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Ahrens D. Species Diagnosis and DNA Taxonomy. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2744:33-52. [PMID: 38683310 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3581-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
The use of DNA has helped to improve and speed up species identification and delimitation. However, it also provides new challenges to taxonomists. Incongruence of outcome from various markers and delimitation methods, bias from sampling and skewed species distribution, implemented models, and the choice of methods/priors may mislead results and also may, in conclusion, increase elements of subjectivity in species taxonomy. The lack of direct diagnostic outcome from most contemporary molecular delimitation approaches and the need for a reference to existing and best sampled trait reference systems reveal the need for refining the criteria of species diagnosis and diagnosability in the current framework of nomenclature codes and good practices to avoid nomenclatorial instability, parallel taxonomies, and consequently more and new taxonomic impediment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Ahrens
- Museum A. Koenig Bonn, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Bonn, Germany.
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2
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Sandall EL, Maureaud AA, Guralnick R, McGeoch MA, Sica YV, Rogan MS, Booher DB, Edwards R, Franz N, Ingenloff K, Lucas M, Marsh CJ, McGowan J, Pinkert S, Ranipeta A, Uetz P, Wieczorek J, Jetz W. A globally integrated structure of taxonomy to support biodiversity science and conservation. Trends Ecol Evol 2023; 38:1143-1153. [PMID: 37684131 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2023.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
All aspects of biodiversity research, from taxonomy to conservation, rely on data associated with species names. Effective integration of names across multiple fields is paramount and depends on the coordination and organization of taxonomic data. We assess current efforts and find that even key applications for well-studied taxa still lack commonality in taxonomic information required for integration. We identify essential taxonomic elements from our interoperability assessment to support improved access and integration of taxonomic data. A stronger focus on these elements has the potential to involve taxonomic communities in biodiversity science and overcome broken linkages currently limiting research capacity. We encourage a community effort to democratize taxonomic expertise and language in order to facilitate maximum interoperability and integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L Sandall
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Center for Biodiversity & Global Change, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Aurore A Maureaud
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Center for Biodiversity & Global Change, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Natural Resources, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
| | - Robert Guralnick
- Department of Natural History, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Melodie A McGeoch
- Securing Antarctica's Environmental Future, Department of Environment and Genetics, LaTrobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yanina V Sica
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Center for Biodiversity & Global Change, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Matthew S Rogan
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Center for Biodiversity & Global Change, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Douglas B Booher
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Center for Biodiversity & Global Change, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Robert Edwards
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Center for Biodiversity & Global Change, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Cleveland Museum of Natural History, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Nico Franz
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Kate Ingenloff
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Center for Biodiversity & Global Change, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Maisha Lucas
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Center for Biodiversity & Global Change, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Charles J Marsh
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Center for Biodiversity & Global Change, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jennifer McGowan
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Center for Biodiversity & Global Change, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, VA, USA
| | - Stefan Pinkert
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Center for Biodiversity & Global Change, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Conservation Ecology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ajay Ranipeta
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Center for Biodiversity & Global Change, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Peter Uetz
- Center for Biological Data Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - John Wieczorek
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Walter Jetz
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Center for Biodiversity & Global Change, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; E.O. Wilson Biodiversity Foundation, Durham, NC, USA
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3
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Lien AM, Banki O, Barik SK, Buckeridge JS, Christidis L, Cigliano MM, Conix S, Costello MJ, Hobern D, Kirk PM, Kroh A, Montgomery N, Nikolaeva S, Orrell TM, Pyle RL, Raz L, Thiele K, Thomson SA, van Dijk PP, Wambiji N, Whalen A, Zachos FE, Zhang ZQ, Garnett ST. Widespread support for a global species list with a formal governance system. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2306899120. [PMID: 37903262 PMCID: PMC10636331 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2306899120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Taxonomic data are a scientific common. Unlike nomenclature, which has strong governance institutions, there are currently no generally accepted governance institutions for the compilation of taxonomic data into an accepted global list. This gap results in challenges for conservation, ecological research, policymaking, international trade, and other areas of scientific and societal importance. Consensus on a global list and its management requires effective governance and standards, including agreed mechanisms for choosing among competing taxonomies and partial lists. However, governance frameworks are currently lacking, and a call for governance in 2017 generated critical responses. Any governance system to which compliance is voluntary requires a high level of legitimacy and credibility among those by and for whom it is created. Legitimacy and credibility, in turn, require adequate and credible consultation. Here, we report on the results of a global survey of taxonomists, scientists from other disciplines, and users of taxonomy designed to assess views and test ideas for a new system of taxonomic list governance. We found a surprisingly high degree of agreement on the need for a global list of accepted species and their names, and consistent views on what such a list should provide to users and how it should be governed. The survey suggests that consensus on a mechanism to create, manage, and govern a single widely accepted list of all the world's species is achievable. This finding was unexpected given past controversies about the merits of list governance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M. Lien
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, College of Agriculture, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ85721
| | - Olaf Banki
- Species 2000, Naturalis, Leiden2300 RA, Netherlands
| | - Saroj K. Barik
- Department of Botany, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong793022, India
| | - John S. Buckeridge
- Earth and Oceanic Systems Group, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC3001, Australia
| | - Les Christidis
- Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, NSW2450, Australia
| | - María Marta Cigliano
- Museo de La Plata, Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La PlataB1900FWA, Argentina
| | - Stijn Conix
- Institut Supérieur de Philosophie, Université Catholique de Louvain, Ottignies-Louvain-La-Neuve1348, Belgium
| | - Mark John Costello
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord Universitet, Bodø8049, Norway
| | - Donald Hobern
- Atlas of Living Australia, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Black Mountain, Canberra, ACT2601, Australia
| | - Paul M. Kirk
- Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond, LondonTW9 3AB, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Kroh
- Natural History Museum Vienna, Vienna1010, Austria
| | - Narelle Montgomery
- Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water, CanberraACT2600, Australia
- Sessional Committee, Scientific Council, Convention in the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, Bonn53113, Germany
