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Raffard A, Jacob S, Schtickzelle N. Non-genetic phenotypic variability affects populations and communities in protist microcosms. J Anim Ecol 2024; 93:221-230. [PMID: 38192091 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.14036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Intraspecific trait variation (ITV), potentially driven by genetic and non-genetic mechanisms, can underlie variability in resource acquisition, individual fitness and ecological interactions. Impacts of ITV at higher levels of biological organizations are hence likely, but up-scaling our knowledge about ITV importance to communities and comparing its relative effects at population and community levels has rarely been investigated. Here, we tested the effects of genetic and non-genetic ITV on morphological traits in microcosms of protist communities by contrasting the effects of strains showing different ITV levels (i.e. trait averages and variance) on population growth, community composition and biomass production. We found that genetic and non-genetic ITV can lead to different effects on populations and communities across several generations. Furthermore, the effects of ITV declined across levels of biological organization: ITV directly altered population performance, with cascading but indirect consequences for community composition and biomass productivity. Overall, these results show that the drivers of ITV can have distinct effects on populations and communities, with cascading impacts on higher levels of biological organization that might mediate biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Raffard
- Earth and Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Staffan Jacob
- CNRS, Station d'Écologie Théorique et Expérimentale du CNRS à Moulis, UAR-5321, Moulis, France
| | - Nicolas Schtickzelle
- Earth and Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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2
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Govaert L, Hendry AP, Fattahi F, Möst M. Quantifying interspecific and intraspecific diversity effects on ecosystem functioning. Ecology 2024; 105:e4199. [PMID: 37901985 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Rapid environmental changes result in massive biodiversity loss, with detrimental consequences for the functioning of ecosystems. Recent studies suggest that intraspecific diversity can contribute to ecosystem functioning to an extent comparable to contributions of interspecific diversity. Knowledge on the relative importance of these two sources of biodiversity is essential for predicting ecosystem consequences of biodiversity loss and will aid in the prioritization of conservation targets and implementation of management measures. However, our quantitative insights into how interspecific and intraspecific biodiversity loss affects ecosystem functioning and how the effects of these two sources of biodiversity loss on ecosystem functioning can be compared are still very limited. To facilitate such quantitative insights, we extend the interspecific Price partitioning method originally introduced by J. Fox in 2006, previously used to quantify species loss and gain effects on ecosystem functioning, to also account for the effects of intraspecific diversity loss and gain on ecosystem function. Using this extended version can yield the quantitative information required for answering research questions addressing correlations between interspecific and intraspecific diversity effects on ecosystem functioning, identifying interspecific and intraspecific groups with large effects, and assessing whether intraspecific diversity can compensate for losses in interspecific diversity. Applying this method to carefully designed experiments will provide additional insights into how biodiversity loss at different ecological levels contributes to and changes ecosystem functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Govaert
- Department of Evolutionary and Integrative Ecology, Leibniz Institute für Gewässerökologie und Binnenfischerei (IGB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrew P Hendry
- Redpath Museum and Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Markus Möst
- Department of Ecology, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Research Department of Limnology, Universität Innsbruck, Mondsee, Austria
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3
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Blanchet S, Fargeot L, Raffard A. Phylogenetically-conserved candidate genes unify biodiversity-ecosystem function relationships and eco-evolutionary dynamics across biological scales. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:4467-4481. [PMID: 37296539 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The intra- and interspecific facets of biodiversity have traditionally been analysed separately, limiting our understanding of how evolution has shaped biodiversity, how biodiversity (as a whole) alters ecological dynamics and hence eco-evolutionary feedbacks at the community scale. Here, we propose using candidate genes phylogenetically-conserved across species and sustaining functional traits as an inclusive biodiversity unit transcending the intra- and interspecific boundaries. This framework merges knowledge from functional genomics and functional ecology, and we first provide guidelines and a concrete example for identifying phylogenetically-conserved candidate genes (PCCGs) within communities