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Alessi MC, Coxon C, Ibrahim-Kosta M, Bacci M, Voisin S, Rivera J, Greinacher A, Raster J, Pulcinelli F, Devreese KMJ, Mullier F, McCormick AN, Frontroth JP, Pouplard C, Sachs UJ, Diaz I, Bermejo N, Camera M, Fontana P, Bauters A, Stepanian A, Cozzi MR, Sveshnikova AN, Faille D, Hollon W, Chitlur M, Casonato A, Lasne D, Lavenu-Bombled C, Fiore M, Hamidou B, Hurtaud-Roux MF, Saultier P, Goumidi L, Gresele P, Lordkipanidzé M. Multicenter evaluation of light transmission platelet aggregation reagents: communication from the ISTH SSC Subcommittee on Platelet Physiology. J Thromb Haemost 2023; 21:2596-2610. [PMID: 37331519 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2023.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Light transmission aggregation (LTA) is used widely by the clinical and research communities. Although it is a gold standard, there is a lack of interlaboratory harmonization. OBJECTIVES The primary objective was to assess whether sources of activators (mainly adenosine diphosphate [ADP], collagen, arachidonic acid, epinephrine, and thrombin receptor activating peptide6) and ristocetin contribute to poor LTA reproducibility. The secondary objective was to evaluate interindividual variability of results to appreciate the distribution of normal values and consequently better interpret pathologic results. METHODS An international multicenter study involving 28 laboratories in which we compared LTA results obtained with center-specific activators and a comparator that we supplied. RESULTS We report variability in the potency (P) of activators in comparison with the comparator. Thrombin receptor activating peptide 6 (P, 1.32-2.68), arachidonic acid (P, 0.87-1.43), and epinephrine (P, 0.97-1.34) showed the greatest variability. ADP (P, 1.04-1.20) and ristocetin (P, 0.98-1.07) were the most consistent. The data highlighted clear interindividual variability, notably for ADP and epinephrine. Four profiles of responses were observed with ADP from high-responders, intermediate-responders, and low-responders. A fifth profile corresponding to nonresponders (5% of the individuals) was observed with epinephrine. CONCLUSION Based on these data, the establishment and adoption of simple standardization principles should mitigate variability due to activator sources. The observation of huge interindividual variability for certain concentrations of activators should lead to a cautious interpretation before reporting a result as abnormal. Confidence can be taken from the fact that difference between sources is not exacerbated in patients treated with antiplatelet agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Christine Alessi
- Laboratory of Hematology, Centre de référence des pathologies plaquettaires, C2VN, INRAE, INSERM, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France.
| | - Carmen Coxon
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Manal Ibrahim-Kosta
- Laboratory of Hematology, Centre de référence des pathologies plaquettaires, C2VN, INRAE, INSERM, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Monica Bacci
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemorrhagic Diseases, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Sophie Voisin
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - José Rivera
- Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Médica, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Universidad de Murcia, Instituto Murciano De Investigación Biosanitaria, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Andreas Greinacher
- Institut für Transfusionsmedizin, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Johannes Raster
- Institut für Transfusionsmedizin, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Fabio Pulcinelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Italy
| | - Katrien M J Devreese
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Coagulation Laboratory, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Francois Mullier
- Namur Thrombosis and Hemostasis Center, CHU UCLouvain Namur, Université Catholique de Louvain, Yvoir, Belgium
| | - Aine N McCormick
- Haemostasis and Thrombosis Laboratory, Viapath Analytics, St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Juan Pablo Frontroth
- Laboratorio de Hemostasia y Trombosis, Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan," Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claire Pouplard
- Department of Hemostasis, University Hospital of Tours, University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Ulrich J Sachs
- Department of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Giessen University Hospital, Giessen, Germany
| | - Isabelle Diaz
- Laboratory of Hematology, University Hospital of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Nuria Bermejo
- Servicio de Hematología, Hospital San Pedro de Alcántara, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Cáceres, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Marina Camera
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milan, Italy
| | - Pierre Fontana
- Division of Angiology and Haemostasis, Geneva University Hospitals, and Geneva Platelet Group, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anne Bauters
- Hemostasis Unit, Hospital University Center Lille, Lille, France
| | - Alain Stepanian
- Hematology Laboratory and Thrombosis Unit, Université Paris Cité, Hospital Group Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Maria R Cozzi
