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Bai HH, Wang KL, Zeng XR, Li J, Li Y, Xu JY, Zhang Y, Jiang HF, Yang X, Suo ZW, Hu XD. GPR39 regulated spinal glycinergic inhibition and mechanical inflammatory pain. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadj3808. [PMID: 38306424 PMCID: PMC10836721 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj3808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor 39 (GPR39) senses the change of extracellular divalent zinc ion and signals through multiple G proteins to a broad spectrum of downstream effectors. Here, we found that GPR39 was prevalent at inhibitory synapses of spinal cord somatostatin-positive (SOM+) interneurons, a mechanosensitive subpopulation that is critical for the conveyance of mechanical pain. GPR39 complexed specifically with inhibitory glycine receptors (GlyRs) and helped maintain glycinergic transmission in a manner independent of G protein signalings. Targeted knockdown of GPR39 in SOM+ interneurons reduced the glycinergic inhibition and facilitated the excitatory output from SOM+ interneurons to spinoparabrachial neurons that engaged superspinal neural circuits encoding both the sensory discriminative and affective motivational domains of pain experience. Our data showed that pharmacological activation of GPR39 or augmenting GPR39 interaction with GlyRs at the spinal level effectively alleviated the sensory and affective pain induced by complete Freund's adjuvant and implicated GPR39 as a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of inflammatory mechanical pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu-Hu Bai
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
- School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Kang-Li Wang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Xiang-Ru Zeng
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Yu Xu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Yue Zhang
- School of Public Health, Gansu University of Chinese medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Feng Jiang
- School of Public Health, Gansu University of Chinese medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Xian Yang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Zhan-Wei Suo
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Dong Hu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
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Li YZ, Zhu YB, Ge AN, Gao M, Wang KL, Zeng XR, Li J, Li Y, Xu JY, Bai HH, Wu SJ. Reduced expression of APLP2 in spinal GABAergic inhibitory neurons contributed to nerve injury-induced microglial activation and pain sensitization. Neuropharmacology 2023; 224:109334. [PMID: 36442651 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The amyloid precursor protein (APP) is critical for the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The AD patients usually have lower pain sensitivity in addition to cognitive impairments. However, considerably less is known as yet about the role of APP and its two mammalian homologues, amyloid precursor-like protein 1 and 2 (APLP1, APLP2), in spinal processing of nociceptive information. Here we found that all APP family members were present in spinal cord dorsal horn of adult male C57BL/6J mice. Peripheral nerve injury specifically reduced the expression of spinal APLP2 that correlated with neuropathic mechanical allodynia. The loss of APLP2 was confined to inhibitory GABAergic interneurons. Targeted knockdown of APLP2 in GABAergic interneurons of GAD2-Cre mice evoked pain hypersensitivity by means of microglia activation. Our data showed that GABAergic terminals expressed APLP2, a putative cell adhesion protein that interacted with microglia-specific integrin molecule CD11b. Knocking down APLP2 in GAD2-positive neurons to disrupt the trans-cellular interaction led to microglia-dependent pain sensitization. Our data thus revealed an important role of APLP2 for GABAergic interneurons to control microglial activity and pain sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Zhe Li
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China
| | - Yue-Bin Zhu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China
| | - An-Na Ge
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China
| | - Min Gao
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China
| | - Kang-Li Wang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China
| | - Xiang-Ru Zeng
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China
| | - Jia-Yu Xu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China
| | - Hu-Hu Bai
- School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Gansu, 730000, PR China.
