
- Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 188680 St. Petersburg, Russia; (E.V.T.); (E.V.S.-P.)
| | - Paul Schedl
- Laboratory of Gene Expression Regulation in Development, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (E.N.K.); (R.V.D.); (Z.M.K.); (R.A.G.); (M.Z.); (P.S.)
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544-1014, USA
| | - Yulii V. Shidlovskii
- Laboratory of Gene Expression Regulation in Development, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (E.N.K.); (R.V.D.); (Z.M.K.); (R.A.G.); (M.Z.); (P.S.)
- Department of Biology and General Genetics, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119992 Moscow, Russia
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8
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Chen CC, Han J, Chinn CA, Rounds JS, Li X, Nikan M, Myszka M, Tong L, Passalacqua LFM, Bredy TW, Wood MA, Lupták A. Inhibition of CPEB3 ribozyme elevates CPEB3 protein expression and polyadenylation of its target mRNAs, and enhances object location memory. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.07.543953. [PMID: 37333407 PMCID: PMC10274809 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.07.543953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
A self-cleaving ribozyme that maps to an intron of the cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding protein 3 (CPEB3) gene is thought to play a role in human episodic memory, but the underlying mechanisms mediating this effect are not known. We tested the activity of the murine sequence and found that the ribozyme's self-scission half-life matches the time it takes an RNA polymerase to reach the immediate downstream exon, suggesting that the ribozyme-dependent intron cleavage is tuned to co-transcriptional splicing of the CPEB3 mRNA. Our studies also reveal that the murine ribozyme modulates maturation of its harboring mRNA in both cultured cortical neurons and the hippocampus: inhibition of the ribozyme using an antisense oligonucleotide leads to increased CPEB3 protein expression, which enhances polyadenylation and translation of localized plasticity-related target mRNAs, and subsequently strengthens hippocampal-dependent long-term memory. These findings reveal a previously unknown role for self-cleaving ribozyme activity in regulating experience-induced co-transcriptional and local translational processes required for learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire C. Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California–Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Joseph Han
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California–Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Carlene A. Chinn
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California–Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Jacob S. Rounds
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California–Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California–Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Mehran Nikan
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Marie Myszka
- Department of Chemistry, University of California–Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Liqi Tong
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California–Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Luiz F. M. Passalacqua
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California–Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Timothy W. Bredy
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California–Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Marcelo A. Wood
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California–Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Andrej Lupták
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California–Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California–Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California–Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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9
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Buchanan JA, Varghese NR, Johnston CL, Sunde M. Functional Amyloids: Where Supramolecular Amyloid Assembly Controls Biological Activity or Generates New Functionality. J Mol Biol 2023; 435:167919. [PMID: 37330295 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Functional amyloids are a rapidly expanding class of fibrillar protein structures, with a core cross-β scaffold, where novel and advantageous biological function is generated by the assembly of the amyloid. The growing number of amyloid structures determined at high resolution reveal how this supramolecular template both accommodates a wide variety of amino acid sequences and also imposes selectivity on the assembly process. The amyloid fibril can no longer be considered a generic aggregate, even when associated with disease and loss of function. In functional amyloids the polymeric β-sheet rich structure provides multiple different examples of unique control mechanisms and structures that are finely tuned to deliver assembly or disassembly in response to physiological or environmental cues. Here we review the range of mechanisms at play in natural, functional amyloids, where tight control of amyloidogenicity is achieved by environmental triggers of conformational change, proteolytic generation of amyloidogenic fragments, or heteromeric seeding and amyloid fibril stability. In the amyloid fibril form, activity can be regulated by pH, ligand binding and higher order protofilament or fibril architectures that impact the arrangement of associated domains and amyloid stability. The growing understanding of the molecular basis for the control of structure and functionality delivered by natural amyloids in nearly all life forms should inform the development of therapies for amyloid-associated diseases and guide the design of innovative biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Buchanan
- School of Medical Sciences and Sydney Nano, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Nikhil R Varghese
- School of Medical Sciences and Sydney Nano, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Caitlin L Johnston
- School of Medical Sciences and Sydney Nano, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Margaret Sunde
- School of Medical Sciences and Sydney Nano, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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10
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Self-Assembly of Amyloid Fibrils into 3D Gel Clusters versus 2D Sheets. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13020230. [PMID: 36830599 PMCID: PMC9953743 DOI: 10.3390/biom13020230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The deposition of dense fibril plaques represents the pathological hallmark for a multitude of human disorders, including many neurodegenerative diseases. Fibril plaques are predominately composed of amyloid fibrils, characterized by their underlying cross beta-sheet architecture. Research into the mechanisms of amyloid formation has mostly focused on characterizing and modeling the growth of individual fibrils and associated oligomers from their monomeric precursors. Much less is known about the mechanisms causing individual fibrils to assemble into ordered fibrillar suprastructures. Elucidating the mechanisms regulating this "secondary" self-assembly into distinct suprastructures is important for understanding how individual protein fibrils form the prominent macroscopic plaques observed in disease. Whether and how amyloid fibrils assemble into either 2D or 3D supramolecular structures also relates to ongoing efforts on using amyloid fibrils as substrates or scaffolds for self-assembling functional biomaterials. Here, we investigated the conditions under which preformed amyloid fibrils of a lysozyme assemble into larger superstructures as a function of charge screening or pH. Fibrils either assembled into three-dimensional gel clusters or two-dimensional fibril sheets. The latter displayed optical birefringence, diagnostic of amyloid plaques. We presume that pH and salt modulate fibril charge repulsion, which allows anisotropic fibril-fibril attraction to emerge and drive the transition from 3D to 2D fibril self-assembly.