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers Unit Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano, Aviano, Italy
| | - Anastasia N Sveshnikova
- Hemostasis Research Department, Dmitry Rogachev Pediatric Hematology and Immunology Hospital, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dorothée Faille
- Département d'Hématologie Biologique, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris AP-HP, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire CHU Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France
| | - Wendy Hollon
- Jeanne M. Lusher Special Coagulation Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Meera Chitlur
- Central Michigan University, Jeanne M. Lusher Special Coagulation Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Alessandra Casonato
- Department of Medicine, University of Padua Medical School, First chair of Internal Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Dominique Lasne
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker-Enfants malades, Paris, France
| | - Cécile Lavenu-Bombled
- Service Hématologie Biologique, Centre de ressources et compétences de la filière de santé des maladies Hémorragiques constitutionnelles MHEMO, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire CHU Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Faculté de médecine Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Mathieu Fiore
- Bordeaux University Hospital, Laboratory of Hematology, Centre de Reference des Pathologies Plaquettaires Pessac, France
| | - Bello Hamidou
- Laboratory of Hematology, Centre de référence des pathologies plaquettaires, C2VN, INRAE, INSERM, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Marie-Francoise Hurtaud-Roux
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre de Reference des Pathologies Plaquettaires, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France
| | - Paul Saultier
- Laboratory of Hematology, Centre de référence des pathologies plaquettaires, C2VN, INRAE, INSERM, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Louisa Goumidi
- Laboratory of Hematology, Centre de référence des pathologies plaquettaires, C2VN, INRAE, INSERM, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Paolo Gresele
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Marie Lordkipanidzé
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Research Center and The Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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Mishra A, Singh L, Singh D. Unboxing the black box-one step forward to understand the soil microbiome: A systematic review. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2023; 85:669-683. [PMID: 35112151 PMCID: PMC9957845 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-022-01962-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Soil is one of the most important assets of the planet Earth, responsible for maintaining the biodiversity and managing the ecosystem services for both managed and natural ecosystems. It encompasses large proportion of microscopic biodiversity, including prokaryotes and the microscopic eukaryotes. Soil microbiome is critical in managing the soil functions, but their activities have diminutive recognition in few systems like desert land and forest ecosystems. Soil microbiome is highly dependent on abiotic and biotic factors like pH, carbon content, soil structure, texture, and vegetation, but it can notably vary with ecosystems and the respective inhabitants. Thus, unboxing this black box is essential to comprehend the basic components adding to the soil systems and supported ecosystem services. Recent advancements in the field of molecular microbial ecology have delivered commanding tools to examine this genetic trove of soil biodiversity. Objective of this review is to provide a critical evaluation of the work on the soil microbiome, especially since the advent of the NGS techniques. The review also focuses on advances in our understanding of soil communities, their interactions, and functional capabilities along with understanding their role in maneuvering the biogeochemical cycle while underlining and tapping the unprecedented metagenomics data to infer the ecological attributes of yet undiscovered soil microbiome. This review focuses key research directions that could shape the future of basic and applied research into the soil microbiome. This review has led us to understand that it is difficult to generalize that soil microbiome plays a substantiated role in shaping the soil networks and it is indeed a vital resource for sustaining the ecosystem functioning. Exploring soil microbiome will help in unlocking their roles in various soil network. It could be resourceful in exploring and forecasting its impacts on soil systems and for dealing with alleviating problems like rapid climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apurva Mishra
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research [AcSIR], Ghaziabad, 201002, India
- Environmental Biotechnology and Genomics Division, , CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440020, Maharashtra, India
| | - Lal Singh
- Environmental Biotechnology and Genomics Division, , CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nehru Marg, Nagpur, 440020, Maharashtra, India
| | - Dharmesh Singh
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich, Trogerstrasse 30, 81675, Munich, Bavaria, Germany.