| | - Shu-Jin Wu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China
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Gallagher CI, Ha DA, Harvey RJ, Vandenberg RJ. Positive Allosteric Modulators of Glycine Receptors and Their Potential Use in Pain Therapies. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:933-961. [PMID: 36779343 PMCID: PMC9553105 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.122.000583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycine receptors are ligand-gated ion channels that mediate synaptic inhibition throughout the mammalian spinal cord, brainstem, and higher brain regions. They have recently emerged as promising targets for novel pain therapies due to their ability to produce antinociception by inhibiting nociceptive signals within the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. This has greatly enhanced the interest in developing positive allosteric modulators of glycine receptors. Several pharmaceutical companies and research facilities have attempted to identify new therapeutic leads by conducting large-scale screens of compound libraries, screening new derivatives from natural sources, or synthesizing novel compounds that mimic endogenous compounds with antinociceptive activity. Advances in structural techniques have also led to the publication of multiple high-resolution structures of the receptor, highlighting novel allosteric binding sites and providing additional information for previously identified binding sites. This has greatly enhanced our understanding of the functional properties of glycine receptors and expanded the structure activity relationships of novel pharmacophores. Despite this, glycine receptors are yet to be used as drug targets due to the difficulties in obtaining potent, selective modulators with favorable pharmacokinetic profiles that are devoid of side effects. This review presents a summary of the structural basis for how current compounds cause positive allosteric modulation of glycine receptors and discusses their therapeutic potential as analgesics. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Chronic pain is a major cause of disability, and in Western societies, this will only increase as the population ages. Despite the high level of prevalence and enormous socioeconomic burden incurred, treatment of chronic pain remains limited as it is often refractory to current analgesics, such as opioids. The National Institute for Drug Abuse has set finding effective, safe, nonaddictive strategies to manage chronic pain as their top priority. Positive allosteric modulators of glycine receptors may provide a therapeutic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey I Gallagher
- Molecular Biomedicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia (C.I.G., D.A.H., R.J.V.) and Biomedical Science, School of Health and Behavioural Sciences and Sunshine Coast Health Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Australia (R.J.H.)
| | - Damien A Ha
- Molecular Biomedicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia (C.I.G., D.A.H., R.J.V.) and Biomedical Science, School of Health and Behavioural Sciences and Sunshine Coast Health Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Australia (R.J.H.)
| | - Robert J Harvey
- Molecular Biomedicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia (C.I.G., D.A.H., R.J.V.) and Biomedical Science, School of Health and Behavioural Sciences and Sunshine Coast Health Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Australia (R.J.H.)
| | - Robert J Vandenberg
- Molecular Biomedicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia (C.I.G., D.A.H., R.J.V.) and Biomedical Science, School of Health and Behavioural Sciences and Sunshine Coast Health Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Australia (R.J.H.)
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Chung G, Yun YC, Kim CY, Kim SK, Kim SJ. Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 5 in the Dysgranular Zone of Primary Somatosensory Cortex Mediates Neuropathic Pain in Rats. Biomedicines 2022; 10:1633. [PMID: 35884938 PMCID: PMC9313034 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary somatosensory cortex (S1) plays a key role in the discrimination of somatic sensations. Among subdivisions in S1, the dysgranular zone of rodent S1 (S1DZ) is homologous to Brodmann's area 3a of primate S1, which is involved in the processing of noxious signals from the body. However, molecular changes in this region and their role in the pathological pain state have never been studied. In this study, we identified molecular alteration of the S1DZ in a rat model of neuropathic pain induced by right L5 spinal nerve ligation (SNL) surgery and investigated its functional role in pain symptoms. Brain images acquired from SNL group and control group in our previous study were analyzed, and behaviors were measured using the von Frey test, acetone test, and conditioned place preference test. We found that metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) levels were significantly upregulated in the S1DZ contralateral to the nerve injury in the SNL group compared to the sham group. Pharmacological deactivation of mGluR5 in S1DZ ameliorated symptoms of neuropathic allodynia, which was shown by a significant increase in the mechanical paw withdrawal threshold and a decrease in the behavioral response to cold stimuli. We further confirmed that this treatment induced relief from the tonic-aversive state of chronic neuropathic pain, as a place preference memory associated with the treatment-paired chamber was formed in rats with neuropathic pain. Our data provide evidence that mGluR5 in the S1DZ is involved in the manifestation of abnormal pain sensations in the neuropathic pain state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geehoon Chung
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea; (G.C.); (S.K.K.)
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea; (Y.-C.Y.); (C.Y.K.)
| | - Yeong-Chan Yun
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea; (Y.-C.Y.); (C.Y.K.)
