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Meyer-Baese L, Morrissette AE, Wang Y, Le Chatelier B, Borden PY, Keilholz SD, Stanley GB, Jaeger D. Cortical Networks Relating to Arousal Are Differentially Coupled to Neural Activity and Hemodynamics. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e0298232024. [PMID: 38769007 PMCID: PMC11209646 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0298-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Even in the absence of specific sensory input or a behavioral task, the brain produces structured patterns of activity. This organized activity is modulated by changes in arousal. Here, we use wide-field voltage imaging to establish how arousal relates to cortical network voltage and hemodynamic activity in spontaneously behaving head-fixed male and female mice expressing the voltage-sensitive fluorescent FRET sensor Butterfly 1.2. We find that global voltage and hemodynamic signals are both positively correlated with changes in arousal with a maximum correlation of 0.5 and 0.25, respectively, at a time lag of 0 s. We next show that arousal influences distinct cortical regions for both voltage and hemodynamic signals. These include a broad positive correlation across most sensory-motor cortices extending posteriorly to the primary visual cortex observed in both signals. In contrast, activity in the prefrontal cortex is positively correlated to changes in arousal for the voltage signal while it is a slight net negative correlation observed in the hemodynamic signal. Additionally, we show that coherence between voltage and hemodynamic signals relative to arousal is strongest for slow frequencies below 0.15 Hz and is near zero for frequencies >1 Hz. We finally show that coupling patterns are dependent on the behavioral state of the animal with correlations being driven by periods of increased orofacial movement. Our results indicate that while hemodynamic signals show strong relations to behavior and arousal, these relations are distinct from those observed by voltage activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Meyer-Baese
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory and Georgia Tech, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | | | - Yunmiao Wang
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | | | - Peter Y Borden
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory and Georgia Tech, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Shella D Keilholz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory and Georgia Tech, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Garrett B Stanley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory and Georgia Tech, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Dieter Jaeger
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
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2
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Narasimhan S, Schriver BJ, Wang Q. Adaptive decision-making depends on pupil-linked arousal in rats performing tactile discrimination tasks. J Neurophysiol 2023; 130:1541-1551. [PMID: 37964751 PMCID: PMC11068411 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00309.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Perceptual decision-making is a dynamic cognitive process and is shaped by many factors, including behavioral state, reward contingency, and sensory environment. To understand the extent to which adaptive behavior in decision-making is dependent on pupil-linked arousal, we trained head-fixed rats to perform perceptual decision-making tasks and systematically manipulated the probability of Go and No-go stimuli while simultaneously measuring their pupil size in the tasks. Our data demonstrated that the animals adaptively modified their behavior in response to the changes in the sensory environment. The response probability to both Go and No-go stimuli decreased as the probability of the Go stimulus being presented decreased. Analyses within the signal detection theory framework showed that while the animals' perceptual sensitivity was invariant, their decision criterion increased as the probability of the Go stimulus decreased. Simulation results indicated that the adaptive increase in the decision criterion will increase possible water rewards during the task. Moreover, the adaptive decision-making is dependent on pupil-linked arousal as the increase in the decision criterion was the largest during low pupil-linked arousal periods. Taken together, our results demonstrated that the rats were able to adjust their decision-making to maximize rewards in the tasks, and that adaptive behavior in perceptual decision-making is dependent on pupil-linked arousal.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Perceptual decision-making is a dynamic cognitive process and is shaped by many factors. However, the extent to which changes in sensory environment result in adaptive decision-making remains poorly understood. Our data provided new experimental evidence demonstrating that the rats were able to adaptively modify their decision criterion to maximize water reward in response to changes in the statistics of the sensory environment. Furthermore, the adaptive decision-making is dependent on pupil-linked arousal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya Narasimhan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York City, New York, United States
| | - Brian J Schriver
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York City, New York, United States
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York City, New York, United States
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3
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Roth ZN, Merriam EP. Representations in human primary visual cortex drift over time. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4422. [PMID: 37479723 PMCID: PMC10361968 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40144-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary sensory regions are believed to instantiate stable neural representations, yet a number of recent rodent studies suggest instead that representations drift over time. To test whether sensory representations are stable in human visual cortex, we analyzed a large longitudinal dataset of fMRI responses to images of natural scenes. We fit the fMRI responses using an image-computable encoding model and tested how well the model generalized across sessions. We found systematic changes in model fits that exhibited cumulative drift over many months. Convergent analyses pinpoint changes in neural responsivity as the source of the drift, while population-level representational dissimilarities between visual stimuli were unchanged. These observations suggest that downstream cortical areas may read-out a stable representation, even as representations within V1 exhibit drift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zvi N Roth
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Elisha P Merriam
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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4
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Gheres KW, Ünsal HS, Han X, Zhang Q, Turner KL, Zhang N, Drew PJ. Arousal state transitions occlude sensory-evoked neurovascular coupling in neonatal mice. Commun Biol 2023; 6:738. [PMID: 37460780 PMCID: PMC10352318 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05121-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In the adult sensory cortex, increases in neural activity elicited by sensory stimulation usually drive vasodilation mediated by neurovascular coupling. However, whether neurovascular coupling is the same in neonatal animals as adults is controversial, as both canonical and inverted responses have been observed. We investigated the nature of neurovascular coupling in unanesthetized neonatal mice using optical imaging, electrophysiology, and BOLD fMRI. We find in neonatal (postnatal day 15, P15) mice, sensory stimulation induces a small increase in blood volume/BOLD signal, often followed by a large decrease in blood volume. An examination of arousal state of the mice revealed that neonatal mice were asleep a substantial fraction of the time, and that stimulation caused the animal to awaken. As cortical blood volume is much higher during REM and NREM sleep than the awake state, awakening occludes any sensory-evoked neurovascular coupling. When neonatal mice are stimulated during an awake period, they showed relatively normal (but slowed) neurovascular coupling, showing that that the typically observed constriction is due to arousal state changes. These result show that sleep-related vascular changes dominate over any sensory-evoked changes, and hemodynamic measures need to be considered in the context of arousal state changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle W Gheres
