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Fox SC, Waskiewicz AJ. Transforming growth factor beta signaling and craniofacial development: modeling human diseases in zebrafish. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1338070. [PMID: 38385025 PMCID: PMC10879340 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1338070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Humans and other jawed vertebrates rely heavily on their craniofacial skeleton for eating, breathing, and communicating. As such, it is vital that the elements of the craniofacial skeleton develop properly during embryogenesis to ensure a high quality of life and evolutionary fitness. Indeed, craniofacial abnormalities, including cleft palate and craniosynostosis, represent some of the most common congenital abnormalities in newborns. Like many other organ systems, the development of the craniofacial skeleton is complex, relying on specification and migration of the neural crest, patterning of the pharyngeal arches, and morphogenesis of each skeletal element into its final form. These processes must be carefully coordinated and integrated. One way this is achieved is through the spatial and temporal deployment of cell signaling pathways. Recent studies conducted using the zebrafish model underscore the importance of the Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGF-β) and Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) pathways in craniofacial development. Although both pathways contain similar components, each pathway results in unique outcomes on a cellular level. In this review, we will cover studies conducted using zebrafish that show the necessity of these pathways in each stage of craniofacial development, starting with the induction of the neural crest, and ending with the morphogenesis of craniofacial elements. We will also cover human skeletal and craniofacial diseases and malformations caused by mutations in the components of these pathways (e.g., cleft palate, craniosynostosis, etc.) and the potential utility of zebrafish in studying the etiology of these diseases. We will also briefly cover the utility of the zebrafish model in joint development and biology and discuss the role of TGF-β/BMP signaling in these processes and the diseases that result from aberrancies in these pathways, including osteoarthritis and multiple synostoses syndrome. Overall, this review will demonstrate the critical roles of TGF-β/BMP signaling in craniofacial development and show the utility of the zebrafish model in development and disease.
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2
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Koosha E, Brenna CTA, Ashique AM, Jain N, Ovens K, Koike T, Kitagawa H, Eames BF. Proteoglycan inhibition of canonical BMP-dependent cartilage maturation delays endochondral ossification. Development 2024; 151:dev201716. [PMID: 38117077 PMCID: PMC10820745 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
During endochondral ossification, chondrocytes secrete a proteoglycan (PG)-rich extracellular matrix that can inhibit the process of cartilage maturation, including expression of Ihh and Col10a1. Because bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) can promote cartilage maturation, we hypothesized that cartilage PGs normally inhibit BMP signalling. Accordingly, BMP signalling was evaluated in chondrocytes of wild-type and PG mutant (fam20b-/-) zebrafish and inhibited with temporal control using the drug DMH1 or an inducible dominant-negative BMP receptor transgene (dnBMPR). Compared with wild type, phospho-Smad1/5/9, but not phospho-p38, was increased in fam20b-/- chondrocytes, but only after they secreted PGs. Phospho-Smad1/5/9 was decreased in DMH1-treated or dnBMPR-activated wild-type chondrocytes, and DMH1 also decreased phospho-p38 levels. ihha and col10a1a were decreased in DMH1-treated or dnBMPR-activated chondrocytes, and less perichondral bone formed. Finally, early ihha and col10a1a expression and early perichondral bone formation of fam20b mutants were rescued with DMH1 treatment or dnBMPR activation. Therefore, PG inhibition of canonical BMP-dependent cartilage maturation delays endochondral ossification, and these results offer hope for the development of growth factor therapies for skeletal defects of PG diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Koosha
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Connor T. A. Brenna
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Amir M. Ashique
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Niteesh Jain
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Katie Ovens
- Department of Computer Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Toshiyasu Koike
- Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-0003, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-0003, Japan
| | - B. Frank Eames
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
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3
