1
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Hennessy C, Deptula M, Hester J, Issa F. Barriers to Treg therapy in Europe: From production to regulation. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1090721. [PMID: 36744143 PMCID: PMC9892909 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1090721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
There has been an increased interest in cell based therapies for a range of medical conditions in the last decade. This explosion in novel therapeutics research has led to the development of legislation specifically focused on cell and gene based therapies. In Europe, the European medicines agency (EMA) designates any medicines for human use which are based on genes, tissues, or cells as advanced therapy medicinal products or advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs). In this article we discuss the hurdles to widespread adoption of ATMPs in Europe, with a focus on regulatory T cells (Tregs). There are numerous barriers which must be overcome before mainstream adoption of Treg therapy becomes a reality. The source of the cells, whether to use autologous or allogenic cells, and the methods through which they are isolated and expanded, must all meet strict good manufacturing practice (GMP) standards to allow use of the products in humans. GMP compliance is costly, with the equipment and reagents providing a significant cost barrier and requiring specialized facilities and personnel. Conforming to the regulations set centrally by the EMA is difficult, and the different interpretations of the regulations across the various member states further complicates the regulatory approval process. The end products then require a complex and robust distribution network to ensure timely delivery of potentially life saving treatments to patients. In a European market whose logistics networks have been hammered by COVID and Brexit, ensuring rapid and reliable delivery systems is a more complex task than ever. In this article we will examine the impact of these barriers on the development and adoption of Tregs in Europe, and potential approaches which could facilitate more widespread use of Tregs, instead of its current concentration in a few very specialized centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor Hennessy
- Transplantation Research and Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Milena Deptula
- Transplantation Research and Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Division of Embryology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Joanna Hester
- Transplantation Research and Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Fadi Issa
- Transplantation Research and Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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2
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Gold ER. The fall of the innovation empire and its possible rise through open science. RESEARCH POLICY 2021; 50:104226. [PMID: 34083844 PMCID: PMC8024784 DOI: 10.1016/j.respol.2021.104226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There is growing concern that the innovation system's ability to create wealth and attain social benefit is declining in effectiveness. This article explores the reasons for this decline and suggests a structure, the open science partnership, as one mechanism through which to slow down or reverse this decline. The article examines the empirical literature of the last century to document the decline. This literature suggests that the cost of research and innovation is increasing exponentially, that researcher productivity is declining, and, third, that these two phenomena have led to an overall flat or declining level of innovation productivity. The article then turns to three explanations for the decline - the growing complexity of science, a mismatch of incentives, and a balkanization of knowledge. Finally, the article explores the role that open science partnerships - public-private partnerships based on open access publications, open data and materials, and the avoidance of restrictive forms of intellectual property - can play in increasing the efficiency of the innovation system.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Richard Gold
- McGill University, Faculty of Law and Faculty of Medicine, Canada
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3
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Hart K, An S, Edwards AM, Mahadevan R, Master ER, Edwards EA. Could open science stimulate industry partnerships in
chemical engineering
university research? CAN J CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.24077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Hart
- BioZone & Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
- University of Toronto Faculty of Law Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Sung An
- BioZone & Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
- University of Toronto Faculty of Law Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Aled M. Edwards
- Structural Genomics Consortium University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Radhakrishnan Mahadevan
- BioZone & Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Emma R. Master
- BioZone & Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Elizabeth A. Edwards
- BioZone & Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
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4