| | - Svetlana Nikolaeva
- Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, LondonSW7 5BD, United Kingdom
- Laboratory of Molluscs, Borissiak Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow117647, Russia
- Research Laboratory of Stratigraphy of Oil-and-Gas Bearing Reservoirs, Kazan Federal University, Kazan420008, Russia
| | - Thomas M. Orrell
- Informatics and Data Science Center, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC20013
| | | | - Lauren Raz
- Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá111321, Colombia
| | - Kevin Thiele
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, CanberraACT2600, Australia
| | - Scott A. Thomson
- Centro de Estudos dos Quelônios da Amazônia, Manaus69055-010, Brazil
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, DarwinNT0909, Australia
| | | | - Nina Wambiji
- Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Mombasa80100, Kenya
| | - Anthony Whalen
- National Research Collections Australia, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, CanberraACT2601, Australia
| | - Frank E. Zachos
- Natural History Museum Vienna, Vienna1010, Austria
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna1030, Austria
- Department of Genetics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein9301, South Africa
| | - Zhi-Qiang Zhang
- New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Manaaki Whenua–Landcare Research, St Johns, Auckland1072, New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiversity and Biosecurity, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland1010, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Stephen T. Garnett
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, DarwinNT0909, Australia
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4
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Liu K, Zhang YZ, Du HY, Wang ZY, Gu PW, Liu ZH, Yu ZY. Beneficial and biocontrol effects of Trichoderma atroviride, a dominant species in white birch rhizosphere soil. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1265435. [PMID: 37965558 PMCID: PMC10642753 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1265435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
White birch (Betula platyphylla Suk.) is a typical pioneer tree species that is important in forest restoration in northern China, Japan, and Korea. In the present study, 37 isolates were obtained from B. platyphylla rhizosphere soils in Heilongjiang Province; they were identified as T. pleuroticola (3 isolates), T. virens (2 isolates), T. hamatum (8 isolates), T. atroviride (21 isolates, dominant species) and T. asperelloides (3 isolates). Stress tolerance tests (salt, alkali, and nutritional stress that simulated saline alkali or barren soil) and confrontation assays (with four pathogens) were performed to determine which isolates had good biocontrol ability in barren soil; the results show that T. atroviride was outstanding. Then, in order to determine the effect of T. atroviride on plants and soil, Gynura cusimbua seeds were sown and treated with a T. atroviride spore suspension, as was unsown soil. The seedlings treated using T. atroviride had significantly greater height, stem diameter, soluble protein content, soluble sugar content, and malonaldehyde (MDA) content and their catalase (CAT) activity was also significantly increased. In addition, when the plants were inoculated with Alternaria alternata, the plants treated using T. atroviride had stronger CAT activity, significantly higher soluble protein content and soluble sugar content, and significantly lower MDA content, which indicates stronger resistance and less injury caused by the pathogen. In addition, T. atroviride not only increased the content of available nitrogen and available phosphorus in the soil, but also promoted G. cusimbua seedlings' absorption of available nitrogen and available phosphorus. Thus, the characteristics of T. atroviride may make it the main factor that helps B. platyphylla colonise cut-over lands. T. atroviride, a promising biocontrol candidate, can be used in agriculture and forestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo Liu
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Yu-Zhou Zhang
- Ningxia Forest Disease and Pest Control and Quarantine Station, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Hua-Ying Du
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Zhi-Ying Wang
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Pei-Wen Gu
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Zhi-Hua Liu
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Ze-Yang Yu
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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5
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Rader JA, Pivovarnik MA, Vantilburg ME, Whitehouse LS. PhyloMatcher: a tool for resolving conflicts in taxonomic nomenclature. BIOINFORMATICS ADVANCES 2023; 3:vbad144. [PMID: 37840907 PMCID: PMC10576170 DOI: 10.1093/bioadv/vbad144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Summary Large-scale comparative studies rely on the application of both phylogenetic trees and phenotypic data, both of which come from a variety of sources, but due to the changing nature of phylogenetic classification over time, many taxon names in comparative datasets do not match the nomenclature in phylogenetic trees. Manual curation of taxonomic synonyms in large comparative datasets can be daunting. To address this issue, we introduce PhyloMatcher, a tool which allows for programmatic querying of the National Center for Biotechnology Information Taxonomy and Global Biodiversity Information Facility databases to find associated synonyms with given target species names. Availability and implementation PhyloMatcher is easily installed as a Python package with pip, or as a standalone GUI application. PhyloMatcher source code and documentation are freely available at https://github.com/Lswhiteh/PhyloMatcher, the GUI application can be downloaded from the Releases page.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Rader
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3280, United States
| | - Madelyn A Pivovarnik
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3280, United States
| | - Matias E Vantilburg
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3280, United States
| | - Logan S Whitehouse
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7264, United States
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6
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Ghisbain G, Rosa P, Bogusch P, Flaminio S, Divelec RLE, Dorchin A, Kasparek M, Kuhlmann M, Litman J, Mignot M, Mller A, Praz C, Radchenko VG, Rasmont P, Risch S, Roberts SPM, Smit J, Wood TJ, Michez D, Revert S. The new annotated checklist of the wild bees of Europe (Hymenoptera: Anthophila). Zootaxa 2023; 5327:1-147. [PMID: 38220888 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5327.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
At a time when nature conservation has become essential to ensure the long-term sustainability of our environment, it is widely acknowledged that conservation actions must be implemented within a solid taxonomic framework. In preparation for the upcoming update of the IUCN Red List, we here update the European checklist of the wild bees (sensu the IUCN geographical framework). The original checklist, published in 2014, was revised for the first time in 2017. In the present revision, we add one genus, four subgenera and 67 species recently described, 40 species newly recorded since the latest revision (including two species that are not native to Europe), 26 species overlooked in the previous European checklists and 63 published synonymies. We provide original records for eight species previously unknown to the continent and, as original taxonomic acts, we provide three new synonyms, we consider two names as nomina nuda, ten names as nomina dubia, three as species inquirenda, synonymize three species and exclude 40 species from the previous checklist. Around a hundred other taxonomic changes and clarifications are also included and discussed. The present work revises the total number of genera for IUCN Europe to 77 and the total number of species to 2,138. In addition to specifying the taxonomic changes necessary to update the forthcoming Red List of European bees, we discuss the sampling and taxonomic biases that characterise research on the European bee fauna and highlight the growing importance of range expansions and species invasions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Ghisbain
- Laboratory of Zoology; Research Institute for Biosciences; University of Mons; Place du parc 20; 7000; Mons; Belgium.
| | - Paolo Rosa
- Laboratory of Zoology; Research Institute for Biosciences; University of Mons; Place du parc 20; 7000; Mons; Belgium.
| | - Petr Bogusch
- Faculty of Science; University of Hradec Krlov; Hradec Krlov; Czech Republic.
| | - Simone Flaminio
- Laboratory of Zoology; Research Institute for Biosciences; University of Mons; Place du parc 20; 7000; Mons; Belgiu; Centro di Ricerca Agricoltura e Ambiente; (CREA) Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e lanalisi dellEconomia Agraria-via di Corticella 133; 40128 Bologna; Italy.