- Department of Clinical Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Chae Young Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea; (Y.-C.Y.); (C.Y.K.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Institut du Cerveau—Paris Brain Institute—ICM, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Sun Kwang Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea; (G.C.); (S.K.K.)
| | - Sang Jeong Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea; (Y.-C.Y.); (C.Y.K.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea
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Xia J, Dou Y, Mei Y, Munoz FM, Gao R, Gao X, Li D, Osei-Owusu P, Schiffenhaus J, Bekker A, Tao YX, Hu H. Orai1 is a crucial downstream partner of group I metabotropic glutamate receptor signaling in dorsal horn neurons. Pain 2022; 163:652-664. [PMID: 34252911 PMCID: PMC8741882 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (group I mGluRs) have been implicated in several central nervous system diseases including chronic pain. It is known that activation of group I mGluRs results in the production of inositol triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol that leads to activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) and an increase in neuronal excitability, but how group I mGluRs mediate this process remains unclear. We previously reported that Orai1 is responsible for store-operated calcium entry and plays a key role in central sensitization. However, how Orai1 is activated under physiological conditions is unknown. Here, we tested the hypothesis that group I mGluRs recruit Orai1 as part of its downstream signaling pathway in dorsal horn neurons. We demonstrate that neurotransmitter glutamate induces STIM1 puncta formation, which is not mediated by N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) or α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors. Glutamate-induced Ca2+ entry in the presence of NMDA or AMPA receptor antagonists is eliminated in Orai1-deficient neurons. Dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG) (an agonist of group I mGluRs)-induced Ca2+ entry is abolished by Orai1 deficiency, but not affected by knocking down of transient receptor potential cation channel 1 (TRPC1) or TRPC3. Dihydroxyphenylglycine-induced activation of ERKs and modulation of neuronal excitability are abolished in cultured Orai1-deficient neurons. Moreover, DHPG-induced nociceptive behavior is markedly reduced in Orai1-deficient mice. Our findings reveal previously unknown functional coupling between Orai1 and group I mGluRs and shed light on the mechanism underlying group I mGluRs-mediated neuronal plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingsheng Xia
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102
| | - Yannong Dou
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102
| | - Yixiao Mei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103
| | - Frances M. Munoz
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102
| | - Ruby Gao
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102
| | - Xinghua Gao
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102
| | - Daling Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103
| | - Patrick Osei-Owusu
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102
| | - James Schiffenhaus
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103
| | - Alex Bekker
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103
| | - Yuan-Xiang Tao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103
| | - Huijuan Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102
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6
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San Martín VP, Sazo A, Utreras E, Moraga-Cid G, Yévenes GE. Glycine Receptor Subtypes and Their Roles in Nociception and Chronic Pain. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:848642. [PMID: 35401105 PMCID: PMC8984470 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.848642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Disruption of the inhibitory control provided by the glycinergic system is one of the major mechanisms underlying chronic pain. In line with this concept, recent studies have provided robust proof that pharmacological intervention of glycine receptors (GlyRs) restores the inhibitory function and exerts anti-nociceptive effects on preclinical models of chronic pain. A targeted regulation of the glycinergic system requires the identification of the GlyR subtypes involved in chronic pain states. Nevertheless, the roles of individual GlyR subunits in nociception and in chronic pain are yet not well defined. This review aims to provide a systematic outline on the contribution of GlyR subtypes in chronic pain mechanisms, with a particular focus on molecular pathways of spinal glycinergic dis-inhibition mediated by post-translational modifications at the receptor level. The current experimental evidence has shown that phosphorylation of synaptic α1β and α3β GlyRs are involved in processes of spinal glycinergic dis-inhibition triggered by chronic inflammatory pain. On the other hand, the participation of α2-containing GlyRs and of β subunits in pain signaling have been less studied and remain undefined. Although many questions in the field are still unresolved, future progress in GlyR research may soon open new exciting avenues into understanding and controlling chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria P. San Martín
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
- Millennium Nucleus for the Study of Pain (MiNuSPain), Santiago, Chile
| | - Anggelo Sazo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
- Millennium Nucleus for the Study of Pain (MiNuSPain), Santiago, Chile
| | - Elías Utreras
- Millennium Nucleus for the Study of Pain (MiNuSPain), Santiago, Chile
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gustavo Moraga-Cid
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
- Millennium Nucleus for the Study of Pain (MiNuSPain), Santiago, Chile