- Molecular Cellular and Integrative Bioscience program, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Hayreddin S Ünsal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Abdullah Gul University, Kayseri, Türkiye
| | - Xu Han
- Molecular Cellular and Integrative Bioscience program, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Qingguang Zhang
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Kevin L Turner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Nanyin Zhang
- Molecular Cellular and Integrative Bioscience program, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Center for Neural Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Center for Neurotechnology in Mental Health Research, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Patrick J Drew
- Molecular Cellular and Integrative Bioscience program, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
- Center for Neural Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
- Center for Neurotechnology in Mental Health Research, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
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5
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Jacob M, Ford J, Deacon T. Cognition is entangled with metabolism: relevance for resting-state EEG-fMRI. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:976036. [PMID: 37113322 PMCID: PMC10126302 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.976036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain is a living organ with distinct metabolic constraints. However, these constraints are typically considered as secondary or supportive of information processing which is primarily performed by neurons. The default operational definition of neural information processing is that (1) it is ultimately encoded as a change in individual neuronal firing rate as this correlates with the presentation of a peripheral stimulus, motor action or cognitive task. Two additional assumptions are associated with this default interpretation: (2) that the incessant background firing activity against which changes in activity are measured plays no role in assigning significance to the extrinsically evoked change in neural firing, and (3) that the metabolic energy that sustains this background activity and which correlates with differences in neuronal firing rate is merely a response to an evoked change in neuronal activity. These assumptions underlie the design, implementation, and interpretation of neuroimaging studies, particularly fMRI, which relies on changes in blood oxygen as an indirect measure of neural activity. In this article we reconsider all three of these assumptions in light of recent evidence. We suggest that by combining EEG with fMRI, new experimental work can reconcile emerging controversies in neurovascular coupling and the significance of ongoing, background activity during resting-state paradigms. A new conceptual framework for neuroimaging paradigms is developed to investigate how ongoing neural activity is "entangled" with metabolism. That is, in addition to being recruited to support locally evoked neuronal activity (the traditional hemodynamic response), changes in metabolic support may be independently "invoked" by non-local brain regions, yielding flexible neurovascular coupling dynamics that inform the cognitive context. This framework demonstrates how multimodal neuroimaging is necessary to probe the neurometabolic foundations of cognition, with implications for the study of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Jacob
- Mental Health Service, San Francisco VA Healthcare System, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Judith Ford
- Mental Health Service, San Francisco VA Healthcare System, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Terrence Deacon
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
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6
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Zhang Q, Cramer SR, Turner KL, Neuberger T, Drew PJ, Zhang N. High-frequency neuronal signal better explains multi-phase BOLD response. Neuroimage 2023; 268:119887. [PMID: 36681134 PMCID: PMC9962576 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.119887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Visual stimulation-evoked blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) responses can exhibit more complex temporal dynamics than a simple monophasic response. For instance, BOLD responses sometimes include a phase of positive response followed by a phase of post-stimulus undershoot. Whether the BOLD response during these phases reflects the underlying neuronal signal fluctuations or is contributed by non-neuronal physiological factors remains elusive. When presenting blocks of sustained (i.e. DC) light ON-OFF stimulations to unanesthetized rats, we observed that the response following a decrease in illumination (i.e. OFF stimulation-evoked BOLD response) in the visual cortices displayed reproducible multiple phases, including an initial positive BOLD response, followed by an undershoot and then an overshoot before the next ON trial. This multi-phase BOLD response did not result from the entrainment of the periodic stimulation structure. When we measured the neural correlates of these responses, we found that the high-frequency band from the LFP power (300 - 3000 Hz, multi-unit activity (MUA)), but not the power in the gamma band (30 - 100 Hz) exhibited the same multiphasic dynamics as the BOLD signal. This study suggests that the post-stimulus phases of the BOLD response can be better explained by the high-frequency neuronal signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA; Center for Neurotechnology in Mental Health Research, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA; Center for Neural Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA
| | - Samuel R Cramer
- The Neuroscience Graduate Program, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA; Center for Neurotechnology in Mental Health Research, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA; Center for Neural Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA
| | - Kevin L Turner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA; Center for Neurotechnology in Mental Health Research, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA; Center for Neural Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA
| | - Thomas Neuberger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA; Center for Neurotechnology in Mental Health Research, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA
| | - Patrick J Drew
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA; The Neuroscience Graduate Program, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA; Center for Neurotechnology in Mental Health Research, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA; Center for Neural Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA; Departments of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Neurosurgery, and Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA
| | - Nanyin Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA; The Neuroscience Graduate Program, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA; Center for Neurotechnology in Mental Health Research, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA; Center for Neural Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA.