| | - Romain LE Divelec
- Laboratory of Zoology; Research Institute for Biosciences; University of Mons; Place du parc 20; 7000; Mons; Belgium.
| | - Achik Dorchin
- Laboratory of Zoology; Research Institute for Biosciences; University of Mons; Place du parc 20; 7000; Mons; Belgium; Muse Royal de lAfrique Centrale; Leuvensesteenweg 13; 3080 Tervuren; Belgium.
| | | | - Michael Kuhlmann
- Zoological Museum; University of Kiel; Hegewischstr. 3; 24105 Kiel; Germany.
| | - Jesse Litman
- Zoological Museum; University of Kiel; Hegewischstr. 3; 24105 Kiel; Germany..
| | - Maud Mignot
- Natural History Museum of Neuchtel; Terreaux 14; 2000 Neuchtel; Switzerland.
| | - Andreas Mller
- Laboratory of Zoology; Research Institute for Biosciences; University of Mons; Place du parc 20; 7000; Mons; Belgium.
| | - Christophe Praz
- ETH Zrich; Institute of Agricultural Sciences; Biocommunication and Entomology; Schmelzbergstrasse 9/LFO; 8092 Zrich; Switzerland.
| | - Vladimir G Radchenko
- Info fauna Swiss Zoological Records Center; Avenue de Bellevaux 51; 2000 Neuchtel; Switzerland. Institute of Biology; University of Neuchatel; Rue Emile-Argand 16; 2000 Neuchtel; Switzerland.
| | - Pierre Rasmont
- Institute for Evolutionary Ecology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine; acad. Lebedev; 37; 03143 Kiev; Ukraine.
| | - Stephan Risch
- Laboratory of Zoology; Research Institute for Biosciences; University of Mons; Place du parc 20; 7000; Mons; Belgium.
| | | | - Jan Smit
- Agroecology Lab;Universit Libre de Bruxelles (ULB); Boulevard du Triomphe CP 264/02; 1050 Brussels; Belgium.
| | | | - Denis Michez
- Laboratory of Zoology; Research Institute for Biosciences; University of Mons; Place du parc 20; 7000; Mons; Belgium.
| | - Sara Revert
- Laboratory of Zoology; Research Institute for Biosciences; University of Mons; Place du parc 20; 7000; Mons; Belgium.
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7
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Rader JA, Pivovarnik MA, Vantilburg ME, Whitehouse LS. PhyloMatcher: a tool for resolving conflicts in taxonomic nomenclature. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.07.552263. [PMID: 37609275 PMCID: PMC10441299 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.07.552263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Summary Large-scale comparative studies rely on the application of both phylogenetic trees and phenotypic data, both of which come from a variety of sources, but due to the changing nature of phylogenetic classification over time, many taxon names in comparative datasets do not match the nomenclature in phylogenetic trees. Manual curation of taxonomic synonyms in large comparative datasets can be daunting. To address this issue, we introduce PhyloMatcher, a tool which allows for programmatic querying of two commonly used taxonomic databases to find associated synonyms with given target species names. Availability and implementation PhyloMatcher is easily installed as a Python package with pip, or as a standalone GUI application. PhyloMatcher source code and documentation are freely available at https://github.com/Lswhiteh/PhyloMatcher, the GUI application can be downloaded from the Releases page. Contact Lswhiteh@unc.edu. Supplemental Information We provide documentation for PhyloMatcher, including walkthrough instructions for the GUI application on the Releases page of https://github.com/Lswhiteh/PhyloMatcher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A. Rader
- Dept. of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Matias E. Vantilburg
- Dept. of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Logan S. Whitehouse
- Dept. of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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8
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Sterner B, Elliott S, Gilbert EE, Franz NM. Unified and pluralistic ideals for data sharing and reuse in biodiversity. Database (Oxford) 2023; 2023:baad048. [PMID: 37465916 PMCID: PMC10354506 DOI: 10.1093/database/baad048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
How should billions of species observations worldwide be shared and made reusable? Many biodiversity scientists assume the ideal solution is to standardize all datasets according to a single, universal classification and aggregate them into a centralized, global repository. This ideal has known practical and theoretical limitations, however, which justifies investigating alternatives. To support better community deliberation and normative evaluation, we develop a novel conceptual framework showing how different organizational models, regulative ideals and heuristic strategies are combined to form shared infrastructures supporting data reuse. The framework is anchored in a general definition of data pooling as an activity of making a taxonomically standardized body of information available for community reuse via digital infrastructure. We describe and illustrate unified and pluralistic ideals for biodiversity data pooling and show how communities may advance toward these ideals using different heuristic strategies. We present evidence for the strengths and limitations of the unification and pluralistic ideals based on systemic relationships of power, responsibility and benefit they establish among stakeholders, and we conclude the pluralistic ideal is better suited for biodiversity data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beckett Sterner
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 427 E Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Steve Elliott
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 427 E Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Edward E Gilbert
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 427 E Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Nico M Franz
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 427 E Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
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9
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A comprehensive phylogeny and revised taxonomy illuminate the origin and diversification of the global radiation of Papilio (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2023; 183:107758. [PMID: 36907224 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2023.107758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
The swallowtail genus Papilio (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) is species rich, distributed worldwide, and has broad morphological habits and ecological niches. Because of its elevated species richness, it has been historically difficult to reconstruct a densely sampled phylogeny for this clade. Here we provide a taxonomic working list for the genus, resulting in 235 Papilio species, and assemble a molecular dataset of seven gene fragments representing ca. 80% of the currently described diversity. Phylogenetic analyses reconstructed a robust tree with highly supported relationships within subgenera, although a few nodes in the early history of the Old World Papilio remain unresolved. Contrasting with previous results, we found that Papilio alexanor is sister to all Old World Papilio and that the subgenus Eleppone is no longer monotypic. The latter includes the recently described Fijian Papilio natewa with the Australian Papilio anactus and is sister to subgenus Araminta (formerly included in subgenus Menelaides) occurring in Southeast Asia. Our phylogeny also includes rarely studied (P. antimachus, P. benguetana) or endangered species (P. buddha, P. chikae). Taxonomic changes resulting from this study are elucidated. Molecular dating and biogeographic analyses indicate that Papilio originated ca. 30 million years ago (Oligocene), in a northern region centered on Beringia. A rapid early Miocene radiation in the Paleotropics is revealed within Old World Papilio, potentially explaining their low early branch support. Most subgenera originated in the early to middle Miocene followed by synchronous southward biogeographic dispersals and repeated local extirpations in northern latitudes. This study provides a comprehensive phylogenetic framework for Papilio with clarification of subgeneric systematics and species taxonomic changes enumerated, which will facilitate further studies to address questions on their ecology and evolutionary biology using this model clade.