and for measuring biodiversity from PCCGs. We then explain how biodiversity measured at PCCGs can be linked to ecosystem functions, which unifies recent observations that both intra- and interspecific biodiversity are important for ecosystem functions. We then highlight the eco-evolutionary processes shaping PCCG diversity patterns and argue that their respective role can be inferred from concepts derived from population genetics. Finally, we explain how PCCGs may shift the field of eco-evolutionary dynamics from a focal-species approach to a more realistic focal-community approach. This framework provides a novel perspective to investigate the global ecosystem consequences of diversity loss across biological scales, and how these ecological changes further alter biodiversity evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Blanchet
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Station d'Écologie Théorique et Expérimentale du CNRS à Moulis, UAR2029, Moulis, France
| | - Laura Fargeot
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Station d'Écologie Théorique et Expérimentale du CNRS à Moulis, UAR2029, Moulis, France
| | - Allan Raffard
- Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, INRAE, CARRTEL, Thonon-les-Bains, France
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Raffard A, Cucherousset J, Santoul F, Di Gesu L, Blanchet S. Climate and intraspecific variation in a consumer species drive ecosystem multifunctionality. OIKOS 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.09286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Allan Raffard
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Station d’Écologie Théorique et Expérimentale (UAR2029) Moulis France
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Fonctionelle et Environnement CNRS‐INPT‐UPS, Univ. Paul Sabatier Toulouse France
| | - Julien Cucherousset
- Laboratoire Évolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB), UMR 5174, Univ. de Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, CNRS, IRD Toulouse France
| | - Frédéric Santoul
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Fonctionelle et Environnement CNRS‐INPT‐UPS, Univ. Paul Sabatier Toulouse France
| | - Lucie Di Gesu
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Station d’Écologie Théorique et Expérimentale (UAR2029) Moulis France
| | - Simon Blanchet
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Station d’Écologie Théorique et Expérimentale (UAR2029) Moulis France
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5
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Sentis A, Hemptinne J, Magro A, Outreman Y. Biological control needs evolutionary perspectives of ecological interactions. Evol Appl 2022; 15:1537-1554. [PMID: 36330295 PMCID: PMC9624075 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
While ecological interactions have been identified as determinant for biological control efficiency, the role of evolution remains largely underestimated in biological control programs. With the restrictions on the use of both pesticides and exotic biological control agents (BCAs), the evolutionary optimization of local BCAs becomes central for improving the efficiency and the resilience of biological control. In particular, we need to better account for the natural processes of evolution to fully understand the interactions of pests and BCAs, including in biocontrol strategies integrating human manipulations of evolution (i.e., artificial selection and genetic engineering). In agroecosystems, the evolution of BCAs traits and performance depends on heritable phenotypic variation, trait genetic architecture, selection strength, stochastic processes, and other selective forces. Humans can manipulate these natural processes to increase the likelihood of evolutionary trait improvement, by artificially increasing heritable phenotypic variation, strengthening selection, controlling stochastic processes, or overpassing evolution through genetic engineering. We highlight these facets by reviewing recent studies addressing the importance of natural processes of evolution and human manipulations of these processes in biological control. We then discuss the interactions between the natural processes of evolution occurring in agroecosystems and affecting the artificially improved BCAs after their release. We emphasize that biological control cannot be summarized by interactions between species pairs because pests and biological control agents are entangled in diverse communities and are exposed to a multitude of deterministic and stochastic selective forces that can change rapidly in direction and intensity. We conclude that the combination of different evolutionary approaches can help optimize BCAs to remain efficient under changing environmental conditions and, ultimately, favor agroecosystem sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Sentis
- INRAEAix Marseille University, UMR RECOVERAix‐en‐ProvenceFrance
| | - Jean‐Louis Hemptinne
- Laboratoire Évolution et Diversité biologiqueUMR 5174 CNRS/UPS/IRDToulouseFrance
- Université Fédérale de Toulouse Midi‐Pyrénées – ENSFEACastanet‐TolosanFrance
| | - Alexandra Magro
- Laboratoire Évolution et Diversité biologiqueUMR 5174 CNRS/UPS/IRDToulouseFrance
- Université Fédérale de Toulouse Midi‐Pyrénées – ENSFEACastanet‐TolosanFrance