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11
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Kozlov EN, Tokmatcheva EV, Khrustaleva AM, Grebenshchikov ES, Deev RV, Gilmutdinov RA, Lebedeva LA, Zhukova M, Savvateeva-Popova EV, Schedl P, Shidlovskii YV. Long-Term Memory Formation in Drosophila Depends on the 3'UTR of CPEB Gene orb2. Cells 2023; 12:cells12020318. [PMID: 36672258 PMCID: PMC9856895 DOI: 10.3390/cells12020318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of local translation in neurites in response to stimulation is an important step in the formation of long-term memory (LTM). CPEB proteins are a family of translation factors involved in LTM formation. The Drosophila CPEB protein Orb2 plays an important role in the development and function of the nervous system. Mutations of the coding region of the orb2 gene have previously been shown to impair LTM formation. We found that a deletion of the 3'UTR of the orb2 gene similarly results in loss of LTM in Drosophila. As a result of the deletion, the content of the Orb2 protein remained the same in the neuron soma, but significantly decreased in synapses. Using RNA immunoprecipitation followed by high-throughput sequencing, we detected more than 6000 potential Orb2 mRNA targets expressed in the Drosophila brain. Importantly, deletion of the 3'UTR of orb2 mRNA also affected the localization of the Csp, Pyd, and Eya proteins, which are encoded by putative mRNA targets of Orb2. Therefore, the 3'UTR of the orb2 mRNA is important for the proper localization of Orb2 and other proteins in synapses of neurons and the brain as a whole, providing a molecular basis for LTM formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene N. Kozlov
- Laboratory of Gene Expression Regulation in Development, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena V. Tokmatcheva
- Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 188680 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anastasia M. Khrustaleva
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Eugene S. Grebenshchikov
- Department of Biology and General Genetics, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Roman V. Deev
- Laboratory of Gene Expression Regulation in Development, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Rudolf A. Gilmutdinov
- Laboratory of Gene Expression Regulation in Development, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Lyubov A. Lebedeva
- Laboratory of Gene Expression Regulation in Development, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mariya Zhukova
- Laboratory of Gene Expression Regulation in Development, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Paul Schedl
- Laboratory of Gene Expression Regulation in Development, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544-1014, USA
| | - Yulii V. Shidlovskii
- Laboratory of Gene Expression Regulation in Development, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Biology and General Genetics, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119992 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
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12
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Fernández-Ramírez MDC, Ng KKS, Menéndez M, Laurents DV, Hervás R, Carrión-Vázquez M. Expanded Conformations of Monomeric Tau Initiate Its Amyloidogenesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 62:e202209252. [PMID: 36542681 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202209252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Understanding early amyloidogenesis is key to rationally develop therapeutic strategies. Tau protein forms well-characterized pathological deposits but its aggregation mechanism is still poorly understood. Using single-molecule force spectroscopy based on a mechanical protection strategy, we studied the conformational landscape of the monomeric tau repeat domain (tau-RD244-368 ). We found two sets of conformational states, whose frequency is influenced by mutations and the chemical context. While pathological mutations Δ280K and P301L and a pro-amyloidogenic milieu favored expanded conformations and destabilized local structures, an anti-amyloidogenic environment promoted a compact ensemble, including a conformer whose topology might mask two amyloidogenic segments. Our results reveal that to initiate aggregation, monomeric tau-RD244-368 decreases its polymorphism adopting expanded conformations. This could account for the distinct structures found in vitro and across tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Del Carmen Fernández-Ramírez
- Instituto Cajal, IC-CSIC, Avda. Doctor Arce 37, 28002, Madrid, Spain.,Current address: Center for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Kevin Kan-Shing Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Margarita Menéndez
- Instituto de Química-Física Rocasolano, IQFR-CSIC, Serrano 119, 28006, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Spain
| | - Douglas V Laurents
- Instituto de Química-Física Rocasolano, IQFR-CSIC, Serrano 119, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rubén Hervás
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
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13
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Bowler JT, Sawaya MR, Boyer DR, Cascio D, Bali M, Eisenberg DS. Micro-electron diffraction structure of the aggregation-driving N-terminus of Drosophila neuronal protein Orb2A reveals amyloid-like β-sheets. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102396. [PMID: 35988647 PMCID: PMC9556795 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid protein aggregation is commonly associated with progressive neurodegenerative diseases, however not all amyloid fibrils are pathogenic. The neuronal cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding (CPEB) protein is a regulator of synaptic mRNA translation, and has been shown to form functional amyloid aggregates that stabilize long-term memory. In adult Drosophila neurons, the CPEB homolog Orb2 is expressed as two isoforms, of which the Orb2B isoform is far more abundant, but the rarer Orb2A isoform is required to initiate Orb2 aggregation. The N-terminus is a distinctive feature of the Orb2A isoform and is critical for its aggregation. Intriguingly, replacement of phenylalanine in the 5th position of Orb2A with tyrosine (F5Y) in Drosophila impairs stabilization of long-term memory. The structure of endogenous Orb2B fibers was recently determined by cryo-EM, but the structure adopted by fibrillar Orb2A is less certain. Here we use micro-electron diffraction to determine the structure of the first nine N-terminal residues of Orb2A, at a resolution of 1.05 Å. We find that this segment (which we term M9I) forms an amyloid-like array of parallel in-register β-sheets, which interact through side chain interdigitation of aromatic and hydrophobic residues. Our structure provides an explanation for the decreased aggregation observed for the F5Y mutant, and offers a hypothesis for how the addition of a single atom (the tyrosyl oxygen) affects long-term memory. We also propose a structural model of Orb2A that integrates our structure of the M9I segment with the published Orb2B cryo-EM structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannette T Bowler
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles; Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
| | - Michael R Sawaya
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - David R Boyer
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Duilio Cascio
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Manya Bali
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - David S Eisenberg
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles; Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
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14
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Siemer AB. What makes functional amyloids work? Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 57:399-411. [PMID: 35997712 PMCID: PMC9588633 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2022.2113030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Although first described in the context of disease, cross-β (amyloid) fibrils have also been found as functional entities in all kingdoms of life. However, what are the specific properties of the cross-β fibril motif that convey biological function, make them especially suited for their particular purpose, and distinguish them from other fibrils found in biology? This review approaches these questions by arguing that cross-β fibrils are highly periodic, stable, and self-templating structures whose formation is accompanied by substantial conformational change that leads to a multimerization of their core and framing sequences. A discussion of each of these properties is followed by selected examples of functional cross-β fibrils that show how function is usually achieved by leveraging many of these properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansgar B Siemer
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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15
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Amyloid Properties of the FXR1 Protein Are Conserved in Evolution of Vertebrates. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147997. [PMID: 35887344 PMCID: PMC9319111 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional amyloids are fibrillary proteins with a cross-β structure that play a structural or regulatory role in pro- and eukaryotes. Previously, we have demonstrated that the RNA-binding FXR1 protein functions in an amyloid form in the rat brain. This RNA-binding protein plays an important role in the regulation of long-term memory, emotions, and cancer. Here, we evaluate the amyloid properties of FXR1 in organisms representing various classes of vertebrates. We show the colocalization of FXR1 with amyloid-specific dyes in the neurons of amphibians, reptiles, and birds. Moreover, FXR1, as with other amyloids, forms detergent-resistant insoluble aggregates in all studied animals. The FXR1 protein isolated by immunoprecipitation from the brains of different vertebrate species forms fibrils, which show yellow-green birefringence after staining with Congo red. Our data indicate that in the evolution of vertebrates, FXR1 acquired amyloid properties at least 365 million years ago. Based on the obtained data, we discuss the possible role of FXR1 amyloid fibrils in the regulation of vital processes in the brain of vertebrates.