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Bubela T, Gold ER, Goel V, Morgan M, Mossman K, Nickerson J, Patrick D, Edwards A. Open drug discovery of anti-virals critical for Canada’s pandemic strategy. Facets (Ott) 2020. [DOI: 10.1139/facets-2020-0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the event of the current COVID-19 pandemic and in preparation for future pandemics, open science can support mission-oriented research and development, as well as commercialization. Open science shares skills and resources across sectors; avoids duplication and provides the basis for rapid and effective validation due to full transparency. It is a strategy that can adjust quickly to reflect changing incentives and priorities, because it does not rely on any one actor or sector. While eschewing patents, it can ensure high-quality drugs, low pricing, and access through existing regulatory mechanisms. Open science practices and partnerships decrease transaction costs, increase diversity of actors, reduce overall costs, open new, higher-risk/higher-impact approaches to research, and provide entrepreneurs freedom to operate and freedom to innovate. We argue that it is time to re-open science, not only in its now restricted arena of fundamental research, but throughout clinical translation. Our model and attendant recommendations map onto a strategy to accelerate discovery of novel broad-spectrum anti-viral drugs and clinical trials of those drugs, from first-in-human safety-focused trials to late stage trials for efficacy. The goal is to ensure low-cost and rapid access, globally, and to ensure that Canadians do not pay a premium for drugs developed from Canadian science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Bubela
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - E. Richard Gold
- Faculty of Law, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1W9, Canada
| | - Vivek Goel
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 3M6, Canada
| | - Max Morgan
- M4K Pharma, Inc., Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
- Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC), Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Karen Mossman
- Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Jason Nickerson
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6K5, Canada
- Bruyère Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1N 5C8, Canada
| | - David Patrick
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Aled Edwards
- Molecular Genetics and Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L5, Canada
- SGC, London, UK
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5
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The use of material transfer agreements in academia: A threat to open science or a cooperation tool? RESEARCH POLICY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.respol.2019.103824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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6
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Granados Moreno P, Ali-Khan SE, Capps B, Caulfield T, Chalaud D, Edwards A, Gold ER, Rahimzadeh V, Thorogood A, Auld D, Bertier G, Breden F, Caron R, César PM, Cook-Deegan R, Doerr M, Duncan R, Issa AM, Reichman J, Simard J, So D, Vanamala S, Joly Y. Open science precision medicine in Canada: Points to consider. Facets (Ott) 2019. [DOI: 10.1139/facets-2018-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Open science can significantly influence the development and translational process of precision medicine in Canada. Precision medicine presents a unique opportunity to improve disease prevention and healthcare, as well as to reduce health-related expenditures. However, the development of precision medicine also brings about economic challenges, such as costly development, high failure rates, and reduced market size in comparison with the traditional blockbuster drug development model. Open science, characterized by principles of open data sharing, fast dissemination of knowledge, cumulative research, and cooperation, presents a unique opportunity to address these economic challenges while also promoting the public good. The Centre of Genomics and Policy at McGill University organized a stakeholders’ workshop in Montreal in March 2018. The workshop entitled “Could Open be the Yellow Brick Road to Precision Medicine?” provided a forum for stakeholders to share experiences and identify common objectives, challenges, and needs to be addressed to promote open science initiatives in precision medicine. The rich presentations and exchanges that took place during the meeting resulted in this consensus paper containing key considerations for open science precision medicine in Canada. Stakeholders would benefit from addressing these considerations as to promote a more coherent and dynamic open science ecosystem for precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palmira Granados Moreno
- Centre of Genomics and Policy, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Sarah E. Ali-Khan
- Centre for Intellectual Property and Policy, Faculty of Law, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1W9, Canada
| | - Benjamin Capps
- Department of Bioethics, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Timothy Caulfield
- Health Law Institute, Faculty of Law and School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H5, Canada
| | - Damien Chalaud
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Aled Edwards
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L6, Canada
| | - E. Richard Gold
- Centre for Intellectual Property and Policy, Faculty of Law, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1W9, Canada
| | - Vasiliki Rahimzadeh
- Centre of Genomics and Policy, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Adrian Thorogood
- Centre of Genomics and Policy, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Daniel Auld
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Gabrielle Bertier
- Centre of Genomics and Policy, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Felix Breden
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Roxanne Caron
- Centre of Genomics and Policy, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Priscilla M.D.G. César
- Centre for Intellectual Property and Policy, Faculty of Law, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1W9, Canada
| | - Robert Cook-Deegan
- School for the Future of Innovation in Society, Barrett & O’Connor Washington Center, Arizona State University, Washington, DC 20006, USA