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10
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Orr MC, Feijó A, Chesters D, Vogler AP, Bossert S, Ferrari RR, Costello MJ, Hughes AC, Krogmann L, Ascher JS, Zhou X, Li DZ, Bai M, Chen J, Ge D, Luo A, Qiao G, Williams PH, Zhang AB, Ma K, Zhang F, Zhu CD. Six steps for building a technological knowledge base for future taxonomic work. Natl Sci Rev 2022; 9:nwac284. [PMID: 36694803 PMCID: PMC9869075 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwac284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anderson Feijó
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Douglas Chesters
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Alfried P Vogler
- Department of Life Sciences, Silwood Park Campus, Imperial College London, UK,Natural History Museum, UK
| | - Silas Bossert
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, USA,Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, USA
| | - Rafael R Ferrari
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | | | - Alice C Hughes
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Lars Krogmann
- Entomologie, Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart, Germany
| | - John S Ascher
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, China
| | - De-Zhu Li
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Ming Bai
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Deyan Ge
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Arong Luo
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Gexia Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | | | - Ai-bing Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, China
| | - Keping Ma
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, China
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11
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Agosti D, Benichou L, Addink W, Arvanitidis C, Catapano T, Cochrane G, Dillen M, Döring M, Georgiev T, Gérard I, Groom Q, Kishor P, Kroh A, Kvaček J, Mergen P, Mietchen D, Pauperio J, Sautter G, Penev L. Recommendations for use of annotations and persistent identifiers in taxonomy and biodiversity publishing. RESEARCH IDEAS AND OUTCOMES 2022. [DOI: 10.3897/rio.8.e97374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The paper summarises many years of discussions and experience of biodiversity publishers, organisations, research projects and individual researchers, and proposes recommendations for implementation of persistent identifiers for article metadata, structural elements (sections, subsections, figures, tables, references, supplementary materials and others) and data specific to biodiversity (taxonomic treatments, treatment citations, taxon names, material citations, gene sequences, specimens, scientific collections) in taxonomy and biodiversity publishing. The paper proposes best practices on how identifiers should be used in the different cases and on how they can be minted, cited, and expressed in the backend article XML to facilitate conversion to and further re-use of the article content as FAIR data. The paper also discusses several specific routes for post-publication re-use of semantically enhanced content through large biodiversity data aggregators such as the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), the International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration (INSDC) and others, and proposes specifications of both identifiers and XML tags to be used for that purpose. A summary table provides an account and overview of the recommendations. The guidelines are supported with examples from the existing publishing practices.
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12
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Patterson D. The scope and scale of the life sciences (‘Nature’s envelope’). RESEARCH IDEAS AND OUTCOMES 2022. [DOI: 10.3897/rio.8.e96132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The extension of biology with a more data-centric component offers new opportunities for discovery. To enable investigations that rely on third-party data, the infrastructure that retains data and allows their re-use should, arguably, enable transactions that relate to any and all biological processes. The assembly of such a service-oriented and enabling infrastructure is challenging. Part of the challenge is to factor in the scope and scale of biological processes. From this foundation can emerge an estimate of the number of discipline-specific centres which will gather data in their given area of interest and prepare them for a path that will lead to trusted, persistent data repositories which will make fit-for-purpose data available for re-use. A simple model is presented for the scope and scale of life sciences. It can accommodate all known processes conducted by or caused by any and all organisms. It is depicted on a grid, the axes of which are (x) the durations of the processes and (y) the sizes of participants involved. Both axes are presented in log10 scales, and the grid is divided into decadal blocks with ten fold increments of time and size. Processes range in duration from 10-17 seconds to 3.5 billion years or more, and the sizes of participants range from 10-15 to 1.3 107 metres. Examples are given to illustrate the diversity of biological processes and their often inexact character. About half of the blocks within the grid do not contain known processes. The blocks that include biological processes amount to ‘Nature’s envelope’, a valuable rhetorical device onto which subdisciplines and existing initiatives may be mapped, and from which can be derived some key requirements for a comprehensive data infrastructure.
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13
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Phillips LM, Leihy RI, Chown SL. Improving species-based area protection in Antarctica. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2022; 36:e13885. [PMID: 35040183 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Area protection is a major mechanism deployed for environmental conservation in Antarctica. Yet, the Antarctic protected areas network is widely acknowledged as inadequate, in part because the criteria for area protection south of 60°S are not fully applied. The most poorly explored of these criteria is the type locality of species, which provides the primary legal means for Antarctic species-based area protection and a method for conserving species even if little is known about their habitat or distribution. The type locality criterion has not been systematically assessed since its incorporation into the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty in 1991, so the extent to which the criterion is being met or might be useful for area protection is largely unknown. To address the matter, we created and analyzed a comprehensive database of Antarctic type localities of terrestrial and lacustrine lichens, plants, and animals. We compiled the database via a literature search of key taxonomic and geographic terms and then analyzed the distance between type localities identifiable to a ≤ 25km2 resolution and current Antarctic Specially Protected Areas (ASPAs) and human infrastructure. We used a distance-clustering approach for localities outside current ASPAs to determine candidate protected areas that could contain these unprotected localities. Of the 386 type localities analyzed, 108 were within or overlapped current ASPAs. Inclusion of the remaining 278 type localities in the ASPA network would require the designation of a further 105 protected areas. Twenty-four of these areas included human infrastructure disturbance. Given the slow rate of ASPA designation, growing pace of human impacts on the continent, and the management burden associated with ASPAs, we propose ways in which the type locality criterion might best be deployed. These include a comprehensive, systematic conservation planning approach and an alternative emphasis on the habitat of species, rather than on a single locality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Phillips
- Securing Antarctica's Environmental Future, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rachel I Leihy
- Securing Antarctica's Environmental Future, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Steven L Chown
- Securing Antarctica's Environmental Future, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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14
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Relevance of prokaryotic subspecies in the age of genomics. New Microbes New Infect 2022; 48:101024. [PMID: 36176539 PMCID: PMC9513812 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2022.101024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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15