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Cucherousset J, Sundt-Hansen LE, Buoro M, Závorka L, Lassus R, Baekkelie KAE, Fleming IA, Björnsson BT, Johnsson JI, Hindar K. Growth-enhanced salmon modify stream ecosystem functioning. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2021; 99:1978-1989. [PMID: 34495559 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Use of fast-growing domesticated and/or genetically modified strains of fish is becoming increasingly common in aquaculture, increasing the likelihood of deliberate or accidental introductions into the wild. To date, their ecological impacts on ecosystems remain to be quantified. Here, using a controlled phenotype manipulation by implanting growth hormone in juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), we found that growth-enhanced fish display changes in several phenotypic traits known to be important for ecosystem functioning, such as habitat use, morphology and excretion rate. Furthermore, these phenotypic changes were associated with significant impacts on the invertebrate community and key stream ecosystem functions such as primary production and leaf-litter decomposition. These findings provide novel evidence that introductions of growth-enhanced fish into the wild can affect the functioning of natural ecosystems and represent a form of intraspecific invasion. Consequently, environmental impact assessments of growth-enhanced organisms need to explicitly consider ecosystem-level effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Cucherousset
- Laboratoire Évolution and Diversité Biologique (EDB UMR 5174), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, ENFA, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Mathieu Buoro
- Laboratoire Évolution and Diversité Biologique (EDB UMR 5174), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, ENFA, UPS, Toulouse, France
- ECOBIOP, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, INRAE, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Libor Závorka
- Laboratoire Évolution and Diversité Biologique (EDB UMR 5174), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, ENFA, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Rémy Lassus
- Laboratoire Évolution and Diversité Biologique (EDB UMR 5174), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, ENFA, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Ian A Fleming
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | | | - Jörgen I Johnsson
- Department of Biological & Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kjetil Hindar
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Trondheim, Norway
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Evangelista C, Dupeu J, Sandkjenn J, Pauli BD, Herland A, Meriguet J, Vøllestad LA, Edeline E. Ecological ramifications of adaptation to size-selective mortality. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:210842. [PMID: 34754498 PMCID: PMC8493199 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.210842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Size-selective mortality due to harvesting is a threat to numerous exploited species, but how it affects the ecosystem remains largely unexplored. Here, we used a pond mesocosm experiment to assess how evolutionary responses to opposite size-selective mortality interacted with the environment (fish density and light intensity used as a proxy of resource availability) to modulate fish populations, prey community composition and ecosystem functions. We used medaka (Oryzias latipes) previously selected over 10 generations for small size (harvest-like selection; small-breeder line) or large size (large-breeder line), which displayed slow somatic growth and early maturity or fast somatic growth and late maturity, respectively. Large-breeder medaka produced more juveniles, which seemed to grow faster than small-breeder ones but only under high fish density. Additionally, large-breeder medaka had an increased impact on some benthic prey, suggesting expanded diet breadth and/or enhanced foraging abilities. As a consequence, increased light stimulated benthic algae biomass only in presence of large-breeder medaka, which were presumably better at controlling benthic grazers. Aggregated effect sizes at the community and ecosystem levels revealed that the ecological effects of medaka evolution were of similar magnitude to those induced by the environment and fish introduction. These findings indicate the important environmental dependency of evolutionary response to opposite size-selective mortality on higher levels of biological organizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Evangelista
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Julia Dupeu
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Université Paris Est Créteil, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris (iEES-Paris), Paris, France
| | - Joakim Sandkjenn
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Beatriz Diaz Pauli
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biological Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anders Herland
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jacques Meriguet
- CEREEP Ecotron Île-de-France, UMS CNRS/ENS, Saint-Pierre-lès-Nemours, France
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Leif Asbjørn Vøllestad
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eric Edeline
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Université Paris Est Créteil, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris (iEES-Paris), Paris, France
- ESE, Ecology and Ecosystem Health, INRAE, Agrocampus-Ouest, Rennes, France
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