| | | | - Ross Duncan
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Amalia M. Issa
- Centre of Genomics and Policy, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada
- Department of Family Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3S 1Z1, Canada
- Personalized Medicine & Targeted Therapeutics, Philadelphia, PA 19803, USA
- Health Policy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Jacques Simard
- Genomics Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Quebec-Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Derek So
- Centre of Genomics and Policy, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Sandeep Vanamala
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Yann Joly
- Centre of Genomics and Policy, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada
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7
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Gold ER, Ali-Khan SE, Allen L, Ballell L, Barral-Netto M, Carr D, Chalaud D, Chaplin S, Clancy MS, Clarke P, Cook-Deegan R, Dinsmore AP, Doerr M, Federer L, Hill SA, Jacobs N, Jean A, Jefferson OA, Jones C, Kahl LJ, Kariuki TM, Kassel SN, Kiley R, Kittrie ER, Kramer B, Lee WH, MacDonald E, Mangravite LM, Marincola E, Mietchen D, Molloy JC, Namchuk M, Nosek BA, Paquet S, Pirmez C, Seyller A, Skingle M, Spadotto SN, Staniszewska S, Thelwall M. An open toolkit for tracking open science partnership implementation and impact. Gates Open Res 2019. [DOI: 10.12688/gatesopenres.12958.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Serious concerns about the way research is organized collectively are increasingly being raised. They include the escalating costs of research and lower research productivity, low public trust in researchers to report the truth, lack of diversity, poor community engagement, ethical concerns over research practices, and irreproducibility. Open science (OS) collaborations comprise of a set of practices including open access publication, open data sharing and the absence of restrictive intellectual property rights with which institutions, firms, governments and communities are experimenting in order to overcome these concerns. We gathered two groups of international representatives from a large variety of stakeholders to construct a toolkit to guide and facilitate data collection about OS and non-OS collaborations. Ultimately, the toolkit will be used to assess and study the impact of OS collaborations on research and innovation. The toolkit contains the following four elements: 1) an annual report form of quantitative data to be completed by OS partnership administrators; 2) a series of semi-structured interview guides of stakeholders; 3) a survey form of participants in OS collaborations; and 4) a set of other quantitative measures best collected by other organizations, such as research foundations and governmental or intergovernmental agencies. We opened our toolkit to community comment and input. We present the resulting toolkit for use by government and philanthropic grantors, institutions, researchers and community organizations with the aim of measuring the implementation and impact of OS partnership across these organizations. We invite these and other stakeholders to not only measure, but to share the resulting data so that social scientists and policy makers can analyse the data across projects.
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8
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Gold ER, Ali-Khan SE, Allen L, Ballell L, Barral-Netto M, Carr D, Chalaud D, Chaplin S, Clancy MS, Clarke P, Cook-Deegan R, Dinsmore AP, Doerr M, Federer L, Hill SA, Jacobs N, Jean A, Jefferson OA, Jones C, Kahl LJ, Kariuki TM, Kassel SN, Kiley R, Kittrie ER, Kramer B, Lee WH, MacDonald E, Mangravite LM, Marincola E, Mietchen D, Molloy JC, Namchuk M, Nosek BA, Paquet S, Pirmez C, Seyller A, Skingle M, Spadotto SN, Staniszewska S, Thelwall M. An open toolkit for tracking open science partnership implementation and impact. Gates Open Res 2019; 3:1442. [PMID: 31850398 PMCID: PMC6904887 DOI: 10.12688/gatesopenres.12958.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Serious concerns about the way research is organized collectively are increasingly being raised. They include the escalating costs of research and lower research productivity, low public trust in researchers to report the truth, lack of diversity, poor community engagement, ethical concerns over research practices, and irreproducibility. Open science (OS) collaborations comprise of a set of practices including open access publication, open data sharing and the absence of restrictive intellectual property rights with which institutions, firms, governments and communities are experimenting in order to overcome these concerns. We gathered two groups of international representatives from a large variety of stakeholders to construct a toolkit to guide and facilitate data collection about OS and non-OS collaborations. Ultimately, the toolkit will be used to assess and study the impact of OS collaborations on research and innovation. The toolkit contains the following four elements: 1) an annual report form of quantitative data to be completed by OS partnership administrators; 2) a series of semi-structured interview guides of stakeholders; 3) a survey form of participants in OS collaborations; and 4) a set of other quantitative measures best collected by other organizations, such as research foundations and governmental or intergovernmental agencies. We opened our toolkit to community comment and input. We present the resulting toolkit for use by government and philanthropic grantors, institutions, researchers and community organizations with the aim of measuring the implementation and impact of OS partnership across these organizations. We invite these and other stakeholders to not only measure, but to share the resulting data so that social scientists and policy makers can analyse the data across projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Richard Gold