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16
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Ramírez de Mingo D, Pantoja-Uceda D, Hervás R, Carrión-Vázquez M, Laurents DV. Conformational dynamics in the disordered region of human CPEB3 linked to memory consolidation. BMC Biol 2022; 20:129. [PMID: 35658951 PMCID: PMC9166367 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01310-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Current understanding of the molecular basis of memory consolidation points to an important function of amyloid formation by neuronal-specific isoforms of the cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding (CPEB) protein family. In particular, CPEB is thought to promote memory persistence through formation of self-sustaining prion-like amyloid assemblies at synapses, mediated by its intrinsically disordered region (IDR) and leading to permanent physical alterations at the basis of memory persistence. Although the molecular mechanisms by which amyloid formation takes place in CPEB have been described in invertebrates, the way amyloid formation occurs in the human homolog CPEB3 (hCPEB3) remains unclear. Here, we characterize by NMR spectroscopy the atomic level conformation and ps-ms dynamics of the 426-residue IDR of hCPEB3, which has been associated with episodic memory in humans. Results We show that the 426-residue N-terminal region of hCPEB3 is a dynamic, intrinsically disordered region (IDR) which lacks stable folded structures. The first 29 residues, M1QDDLLMDKSKTQPQPQQQQRQQQQPQP29, adopt a helical + disordered motif, and residues 86–93: P83QQPPPP93, and 166–175: P166PPPAPAPQP175 form polyproline II (PPII) helices. The (VG)5 repeat motif is completely disordered, and residues 200–250 adopt three partially populated α-helices. Residues 345–355, which comprise the nuclear localization signal (NLS), form a modestly populated α-helix which may mediate STAT5B binding. These findings allow us to suggest a model for nascent hCPEB3 structural transitions at single residue resolution, advancing that amyloid breaker residues, like proline, are a key difference between functional versus pathological amyloids. Conclusion Our NMR spectroscopic analysis of hCPEB3 provides insights into the first structural transitions involved in protein–protein and protein-mRNA interactions. The atomic level understanding of these structural transitions involved in hCPEB3 aggregation is a key first step toward understanding memory persistence in humans, as well as sequence features that differentiate beneficial amyloids from pathological ones. Areas Biophysics, Structural Biology, Biochemistry & Neurosciences. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-022-01310-6.
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17
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Hassan MN, Nabi F, Khan AN, Hussain M, Siddiqui WA, Uversky VN, Khan RH. The amyloid state of proteins: A boon or bane? Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 200:593-617. [PMID: 35074333 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Proteins and their aggregation is significant field of research due to their association with various conformational maladies including well-known neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's (AD), Parkinson's (PD), and Huntington's (HD) diseases. Amyloids despite being given negative role for decades are also believed to play a functional role in bacteria to humans. In this review, we discuss both facets of amyloid. We have shed light on AD, which is one of the most common age-related neurodegenerative disease caused by accumulation of Aβ fibrils as extracellular senile plagues. We also discuss PD caused by the aggregation and deposition of α-synuclein in form of Lewy bodies and neurites. Other amyloid-associated diseases such as HD and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are also discussed. We have also reviewed functional amyloids that have various biological roles in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes that includes formation of biofilm and cell attachment in bacteria to hormone storage in humans, We discuss in detail the role of Curli fibrils' in biofilm formation, chaplins in cell attachment to peptide hormones, and Pre-Melansomal Protein (PMEL) roles. The disease-related and functional amyloids are compared with regard to their structural integrity, variation in regulation, and speed of forming aggregates and elucidate how amyloids have turned from foe to friend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Nadir Hassan
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Faisal Nabi
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Asra Nasir Khan
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Murtaza Hussain
- Department of Biochemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Waseem A Siddiqui
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Protein Research Group, Institute for Biological Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy 11 of Sciences", Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia; Department of Molecular Medicine, USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College 13 of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, United States
| | - Rizwan Hasan Khan
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India.
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18
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Soria MA, Cervantes SA, Siemer AB. Calmodulin binds the N-terminus of the functional amyloid Orb2A inhibiting fibril formation. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0259872. [PMID: 35025866 PMCID: PMC8758002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytoplasmic polyadenylation element-binding protein Orb2 is a key regulator of long-term memory (LTM) in Drosophila. The N-terminus of the Orb2 isoform A is required for LTM and forms cross-β fibrils on its own. However, this N-terminus is not part of the core found in ex vivo fibrils. We previously showed that besides forming cross-β fibrils, the N-terminus of Orb2A binds anionic lipid membranes as an amphipathic helix. Here, we show that the Orb2A N-terminus can similarly interact with calcium activated calmodulin (CaM) and that this interaction prevents fibril formation. Because CaM is a known regulator of LTM, this interaction could potentially explain the regulatory role of Orb2A in LTM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A. Soria
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Silvia A. Cervantes
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ansgar B. Siemer
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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19
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Li J, Li H. New insights into the folding–unfolding mechanism and conformations of cytochrome C. Chem Sci 2022; 13:7498-7508. [PMID: 35872809 PMCID: PMC9241957 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01126c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical trapping experiments offer new insights into the folding and unfolding of cytochrome C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Hongbin Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
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20
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Gilmutdinov R, Kozlov EN, Yakovlev KV, Olenina LV, Kotov AA, Barr J, Zhukova M, Schedl P, Shidlovskii YV. The 3'UTR of the Drosophila CPEB translation factor gene orb2 plays a crucial role in spermatogenesis. Development 2021; 148:272122. [PMID: 34473243 DOI: 10.1242/dev.198788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
CPEB proteins are conserved translation regulators involved in multiple biological processes. One of these proteins in Drosophila, Orb2, is a principal player in spermatogenesis. It is required for meiosis and spermatid differentiation. During the later process, orb2 mRNA and protein are localized within the developing spermatid. To evaluate the role of the orb2 mRNA 3'UTR in spermatogenesis, we used the CRISPR/Cas9 system to generate a deletion of the orb2 3'UTR, orb2R. This deletion disrupts the process of spermatid differentiation but has no apparent effect on meiosis. Differentiation abnormalities include defects in the initial polarization of the 64-cell spermatid cysts, mislocalization of mRNAs and proteins in the elongating spermatid tails, altered morphology of the elongating spermatid tails, and defects in the assembly of the individualization complex. These disruptions in differentiation appear to arise because orb2 mRNA and protein are not properly localized within the 64-cell spermatid cyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Gilmutdinov
- Department of Gene Expression Regulation in Development, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Eugene N Kozlov
- Department of Gene Expression Regulation in Development, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Konstantin V Yakovlev
- Department of Gene Expression Regulation in Development, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia.,Laboratory of Cytotechnology, A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690041, Russia
| | - Ludmila V Olenina
- Department of Molecular Genetics of Cell, Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow 123182, Russia
| | - Alexei A Kotov
- Department of Molecular Genetics of Cell, Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow 123182, Russia
| | - Justinn Barr
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544-1014, USA
| | - Mariya Zhukova
- Department of Gene Expression Regulation in Development, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Paul Schedl
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544-1014, USA
| | - Yulii V Shidlovskii
- Department of Gene Expression Regulation in Development, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia.,Department of Biology and General Genetics, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119048, Russia
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21