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Frontiers Production Office. Erratum: Impact of formulation choices on the freeze-drying of an interleukin-6 reference material. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:1062810. [DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1062810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Matejtschuk P, Bird C, Ezeajughi E, MacLellan-Gibson K, Wadhwa M. Impact of Formulation Choices on the Freeze-Drying of an Interleukin-6 Reference Material. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:868460. [PMID: 35860358 PMCID: PMC9289548 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.868460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Formulation is critical to successful delivery of lyophilized biologics. We have compared the impact of buffer choice and the addition of sodium chloride (a formulant often viewed as unfavorable for freeze-drying applications) on the outcome of trial lyophilization of an interleukin-6 reference material. While phosphate buffer was a preferred choice and yielded well-formed cakes associated with fair recovery of biological activity, the resultant residual moisture content was high (2–4% w/w). By inclusion of isotonic levels of NaCl, the freeze-dried appearance and process were not impaired, but the residual moisture delivered was considerably reduced to levels <1% w/w. We postulate that this is due to the presence of a more open-cake structure and support this with evidence from thermal analysis and scanning electron microscopy. This work illustrates the importance of wide ranging empirical investigation of formulation options in order to optimize freeze-drying outcomes for biologics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Matejtschuk
- Analytical and Biological Sciences, NIBSC, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Paul Matejtschuk,
| | - Christopher Bird
- Biotherapeutics, NIBSC, Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | - Ernest Ezeajughi
- Analytical and Biological Sciences, NIBSC, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty MacLellan-Gibson
- Analytical and Biological Sciences, NIBSC, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | - Meenu Wadhwa
- Biotherapeutics, NIBSC, Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, United Kingdom
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Le Duff Y, Gärtner K, Busby EJ, Dalzini A, Danaviah S, Fuentes JLJ, Giaquinto C, Huggett JF, Hurley M, Marcellin AG, Muñoz-Fernández MÁ, O’Sullivan DM, Persaud D, Powell L, Rigsby P, Rossi P, de Rossi A, Siems L, Smit T, Watters SA, Almond N, Nastouli E. Assessing the Variability of Cell-Associated HIV DNA Quantification through a Multicenter Collaborative Study. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0024322. [PMID: 35658711 PMCID: PMC9241949 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00243-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Reliable and accurate quantification of cell-associated HIV DNA (CA HIV DNA) is critical for early infant diagnosis, clinical management of patients under therapy, and to inform new therapeutics efficacy. The present study assessed the variability of CA HIV DNA quantification obtained from various assays and the value of using reference materials to help harmonize the measurements. Using a common set of reagents, our multicenter collaborative study highlights significant variability of CA HIV DNA quantification and lower limit of quantification across assays. The quantification of CA HIV DNA from a panel of infected PBMCs can be harmonized through cross-subtype normalization but assay calibration with the commonly used 8E5 cell line failed to reduce quantification variability between assays, demonstrating the requirement to thoroughly evaluate reference material candidates to help improve the comparability of CA HIV DNA diagnostic assay performance. IMPORTANCE Despite a global effort, HIV remains a major public health burden with an estimated 1.5 million new infections occurring in 2020. HIV DNA is an important viral marker, and its monitoring plays a critical role in the fight against HIV: supporting diagnosis in infants and underpinning clinical management of patients under therapy. Our study demonstrates that HIV DNA measurement of the same samples can vary significantly from one laboratory to another, due to heterogeneity in the assay, protocol, and reagents used. We show that when carefully selected, reference materials can reduce measurement variability and harmonize HIV DNA quantification across laboratories, which will help contribute to improved diagnosis and clinical management of patients living with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Le Duff
- Division of Infectious Disease Diagnostics, Centre for AIDS Reagent, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom
| | - Kathleen Gärtner
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eloise J. Busby
- National Measurement Laboratory, LGC group Teddington, Middlesex, United Kingdom
| | - Annalisa Dalzini
- Section of Oncology and Immunology, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | | | - José Luis Jiménez Fuentes
- Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Laboratorio InmunoBiología Molecular and Spanish HIV HGM BioBank, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlo Giaquinto
- Department for Woman’s and Child’s Health, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Jim F. Huggett
- National Measurement Laboratory, LGC group Teddington, Middlesex, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Hurley
- Division of Infectious Disease Diagnostics, Centre for AIDS Reagent, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom
| | - Anne-Geneviève Marcellin
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of Virology, Paris, France
| | - María Ángeles Muñoz-Fernández
- Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Laboratorio InmunoBiología Molecular and Spanish HIV HGM BioBank, Madrid, Spain
| | - Denise M. O’Sullivan
- National Measurement Laboratory, LGC group Teddington, Middlesex, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah Persaud
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Laura Powell
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Peter Rigsby
- Division of Analytical Biological Sciences, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom
| | - Paolo Rossi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Anita de Rossi
- Section of Oncology and Immunology, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
- Immunology and Molecular Oncology Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Lilly Siems
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Theresa Smit
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sarah A. Watters
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Almond
- Division of Infectious Disease Diagnostics, Centre for AIDS Reagent, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom
| | - Eleni Nastouli
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
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Geaquinto LRO, Souza V, Rego ECP, Silva ML, Balottin LBL. The importance of metrological tools to implementation of alternative method OECD TG 428. Toxicol In Vitro 2022; 84:105425. [PMID: 35764232 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Usually, if percutaneous absorption tests are conducted in accordance with OECD Guideline 428, in vitro determination is accepted by mainly regulatory agencies. In this paper, we focus on the lack of comparability of the results regarding the permeation parameter/flow rate, although it is widely discussed in the literature. This work sought to evaluate the absorption of caffeine using Franz-type diffusion cell with porcine ear skin samples, varying the storage duration and the way to handle them. Metrological tools were used for caffeine quantification such as certified reference material candidate, calibrated instruments, and validated methodology. Our results corroborate with the recommendation that membranes should be freshly prepared or frozen for short periods. Samples frozen for approximately one year should not be used because they present high cutaneous absorption. The results obtained for the absorption rate (J) are comparable to the results obtained by previous studies using similar experimental conditions. The evidence of the barrier characteristic promoted by the stratum corneum and the effect promoted by the storage time is shown through J = 6.25 ± 0.48 μg/cm2/h. We demonstrated the importance of metrological tools to guarantee reproducibility and comparability of the results between different laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luths R O Geaquinto
- National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (Inmetro), Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Av. Nossa Senhora das Graças, 50, Xerém, CEP 25250-020 Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil
| | - Vanderléa Souza
- National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (Inmetro), Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Av. Nossa Senhora das Graças, 50, Xerém, CEP 25250-020 Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil; National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (Inmetro), Training Center, Av. Nossa Senhora das Graças, 50, Xerém, CEP 25250-020 Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Eliane C P Rego
- National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (Inmetro), Directorate of Industrial and Scientific Metrology, Av. Nossa Senhora das Graças, 50, Xerém, CEP 25250-020 Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marceli L Silva
- National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (Inmetro), Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Av. Nossa Senhora das Graças, 50, Xerém, CEP 25250-020 Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luciene B L Balottin
- National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (Inmetro), Directorate of Scientific Metrology applied to Life Sciences, Av. Nossa Senhora das Graças, 50, Xerém, CEP 25250-020 Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil
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Soehartono AM, Yu LG, Khor KA. Essential signals in publication trends and collaboration patterns in global Research Integrity and Research Ethics (RIRE). Scientometrics 2022; 127:7487-7497. [PMID: 35755633 PMCID: PMC9206420 DOI: 10.1007/s11192-022-04400-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Amid an increasingly demanding research environment, there has been a growing interest in studies concerning Research Integrity and Research Ethics (RIRE). Between 1990 and 2020, over 9700 publications were published to address problematic research conduct such as falsification, plagiarism, and related protocols and standards. In this work, country-level trends and collaborative structures are examined with respect to economic group. Our results showed that RIRE publications are predominantly led by the West, with North America and Western Europe contributing the most. While there is interest within growing economies such as China, the pace is not comparable to its overall publications. However, international collaborations on RIRE grew to account for nearly 30% of all publications on the subject in 2020. Although there is a stronger preference for high income countries to collaborate with other high income countries, we observe a rise in partnerships between high-/middle-income and middle-/lower-income co-authorship pairs in the last decade. These trends point to a maturing global community with distributed knowledge transfer, towards more unified international standards for research ethics and integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Soehartono