- Centre for Intellectual Property and Policy (CIPP), Faculty of Law, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1W9, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Sarah E. Ali-Khan
- Centre for Intellectual Property and Policy (CIPP), Faculty of Law, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1W9, Canada
- Tanenbaum Open Science Institute (TOSI), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | | | - Lluis Ballell
- Diseases of the Developing World, Global Health R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Damien Chalaud
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | | | - Matthew S. Clancy
- US Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service, Washington, DC, 20024, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Lisa Federer
- US National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD, 20894, USA
| | - Steven A. Hill
- Research England, UK Research and Innovation, Bristol, BS34 8SR, UK
| | | | - Antoine Jean
- Centre for Intellectual Property and Policy (CIPP), Faculty of Law, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1W9, Canada
| | - Osmat Azzam Jefferson
- Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- The Lens, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Sophie N. Kassel
- Centre for Intellectual Property and Policy (CIPP), Faculty of Law, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1W9, Canada
| | | | | | - Bianca Kramer
- Utrecht University Library, Utrecht, CX, 3584, The Netherlands
| | - Wen Hwa Lee
- Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC), University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Emily MacDonald
- Centre for Intellectual Property and Policy (CIPP), Faculty of Law, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1W9, Canada
| | | | | | - Daniel Mietchen
- Data Science Institute, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | | | | | - Brian A. Nosek
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904-4400, USA
- Center for Open Science, Charlottesville, VA, 22903-5083, USA
| | | | - Claude Pirmez
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Annabel Seyller
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | | | - S. Nicole Spadotto
- Centre for Intellectual Property and Policy (CIPP), Faculty of Law, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1W9, Canada
| | - Sophie Staniszewska
- Warwick Research in Nursing, University of Warwick Medical School, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Mike Thelwall
- University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, WV1 1LY, UK
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9
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Abstract
In this paper, we review some characteristics of the literature that studies the uses and applications of open data for open innovation. Three research questions are proposed about both topics: (1) What journals, conferences and authors have published papers about the use of open data for open innovation? (2) What knowledge areas have been analysed in research on open data for open innovation? and (3) What are the methodological characteristics of the papers on open data for open innovation? To answer the first question, we use a descriptive analysis to identify the relevant journals and authors. To address the second question, we identify the knowledge areas of the studies about open data for open innovation. Finally, we analyse the methodological characteristics of the literature (type of study, analytical techniques, sources of information and geographical area). Our results show that the applications of open data for open innovation are interesting but their multidisciplinary nature makes the context complex and diverse, opening up many future avenues for research. To develop a future research agenda, we propose a theoretical model and some research questions to analyse the open data impact process for open innovation.
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10
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Phillips M, Knoppers BM. Whose Commons? Data Protection as a Legal Limit of Open Science. THE JOURNAL OF LAW, MEDICINE & ETHICS : A JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF LAW, MEDICINE & ETHICS 2019; 47:106-111. [PMID: 30994061 DOI: 10.1177/1073110519840489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Open science has recently gained traction as establishment institutions have come on-side and thrown their weight behind the movement and initiatives aimed at creation of information commons. At the same time, the movement's traditional insistence on unrestricted dissemination and reuse of all information of scientific value has been challenged by the movement to strengthen protection of personal data. This article assesses tensions between open science and data protection, with a focus on the GDPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Phillips
- Mark Phillips is an Academic Associate at the Centre of Genomics and Policy at McGill University. He is also a practicing member of the Quebec Bar Association. Bartha M. Knoppers, Ph.D., is the Director of the Centre of Genomics and Policy at McGill University
| | - Bartha M Knoppers
- Mark Phillips is an Academic Associate at the Centre of Genomics and Policy at McGill University. He is also a practicing member of the Quebec Bar Association. Bartha M. Knoppers, Ph.D., is the Director of the Centre of Genomics and Policy at McGill University
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11
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Morgan MR, Roberts OG, Edwards AM. Ideation and implementation of an open science drug discovery business model - M4K Pharma. Wellcome Open Res 2018; 3:154. [PMID: 30705971 PMCID: PMC6346698 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.14947.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