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Ashami K, Falk AS, Hurd C, Garg S, Cervantes SA, Rawat A, Siemer AB. Droplet and fibril formation of the functional amyloid Orb2. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100804. [PMID: 34044018 PMCID: PMC8294575 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The functional amyloid Orb2 belongs to the cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding (CPEB) protein family and plays an important role in long-term memory formation in Drosophila. The Orb2 domain structure combines RNA recognition motifs with low-complexity sequences similar to many RNA-binding proteins shown to form protein droplets via liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) in vivo and in vitro. This similarity suggests that Orb2 might also undergo LLPS. However, cellular Orb2 puncta have very little internal protein mobility, and Orb2 forms fibrils in Drosophila brains that are functionally active indicating that LLPS might not play a role for Orb2. In the present work, we reconcile these two views on Orb2 droplet formation. Using fluorescence microscopy, we show that soluble Orb2 can indeed phase separate into protein droplets. However, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) data shows that these droplets have either no or only an extremely short-lived liquid phase and appear maturated right after formation. Orb2 fragments that lack the C-terminal RNA-binding domain (RBD) form fibrils out of these droplets. Solid-state NMR shows that these fibrils have well-ordered static domains in addition to the Gln/His-rich fibril core. Further, we find that full-length Orb2B, which is by far the major component of Orb2 fibrils in vivo, does not transition into fibrils but remains in the droplet phase. Together, our data suggest that phase separation might play a role in initiating the formation of functional Orb2 fibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kidist Ashami
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Alexander S Falk
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Connor Hurd
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Samridhi Garg
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Silvia A Cervantes
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Anoop Rawat
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ansgar B Siemer
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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22
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Hervás R, Del Carmen Fernández-Ramírez M, Galera-Prat A, Suzuki M, Nagai Y, Bruix M, Menéndez M, Laurents DV, Carrión-Vázquez M. Divergent CPEB prion-like domains reveal different assembly mechanisms for a generic amyloid-like fold. BMC Biol 2021; 19:43. [PMID: 33706787 PMCID: PMC7953810 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-00967-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyloids are ordered, insoluble protein aggregates, characterized by a cross-β sheet quaternary structure in which molecules in a β-strand conformation are stacked along the filament axis via intermolecular interactions. While amyloids are typically associated with pathological conditions, functional amyloids have also been identified and are present in a wide variety of organisms ranging from bacteria to humans. The cytoplasmic polyadenylation element-binding (CPEB) prion-like protein is an mRNA-binding translation regulator, whose neuronal isoforms undergo activity-dependent aggregation, a process that has emerged as a plausible biochemical substrate for memory maintenance. CPEB aggregation is driven by prion-like domains (PLD) that are divergent in sequence across species, and it remains unknown whether such divergent PLDs follow a similar aggregating assembly pathway. Here, we describe the amyloid-like features of the neuronal Aplysia CPEB (ApCPEB) PLD and compare them to those of the Drosophila ortholog, Orb2 PLD. RESULTS Using in vitro single-molecule and bulk biophysical methods, we find transient oligomers and mature amyloid-like filaments that suggest similarities in the late stages of the assembly pathway for both ApCPEB and Orb2 PLDs. However, while prior to aggregation the Orb2 PLD monomer remains mainly as a random coil in solution, ApCPEB PLD adopts a diversity of conformations comprising α-helical structures that evolve to coiled-coil species, indicating structural differences at the beginning of their amyloid assembly pathways. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that divergent PLDs of CPEB proteins from different species retain the ability to form a generic amyloid-like fold through different assembly mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Hervás
- Instituto Cajal, IC-CSIC, Avda. Doctor Arce 37, E-28002, Madrid, Spain. .,Present address: School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | | | | | - Mari Suzuki
- Department of Degenerative Neurological Diseases, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan.,Present address: Diabetic Neuropathy Project, Department of Sensory and Motor Systems, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Nagai
- Department of Degenerative Neurological Diseases, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan.,Present address: Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Marta Bruix
- Instituto de Química-Física Rocasolano, IQFR-CSIC, Serrano 119, E-28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Margarita Menéndez
- Instituto de Química-Física Rocasolano, IQFR-CSIC, Serrano 119, E-28006, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Douglas V Laurents
- Instituto de Química-Física Rocasolano, IQFR-CSIC, Serrano 119, E-28006, Madrid, Spain
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23
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Oroz J, Félix SS, Cabrita EJ, Laurents DV. Structural transitions in Orb2 prion-like domain relevant for functional aggregation in memory consolidation. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:18122-18133. [PMID: 33093173 PMCID: PMC7939463 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.015211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent structural elucidation of ex vivo Drosophila Orb2 fibrils revealed a novel amyloid formed by interdigitated Gln and His residue side chains belonging to the prion-like domain. However, atomic-level details on the conformational transitions associated with memory consolidation remain unknown. Here, we have characterized the nascent conformation and dynamics of the prion-like domain (PLD) of Orb2A using a nonconventional liquid-state NMR spectroscopy strategy based on 13C detection to afford an essentially complete set of 13Cα, 13Cβ, 1Hα, and backbone 13CO and 15N assignments. At pH 4, where His residues are protonated, the PLD is disordered and flexible, except for a partially populated α-helix spanning residues 55-60, and binds RNA oligos, but not divalent cations. At pH 7, in contrast, His residues are predominantly neutral, and the Q/H segments adopt minor populations of helical structure, show decreased mobility and start to self-associate. At pH 7, the His residues do not bind RNA or Ca2+, but do bind Zn2+, which promotes further association. These findings represent a remarkable case of structural plasticity, based on which an updated model for Orb2A functional amyloidogenesis is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Oroz
- Instituto de Química-Física Rocasolano, IQFR-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara S Félix
- Departamento de Química Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, UCIBIO, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Eurico J Cabrita
- Departamento de Química Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, UCIBIO, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
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24
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Implications of the Orb2 Amyloid Structure in Huntington's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186910. [PMID: 32967102 PMCID: PMC7555547 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Huntington’s disease is a progressive, autosomal dominant, neurodegenerative disorder caused by an expanded CAG repeat in the huntingtin gene. As a result, the translated protein, huntingtin, contains an abnormally long polyglutamine stretch that makes it prone to misfold and aggregating. Aggregation of huntingtin is believed to be the cause of Huntington’s disease. However, understanding on how, and why, huntingtin aggregates are deleterious has been hampered by lack of enough relevant structural data. In this review, we discuss our recent findings on a glutamine-based functional amyloid isolated from Drosophila brain and how this information provides plausible structural insight on the structure of huntingtin deposits in the brain.
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25
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Sheng J, Olrichs NK, Gadella BM, Kaloyanova DV, Helms JB. Regulation of Functional Protein Aggregation by Multiple Factors: Implications for the Amyloidogenic Behavior of the CAP Superfamily Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6530. [PMID: 32906672 PMCID: PMC7554809 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The idea that amyloid fibrils and other types of protein aggregates are toxic for cells has been challenged by the discovery of a variety of functional aggregates. However, an identification of crucial differences between pathological and functional aggregation remains to be explored. Functional protein aggregation is often reversible by nature in order to respond properly to changing physiological conditions of the cell. In addition, increasing evidence indicates that fast fibril growth is a feature of functional amyloids, providing protection against the long-term existence of potentially toxic oligomeric intermediates. It is becoming clear that functional protein aggregation is a complexly organized process that can be mediated by a multitude of biomolecular factors. In this overview, we discuss the roles of diverse biomolecules, such as lipids/membranes, glycosaminoglycans, nucleic acids and metal ions, in regulating functional protein aggregation. Our studies on the protein GAPR-1 revealed that several of these factors influence the amyloidogenic properties of this protein. These observations suggest that GAPR-1, as well as the cysteine-rich secretory proteins, antigen 5 and pathogenesis-related proteins group 1 (CAP) superfamily of proteins that it belongs to, require the assembly into an amyloid state to exert several of their functions. A better understanding of functional aggregate formation may also help in the prevention and treatment of amyloid-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - J. Bernd Helms
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.S.); (N.K.O.); (B.M.G.); (D.V.K.)