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7
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Gheres KW, Ãœnsal HS, Han X, Zhang Q, Turner KL, Zhang N, Drew PJ. Arousal state transitions occlude sensory-evoked neurovascular coupling in neonatal mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.18.529057. [PMID: 36824895 PMCID: PMC9949139 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.18.529057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
In the adult sensory cortex, increases in neural activity elicited by sensory stimulation usually drives vasodilation mediated by neurovascular coupling. However, whether neurovascular coupling is the same in neonatal animals as adults is controversial, as both canonical and inverted responses have been observed. We investigated the nature of neurovascular coupling in unanesthetized neonatal mice using optical imaging, electrophysiology, and BOLD fMRI. We find in neonatal (postnatal day 15, P15) mice, sensory stimulation induces a small increase in blood volume/BOLD signal, often followed by a large decrease in blood volume. An examination of arousal state of the mice revealed that neonatal mice were asleep a substantial fraction of the time, and that stimulation caused the animal to awaken. As cortical blood volume is much higher during REM and NREM sleep than the awake state, awakening occludes any sensory-evoked neurovascular coupling. When neonatal mice are stimulated during an awake period, they showed relatively normal (but slowed) neurovascular coupling, showing that that the typically observed constriction is due to arousal state changes. These result show that sleep-related vascular changes dominate over any sensory-evoked changes, and hemodynamic measures need to be considered in the context of arousal state changes. Significance Statement In the adult brain, increases in neural activity are often followed by vasodilation, allowing activity to be monitored using optical or magnetic resonance imaging. However, in neonates, sensory stimulation can drive vasoconstriction, whose origin was not understood. We used optical and magnetic resonance imaging approaches to investigate hemodynamics in neonatal mice. We found that sensory-induced vasoconstriction occurred when the mice were asleep, as sleep is associated with dilation of the vasculature of the brain relative to the awake state. The stimulus awakens the mice, causing a constriction due to the arousal state change. Our study shows the importance of monitoring arousal state, particularly when investigating subjects that may sleep, and the dominance arousal effects on brain hemodynamics.
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8
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Turner KL, Gheres KW, Drew PJ. Relating Pupil Diameter and Blinking to Cortical Activity and Hemodynamics across Arousal States. J Neurosci 2023; 43:949-964. [PMID: 36517240 PMCID: PMC9908322 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1244-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Arousal state affects neural activity and vascular dynamics in the cortex, with sleep associated with large changes in the local field potential and increases in cortical blood flow. We investigated the relationship between pupil diameter and blink rate with neural activity and blood volume in the somatosensory cortex in male and female unanesthetized, head-fixed mice. We monitored these variables while the mice were awake, during periods of rapid eye movement (REM), and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. Pupil diameter was smaller during sleep than in the awake state. Changes in pupil diameter were coherent with both gamma-band power and blood volume in the somatosensory cortex, but the strength and sign of this relationship varied with arousal state. We observed a strong negative correlation between pupil diameter and both gamma-band power and blood volume during periods of awake rest and NREM sleep, although the correlations between pupil diameter and these signals became positive during periods of alertness, active whisking, and REM. Blinking was associated with increases in arousal and decreases in blood volume when the mouse was asleep. Bilateral coherence in gamma-band power and in blood volume dropped following awake blinking, indicating a reset of neural and vascular activity. Using only eye metrics (pupil diameter and eye motion), we could determine the arousal state of the mouse ('Awake,' 'NREM,' 'REM') with >90% accuracy with a 5 s resolution. There is a strong relationship between pupil diameter and hemodynamics signals in mice, reflecting the pronounced effects of arousal on cerebrovascular dynamics.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Determining arousal state is a critical component of any neuroscience experiment. Pupil diameter and blinking are influenced by arousal state, as are hemodynamics signals in the cortex. We investigated the relationship between cortical hemodynamics and pupil diameter and found that pupil diameter was strongly related to the blood volume in the cortex. Mice were more likely to be awake after blinking than before, and blinking resets neural activity. Pupil diameter and eye motion can be used as a reliable, noninvasive indicator of arousal state. As mice transition from wake to sleep and back again over a timescale of seconds, monitoring pupil diameter and eye motion permits the noninvasive detection of sleep events during behavioral or resting-state experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin L Turner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
- Center for Neural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Kyle W Gheres
- Center for Neural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
- Departments of Engineering Science and Mechanics
| | - Patrick J Drew
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
- Center for Neural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
- Departments of Engineering Science and Mechanics
- Biology and Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
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9