M4K Pharma was incorporated to launch an open science drug discovery program that relies on regulatory exclusivity as its primary intellectual property and commercial asset, in lieu of patents.In many cases and in key markets, using regulatory exclusivity can provide equivalent commercial protection to patents, while also being compatible with open science. The model is proving attractive to government, foundation and individual funders, who collectively have different expectations for returns on investment compared with biotech, pharmaceutical companies, or venture capital investors.In the absence of these investor-driven requirements for returns, it should be possible to commercialize therapeutics at affordable prices.M4K is piloting this open science business model in a rare paediatric brain tumour, but there is no reason it should not be more widely applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell Robert Morgan
- University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada.,M4K Pharma, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada.,Structural Genomics Consortium, London, UK
| | | | - Aled Morgan Edwards
- University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada.,M4K Pharma, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada.,Structural Genomics Consortium, London, UK
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12
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Ali-Khan SE, Jean A, Gold ER. Identifying the challenges in implementing open science [version 1; peer review: 2 approved]. MNI OPEN RESEARCH 2018; 2:5. [PMID: 33937623 PMCID: PMC7845503 DOI: 10.12688/mniopenres.12805.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Areas of open science (OS) policy and practice are already relatively well-advanced in several countries and sectors through the initiatives of some governments, funders, philanthropy, researchers and the community. Nevertheless, the current research and innovation system, including in the focus of this report, the life sciences, remains weighted against OS. In October 2017, thought-leaders from across the world gathered at an Open Science Leadership Forum in the Washington DC office of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation to share their views on what successful OS looks like. We focused on OS partnerships as this is an emerging model that aims to accelerate science and innovation. These outcomes are captured in a first meeting report: Defining Success in Open Science. On several occasions, these conversations turned to the challenges that must be addressed and new policies required to effectively and sustainably advance OS practice. Thereupon, in this report, we describe the concerns raised and what is needed to address them supplemented by our review of the literature, and suggest the stakeholder groups that may be best placed to begin to take action. It emerges that to be successful, OS will require the active engagement of all stakeholders: while the research community must develop research questions, identify partners and networks, policy communities need to create an environment that is supportive of experimentation by removing barriers. This report aims to contribute to ongoing discussions about OS and its implementation. It is also part of a step-wise process to develop and mobilize a toolkit of quantitative and qualitative indicators to assist global stakeholders in implementing high value OS collaborations. Currently in co-development through an open and international process, this set of measures will allow the generation of needed evidence on the influence of OS partnerships on research, innovation, and critical social and economic goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Ali-Khan
- Faculty of Law, Centre for Intellectual Property
Policy (CIPP), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1W9, Canada
- Tanenbaum Open Science Institute (TOSI), Montreal
Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A
2B4, Canada
| | - Antoine Jean
- Faculty of Law, Centre for Intellectual Property
Policy (CIPP), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1W9, Canada
| | - E. Richard Gold
- Faculty of Law, Centre for Intellectual Property
Policy (CIPP), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1W9, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University,
Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1B1, Canada
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13
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Ali-Khan SE, Harris LW, Gold ER. Motivating participation in open science by examining researcher incentives. eLife 2017; 6:e29319. [PMID: 29082866 PMCID: PMC5662284 DOI: 10.7554/elife.29319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Support for open science is growing, but motivating researchers to participate in open science can be challenging. This in-depth qualitative study draws on interviews with researchers and staff at the Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital during the development of its open science policy. Using thematic content analysis, we explore attitudes toward open science, the motivations and disincentives to participate, the role of patients, and attitudes to the eschewal of intellectual property rights. To be successful, an open science policy must clearly lay out expectations, boundaries and mechanisms by which researchers can engage, and must be shaped to explicitly support their values and those of key partners, including patients, research participants and industry collaborators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Ali-Khan
- Centre for Intellectual Property Policy, Faculty of LawMcGill UniversityMontrealCanada
| | - Liam W Harris
- Centre for Intellectual Property Policy, Faculty of LawMcGill UniversityMontrealCanada
| | - E Richard Gold
- Centre for Intellectual Property Policy, Faculty of LawMcGill UniversityMontrealCanada
- Department of Human GeneticsMcGill UniversityMontrealCanada
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