| | - Gonzalo E. Yévenes
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile
- Millennium Nucleus for the Study of Pain (MiNuSPain), Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Gonzalo E. Yévenes,
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Ma JJ, Zhang TY, Diao XT, Yao L, Li YX, Suo ZW, Yang X, Hu XD, Liu YN. BDNF modulated KCC2 ubiquitylation in spinal cord dorsal horn of mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 906:174205. [PMID: 34048740 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The K+-Cl- co-transporter 2 (KCC2) is a neuron-specific Cl- extruder in the dorsal horn of spinal cord. The low intracellular Cl- concentration established by KCC2 is critical for GABAergic and glycinergic systems to generate synaptic inhibition. Peripheral nerve lesions have been shown to cause KCC2 dysfunction in adult spinal cord through brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling, which switches the hyperpolarizing inhibitory transmission to be depolarizing and excitatory. However, the mechanisms by which BDNF impairs KCC2 function remain to be elucidated. Here we found that BDNF treatment enhanced KCC2 ubiquitination in the dorsal horn of adult mice, a post-translational modification that leads to KCC2 degradation. Our data showed that spinal BDNF application promoted KCC2 interaction with Casitas B-lineage lymphoma b (Cbl-b), one of the E3 ubiquitin ligases that are involved in the spinal processing of nociceptive information. Knockdown of Cbl-b expression decreased KCC2 ubiquitination level and attenuated the pain hypersensitivity induced by BDNF. Spared nerve injury significantly increased KCC2 ubiquitination, which could be reversed by inhibition of TrkB receptor. Our data implicated that KCC2 was one of the important pain-related substrates of Cbl-b and that ubiquitin modification contributed to BDNF-induced KCC2 hypofunction in the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Juan Ma
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China
| | - Tian-Yu Zhang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China
| | - Xin-Tong Diao
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China
| | - Lin Yao
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China
| | - Yin-Xia Li
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China
| | - Zhan-Wei Suo
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China
| | - Xian Yang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China
| | - Xiao-Dong Hu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China.
| | - Yan-Ni Liu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China.
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Cheng J, Deng Y, Zhou J. Role of the Ubiquitin System in Chronic Pain. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:674914. [PMID: 34122010 PMCID: PMC8194701 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.674914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
As a significant public health issue, chronic pain, mainly neuropathic pain (NP) and inflammatory pain, has a severe impact. The underlying mechanisms of chronic pain are enigmatic at present. The roles of ubiquitin have been demonstrated in various physiological and pathological conditions and underscore its potential as therapeutic targets. The dysfunction of the component of the ubiquitin system that occurs during chronic pain is rapidly being discovered. These results provide insight into potential molecular mechanisms of chronic pain. Chronic pain is regulated by ubiquitination, SUMOylation, ubiquitin ligase, and deubiquitinating enzyme (DUB), etc. Insight into the mechanism of the ubiquitin system regulating chronic pain might contribute to relevant therapeutic targets and the development of novel analgesics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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9
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Functional expression of glycine receptors in DRG neurons of mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 899:174034. [PMID: 33727056 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Glycine receptor is one of the chloride-permeable ion channels composed of combinations of four α subunits and one β subunit. In adult spinal cord, the glycine receptor α1 subunit is crucial for the generation of inhibitory neurotransmission. The reduced glycinergic inhibition is regarded as one of the key spinal mechanisms underlying pathological pain symptoms. However, the expression and function of glycine receptors in the peripheral system are largely unknown as yet. Here we found that glycine receptor α1 subunit was prevalent in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons as well as in the sciatic nerves of adult mice. Intraganglionar or intraplantar injection of glycine receptor antagonist strychnine caused the hypersensitivity to mechanical, thermal and cold stimuli, suggesting the functional importance of peripheral glycine receptors in the control of nociceptive signal transmission. Our data showed that peripheral inflammation induced by formalin decreased the expression of glycine receptor α1 subunit on the plasma membrane of DRG neurons, which was attributed to the activation of protein kinase C signaling. Intraplantar application of glycine receptor agonist glycine or positive modulator divalent zinc ion alleviated the first-phase painful behaviors induced by formalin. These data suggested that peripheral glycine receptor might serve as an effective target for pain therapy.
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10
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Diao XT, Yao L, Ma JJ, Zhang TY, Bai HH, Suo ZW, Yang X, Hu XD. Analgesic action of adenosine A1 receptor involves the dephosphorylation of glycine receptor α1ins subunit in spinal dorsal horn of mice. Neuropharmacology 2020; 176:108219. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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