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26
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Joag H, Ghatpande V, Desai M, Sarkar M, Raina A, Shinde M, Chitale R, Deo A, Bose T, Majumdar A. A role of cellular translation regulation associated with toxic Huntingtin protein. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:3657-3670. [PMID: 31796991 PMCID: PMC11105026 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03392-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a severe neurodegenerative disorder caused by poly Q repeat expansion in the Huntingtin (Htt) gene. While the Htt amyloid aggregates are known to affect many cellular processes, their role in translation has not been addressed. Here we report that pathogenic Htt expression causes a protein synthesis deficit in cells. We find a functional prion-like protein, the translation regulator Orb2, to be sequestered by Htt aggregates in cells. Co-expression of Orb2 can partially rescue the lethality associated with poly Q expanded Htt. These findings can be relevant for HD as human homologs of Orb2 are also sequestered by pathogenic Htt aggregates. Our work suggests that translation dysfunction is one of the contributors to the pathogenesis of HD and new therapies targeting protein synthesis pathways might help to alleviate disease symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiranmay Joag
- National Centre for Cell Science, S. P. Pune University, Pune, India
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany
| | | | - Meghal Desai
- National Centre for Cell Science, S. P. Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Maitheli Sarkar
- National Centre for Cell Science, S. P. Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Anshu Raina
- National Centre for Cell Science, S. P. Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Mrunalini Shinde
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, S. P. Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Ruta Chitale
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, S. P. Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Ankita Deo
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, S. P. Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Tania Bose
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, S. P. Pune University, Pune, India.
| | - Amitabha Majumdar
- National Centre for Cell Science, S. P. Pune University, Pune, India.
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27
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Belwal VK, Datta D, Chaudhary N. The β‐turn‐supporting motif in the polyglutamine binding peptide QBP1 is essential for inhibiting huntingtin aggregation. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:2894-2903. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Kumar Belwal
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati India
| | - Debika Datta
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati India
| | - Nitin Chaudhary
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati India
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28
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Nil Z, Hervás R, Gerbich T, Leal P, Yu Z, Saraf A, Sardiu M, Lange JJ, Yi K, Unruh J, Slaughter B, Si K. Amyloid-like Assembly Activates a Phosphatase in the Developing Drosophila Embryo. Cell 2020; 178:1403-1420.e21. [PMID: 31491385 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Prion-like proteins can assume distinct conformational and physical states in the same cell. Sequence analysis suggests that prion-like proteins are prevalent in various species; however, it remains unclear what functional space they occupy in multicellular organisms. Here, we report the identification of a prion-like protein, Herzog (CG5830), through a multimodal screen in Drosophila melanogaster. Herzog functions as a membrane-associated phosphatase and controls embryonic patterning, likely being involved in TGF-β/BMP and FGF/EGF signaling pathways. Remarkably, monomeric Herzog is enzymatically inactive and becomes active upon amyloid-like assembly. The prion-like domain of Herzog is necessary for both its assembly and membrane targeting. Removal of the prion-like domain impairs activity, while restoring assembly on the membrane using a heterologous prion-like domain and membrane-targeting motif can restore phosphatase activity. This study provides an example of a prion-like domain that allows an enzyme to gain essential functionality via amyloid-like assembly to control animal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelha Nil
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000E 50(th) Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Rubén Hervás
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000E 50(th) Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Therese Gerbich
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000E 50(th) Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Paulo Leal
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000E 50(th) Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Zulin Yu
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000E 50(th) Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Anita Saraf
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000E 50(th) Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Mihaela Sardiu
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000E 50(th) Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Lange
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000E 50(th) Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Kexi Yi
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000E 50(th) Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Jay Unruh
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000E 50(th) Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Brian Slaughter
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000E 50(th) Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Kausik Si
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000E 50(th) Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
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29
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Hervas R, Rau MJ, Park Y, Zhang W, Murzin AG, Fitzpatrick JAJ, Scheres SHW, Si K. Cryo-EM structure of a neuronal functional amyloid implicated in memory persistence in Drosophila. Science 2020; 367:1230-1234. [PMID: 32165583 DOI: 10.1126/science.aba3526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
How long-lived memories withstand molecular turnover is a fundamental question. Aggregates of a prion-like RNA-binding protein, cytoplasmic polyadenylation element-binding (CPEB) protein, is a putative substrate of long-lasting memories. We isolated aggregated Drosophila CPEB, Orb2, from adult heads and determined its activity and atomic structure, at 2.6-angstrom resolution, using cryo-electron microscopy. Orb2 formed ~75-nanometer-long threefold-symmetric amyloid filaments. Filament formation transformed Orb2 from a translation repressor to an activator and "seed" for further translationally active aggregation. The 31-amino acid protofilament core adopted a cross-β unit with a single hydrophilic hairpin stabilized through interdigitated glutamine packing. Unlike the hydrophobic core of pathogenic amyloids, the hydrophilic core of Orb2 filaments suggests how some neuronal amyloids could be a stable yet regulatable substrate of memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Hervas
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Michael J Rau
- Washington University Center for Cellular Imaging, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Younshim Park
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Wenjuan Zhang
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Alexey G Murzin
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - James A J Fitzpatrick
- Washington University Center for Cellular Imaging, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Departments of Neuroscience and Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Sjors H W Scheres
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Kausik Si
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA. .,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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30
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Bobyleva LG, Yakupova EI, Ulanova AD, Udaltsov SN, Shumeyko SA, Salmov NN, Bobylev AG, Vikhlyantsev IM. On the Peculiarities of the Aggregation of Multidomain Muscle Proteins. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350919050026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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31
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Abstract
When protein/peptides aggregate, they usually form the amyloid state consisting of cross β-sheet structure built by repetitively stacked β-strands forming long fibrils. Amyloids are usually associated with disease including Alzheimer's. However, amyloid has many useful features. It efficiently transforms protein from the soluble to the insoluble state in an essentially two-state process, while its repetitive structure provides high stability and a robust prion-like replication mechanism. Accordingly, amyloid is used by nature in multifaceted and ingenious ways of life, ranging from bacteria and fungi to mammals. These include (1) Structure: Templating for small chemical molecules (Pmel17), biofilm formation in bacteria (curli), assisting aerial hyphae formation in streptomycetes (chaplins) or monolayer formation at a surface (hydrophobins). (2) Reservoirs: A storage state for peptide/proteins to protect them from their surroundings or vice versa (storage of peptide hormones in mammalian secretory granules or major basic protein in eosinophils). (3) Information carriers: The fungal immune system (HET-s prion in Podospora anserina, yeast prions) or long-term memory (e.g., mnemons in yeast, cytoplasmic polyadenylation element-binding protein in aplysia). Aggregation is also used to (4) "suppress" the function of the soluble protein (e.g., Cdc19 in yeast stress granules), or (5) "signaling" through formation of oligomers (e.g., HET-s prion, necroptosis-related proteins RIP1/RIP3). This review summarizes current knowledge on functional amyloids with a focus on the amyloid systems curli in bacteria, HET-s prion in P. anserina, and peptide hormone storage in mammals together with an attempt to highlight differences between functional and disease-associated amyloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Otzen