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Rosenberg G, Auffenberg K, Bank R, Bieler R, Bouchet P, Herbert D, Köhler F, Neubauer TA, Neubert E, Páll-Gergely B, Richling I, Schneider S. Adapting mark-recapture methods to estimating accepted species-level diversity: a case study with terrestrial Gastropoda. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13139. [PMID: 35757168 PMCID: PMC9231345 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We introduce a new method of estimating accepted species diversity by adapting mark-recapture methods to comparisons of taxonomic databases. A taxonomic database should become more complete over time, so the error bar on an estimate of its completeness and the known diversity of the taxon it treats will decrease. Independent databases can be correlated, so we use the time course of estimates comparing them to understand the effect of correlation. If a later estimate is significantly larger than an earlier one, the databases are positively correlated, if it is significantly smaller, they are negatively correlated, and if the estimate remains roughly constant, then the correlations have averaged out. We tested this method by estimating how complete MolluscaBase is for accepted names of terrestrial gastropods. Using random samples of names from an independent database, we determined whether each name led to a name accepted in MolluscaBase. A sample tested in August 2020 found that 16.7% of tested names were missing; one in July 2021 found 5.3% missing. MolluscaBase grew by almost 3,000 accepted species during this period, reaching 27,050 species. The estimates ranged from 28,409 ± 365 in 2021 to 29,063 ± 771 in 2020. All estimates had overlapping 95% confidence intervals, indicating that correlations between the databases did not cause significant problems. Uncertainty beyond sampling error added 475 ± 430 species, so our estimate for accepted terrestrial gastropods species at the end of 2021 is 28,895 ± 630 species. This estimate is more than 4,000 species higher than previous ones. The estimate does not account for ongoing flux of species into and out of synonymy, new discoveries, or changing taxonomic methods and concepts. The species naming curve for terrestrial gastropods is still far from reaching an asymptote, and combined with the additional uncertainties, this means that predicting how many more species might ultimately be recognized is presently not feasible. Our methods can be applied to estimate the total number of names of Recent mollusks (as opposed to names currently accepted), the known diversity of fossil mollusks, and known diversity in other phyla.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Rosenberg
- Malacology Department, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States,Biodiversity, Earth and Environmental Science, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Kurt Auffenberg
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | - Ruud Bank
- Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Rüdiger Bieler
- Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Philippe Bouchet
- Institut Systématique Evolution Biodiversité, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - David Herbert
- Department of Natural Sciences, National Museum of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Köhler
- Malacology Department, Australian Museum Research Institute, Australian Museum, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Thomas A. Neubauer
- Department of Animal Ecology and Systematics, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany,Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands,SNSB - Bavarian State Collection for Paleontology and Geology, Munich, Germany
| | - Eike Neubert
- Natural History Museum Bern, Bern, Switzerland,Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Barna Páll-Gergely
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ira Richling
- Stuttgart State Museum of Natural History, Stuttgart, Germany
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16
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Grenié M, Berti E, Carvajal‐Quintero J, Dädlow GML, Sagouis A, Winter M. Harmonizing taxon names in biodiversity data: a review of tools, databases, and best practices. Methods Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Grenié
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Puschstraße 4 04103 Leipzig Germany
- Leipzig University Ritterstraße 26 04109 Leipzig Germany
| | - Emilio Berti
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Puschstraße 4 04103 Leipzig Germany
- Friedrich‐Schiller University Jena Jena Germany
| | - Juan Carvajal‐Quintero
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Puschstraße 4 04103 Leipzig Germany
- Leipzig University Ritterstraße 26 04109 Leipzig Germany
| | - Gala Mona Louise Dädlow
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Puschstraße 4 04103 Leipzig Germany
- Leipzig University Ritterstraße 26 04109 Leipzig Germany
| | - Alban Sagouis
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Puschstraße 4 04103 Leipzig Germany
- Department of Computer Science Martin Luther University Halle‐Wittenberg, Halle Germany
| | - Marten Winter
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Puschstraße 4 04103 Leipzig Germany
- Leipzig University Ritterstraße 26 04109 Leipzig Germany
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17
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Kitchener AC, Hoffmann M, Yamaguchi N, Breitenmoser-Würsten C, Wilting A. A system for designating taxonomic certainty in mammals and other taxa. Mamm Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s42991-021-00205-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
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18
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Waterhouse RM, Adam-Blondon AF, Agosti D, Baldrian P, Balech B, Corre E, Davey RP, Lantz H, Pesole G, Quast C, Glöckner FO, Raes N, Sandionigi A, Santamaria M, Addink W, Vohradsky J, Nunes-Jorge A, Willassen NP, Lanfear J. Recommendations for connecting molecular sequence and biodiversity research infrastructures through ELIXIR. F1000Res 2021; 10:ELIXIR-1238. [PMID: 35999898 PMCID: PMC9360911 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.73825.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Threats to global biodiversity are increasingly recognised by scientists and the public as a critical challenge. Molecular sequencing technologies offer means to catalogue, explore, and monitor the richness and biogeography of life on Earth. However, exploiting their full potential requires tools that connect biodiversity infrastructures and resources. As a research infrastructure developing services and technical solutions that help integrate and coordinate life science resources across Europe, ELIXIR is a key player. To identify opportunities, highlight priorities, and aid strategic thinking, here we survey approaches by which molecular technologies help inform understanding of biodiversity. We detail example use cases to highlight how DNA sequencing is: resolving taxonomic issues; Increasing knowledge of marine biodiversity; helping understand how agriculture and biodiversity are critically linked; and playing an essential role in ecological studies. Together with examples of national biodiversity programmes, the use cases show where progress is being made but also highlight common challenges and opportunities for future enhancement of underlying technologies and services that connect molecular and wider biodiversity domains. Based on emerging themes, we propose key recommendations to guide future funding for biodiversity research: biodiversity and bioinformatic infrastructures need to collaborate closely and strategically; taxonomic efforts need to be aligned and harmonised across domains; metadata needs to be standardised and common data management approaches widely adopted; current approaches need to be scaled up dramatically to address the anticipated explosion of molecular data; bioinformatics support for biodiversity research needs to be enabled and sustained; training for end users of biodiversity research infrastructures needs to be prioritised; and community initiatives need to be proactive and focused on enabling solutions. For sequencing data to deliver their full potential they must be connected to knowledge: together, molecular sequence data collection initiatives and biodiversity research infrastructures can advance global efforts to prevent further decline of Earth's biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Waterhouse
- Department of Ecology and Evolution and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Vaud, 1015, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Petr Baldrian
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Praha, 142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Bachir Balech
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, CNR, Bari, 70126, Italy
| | - Erwan Corre