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Paz D, Pinales BE, Castellanos BS, Perez I, Gil CB, Madrigal LJ, Reyes-Nava NG, Castro VL, Sloan JL, Quintana AM. Abnormal chondrocyte development in a zebrafish model of cblC syndrome restored by an MMACHC cobalamin binding mutant. Differentiation 2023; 131:74-81. [PMID: 37167860 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Variants in the MMACHC gene cause combined methylmalonic acidemia and homocystinuria cblC type, the most common inborn error of intracellular cobalamin (vitamin B12) metabolism. cblC is associated with neurodevelopmental, hematological, ocular, and biochemical abnormalities. In a subset of patients, mild craniofacial dysmorphia has also been described. Mouse models of Mmachc deletion are embryonic lethal but cause severe craniofacial phenotypes such as facial clefts. MMACHC encodes an enzyme required for cobalamin processing and variants in this gene result in the accumulation of two metabolites: methylmalonic acid (MMA) and homocysteine (HC). Interestingly, other inborn errors of cobalamin metabolism, such as cblX syndrome, are associated with mild facial phenotypes. However, the presence and severity of MMA and HC accumulation in cblX syndrome is not consistent with the presence or absence of facial phenotypes. Thus, the mechanisms by which mutations in MMACHC cause craniofacial defects are yet to be completely elucidated. Here we have characterized the craniofacial phenotypes in a zebrafish model of cblC (hg13) and performed restoration experiments with either a wildtype or a cobalamin binding deficient MMACHC protein. Homozygous mutants did not display gross morphological defects in facial development but did have abnormal chondrocyte nuclear organization and an increase in the average number of neighboring cell contacts, both phenotypes were fully penetrant. Abnormal chondrocyte nuclear organization was not associated with defects in the localization of neural crest specific markers, sox10 (RFP transgene) or barx1. Both nuclear angles and the number of neighboring cell contacts were fully restored by wildtype MMACHC and a cobalamin binding deficient variant of the MMACHC protein. Collectively, these data suggest that mutation of MMACHC causes mild to moderate craniofacial phenotypes that are independent of cobalamin binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Paz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Briana E Pinales
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Barbara S Castellanos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Isaiah Perez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Claudia B Gil
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Lourdes Jimenez Madrigal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Nayeli G Reyes-Nava
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Victoria L Castro
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Jennifer L Sloan
- Metabolic Medicine Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Anita M Quintana
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA.
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4
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Paz D, Pinales BE, Castellanos BS, Perez I, Gil CB, Madrigal LJ, Reyes-Nava NG, Castro VL, Sloan JL, Quintana AM. Abnormal chondrocyte intercalation in a zebrafish model of cblC syndrome restored by an MMACHC cobalamin binding mutant. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.20.524982. [PMID: 36711998 PMCID: PMC9882310 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.20.524982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Variants in the MMACHC gene cause combined methylmalonic acidemia and homocystinuria cblC type, the most common inborn error of intracellular cobalamin (vitamin B12) metabolism. cblC is associated with neurodevelopmental, hematological, ocular, and biochemical abnormalities. In a subset of patients, mild craniofacial dysmorphia has also been described. Mouse models of Mmachc deletion are embryonic lethal but cause severe craniofacial phenotypes such as facial clefts. MMACHC encodes an enzyme required for cobalamin processing and variants in this gene result in the accumulation of two metabolites: methylmalonic acid (MMA) and homocysteine (HC). Interestingly, other inborn errors of cobalamin metabolism, such as cblX syndrome, are associated with mild facial phenotypes. However, the presence and severity of MMA and HC accumulation in cblX syndrome is not consistent with the presence or absence of facial phenotypes. Thus, the mechanisms by which mutation of MMACHC cause craniofacial defects have not been completely elucidated. Here we have characterized the craniofacial phenotypes in a zebrafish model of cblC ( hg13 ) and performed restoration experiments with either wildtype or a cobalamin binding deficient MMACHC protein. Homozygous mutants did not display gross morphological defects in facial development, but did have abnormal chondrocyte intercalation, which was fully penetrant. Abnormal chondrocyte intercalation was not associated with defects in the expression/localization of neural crest specific markers, sox10 or barx1 . Most importantly, chondrocyte organization was fully restored by wildtype MMACHC and a cobalamin binding deficient variant of MMACHC protein. Collectively, these data suggest that mutation of MMACHC causes mild to moderate craniofacial phenotypes that are independent of cobalamin binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Paz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968 USA
| | - Briana E Pinales
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968 USA
| | - Barbara S Castellanos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968 USA
| | - Isaiah Perez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968 USA