- iNANO, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Roland Riek
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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32
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Stan RC, Bhatt DK, Camargo MM. Cellular Adaptation Relies on Regulatory Proteins Having Episodic Memory. Bioessays 2019; 42:e1900115. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201900115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Razvan C. Stan
- Cantacuzino National Military‐Medical Institute for Research‐Development Bucharest 050096 Romania
- Department of ImmunologyUniversity of São Paulo São Paulo 05508‐900 Brazil
| | - Darshak K. Bhatt
- Faculty of Medical SciencesGroningen University Groningen 9700 AB The Netherlands
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33
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Mompeán M, Ramírez de Mingo D, Hervás R, Fernández-Ramírez MDC, Carrión-Vázquez M, Laurents DV. Molecular mechanism of the inhibition of TDP-43 amyloidogenesis by QBP1. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 675:108113. [PMID: 31568752 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.108113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Transactive Response DNA-Binding Protein of 43 kDa (TDP-43) is an essential human protein implicated in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and common dementias. Its C-terminal disordered region, composed of residues 264-414 includes a hydrophobic segment (residues 320-340), which drives physiological liquid/liquid phase separation and a Q/N-rich segment (residues 341-357), which is essential for pathological amyloid formation. Due to TDP-43's relevance for pathology, identifying inhibitors and characterizing their mechanism of action are important pharmacological goals. The Polyglutamine Binding Peptide 1 (QBP1), whose minimal active core is the octapeptide WGWWPGIF, strongly inhibits the aggregation of polyQ-containing amyloidogenic proteins such as Huntingtin. Rather promiscuous, this inhibitor also blocks the aggregation of other glutamine containing amyloidogenic proteins, but not Aβ, and its mechanism of action remains unknown. Using a series of spectroscopic assays and biochemical tests, we establish that QBP1 binds and inhibits amyloid formation by TDP-43's Q/N-rich region. NMR spectroscopic data evince that the aromatic rings of QBP1 accept hydrogen bonds from the HN groups of the Asn and Gln to block amyloidogenesis. This mechanism of blockage may be general to polyphenol amyloid inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Mompeán
- Instituto de Química Física "Rocasolano", CSIC, Serrano 119, Madrid, 28006, Spain
| | | | - Rubén Hervás
- Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Avda. Doctor Arce 37, Madrid, 28002, Spain
| | | | | | - Douglas V Laurents
- Instituto de Química Física "Rocasolano", CSIC, Serrano 119, Madrid, 28006, Spain.
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34
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Manjrekar J, Shah H. Protein-based inheritance. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 97:138-155. [PMID: 31344459 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms of inheritance have come to occupy a prominent place in our understanding of living systems, primarily eukaryotes. There has been considerable and lively discussion of the possible evolutionary significance of transgenerational epigenetic inheritance. One particular type of epigenetic inheritance that has not figured much in general discussions is that based on conformational changes in proteins, where proteins with altered conformations can act as templates to propagate their own structure. An increasing number of such proteins - prions and prion-like - are being discovered. Phenotypes due to the structurally altered proteins are transmitted along with their structures. This review discusses the properties and implications of "classical" amyloid-forming prions, as well as the broader class of proteins with intrinsically disordered domains, which are proving to have fascinating properties that appear to play important roles in cell organisation and function, especially during stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Manjrekar
- Microbiology Department and Biotechnology Centre, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390002, India.
| | - Hiral Shah
- Microbiology Department and Biotechnology Centre, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390002, India
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35
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Ilie IM, Caflisch A. Simulation Studies of Amyloidogenic Polypeptides and Their Aggregates. Chem Rev 2019; 119:6956-6993. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ioana M. Ilie
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zürich, Zürich CH-8057, Switzerland
| | - Amedeo Caflisch
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zürich, Zürich CH-8057, Switzerland
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36
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Sanchez de Groot N, Torrent Burgas M, Ravarani CN, Trusina A, Ventura S, Babu MM. The fitness cost and benefit of phase-separated protein deposits. Mol Syst Biol 2019; 15:e8075. [PMID: 30962358 PMCID: PMC6452874 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20178075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Phase separation of soluble proteins into insoluble deposits is associated with numerous diseases. However, protein deposits can also function as membrane-less compartments for many cellular processes. What are the fitness costs and benefits of forming such deposits in different conditions? Using a model protein that phase-separates into deposits, we distinguish and quantify the fitness contribution due to the loss or gain of protein function and deposit formation in yeast. The environmental condition and the cellular demand for the protein function emerge as key determinants of fitness. Protein deposit formation can influence cell-to-cell variation in free protein abundance between individuals of a cell population (i.e., gene expression noise). This results in variable manifestation of protein function and a continuous range of phenotypes in a cell population, favoring survival of some individuals in certain environments. Thus, protein deposit formation by phase separation might be a mechanism to sense protein concentration in cells and to generate phenotypic variability. The selectable phenotypic variability, previously described for prions, could be a general property of proteins that can form phase-separated assemblies and may influence cell fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Sanchez de Groot
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK .,Bioinformatics and Genomics Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Torrent Burgas
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK.,Systems Biology of Infection Lab, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Ala Trusina
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Salvador Ventura
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina and Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Madan Babu
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
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37
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Ruggeri FS, Šneideris T, Vendruscolo M, Knowles TPJ. Atomic force microscopy for single molecule characterisation of protein aggregation. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 664:134-148. [PMID: 30742801 PMCID: PMC6420408 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The development of atomic force microscopy (AFM) has opened up a wide range of novel opportunities in nanoscience and new modalities of observation in complex biological systems. AFM imaging has been widely employed to resolve the complex and heterogeneous conformational states involved in protein aggregation at the single molecule scale and shed light onto the molecular basis of a variety of human pathologies, including neurodegenerative disorders. The study of individual macromolecules at nanoscale, however, remains challenging, especially when fully quantitative information is required. In this review, we first discuss the principles of AFM with a special emphasis on the fundamental factors defining its sensitivity and accuracy. We then review the fundamental parameters and approaches to work at the limit of AFM resolution in order to perform single molecule statistical analysis of biomolecules and nanoscale protein aggregates. This single molecule statistical approach has proved to be powerful to unravel the molecular and hierarchical assembly of the misfolded species present transiently during protein aggregation, to visualise their dynamics at the nanoscale, as well to study the structural properties of amyloid-inspired functional nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Simone Ruggeri
- Centre for Misfolding Disease, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom.
| | - Tomas Šneideris
- Centre for Misfolding Disease, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom; Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Michele Vendruscolo
- Centre for Misfolding Disease, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Tuomas P J Knowles
- Centre for Misfolding Disease, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom; Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, United Kingdom.