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Drew PJ. Neurovascular coupling: motive unknown. Trends Neurosci 2022; 45:809-819. [PMID: 35995628 PMCID: PMC9768528 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2022.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the brain, increases in neural activity drive changes in local blood flow via neurovascular coupling. The common explanation for increased blood flow (known as functional hyperemia) is that it supplies the metabolic needs of active neurons. However, there is a large body of evidence that is inconsistent with this idea. Baseline blood flow is adequate to supply oxygen needs even with elevated neural activity. Neurovascular coupling is irregular, absent, or inverted in many brain regions, behavioral states, and conditions. Increases in respiration can increase brain oxygenation without flow changes. Simulations show that given the architecture of the brain vasculature, areas of low blood flow are inescapable and cannot be removed by functional hyperemia. As discussed in this article, potential alternative functions of neurovascular coupling include supplying oxygen for neuromodulator synthesis, brain temperature regulation, signaling to neurons, stabilizing and optimizing the cerebral vascular structure, accommodating the non-Newtonian nature of blood, and driving the production and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Drew
- Center for Neural Engineering, Departments of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Neurosurgery, Biology, and Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, W-317 Millennium Science Complex, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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10
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Mirg S, Turner KL, Chen H, Drew PJ, Kothapalli SR. Photoacoustic imaging for microcirculation. Microcirculation 2022; 29:e12776. [PMID: 35793421 PMCID: PMC9870710 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Microcirculation facilitates the blood-tissue exchange of nutrients and regulates blood perfusion. It is, therefore, essential in maintaining tissue health. Aberrations in microcirculation are potentially indicative of underlying cardiovascular and metabolic pathologies. Thus, quantitative information about it is of great clinical relevance. Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) is a capable technique that relies on the generation of imaging contrast via the absorption of light and can image at micron-scale resolution. PAI is especially desirable to map microvasculature as hemoglobin strongly absorbs light and can generate a photoacoustic signal. This paper reviews the current state of the art for imaging microvascular networks using photoacoustic imaging. We further describe how quantitative information about blood dynamics such as the total hemoglobin concentration, oxygen saturation, and blood flow rate is obtained using PAI. We also discuss its importance in understanding key pathophysiological processes in neurovascular, cardiovascular, ophthalmic, and cancer research fields. We then discuss the current challenges and limitations of PAI and the approaches that can help overcome these limitations. Finally, we provide the reader with an overview of future trends in the field of PAI for imaging microcirculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubham Mirg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Kevin L. Turner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Haoyang Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA,Center for Neural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Patrick J. Drew
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA,Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA,Department of Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA,Center for Neural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Sri-Rajasekhar Kothapalli
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA,Penn State Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA,Graduate Program in Acoustics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA,Center for Neural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA,Corresponding author: Sri-Rajasekhar Kothapalli, 325 CBE Building, State College, PA, 16802, USA,
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11
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Nunez-Elizalde AO, Krumin M, Reddy CB, Montaldo G, Urban A, Harris KD, Carandini M. Neural correlates of blood flow measured by ultrasound. Neuron 2022; 110:1631-1640.e4. [PMID: 35278361 PMCID: PMC9235295 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Functional ultrasound imaging (fUSI) is an appealing method for measuring blood flow and thus infer brain activity, but it relies on the physiology of neurovascular coupling and requires extensive signal processing. To establish to what degree fUSI trial-by-trial signals reflect neural activity, we performed simultaneous fUSI and neural recordings with Neuropixels probes in awake mice. fUSI signals strongly correlated with the slow (<0.3 Hz) fluctuations in the local firing rate and were closely predicted by the smoothed firing rate of local neurons, particularly putative inhibitory neurons. The optimal smoothing filter had a width of ∼3 s, matched the hemodynamic response function of awake mice, was invariant across mice and stimulus conditions, and was similar in the cortex and hippocampus. fUSI signals also matched neural firing spatially: firing rates were as highly correlated across hemispheres as fUSI signals. Thus, blood flow measured by ultrasound bears a simple and accurate relationship to neuronal firing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Krumin
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London WC1E 6AE, UK
| | - Charu Bai Reddy
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London WC1E 6AE, UK
| | - Gabriel Montaldo
- Neuro-Electronics Research Flanders, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), 3000 Leuven, Belgium; imec, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neuroscience, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alan Urban
- Neuro-Electronics Research Flanders, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), 3000 Leuven, Belgium; imec, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neuroscience, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kenneth D Harris
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1E 6AE, UK
| | - Matteo Carandini
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London WC1E 6AE, UK.