| | - Claudia B Gil
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968 USA
| | - Lourdes Jimenez Madrigal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968 USA
| | - Nayeli G Reyes-Nava
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968 USA
| | - Victoria L Castro
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968 USA
| | - Jennifer L Sloan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968 USA
| | - Anita M Quintana
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968 USA
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Jones AA, Diamantopoulou E, Baxendale S, Whitfield TT. Presence of chondroitin sulphate and requirement for heparan sulphate biosynthesis in the developing zebrafish inner ear. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:959624. [PMID: 36092694 PMCID: PMC9458858 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.959624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial morphogenesis to form the semicircular canal ducts of the zebrafish inner ear depends on the production of the large glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan, which is thought to contribute to the driving force that pushes projections of epithelium into the lumen of the otic vesicle. Proteoglycans are also implicated in otic morphogenesis: several of the genes coding for proteoglycan core proteins, together with enzymes that synthesise and modify their polysaccharide chains, are expressed in the developing zebrafish inner ear. In this study, we demonstrate the highly specific localisation of chondroitin sulphate to the sites of epithelial projection outgrowth in the ear, present before any morphological deformation of the epithelium. Staining for chondroitin sulphate is also present in the otolithic membrane, whereas the otoliths are strongly positive for keratan sulphate. We show that heparan sulphate biosynthesis is critical for normal epithelial projection outgrowth, otolith growth and tethering. In the ext2 mutant ear, which has reduced heparan sulphate levels, but continues to produce hyaluronan, epithelial projections are rudimentary, and do not grow sufficiently to meet and fuse to form the pillars of tissue that normally span the otic lumen. Staining for chondroitin sulphate and expression of versican b, a chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan core protein gene, persist abnormally at high levels in the unfused projections of the ext2 mutant ear. We propose a model for wild-type epithelial projection outgrowth in which hyaluronan and proteoglycans are linked to form a hydrated gel that fills the projection core, with both classes of molecule playing essential roles in zebrafish semicircular canal morphogenesis.
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6
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Nguyen SV, Lanni D, Xu Y, Michaelson JS, McMenamin SK. Dynamics of the Zebrafish Skeleton in Three Dimensions During Juvenile and Adult Development. Front Physiol 2022; 13:875866. [PMID: 35721557 PMCID: PMC9204358 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.875866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish are a valuable model for normal vertebrate skeletogenesis and the study of myriad bone disorders. Bones grow, ossify and change shape throughout the zebrafish lifetime, and 3D technologies allow us to examine skeletogenic processes in detail through late developmental stages. To facilitate analysis of shape, orientation and tissue density of skeletal elements throughout ontogeny and adulthood, we generated a high-resolution skeletal reference dataset of wild-type zebrafish development. Using microCT technology, we produced 3D models of the skeletons of individuals ranging from 12 to 25 mm standard length (SL). We analyzed the dynamics of skeletal density and volume as they increase during juvenile and adult growth. Our resource allows anatomical comparisons between meristic units within an individual-e.g., we show that the vertebral canal width increases posteriorly along the spine. Further, structures may be compared between individuals at different body sizes: we highlight the shape changes that the lower jaw undergoes as fish mature from juvenile to adult. We show that even reproductively mature adult zebrafish (17-25 mm SL) continue to undergo substantial changes in skeletal morphology and composition with continued adult growth. We provide a segmented model of the adult skull and a series of interactive 3D PDFs at a range of key stages. These resources allow changes in the skeleton to be assessed quantitatively and qualitatively through late stages of development, and can serve as anatomical references for both research and education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy V Nguyen
- Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Dominic Lanni
- Biology Department, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY, United States
| | - Yongqi Xu
- Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - James S Michaelson
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sarah K McMenamin
- Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
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7