- Talent Recruitment and Career Support (TRACS) Office and Bibliometrics Analysis, Nanyang Technological University, 76 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637331 Singapore
| | - L G Yu
- Talent Recruitment and Career Support (TRACS) Office and Bibliometrics Analysis, Nanyang Technological University, 76 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637331 Singapore
| | - K A Khor
- Talent Recruitment and Career Support (TRACS) Office and Bibliometrics Analysis, Nanyang Technological University, 76 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637331 Singapore
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An SI-traceable reference material for virus-like particles. iScience 2022; 25:104294. [PMID: 35573192 PMCID: PMC9095743 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A reference material for virus-like particles traceable to the International System of Units (Système International d'Unités – the SI) is reported. The material addresses the need for developing reference standards to benchmark virus-like gene delivery systems and help harmonize measurement approaches for characterization and testing. The material is a major component of synthetic polypeptide virus-like particles produced by the state-of-the-art synthetic and analytical chemistry methods used to generate gene delivery systems. The purity profile of the material is evaluated to the highest metrological order demonstrating traceability to the SI. The material adds to the emerging toolkit of reference standards for quantitative biology. A reference material for virus-like particles with traceability to the SI The material is a major component of virus-like particles capable of gene delivery Purity profile of the material is evaluated to the highest metrological order The material allows comparability of physicochemical properties of virus-like systems
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Abstract
Physiological fibrinolysis under normal conditions progresses slowly, in contrast to coagulation which is triggered rapidly to stop bleeding and defend against microbial invasion. Methods to detect fibrinolysis abnormalities are less simple and poorly standardized compared with common coagulation tests. Fibrinolysis can be accelerated by preparing euglobulin from plasma to reduce endogenous inhibitors, or by adding plasminogen activators to normal plasma. However, these manipulations complicate interpretation of results and diagnosis of a "fibrinolysis deficit." Many observational studies on antigen levels of fibrinolysis inhibitors, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 or thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor, zymogen or active enzyme have been published. However, conclusions are mixed and there are clear problems with harmonization of results. Viscoelastic methods have the advantage of being rapid and are used as point-of-care tests. They also work with whole blood, allowing the contribution of platelets to be explored. However, there are no agreed protocols for applying viscoelastic methods in acute care for the diagnosis of hyperfibrinolysis or to direct therapy. The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 and the dangers of associated coagulopathy provide new challenges. A common finding in hospitalized patients is high levels of D-dimer fibrin breakdown products, indicative of ongoing fibrinolysis. Well-established problems with D-dimer testing standardization signal that we should be cautious in using results from such tests as prognostic indicators or to target therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Longstaff
- Department of Biotherapeutics, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Herts, United Kingdom
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Dima C, Assadpour E, Dima S, Jafari SM. Bioavailability and bioaccessibility of food bioactive compounds; overview and assessment by in vitro methods. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:2862-2884. [PMID: 33337033 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oral bioavailability is the key to the bioefficiency of food bioactive ingredients; it evaluates the relationship between foods and their health benefits. The analysis of the main factors limiting the oral bioavailability (bioaccessibility, absorption, and transformation) has led to the proposal of classification systems for pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals (Biopharmaceuticals Classification System and Nutraceutical Bioavailability Classification Scheme). Based on the relevant studies published in the last decade, this review presents the essential aspects regarding the factors limiting the oral bioavailability of the biocomponents and different in vitro methods used to investigate the mechanisms involved in the digestion, absorption, and metabolism of biocomponents, particularly encapsulated bioactive compounds. Oral bioavailability investigated by in vitro studies provides the food and drug manufacturers with information to formulate delivery systems more efficiently and to determine the dosage of biocomponents for increase the health benefits and avoid or reduce the risk of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Dima
- Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, "Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati, Galati, Romania
| | - Elham Assadpour
- Department of Food Materials and Process Design Engineering, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Stefan Dima
- Faculty of Science and Environment, "Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati, Galati, Romania
| | - Seid Mahdi Jafari
- Department of Food Materials and Process Design Engineering, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