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12
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Burlingham CS, Ryoo M, Roth ZN, Mirbagheri S, Heeger DJ, Merriam E. Task-related hemodynamic responses in human early visual cortex are modulated by task difficulty and behavioral performance. eLife 2022; 11:73018. [PMID: 35389340 PMCID: PMC9049970 DOI: 10.7554/elife.73018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Early visual cortex exhibits widespread hemodynamic responses in the absence of visual stimulation, which are entrained to the timing of a task and not predicted by local spiking or local field potential (LFP). Such task-related responses ('TRRs') covary with reward magnitude and physiological signatures of arousal. It is unknown, however, if TRRs change on a trial-to-trial basis according to behavioral performance and task difficulty. If so, this would suggest that TRRs reflect arousal on a trial-to-trial timescale and covary with critical task and behavioral variables. We measured fMRI-BOLD responses in the early visual cortex of human observers performing an orientation discrimination task consisting of separate easy and hard runs of trials. Stimuli were presented in a small portion of one hemifield, but the fMRI response was measured in the ipsilateral hemisphere, far from the stimulus representation and focus of spatial attention. TRRs scaled in amplitude with task difficulty, behavioral accuracy, reaction time, and lapses across trials. These modulations were not explained by the influence of respiration, cardiac activity, or head movement on the fMRI signal. Similar modulations with task difficulty and behavior were observed in pupil size. These results suggest that TRRs reflect arousal and behavior on the timescale of individual trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Minyoung Ryoo
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Zvi N Roth
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, United States
| | | | - David J Heeger
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, United States
| | - Elisha Merriam
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
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13
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Zhang Q, Turner KL, Gheres KW, Hossain MS, Drew PJ. Behavioral and physiological monitoring for awake neurovascular coupling experiments: a how-to guide. NEUROPHOTONICS 2022; 9:021905. [PMID: 35639834 PMCID: PMC8802326 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.9.2.021905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Functional brain imaging in awake animal models is a popular and powerful technique that allows the investigation of neurovascular coupling (NVC) under physiological conditions. However, ubiquitous facial and body motions (fidgeting) are prime drivers of spontaneous fluctuations in neural and hemodynamic signals. During periods without movement, animals can rapidly transition into sleep, and the hemodynamic signals tied to arousal state changes can be several times larger than sensory-evoked responses. Given the outsized influence of facial and body motions and arousal signals in neural and hemodynamic signals, it is imperative to detect and monitor these events in experiments with un-anesthetized animals. Aim: To cover the importance of monitoring behavioral state in imaging experiments using un-anesthetized rodents, and describe how to incorporate detailed behavioral and physiological measurements in imaging experiments. Approach: We review the effects of movements and sleep-related signals (heart rate, respiration rate, electromyography, intracranial pressure, whisking, and other body movements) on brain hemodynamics and electrophysiological signals, with a focus on head-fixed experimental setup. We summarize the measurement methods currently used in animal models for detection of those behaviors and arousal changes. We then provide a guide on how to incorporate this measurements with functional brain imaging and electrophysiology measurements. Results: We provide a how-to guide on monitoring and interpreting a variety of physiological signals and their applications to NVC experiments in awake behaving mice. Conclusion: This guide facilitates the application of neuroimaging in awake animal models and provides neuroscientists with a standard approach for monitoring behavior and other associated physiological parameters in head-fixed animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingguang Zhang
- The Pennsylvania State University, Center for Neural Engineering, Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Kevin L. Turner
- The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Kyle W. Gheres
- The Pennsylvania State University, Graduate Program in Molecular Cellular and Integrative Biosciences, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Md Shakhawat Hossain
- The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Patrick J. Drew
- The Pennsylvania State University, Center for Neural Engineering, Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States
- The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States
- The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Neurosurgery, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States
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14
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Traner MR, Bromberg-Martin ES, Monosov IE. How the value of the environment controls persistence in visual search. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1009662. [PMID: 34905548 PMCID: PMC8714092 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Classic foraging theory predicts that humans and animals aim to gain maximum reward per unit time. However, in standard instrumental conditioning tasks individuals adopt an apparently suboptimal strategy: they respond slowly when the expected value is low. This reward-related bias is often explained as reduced motivation in response to low rewards. Here we present evidence this behavior is associated with a complementary increased motivation to search the environment for alternatives. We trained monkeys to search for reward-related visual targets in environments with different values. We found that the reward-related bias scaled with environment value, was consistent with persistent searching after the target was already found, and was associated with increased exploratory gaze to objects in the environment. A novel computational model of foraging suggests that this search strategy could be adaptive in naturalistic settings where both environments and the objects within them provide partial information about hidden, uncertain rewards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. Traner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Ethan S. Bromberg-Martin
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Ilya E. Monosov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Pain Center, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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Wu GR, Colenbier N, Van Den Bossche S, Clauw K, Johri A, Tandon M, Marinazzo D. rsHRF: A toolbox for resting-state HRF estimation and deconvolution. Neuroimage 2021; 244:118591. [PMID: 34560269 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The hemodynamic response function (HRF) greatly influences the intra- and inter-subject variability of brain activation and connectivity, and might confound the estimation of temporal precedence in connectivity analyses, making its estimation necessary for a correct interpretation of neuroimaging studies. Additionally, the HRF shape itself is a useful local measure. However, most algorithms for HRF estimation are specific for task-related fMRI data, and only a few can be directly applied to resting-state protocols. Here we introduce rsHRF, a Matlab and Python toolbox that implements HRF estimation and deconvolution from the resting-state BOLD signal. We first provide an overview of the main algorithm, practical implementations, and then demonstrate the feasibility and usefulness of rsHRF by validation experiments with a publicly available resting-state fMRI dataset. We also provide tools for statistical analyses and visualization. We believe that this toolbox may significantly contribute to a better analysis and understanding of the components and variability of BOLD signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Rong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Department of Data Analysis, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium.