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38
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Galkin AP, Velizhanina ME, Sopova YV, Shenfeld AA, Zadorsky SP. Prions and Non-infectious Amyloids of Mammals - Similarities and Differences. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2018; 83:1184-1195. [PMID: 30472956 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297918100048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Amyloids are highly ordered aggregates of protein fibrils exhibiting cross-β structure formed by intermolecular hydrogen bonds. Pathological amyloid deposition is associated with the development of several socially significant incurable human diseases. Of particular interest are infectious amyloids, or prions, that cause several lethal neurodegenerative diseases in humans and can be transmitted from one organism to another. Because of almost complete absence of criteria for infectious and non-infectious amyloids, there is a lack of consensus, especially, in the definition of similarities and differences between prions and non-infectious amyloids. In this review, we formulated contemporary molecular-biological criteria for identification of prions and non-infectious amyloids and focused on explaining the differences between these two types of molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Galkin
- St. Petersburg Branch of Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia. .,St. Petersburg State University, Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - M E Velizhanina
- St. Petersburg State University, Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Yu V Sopova
- St. Petersburg Branch of Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia.,St. Petersburg State University, Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - A A Shenfeld
- St. Petersburg Branch of Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia.,St. Petersburg State University, Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - S P Zadorsky
- St. Petersburg Branch of Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia. .,St. Petersburg State University, Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
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39
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Sanguanini M, Cattaneo A. A continuous model of physiological prion aggregation suggests a role for Orb2 in gating long-term synaptic information. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:180336. [PMID: 30662713 PMCID: PMC6304141 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.180336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of mRNA translation at the level of the synapse is believed to be fundamental in memory and learning at the cellular level. The family of cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding (CPEB) proteins emerged as an important RNA-binding protein family during development and in adult neurons. Drosophila Orb2 (homologue of mouse CPEB3 protein and of the neural isoform of Aplysia CPEB) has been found to be involved in the translation of plasticity-dependent mRNAs and has been associated with long-term memory. Orb2 protein presents two main isoforms, Orb2A and Orb2B, which form an activity-induced amyloid-like functional aggregate, thought to be the translation-inducing state of the RNA-binding protein. Here we present a first two-states continuous differential model for Orb2A-Orb2B aggregation. This model provides new working hypotheses for studying the role of prion-like CPEB proteins in long-term synaptic plasticity. Moreover, this model can be used as a first step to integrate translation- and protein aggregation-dependent phenomena in synaptic facilitation rules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonino Cattaneo
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri, 7, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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40
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Datta D, Harikrishna A, Nagaraj R, Chaudhary N. Self-assembly of β-turn motif-connected tandem repeats of Aβ16-22
and its aromatic analogs. Pept Sci (Hoboken) 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pep2.24099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Debika Datta
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering; Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati; Guwahati India
| | | | | | - Nitin Chaudhary
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering; Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati; Guwahati India
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Fernández-Ramírez MDC, Hervás R, Galera-Prat A, Laurents DV, Carrión-Vázquez M. Efficient and simplified nanomechanical analysis of intrinsically disordered proteins. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:16857-16867. [PMID: 30168565 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr02785d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) lack a tertiary structure. Amyloidogenic IDPs (aIDPs) in particular have attracted great interest due to their implication in several devastating diseases as well as in critical biological functions. However, the conformational changes that trigger amyloid formation in aIDPs are largely unknown. aIDPs' conformational polymorphism at the monomer level encumbers their study using bulk techniques. Single-molecule techniques like atomic force microscopy-based single-molecule force spectroscopy represent a promising approach and a "carrier-guest" strategy, in which the protein of interest is mechanically protected, was developed to overcome the spurious signals from the noisy proximal region. However, since the carrier and single-molecule markers have similar mechanostabilities, their signals can intermingle in the force-extension recordings, making peak selection and analysis very laborious, cumbersome and prone to error for the non-expert. Here we have developed a new carrier, the c8C module from the CipC scaffoldin, with a higher mechanostability so that the signals from the protected protein will appear at the end of the recordings. This assures an accurate, more efficient and expert-independent analysis, simplifying both the selection and analysis of the single-molecule data. Furthermore, this modular design can be integrated into any SMFS polyprotein-based vector, thus constituting a useful utensil in the growing toolbox of protein nanomechanics.
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Why Study Functional Amyloids? Lessons from the Repeat Domain of Pmel17. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:3696-3706. [PMID: 29886018 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
One of the current challenges facing biomedical researchers is the need to develop new approaches in preventing amyloid formation that is associated with disease. While amyloid is generally considered detrimental to the cell, examples of amyloids that maintain a benign nature and serve a specific function exist. Here, we review our work on the repeat domain (RPT) of the functional amyloid Pmel17. Specifically, the RPT domain contributes in generating amyloid fibrils in melanosomes upon which melanin biosynthesis occurs. Amyloid formation of RPT was shown to be pH sensitive, aggregating only under acidic conditions associated with melanosomal pH. Furthermore, preformed fibrils rapidly dissolved at neutral pH to generate benign monomeric species. From a biological perspective, this unique reversible aggregation/disaggregation is a safeguard against an event of releasing RPT fibrils in the cytosol, resulting in rapid fibril unfolding and circumventing cytotoxicity. Understanding how melanosomes preserve a safe environment will address vital questions that remain unanswered with pathological amyloids.
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Abstract
Prion-like proteins overlap with intrinsically disordered and low-complexity sequence families. These proteins are widespread, especially among mRNA-binding proteins. A salient feature of these proteins is the ability to form protein assemblies with distinct biophysical and functional properties. While prion-like proteins are involved in myriad of cellular processes, we propose potential roles for protein assemblies in regulated protein synthesis. Since proteins are the ultimate functional output of gene expression, when, where, and how much of a particular protein is made dictates the functional state of a cell. Recent finding suggests that the prion-like proteins offer unique advantages in translation regulation and also raises questions regarding formation and regulation of protein assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Li
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000E 50(th) Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
| | - J P McGinnis
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000E 50(th) Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
| | - Kausik Si
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000E 50(th) Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA.