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Ferguson J, Hockley J, Rigsby P, Burns C. Establishment of a WHO Reference Reagent for anti-Mullerian hormone. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2020; 18:86. [PMID: 32799874 PMCID: PMC7429692 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-020-00641-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a need for a reference material to support the development and ensure the quality of immunoassays for human AMH. A batch of ampoules, coded 16/190, containing lyophilised recombinant AMH was evaluated in a WHO Collaborative Study. The aims of the study were to determine the AMH content in terms of the calibration of each immunoassay method, to predict long-term stability and to assess the suitability of the preparation to calibrate AMH immunoassays. METHODS Study participants were asked to report the AMH content of specific dilutions of coded ampoules of 16/190 and a comparator preparation containing approximately half the AMH content. In each assay, participants also reported the AMH content of 22 patient samples to assess commutability. A robust all-laboratory geometric mean of the content estimates was determined using the laboratory geometric mean estimates. Commutability was assessed using a difference in bias approach. Stability was predicted by the measurement of thermally accelerated degradation samples. RESULTS Seven laboratories performed twenty-one immunoassay method-platform combinations, sixteen of which provided data which met the validity criteria, giving a consensus geometric mean estimate of AMH content of 511 ng/ampoule (95% CI, 426-612, n = 16, GCV 42%) and a robust geometric mean of 489 ng/ampoule. By contrast, the GCV% for the all-laboratory geometric mean of the relative content estimates for the comparator sample to 16/190 was 12%. Commutability was assessed using 20 of the 22 representative patient samples. Of the valid assays, 16/190 was within the limits of acceptable commutability for 6 methods, partially commutable for a further 3 methods and non-commutable when measured by 7 methods. The preparation was predicted to be highly stable when stored at - 20 °C. CONCLUSION The majority of methods met the validity criteria. Content estimates showed a high between-method variability, yet assays exhibited a similar proportionality of response as demonstrated using the comparator sample. 16/190 was commutable in some but not all methods. On the basis of these results, it was agreed by the WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization to establish 16/190 as a WHO Reference Reagent for AMH with a content defined by consensus immunoassay of 489 ng/ampoule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackie Ferguson
- Biotherapeutics Division, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Jason Hockley
- Biostatistics Group, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Peter Rigsby
- Biostatistics Group, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Chris Burns
- Biotherapeutics Division, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, UK.
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12
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Amos GCA, Logan A, Anwar S, Fritzsche M, Mate R, Bleazard T, Rijpkema S. Developing standards for the microbiome field. MICROBIOME 2020; 8:98. [PMID: 32591016 PMCID: PMC7320585 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-020-00856-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effective standardisation of methodologies to analyse the microbiome is essential to the entire microbiome community. Despite the microbiome field being established for over a decade, there are no accredited or certified reference materials available to the wider community. In this study, we describe the development of the first reference reagents produced by the National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC) for microbiome analysis by next-generation sequencing. These can act as global working standards and will be evaluated as candidate World Health Organization International Reference Reagents. RESULTS We developed the NIBSC DNA reference reagents Gut-Mix-RR and Gut-HiLo-RR and a four-measure framework for evaluation of bioinformatics tool and pipeline bias. Using these reagents and reporting system, we performed an independent evaluation of a variety of bioinformatics tools by analysing shotgun sequencing and 16S rRNA sequencing data generated from the Gut-Mix-RR and Gut-HiLo-RR. We demonstrate that key measures of microbiome health, such as diversity estimates, are largely inflated by the majority of bioinformatics tools. Across all tested tools, biases were present, with a clear trade-off occurring between sensitivity and the relative abundance of false positives in the final dataset. Using commercially available mock communities, we investigated how the composition of reference reagents may impact benchmarking studies. Reporting measures consistently changed when the same bioinformatics tools were used on different community compositions. This was influenced by both community complexity and taxonomy of species present. Both NIBSC reference reagents, which consisted of gut commensal species, proved to be the most challenging for the majority of bioinformatics tools tested. Going forward, we recommend the field uses site-specific reagents of a high complexity to ensure pipeline benchmarking is fit for purpose. CONCLUSIONS If a consensus of acceptable levels of error can be agreed on, widespread adoption of these reference reagents will standardise downstream gut microbiome analyses. We propose to do this through a large open-invite collaborative study for multiple laboratories in 2020. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory C A Amos
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK.