| | - Nigel Colenbier
- Department of Data Analysis, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium; Research Center for Motor Control and Neuroplasticity, KU Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium; Brain Imaging and Neural Dynamics Research Group, IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, Venice 30126, Italy
| | - Sofie Van Den Bossche
- Department of Data Analysis, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Kenzo Clauw
- Department of Data Analysis, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Amogh Johri
- International Institute of Information Technology, Bangalore 560100, India
| | - Madhur Tandon
- Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, Delhi 110020, India
| | - Daniele Marinazzo
- Department of Data Analysis, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium; Brain Imaging and Neural Dynamics Research Group, IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, Venice 30126, Italy
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16
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Zhang Q, Gheres KW, Drew PJ. Origins of 1/f-like tissue oxygenation fluctuations in the murine cortex. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001298. [PMID: 34264930 PMCID: PMC8282088 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The concentration of oxygen in the brain spontaneously fluctuates, and the distribution of power in these fluctuations has a 1/f-like spectra, where the power present at low frequencies of the power spectrum is orders of magnitude higher than at higher frequencies. Though these oscillations have been interpreted as being driven by neural activity, the origin of these 1/f-like oscillations is not well understood. Here, to gain insight of the origin of the 1/f-like oxygen fluctuations, we investigated the dynamics of tissue oxygenation and neural activity in awake behaving mice. We found that oxygen signal recorded from the cortex of mice had 1/f-like spectra. However, band-limited power in the local field potential did not show corresponding 1/f-like fluctuations. When local neural activity was suppressed, the 1/f-like fluctuations in oxygen concentration persisted. Two-photon measurements of erythrocyte spacing fluctuations and mathematical modeling show that stochastic fluctuations in erythrocyte flow could underlie 1/f-like dynamics in oxygenation. These results suggest that the discrete nature of erythrocytes and their irregular flow, rather than fluctuations in neural activity, could drive 1/f-like fluctuations in tissue oxygenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingguang Zhang
- Center for Neural Engineering, Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (QZ); (PJD)
| | - Kyle W. Gheres
- Graduate Program in Molecular Cellular and Integrative Biosciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Patrick J. Drew
- Center for Neural Engineering, Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (QZ); (PJD)
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17
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Iliski, a software for robust calculation of transfer functions. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1008614. [PMID: 34125846 PMCID: PMC8224889 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the relationships between biological processes is paramount to unravel pathophysiological mechanisms. These relationships can be modeled with Transfer Functions (TFs), with no need of a priori hypotheses as to the shape of the transfer function. Here we present Iliski, a software dedicated to TFs computation between two signals. It includes different pre-treatment routines and TF computation processes: deconvolution, deterministic and non-deterministic optimization algorithms that are adapted to disparate datasets. We apply Iliski to data on neurovascular coupling, an ensemble of cellular mechanisms that link neuronal activity to local changes of blood flow, highlighting the software benefits and caveats in the computation and evaluation of TFs. We also propose a workflow that will help users to choose the best computation according to the dataset. Iliski is available under the open-source license CC BY 4.0 on GitHub (https://github.com/alike-aydin/Iliski) and can be used on the most common operating systems, either within the MATLAB environment, or as a standalone application. Iliski is a software helping the user to find the relationship between two sets of data, namely transfer functions. Although transfer functions are widely used in many scientific fields to link two signals, their computation can be tricky due to data features such as multisource noise, or to specific shape requirements imposed by the nature of the signals, e.g. in biological data. Iliski offers a user-friendly graphical interface to ease the computation of transfer functions for both experienced and users with no coding skills. It proposes several signal pre-processing methods and allows rapid testing of different computing approaches, either based on deconvolution or on optimization of multi-parametric functions. This article, combined with a User Manual, provides a detailed description of Iliski functionalities and a thorough description of the advantages and drawbacks of each computing method using experimental biological data. In the era of Big Data, scientists strive to find new models for patho-physiological mechanisms, and Iliski fulfils the requirements of rigorous, flexible, and fast data driven hypothesis testing.