- CNRS/Sorbonne Université, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, 29680, France
| | | | - Henrik Lantz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology/NBIS, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Graziano Pesole
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, CNR, Bari, 70126, Italy
- Department of Biosciences. Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari "A. Moro", Bari, 70126, Italy
| | - Christian Quast
- Life Sciences & Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen gGmbH, Bremen, Germany
| | - Frank Oliver Glöckner
- MARUM - Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremerhaven, 27570, Germany
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Center for Polar- and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, 27570, Germany
| | - Niels Raes
- NLBIF - Netherlands Biodiversity Information Facility, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, 2300 RA, The Netherlands
| | | | - Monica Santamaria
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, CNR, Bari, 70126, Italy
| | - Wouter Addink
- DiSSCo - Distributed System of Scientific Collections, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, 2300 RA, The Netherlands
| | - Jiri Vohradsky
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Institute of Microbiology, Prague, 142 20, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Jerry Lanfear
- ELIXIR Hub, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK
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19
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Hobern D, Barik SK, Christidis L, T.Garnett S, Kirk P, Orrell TM, Pape T, Pyle RL, Thiele KR, Zachos FE, Bánki O. Towards a global list of accepted species VI: The Catalogue of Life checklist. ORG DIVERS EVOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-021-00516-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Pyle RL, Barik SK, Christidis L, Conix S, Costello MJ, van Dijk PP, Garnett ST, Hobern D, Kirk PM, Lien AM, Orrell TM, Remsen D, Thomson SA, Wambiji N, Zachos FE, Zhang ZQ, Thiele KR. Towards a global list of accepted species V. The devil is in the detail. ORG DIVERS EVOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-021-00504-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Towards a global list of accepted species II. Consequences of inadequate taxonomic list governance. ORG DIVERS EVOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-021-00518-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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22
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Ng CKC, Tan J. Cryptic species and grey zone speciation of the Barbodes binotatus complex (Teleostei, Cyprinidae) in Sundaland. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2021; 99:1256-1273. [PMID: 34159593 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Morphology-based taxonomy of freshwater fish is effective when there are representative specimens covering large regions. However, in Sundaland, where the presence of cryptic species is high, the technique has its limitations. This is compounded by uncritical descriptions of holotypes in old literature. We demonstrate the problem using Barbodes binotatus first described from an ink drawing. Several species in the Barbodes genus of Sundaland exhibit morphological similarity to B. binotatus. We applied new DNA sequences of 16S, cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI), cytochrome b (Cytb) and recombination-activating gene 1 (RAG1), and pigmentation markers to clarify species complex boundaries in the Malay Peninsula, namely B. aff. binotatus "Malay Peninsula", Barbodes cf. banksi and Barbodes rhombeus. Results suggest B. binotatus-like specimens in the Malay Peninsula are B. rhombeus based on a threshold of 3% COI genetic divergence. B. aff. binotatus recorded in Sumatra, Borneo and the Philippines are likely valid but undescribed species. However, if the 2% COI threshold is applied, some populations in the northern Malay Peninsula would qualify as new and undescribed species. The implications of the 2% threshold and the likelihood of "grey zone" incipient populations are discussed. We further found a rapid visual method, not reported previously, to delineate B. aff. binotatus and B. cf. banksi, but it requires further validation. Additionally, we offer fresh perspectives by discussing the roles of biological species concept, morphological species concept, genetic species concept and mate recognition concept in the B. binotatus complex. Our findings reinforce the standpoint that species delineation is not entirely a binary process, but there is a spectrum to consider, especially in biogeography intersection regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey Keat-Chuan Ng
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Ji Tan
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, Malaysia
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23
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Govaerts R, Nic Lughadha E, Black N, Turner R, Paton A. The World Checklist of Vascular Plants, a continuously updated resource for exploring global plant diversity. Sci Data 2021; 8:215. [PMID: 34389730 PMCID: PMC8363670 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-021-00997-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP) is a comprehensive list of scientifically described plant species, compiled over four decades, from peer-reviewed literature, authoritative scientific databases, herbaria and observations, then reviewed by experts. It is a vital tool to facilitate plant diversity research, conservation and effective management, including sustainable use and equitable sharing of benefits. To maximise utility, such lists should be accessible, explicitly evidence-based, transparent, expert-reviewed, and regularly updated, incorporating new evidence and emerging scientific consensus. WCVP largely meets these criteria, being continuously updated and freely available online. Users can browse, search, or download a user-defined subset of accepted species with corresponding synonyms and bibliographic details, or a date-stamped full dataset. To facilitate appropriate data reuse by individual researchers and global initiatives including Global Biodiversity Information Facility, Catalogue of Life and World Flora Online, we document data collation and review processes, the underlying data structure, and the international data standards and technical validation that ensure data quality and integrity. We also address the questions most frequently received from users. Measurement(s) | Vascular Plant • Species | Technology Type(s) | digital curation | Sample Characteristic - Organism | Tracheophyta | Sample Characteristic - Location | global |
Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data: 10.6084/m9.figshare.15035046
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Alan Paton
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, UK
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24
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Towards a global list of accepted species IV: Overcoming fragmentation in the governance of taxonomic lists. ORG DIVERS EVOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-021-00499-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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25
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Conix S, Garnett ST, Thiele KR, Christidis L, van Dijk PP, Bánki OS, Barik SK, Buckeridge JS, Costello MJ, Hobern D, Kirk PM, Lien A, Nikolaeva S, Pyle RL, Thomson SA, Zhang ZQ, Zachos FE. Towards a global list of accepted species III. Independence and stakeholder inclusion. ORG DIVERS EVOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-021-00496-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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26
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Thiele KR, Conix S, Pyle RL, Barik SK, Christidis L, Costello MJ, van Dijk PP, Kirk P, Lien A, Thomson SA, Zachos FE, Zhang ZQ, Garnett ST. Towards a global list of accepted species I. Why taxonomists sometimes disagree, and why this matters. ORG DIVERS EVOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-021-00495-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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27