| | - Alastair Logan
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Saba Anwar
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Martin Fritzsche
- Division of Analytical and Biological Sciences, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Ryan Mate
- Division of Analytical and Biological Sciences, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Thomas Bleazard
- Division of Analytical and Biological Sciences, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Sjoerd Rijpkema
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK
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13
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Meyer V, Basenko EY, Benz JP, Braus GH, Caddick MX, Csukai M, de Vries RP, Endy D, Frisvad JC, Gunde-Cimerman N, Haarmann T, Hadar Y, Hansen K, Johnson RI, Keller NP, Kraševec N, Mortensen UH, Perez R, Ram AFJ, Record E, Ross P, Shapaval V, Steiniger C, van den Brink H, van Munster J, Yarden O, Wösten HAB. Growing a circular economy with fungal biotechnology: a white paper. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 2020; 7:5. [PMID: 32280481 PMCID: PMC7140391 DOI: 10.1186/s40694-020-00095-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi have the ability to transform organic materials into a rich and diverse set of useful products and provide distinct opportunities for tackling the urgent challenges before all humans. Fungal biotechnology can advance the transition from our petroleum-based economy into a bio-based circular economy and has the ability to sustainably produce resilient sources of food, feed, chemicals, fuels, textiles, and materials for construction, automotive and transportation industries, for furniture and beyond. Fungal biotechnology offers solutions for securing, stabilizing and enhancing the food supply for a growing human population, while simultaneously lowering greenhouse gas emissions. Fungal biotechnology has, thus, the potential to make a significant contribution to climate change mitigation and meeting the United Nation’s sustainable development goals through the rational improvement of new and established fungal cell factories. The White Paper presented here is the result of the 2nd Think Tank meeting held by the EUROFUNG consortium in Berlin in October 2019. This paper highlights discussions on current opportunities and research challenges in fungal biotechnology and aims to inform scientists, educators, the general public, industrial stakeholders and policymakers about the current fungal biotech revolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Meyer
- 1Chair of Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Evelina Y Basenko
- 2Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, Liverpool, UK
| | - J Philipp Benz
- 3TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Holzforschung München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Gerhard H Braus
- 4Department of Molecular Microbiology & Genetics, Institute of Microbiology & Genetics, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Grisebachstr. 8, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mark X Caddick
- 2Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, Liverpool, UK
| | - Michael Csukai
- 5Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY UK
| | - Ronald P de Vries
- 6Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Drew Endy
- 7Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Jens C Frisvad
- 8Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Nina Gunde-Cimerman
- 9Department Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Yitzhak Hadar
- 11Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Kim Hansen
- 12Biotechnology Research, Production Strain Technology, Novozymes A/S, Krogshoejvej 36, 2880 Bagsvaerd, Denmark
| | - Robert I Johnson
- 13Quorn Foods, Station Road, Stokesley, North Yorkshire TS9 7AB UK
| | - Nancy P Keller
- 14Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, 53706 USA
| | - Nada Kraševec
- 15Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Uffe H Mortensen
- 8Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Rolando Perez
- 7Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Arthur F J Ram
- 16Institute of Biology Leiden, Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Record
- 17French National Institute for Agriculture, Food and the Environment, INRAE, UMR1163, Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Phil Ross
- MycoWorks, Inc, 669 Grand View Avenue, San Francisco, USA
| | - Volha Shapaval
- 19Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Droebakveien, 31 1430 Aas, Norway
| | - Charlotte Steiniger
- 1Chair of Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Jolanda van Munster
- 21The University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB) & School of Natural Sciences, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN UK
| | - Oded Yarden
- 11Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Han A B Wösten
- 22Department of Biology, Microbiology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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14
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Douglas-Bardsley A, Asokanathan C, Tierney S, Hockley J, Markey K. Collaborative study for the calibration of the replacement International Standard for pertussis toxin for use in histamine sensitisation and CHO cell clustering assays. Biologicals 2019; 62:85-92. [PMID: 31526657 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pertussis toxin (PT) in its detoxified form is one of the major protective antigens in vaccines against Bordetella pertussis (whooping cough). Reference preparations of native PT are required for the quality control of pertussis vaccines. Stocks of the first WHO International Standard (IS) for PT (JNIH-5) were low and a replacement was required. One candidate material was donated by a vaccine manufacturer to NIBSC. It was formulated, lyophilised into sealed glass ampoules and coded 15/126. An international collaborative study assessed the suitability of this material to replace JNIH-5. Fourteen laboratories from 12 countries took part in the study. Eleven laboratories performed lethal murine histamine sensitisation assay (HIST), 14 performed Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell clustering assay. International Units (IU) were assigned to the material using these assays as they were used to assign units to JNIH-5. It was found that, unlike JNIH-5, the activities of 15/126 in HIST and CHO cell assays did not agree and therefore different unitage for each assay was assigned. The preparation 15/126 was established as the Second WHO IS for PT for HIST and CHO cell assays. It was assigned a unitage of 1,881 IU/ampoule in HIST and 680 IU/ampoule in the CHO cell clustering assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Douglas-Bardsley
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Catpagavalli Asokanathan
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Sharon Tierney
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Jason Hockley
- Biostatistics, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Kevin Markey
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK.