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44
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Ehmann N, Owald D, Kittel RJ. Drosophila active zones: From molecules to behaviour. Neurosci Res 2018; 127:14-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Abstract
The amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide is central to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Insights into Aβ-interacting proteins are critical for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying Aβ-mediated toxicity. We recently undertook an in-depth in vitro interrogation of the Aβ1–42 interactome using human frontal lobes as the biological source material and taking advantage of advances in mass spectrometry performance characteristics. These analyses uncovered the small cyclic neuropeptide somatostatin (SST) to be the most selectively enriched binder to oligomeric Aβ1–42. Subsequent validation experiments revealed that SST interferes with Aβ fibrillization and promotes the formation of Aβ assemblies characterized by a 50–60 kDa SDS-resistant core. The distributions of SST and Aβ overlap in the brain and SST has been linked to AD by several additional observations. This perspective summarizes this body of literature and draws attention to the fact that SST is one of several neuropeptide hormones that acquire amyloid properties before their synaptic release. The latter places the interaction between SST and Aβ among an increasing number of observations that attest to the ability of amyloidogenic proteins to influence each other. A model is presented which attempts to reconcile existing data on the involvement of SST in the AD etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Solarski
- a Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Krembil Discovery Centre , 6th Floor, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto , Ontario M5T 2S8 , Canada.,b Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology , University of Toronto , Medical Sciences Building, 6th Floor, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto , Ontario M5S 1A8 , Canada
| | - Hansen Wang
- a Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Krembil Discovery Centre , 6th Floor, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto , Ontario M5T 2S8 , Canada
| | - Holger Wille
- c Department of Biochemistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2M8 , Canada.,d Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2M8 , Canada
| | - Gerold Schmitt-Ulms
- a Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Krembil Discovery Centre , 6th Floor, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto , Ontario M5T 2S8 , Canada.,b Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology , University of Toronto , Medical Sciences Building, 6th Floor, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto , Ontario M5S 1A8 , Canada
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Santana E, Casas-Tintó S. Orb2 as modulator of Brat and their role at the neuromuscular junction. J Neurogenet 2017; 31:181-188. [PMID: 29105522 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2017.1393539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
How synapses are built and dismantled is a central question in neurobiology. A wide range of proteins and processes from gene transcription to protein degradation are involved. Orb2 regulates mRNA translation depending on its monomeric or oligomeric state to modulate nervous system development and memory. Orb2 is expressed in Drosophila larval brain and neuromuscular junction (NMJ), Orb2 knockdown causes a reduction of synapse number and defects in neuronal morphology. Brain tumor (Brat) is an Orb2 target; it is expressed in larval brain related with cell growth and proliferation. Brat downregulation induces an increase in synapse number and abnormal growth of buttons and branches in neurons. In absence of Orb2, Brat is overexpressed suggesting that Orb2 is negatively regulating Brat mRNA translation. Orb2 or Brat control the expression of specific genes related to neuronal function. Orb2 is required for Liprin and Synaptobrevin transcription meanwhile Brat is required for Synaptobrevin and Synaptotagmin transcription. We present here evidences of a novel genetic mechanism to regulate synapse fine tuning during development and propose an equilibrium between Orb2 conformational state and nervous system formation.
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Soria MA, Cervantes SA, Bajakian TH, Siemer AB. The Functional Amyloid Orb2A Binds to Lipid Membranes. Biophys J 2017; 113:37-47. [PMID: 28700922 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid membranes interact with and influence the aggregation of many amyloid-forming proteins. Orb2 is a cytoplasmic polyadenylation element-binding protein homolog in Drosophila melanogaster that forms functional amyloids necessary for long-term memory. One isoform, Orb2A, has a unique N-terminus that has been shown to be important for the formation of amyloid-like aggregates and long-term memory in vivo. Orb2A is also found enriched in the synaptic membrane fraction. Our sequence and hydropathy analysis suggests that it can form an amphipathic helix, which is ideal for lipid membrane interaction. We used circular dichroism and site-directed spin labeling coupled with electron paramagnetic resonance to test the first 88 amino acids of Orb2A for lipid interaction. We show that Orb2A1-88 interacts with anionic lipid membranes using an amphipathic helix at its unique N-terminus. This interaction depends on the charge of the lipid membrane and the degree of membrane curvature. We used transmission electron microscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance to show that the presence of anionic small unilamellar vesicles inhibits amyloid fibril formation by Orb2A. This inhibition by anionic membranes could be a potential mechanism regulating Orb2A amyloid formation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Soria
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Silvia A Cervantes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Thalia H Bajakian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ansgar B Siemer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
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Metal Binding Properties of the N-Terminus of the Functional Amyloid Orb2. Biomolecules 2017; 7:biom7030057. [PMID: 28763009 PMCID: PMC5618238 DOI: 10.3390/biom7030057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding protein (CPEB) homologue Orb2 is a functional amyloid that plays a key regulatory role for long-term memory in Drosophila. Orb2 has a glutamine, histidine-rich (Q/H-rich) domain that resembles the Q/H-rich, metal binding domain of the Hpn-like protein (Hpnl) found in Helicobacter pylori. In the present study, we used chromatography and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) to show that the Q/H-rich domain of Orb2 binds Ni2+ and other transition metals ions with μM affinity. Using site directed mutagenesis, we show that several histidine residues are important for binding. In particular, the H61Y mutation, which was previously shown to affect the aggregation of Orb2 in cell culture, completely inhibited metal binding of Orb2. Finally, we used thioflavin T fluorescence and electron microscopy images to show that Ni2+ binding induces the aggregating of Orb2 into structures that are distinct from the amyloid fibrils formed in the absence of Ni2+. These data suggest that transition metal binding might be important for the function of Orb2 and potentially long-term memory in Drosophila.
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Regulated Intron Removal Integrates Motivational State and Experience. Cell 2017; 169:836-848.e15. [PMID: 28525754 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Myriad experiences produce transient memory, yet, contingent on the internal state of the organism and the saliency of the experience, only some memories persist over time. How experience and internal state influence the duration of memory at the molecular level remains unknown. A self-assembled aggregated state of Drosophila Orb2A protein is required specifically for long-lasting memory. We report that in the adult fly brain the mRNA encoding Orb2A protein exists in an unspliced non-protein-coding form. The convergence of experience and internal drive transiently increases the spliced protein-coding Orb2A mRNA. A screen identified pasilla, the fly ortholog of mammalian Nova-1/2, as a mediator of Orb2A mRNA processing. A single-nucleotide substitution in the intronic region that reduces Pasilla binding and intron removal selectively impairs long-term memory. We posit that pasilla-mediated processing of unspliced Orb2A mRNA integrates experience and internal state to control Orb2A protein abundance and long-term memory formation.
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50
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McGlinchey RP, Lee JC. Reversing the amyloid trend: Mechanism of fibril assembly and dissolution of the repeat domain from a human functional amyloid. Isr J Chem 2017; 57:613-621. [PMID: 28993712 PMCID: PMC5630176 DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201600080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Amyloids are traditionally observed in the context of disease. However, there is growing momentum that these structures can serve a beneficial role where the amyloid carries out a specific function. These so called 'functional amyloids' have all the structural hallmarks of disease-associated amyloids, raising the question as to what differentiates a well-behaved benign amyloid from a lethally destructive one. Here, we review our work on the repeat domain (RPT) from Pmel17, an important functional amyloid involved in melanin biosynthesis. Particularly, we focused our attention on the unique reversible aggregation-disaggregation process of RPT that is controlled strictly by solution pH. This pH dependence of RPT amyloid formation functions as a switch to control fibril assembly and maintains the benign nature that is associated with functional amyloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P. McGlinchey
- Laboratory of Protein Conformation and Dynamics, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - Jennifer C. Lee
- Laboratory of Protein Conformation and Dynamics, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.A
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