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Wüster W, Thomson SA, O’shea M, Kaiser H. Confronting taxonomic vandalism in biology: conscientious community self-organization can preserve nomenclatural stability. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blab009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Self-published taxon descriptions, bereft of a basis of evidence, are a long-standing problem in taxonomy. The problem derives in part from the Principle of Priority in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, which forces the use of the oldest available nomen irrespective of scientific merit. This provides a route to ‘immortality’ for unscrupulous individuals through the mass-naming of taxa without scientific basis, a phenomenon referred to as taxonomic vandalism. Following a flood of unscientific taxon namings, in 2013 a group of concerned herpetologists organized a widely supported, community-based campaign to treat these nomina as lying outside the permanent scientific record, and to ignore and overwrite them as appropriate. Here, we review the impact of these proposals over the past 8 years. We identified 59 instances of unscientific names being set aside and overwritten with science-based names (here termed aspidonyms), and 1087 uses of these aspidonyms, compared to one instance of preference for the overwritten names. This shows that when there is widespread consultation and agreement across affected research communities, setting aside certain provisions of the Code can constitute an effective last resort defence against taxonomic vandalism and enhance the universality and stability of the scientific nomenclature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Wüster
- Molecular Ecology and Fisheries Genetics Laboratory, School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Scott A Thomson
- Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, Divisão de Vertebrados (Herpetologia), Avenida Nazaré, 481, Ipiranga, 04263-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Chelonian Research Institute, 401 South Central Avenue, Oviedo, FL 32765, USA
| | - Mark O’shea
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1LY, UK
| | - Hinrich Kaiser
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany
- Department of Biology, Victor Valley College, 18422 Bear Valley Road, Victorville, CA 92395, USA
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28
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Abstract
Species taxa are the units of taxonomy most suited to measure virus diversity, and they account for more than 70% of all virus taxa. Yet, as evidenced by the content of GenBank entries and illustrated by the recent literature on SARS-CoV-2, they are the most neglected taxa of virus research. To correct this disparity, we propose to make species taxa a first choice for communicating virus taxonomy in publications concerning viruses. We see it as a key step toward promoting research on diverse viruses, including pathogens, at this fundamental level of biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander E Gorbalenya
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Stuart G Siddell
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C. Willan
- Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory, Darwin, Australia
- Honorary Member, Malacological Society of Australasia
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30
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Cai F, Druzhinina IS. In honor of John Bissett: authoritative guidelines on molecular identification of Trichoderma. FUNGAL DIVERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-020-00464-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AbstractModern taxonomy has developed towards the establishment of global authoritative lists of species that assume the standardized principles of species recognition, at least in a given taxonomic group. However, in fungi, species delimitation is frequently subjective because it depends on the choice of a species concept and the criteria selected by a taxonomist. Contrary to it, identification of fungal species is expected to be accurate and precise because it should predict the properties that are required for applications or that are relevant in pathology. The industrial and plant-beneficial fungi from the genus Trichoderma (Hypocreales) offer a suitable model to address this collision between species delimitation and species identification. A few decades ago, Trichoderma diversity was limited to a few dozen species. The introduction of molecular evolutionary methods resulted in the exponential expansion of Trichoderma taxonomy, with up to 50 new species recognized per year. Here, we have reviewed the genus-wide taxonomy of Trichoderma and compiled a complete inventory of all Trichoderma species and DNA barcoding material deposited in public databases (the inventory is available at the website of the International Subcommission on Taxonomy of Trichodermawww.trichoderma.info). Among the 375 species with valid names as of July 2020, 361 (96%) have been cultivated in vitro and DNA barcoded. Thus, we have developed a protocol for molecular identification of Trichoderma that requires analysis of the three DNA barcodes (ITS, tef1, and rpb2), and it is supported by online tools that are available on www.trichokey.info. We then used all the whole-genome sequenced (WGS) Trichoderma strains that are available in public databases to provide versatile practical examples of molecular identification, reveal shortcomings, and discuss possible ambiguities. Based on the Trichoderma example, this study shows why the identification of a fungal species is an intricate and laborious task that requires a background in mycology, molecular biological skills, training in molecular evolutionary analysis, and knowledge of taxonomic literature. We provide an in-depth discussion of species concepts that are applied in Trichoderma taxonomy, and conclude that these fungi are particularly suitable for the implementation of a polyphasic approach that was first introduced in Trichoderma taxonomy by John Bissett (1948–2020), whose work inspired the current study. We also propose a regulatory and unifying role of international commissions on the taxonomy of particular fungal groups. An important outcome of this work is the demonstration of an urgent need for cooperation between Trichoderma researchers to get prepared to the efficient use of the upcoming wave of Trichoderma genomic data.
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Belyaeva I, Kovtonyuk N. The role of digital herbarium collections in the taxonomic revision of complex plant families: Salicaceae sensu stricto. BIO WEB OF CONFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20213800014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of digitisation and digital resources in botanical research is underlined. Advantages and disadvantages of the use of digital herbaria in taxonomic research in Salicaceae sensu stricto are discussed and some suggestions on possible improvements are made.
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Padial JM, De la Riva I. A paradigm shift in our view of species drives current trends in biological classification. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 96:731-751. [PMID: 33368983 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Discontent about changes in species classifications has grown in recent years. Many of these changes are seen as arbitrary, stemming from unjustified conceptual and methodological grounds, or leading to species that are less distinct than those recognised in the past. We argue that current trends in species classification are the result of a paradigm shift toward which systematics and population genetics have converged and that regards species as the phylogenetic lineages that form the branches of the Tree of Life. Species delimitation now consists of determining which populations belong to which individual phylogenetic lineage. This requires inferences on the process of lineage splitting and divergence, a process to which we have only partial access through incidental evidence and assumptions that are themselves subject to refutation. This approach is not free of problems, as horizontal gene transfer, introgression, hybridisation, incorrect assumptions, sampling and methodological biases can mislead inferences of phylogenetic lineages. Increasing precision is demanded through the identification of both sister relationships and processes blurring or mimicking phylogeny, which has triggered, on the one hand, the development of methods that explicitly address such processes and, on the other hand, an increase in geographical and character data sampling necessary to infer/test such processes. Although our resolving power has increased, our knowledge of sister relationships - what we designate as species resolution - remains poor for many taxa and areas, which biases species limits and perceptions about how divergent species are or ought to be. We attribute to this conceptual shift the demise of trinominal nomenclature we are witnessing with the rise of subspecies to species or their rejection altogether; subspecies are raised to species if they are found to correspond to phylogenetic lineages, while they are rejected as fabricated taxa if they reflect arbitrary partitions of continuous or non-hereditary variation. Conservation strategies, if based on taxa, should emphasise species and reduce the use of subspecies to avoid preserving arbitrary partitions of continuous variation; local variation is best preserved by focusing on biological processes generating ecosystem resilience and diversity rather than by formally naming diagnosable units of any kind. Since many binomials still designate complexes of species rather than individual species, many species have been discovered but not named, geographical sampling is sparse, gene lineages have been mistaken for species, plenty of species limits remain untested, and many groups and areas lack adequate species resolution, we cannot avoid frequent changes to classifications as we address these problems. Changes will not only affect neglected taxa or areas, but also popular ones and regions where taxonomic research remained dormant for decades and old classifications were taken for granted.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Padial