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18
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Das A, Murphy K, Drew PJ. Rude mechanicals in brain haemodynamics: non-neural actors that influence blood flow. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20190635. [PMID: 33190603 PMCID: PMC7741032 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluctuations in blood oxygenation and flow are widely used to infer brain activity during resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). However, there are strong systemic and vascular contributions to resting-state signals that are unrelated to ongoing neural activity. Importantly, these non-neural contributions to haemodynamic signals (or 'rude mechanicals') can be as large as or larger than the neurally evoked components. Here, we review the two broad classes of drivers of these signals. One is systemic and is tied to fluctuations in external drivers such as heart rate and breathing, and the robust autoregulatory mechanisms that try to maintain a constant milieu in the brain. The other class comprises local, active fluctuations that appear to be intrinsic to vascular tissue and are likely similar to active local fluctuations seen in vasculature all over the body. In this review, we describe these non-neural fluctuations and some of the tools developed to correct for them when interpreting fMRI recordings. However, we also emphasize the links between these vascular fluctuations and brain physiology and point to ways in which fMRI measurements can be used to exploit such links to gain valuable information about neurovascular health and about internal brain states. This article is part of the theme issue 'Key relationships between non-invasive functional neuroimaging and the underlying neuronal activity'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniruddha Das
- Department of Neuroscience, Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Kevin Murphy
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Patrick J. Drew
- Departments of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Neurosurgery, and Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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19
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Bergel A, Tiran E, Deffieux T, Demené C, Tanter M, Cohen I. Adaptive modulation of brain hemodynamics across stereotyped running episodes. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6193. [PMID: 33273463 PMCID: PMC7713412 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19948-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
During locomotion, theta and gamma rhythms are essential to ensure timely communication between brain structures. However, their metabolic cost and contribution to neuroimaging signals remain elusive. To finely characterize neurovascular interactions during locomotion, we simultaneously recorded mesoscale brain hemodynamics using functional ultrasound (fUS) and local field potentials (LFP) in numerous brain structures of freely-running overtrained rats. Locomotion events were reliably followed by a surge in blood flow in a sequence involving the retrosplenial cortex, dorsal thalamus, dentate gyrus and CA regions successively, with delays ranging from 0.8 to 1.6 seconds after peak speed. Conversely, primary motor cortex was suppressed and subsequently recruited during reward uptake. Surprisingly, brain hemodynamics were strongly modulated across trials within the same recording session; cortical blood flow sharply decreased after 10-20 runs, while hippocampal responses strongly and linearly increased, particularly in the CA regions. This effect occurred while running speed and theta activity remained constant and was accompanied by an increase in the power of hippocampal, but not cortical, high-frequency oscillations (100-150 Hz). Our findings reveal distinct vascular subnetworks modulated across fast and slow timescales and suggest strong hemodynamic adaptation, despite the repetition of a stereotyped behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Bergel
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine-Neuroscience, 75005, Paris, France.
- Physique pour la Médecine Paris, INSERM U1273, ESPCI Paris, CNRS FRE 2031, PSL Université Recherche, Paris, France.
| | - Elodie Tiran
- Physique pour la Médecine Paris, INSERM U1273, ESPCI Paris, CNRS FRE 2031, PSL Université Recherche, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Deffieux
- Physique pour la Médecine Paris, INSERM U1273, ESPCI Paris, CNRS FRE 2031, PSL Université Recherche, Paris, France
| | - Charlie Demené
- Physique pour la Médecine Paris, INSERM U1273, ESPCI Paris, CNRS FRE 2031, PSL Université Recherche, Paris, France
| | - Mickaël Tanter
- Physique pour la Médecine Paris, INSERM U1273, ESPCI Paris, CNRS FRE 2031, PSL Université Recherche, Paris, France.
| | - Ivan Cohen
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine-Neuroscience, 75005, Paris, France.
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20
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Task-related activity in human visual cortex. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000921. [PMID: 33156829 PMCID: PMC7673548 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain exhibits widespread endogenous responses in the absence of visual stimuli, even at the earliest stages of visual cortical processing. Such responses have been studied in monkeys using optical imaging with a limited field of view over visual cortex. Here, we used functional MRI (fMRI) in human participants to study the link between arousal and endogenous responses in visual cortex. The response that we observed was tightly entrained to task timing, was spatially extensive, and was independent of visual stimulation. We found that this response follows dynamics similar to that of pupil size and heart rate, suggesting that task-related activity is related to arousal. Finally, we found that higher reward increased response amplitude while decreasing its trial-to-trial variability (i.e., the noise). Computational simulations suggest that increased temporal precision underlies both of these observations. Our findings are consistent with optical imaging studies in monkeys and support the notion that arousal increases precision of neural activity. The brain exhibits widespread endogenous responses in the absence of visual stimuli, even at the earliest stages of visual cortical processing. This fMRI study characterizes a widespread hemodynamic response in early visual cortex that is not related to visual input but instead reflects a participant’s engagement in a task, is modulated by expected monetary reward, and may reflect neural quenching.