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15
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Mattiuzzo G, Bentley EM, Page M. The Role of Reference Materials in the Research and Development of Diagnostic Tools and Treatments for Haemorrhagic Fever Viruses. Viruses 2019; 11:E781. [PMID: 31450611 PMCID: PMC6783900 DOI: 10.3390/v11090781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the Ebola outbreak in Western Africa in 2013-16, a global effort has taken place for preparedness for future outbreaks. As part of this response, the development of vaccines, treatments and diagnostic tools has been accelerated, especially towards pathogens listed as likely to cause an epidemic and for which there are no current treatments. Several of the priority pathogens identified by the World Health Organisation are haemorrhagic fever viruses. This review provides information on the role of reference materials as an enabling tool for the development and evaluation of assays, and ultimately vaccines and treatments. The types of standards available are described, along with how they can be applied for assay harmonisation through calibration as a relative potency to a common arbitrary unitage system (WHO International Unit). This assures that assay metrology is accurate and robust. We describe reference materials that have been or are being developed for haemorrhagic fever viruses and consider the issues surrounding their production, particularly that of biosafety where the viruses require specialised containment facilities. Finally, we advocate the use of reference materials at early stages, including research and development, as this helps produce reliable assays and can smooth the path to regulatory approval.
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MESH Headings
- Africa, Western/epidemiology
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral/blood
- Dengue Virus/immunology
- Dengue Virus/isolation & purification
- Dengue Virus/pathogenicity
- Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures
- Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control
- Ebolavirus/immunology
- Ebolavirus/isolation & purification
- Ebolavirus/pathogenicity
- Epidemics/prevention & control
- Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo/immunology
- Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo/isolation & purification
- Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo/pathogenicity
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean/diagnosis
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean/immunology
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean/prevention & control
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/diagnosis
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/immunology
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/prevention & control
- Humans
- Information Services
- Lassa Fever/diagnosis
- Lassa Fever/immunology
- Lassa Fever/prevention & control
- Lassa virus/immunology
- Lassa virus/isolation & purification
- Lassa virus/pathogenicity
- Marburg Virus Disease/diagnosis
- Marburg Virus Disease/immunology
- Marburg Virus Disease/prevention & control
- Marburgvirus/immunology
- Marburgvirus/isolation & purification
- Marburgvirus/pathogenicity
- RNA Virus Infections/diagnosis
- RNA Virus Infections/immunology
- RNA Virus Infections/prevention & control
- RNA Viruses/immunology
- RNA Viruses/isolation & purification
- RNA Viruses/pathogenicity
- RNA, Viral/isolation & purification
- Rift Valley Fever/diagnosis
- Rift Valley Fever/immunology
- Rift Valley Fever/prevention & control
- Rift Valley fever virus/immunology
- Rift Valley fever virus/isolation & purification
- Rift Valley fever virus/pathogenicity
- Severe Dengue/diagnosis
- Severe Dengue/immunology
- Severe Dengue/prevention & control
- Vaccines/standards
- World Health Organization
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Mattiuzzo
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK.
| | - Emma M Bentley
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK.
| | - Mark Page
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK.
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