- Department of Herpetology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West & 79th St., New York, NY, 10024, U.S.A.,Department of Biology, Bronx Community College, City University of New York, 2155 University Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10453, U.S.A
| | - Ignacio De la Riva
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales-CSIC, José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, Madrid, 28006, Spain
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Kõljalg U, Nilsson HR, Schigel D, Tedersoo L, Larsson KH, May TW, Taylor AFS, Jeppesen TS, Frøslev TG, Lindahl BD, Põldmaa K, Saar I, Suija A, Savchenko A, Yatsiuk I, Adojaan K, Ivanov F, Piirmann T, Pöhönen R, Zirk A, Abarenkov K. The Taxon Hypothesis Paradigm-On the Unambiguous Detection and Communication of Taxa. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1910. [PMID: 33266327 PMCID: PMC7760934 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8121910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we describe the taxon hypothesis (TH) paradigm, which covers the construction, identification, and communication of taxa as datasets. Defining taxa as datasets of individuals and their traits will make taxon identification and most importantly communication of taxa precise and reproducible. This will allow datasets with standardized and atomized traits to be used digitally in identification pipelines and communicated through persistent identifiers. Such datasets are particularly useful in the context of formally undescribed or even physically undiscovered species if data such as sequences from samples of environmental DNA (eDNA) are available. Implementing the TH paradigm will to some extent remove the impediment to hastily discover and formally describe all extant species in that the TH paradigm allows discovery and communication of new species and other taxa also in the absence of formal descriptions. The TH datasets can be connected to a taxonomic backbone providing access to the vast information associated with the tree of life. In parallel to the description of the TH paradigm, we demonstrate how it is implemented in the UNITE digital taxon communication system. UNITE TH datasets include rich data on individuals and their rDNA ITS sequences. These datasets are equipped with digital object identifiers (DOI) that serve to fix their identity in our communication. All datasets are also connected to a GBIF taxonomic backbone. Researchers processing their eDNA samples using UNITE datasets will, thus, be able to publish their findings as taxon occurrences in the GBIF data portal. UNITE species hypothesis (species level THs) datasets are increasingly utilized in taxon identification pipelines and even formally undescribed species can be identified and communicated by using UNITE. The TH paradigm seeks to achieve unambiguous, unique, and traceable communication of taxa and their properties at any level of the tree of life. It offers a rapid way to discover and communicate undescribed species in identification pipelines and data portals before they are lost to the sixth mass extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urmas Kõljalg
- Natural History Museum, University of Tartu, 14a Ravila, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (K.P.); (A.S.); (K.A.); (F.I.); (T.P.); (R.P.); (A.Z.); (K.A.)
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 14a Ravila, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (L.T.); (I.S.); (A.S.); (I.Y.)
| | - Henrik R. Nilsson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden; (H.R.N.); (K.-H.L.)
| | - Dmitry Schigel
- Global Biodiversity Information Facility, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (D.S.); (T.S.J.)
| | - Leho Tedersoo
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 14a Ravila, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (L.T.); (I.S.); (A.S.); (I.Y.)
| | - Karl-Henrik Larsson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden; (H.R.N.); (K.-H.L.)
| | - Tom W. May
- Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria, Birdwood Ave, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia;
| | - Andy F. S. Taylor
- The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK;
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Cruickshank Building, St Machar Drive, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, UK
| | | | | | - Björn D. Lindahl
- Systematic Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Kadri Põldmaa
- Natural History Museum, University of Tartu, 14a Ravila, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (K.P.); (A.S.); (K.A.); (F.I.); (T.P.); (R.P.); (A.Z.); (K.A.)
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 14a Ravila, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (L.T.); (I.S.); (A.S.); (I.Y.)
| | - Irja Saar
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 14a Ravila, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (L.T.); (I.S.); (A.S.); (I.Y.)
| | - Ave Suija
- Natural History Museum, University of Tartu, 14a Ravila, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (K.P.); (A.S.); (K.A.); (F.I.); (T.P.); (R.P.); (A.Z.); (K.A.)
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 14a Ravila, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (L.T.); (I.S.); (A.S.); (I.Y.)
| | - Anton Savchenko
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 14a Ravila, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (L.T.); (I.S.); (A.S.); (I.Y.)
| | - Iryna Yatsiuk
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 14a Ravila, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (L.T.); (I.S.); (A.S.); (I.Y.)
| | - Kristjan Adojaan
- Natural History Museum, University of Tartu, 14a Ravila, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (K.P.); (A.S.); (K.A.); (F.I.); (T.P.); (R.P.); (A.Z.); (K.A.)
| | - Filipp Ivanov
- Natural History Museum, University of Tartu, 14a Ravila, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (K.P.); (A.S.); (K.A.); (F.I.); (T.P.); (R.P.); (A.Z.); (K.A.)
| | - Timo Piirmann
- Natural History Museum, University of Tartu, 14a Ravila, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (K.P.); (A.S.); (K.A.); (F.I.); (T.P.); (R.P.); (A.Z.); (K.A.)
| | - Raivo Pöhönen
- Natural History Museum, University of Tartu, 14a Ravila, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (K.P.); (A.S.); (K.A.); (F.I.); (T.P.); (R.P.); (A.Z.); (K.A.)
| | - Allan Zirk
- Natural History Museum, University of Tartu, 14a Ravila, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (K.P.); (A.S.); (K.A.); (F.I.); (T.P.); (R.P.); (A.Z.); (K.A.)
| | - Kessy Abarenkov
- Natural History Museum, University of Tartu, 14a Ravila, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (K.P.); (A.S.); (K.A.); (F.I.); (T.P.); (R.P.); (A.Z.); (K.A.)
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Garnett ST, Thomson SA. Are the implications for conservation of a major taxonomic revision of the world’s birds’ simply serendipity? Anim Conserv 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. T. Garnett
- Research Institute for the Environment and LivelihoodsCharles Darwin UniversityDarwin Northern Territory Australia
| | - S. A. Thomson
- Chelonian Research InstituteOviedo FL USA
- Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São PauloIpirangaSão Paulo SP Brazil
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Simkins AT, Buchanan GM, Davies RG, Donald PF. Shifting boundaries: taxonomy and site‐based conservation. Anim Conserv 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. T. Simkins
- BirdLife International Cambridge UK
- School of Biological Sciences University of East Anglia Norwich UK
| | | | - R. G. Davies
- School of Biological Sciences University of East Anglia Norwich UK
| | - P. F. Donald
- BirdLife International Cambridge UK
- Conservation Science Group Department of Zoology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
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