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21
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Turner KL, Gheres KW, Proctor EA, Drew PJ. Neurovascular coupling and bilateral connectivity during NREM and REM sleep. eLife 2020; 9:62071. [PMID: 33118932 PMCID: PMC7758068 DOI: 10.7554/elife.62071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand how arousal state impacts cerebral hemodynamics and neurovascular coupling, we monitored neural activity, behavior, and hemodynamic signals in un-anesthetized, head-fixed mice. Mice frequently fell asleep during imaging, and these sleep events were interspersed with periods of wake. During both NREM and REM sleep, mice showed large increases in cerebral blood volume ([HbT]) and arteriole diameter relative to the awake state, two to five times larger than those evoked by sensory stimulation. During NREM, the amplitude of bilateral low-frequency oscillations in [HbT] increased markedly, and coherency between neural activity and hemodynamic signals was higher than the awake resting and REM states. Bilateral correlations in neural activity and [HbT] were highest during NREM, and lowest in the awake state. Hemodynamic signals in the cortex are strongly modulated by arousal state, and changes during sleep are substantially larger than sensory-evoked responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin L Turner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States.,Center for Neural Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States
| | - Kyle W Gheres
- Center for Neural Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States.,Graduate Program in Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Biosciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Proctor
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States.,Center for Neural Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States.,Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, United States
| | - Patrick J Drew
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States.,Center for Neural Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States.,Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, United States
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22
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Echagarruga CT, Gheres KW, Norwood JN, Drew PJ. nNOS-expressing interneurons control basal and behaviorally evoked arterial dilation in somatosensory cortex of mice. eLife 2020; 9:e60533. [PMID: 33016877 PMCID: PMC7556878 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical neural activity is coupled to local arterial diameter and blood flow. However, which neurons control the dynamics of cerebral arteries is not well understood. We dissected the cellular mechanisms controlling the basal diameter and evoked dilation in cortical arteries in awake, head-fixed mice. Locomotion drove robust arterial dilation, increases in gamma band power in the local field potential (LFP), and increases calcium signals in pyramidal and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)-expressing neurons. Chemogenetic or pharmocological modulation of overall neural activity up or down caused corresponding increases or decreases in basal arterial diameter. Modulation of pyramidal neuron activity alone had little effect on basal or evoked arterial dilation, despite pronounced changes in the LFP. Modulation of the activity of nNOS-expressing neurons drove changes in the basal and evoked arterial diameter without corresponding changes in population neural activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyle W Gheres
- Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Biology Graduate Program, Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkUnited States
| | - Jordan N Norwood
- Cell and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkUnited States
| | - Patrick J Drew
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkUnited States
- Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Biology Graduate Program, Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkUnited States
- Cell and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkUnited States
- Departments of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Biomedical Engineering, and Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkUnited States
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23
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Drew PJ, Mateo C, Turner KL, Yu X, Kleinfeld D. Ultra-slow Oscillations in fMRI and Resting-State Connectivity: Neuronal and Vascular Contributions and Technical Confounds. Neuron 2020; 107:782-804. [PMID: 32791040 PMCID: PMC7886622 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Ultra-slow, ∼0.1-Hz variations in the oxygenation level of brain blood are widely used as an fMRI-based surrogate of "resting-state" neuronal activity. The temporal correlations among these fluctuations across the brain are interpreted as "functional connections" for maps and neurological diagnostics. Ultra-slow variations in oxygenation follow a cascade. First, they closely track changes in arteriole diameter. Second, interpretable functional connections arise when the ultra-slow changes in amplitude of γ-band neuronal oscillations, which are shared across even far-flung but synaptically connected brain regions, entrain the ∼0.1-Hz vasomotor oscillation in diameter of local arterioles. Significant confounds to estimates of functional connectivity arise from residual vasomotor activity as well as arteriole dynamics driven by self-generated movements and subcortical common modulatory inputs. Last, methodological limitations of fMRI can lead to spurious functional connections. The neuronal generator of ultra-slow variations in γ-band amplitude, including that associated with self-generated movements, remains an open issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Drew
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Celine Mateo
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kevin L Turner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Xin Yu
- High-Field Magnetic Resonance Department, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; MGH/MIT/HMS Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02114, USA
| | - David Kleinfeld
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Section of Neurobiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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24
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Takagaki K, Krug K. The effects of reward and social context on visual processing for perceptual decision-making. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2020.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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