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Iwasaki M, Kawakami K, Wada H. Remodeling of the hyomandibular skeleton and facial nerve positioning during embryonic and postembryonic development of teleost fish. Dev Biol 2022; 489:134-145. [PMID: 35750208 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The vertebrate skeleton changes its shape during development through the activities of chondrocytes, osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Although much is known about the mechanisms for differentiation in these cells, it is less understood how they behave in a region-specific manner to acquire unique bone shapes. To address this question, we investigated the development of the hyomandibular (Hm) system in zebrafish. The Hm originates as cartilage carrying a single foramen (the Hm foramen), through which the facial (VII) nerve passes. We reveal that Schwann cells, which myelinate the VII nerve, regulate rearrangement of the chondrocytes to enlarge the Hm foramen. The Hm cartilage then becomes ossified in the perichondrium, where the marrow chondrocytes are replaced by adipocytes. Then, the bone matrix along the VII nerve is resorbed by osteoclasts, generating a gateway to the bone marrow. Subsequent movement of the VII nerve into the marrow, followed by deposition of new bone matrix, isolates the nerve from the jaw muscle insertion. Genetic ablation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts reveals specific roles of these cells during remodeling processes. Interestingly, the VII nerve relocation does not occur in medaka; instead, bone deposition distinct from those in zebrafish separates the VII nerve from the muscle insertion. Our results define novel mechanisms for skeletal remodeling, by which the bone shapes in a region- and species-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Iwasaki
- College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Koichi Kawakami
- National Institute of Genetics; Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Hironori Wada
- College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan.
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8
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Probiotics Enhance Bone Growth and Rescue BMP Inhibition: New Transgenic Zebrafish Lines to Study Bone Health. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094748. [PMID: 35563140 PMCID: PMC9102566 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish larvae, especially gene-specific mutants and transgenic lines, are increasingly used to study vertebrate skeletal development and human pathologies such as osteoporosis, osteopetrosis and osteoarthritis. Probiotics have been recognized in recent years as a prophylactic treatment for various bone health issues in humans. Here, we present two new zebrafish transgenic lines containing the coding sequences for fluorescent proteins inserted into the endogenous genes for sp7 and col10a1a with larvae displaying fluorescence in developing osteoblasts and the bone extracellular matrix (mineralized or non-mineralized), respectively. Furthermore, we use these transgenic lines to show that exposure to two different probiotics, Bacillus subtilis and Lactococcus lactis, leads to an increase in osteoblast formation and bone matrix growth and mineralization. Gene expression analysis revealed the effect of the probiotics, particularly Bacillus subtilis, in modulating several skeletal development genes, such as runx2, sp7, spp1 and col10a1a, further supporting their ability to improve bone health. Bacillus subtilis was the more potent probiotic able to significantly reverse the inhibition of bone matrix formation when larvae were exposed to a BMP inhibitor (LDN212854).
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Le Pabic P, Dranow DB, Hoyle DJ, Schilling TF. Zebrafish endochondral growth zones as they relate to human bone size, shape and disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1060187. [PMID: 36561564 PMCID: PMC9763315 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1060187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on the genetic mechanisms underlying human skeletal development and disease have largely relied on studies in mice. However, recently the zebrafish has emerged as a popular model for skeletal research. Despite anatomical differences such as a lack of long bones in their limbs and no hematopoietic bone marrow, both the cell types in cartilage and bone as well as the genetic pathways that regulate their development are remarkably conserved between teleost fish and humans. Here we review recent studies that highlight this conservation, focusing specifically on the cartilaginous growth zones (GZs) of endochondral bones. GZs can be unidirectional such as the growth plates (GPs) of long bones in tetrapod limbs or bidirectional, such as in the synchondroses of the mammalian skull base. In addition to endochondral growth, GZs play key roles in cartilage maturation and replacement by bone. Recent studies in zebrafish suggest key roles for cartilage polarity in GZ function, surprisingly early establishment of signaling systems that regulate cartilage during embryonic development, and important roles for cartilage proliferation rather than hypertrophy in bone size. Despite anatomical differences, there are now many zebrafish models for human skeletal disorders including mutations in genes that cause defects in cartilage associated with endochondral GZs. These point to conserved developmental mechanisms, some of which operate both in cranial GZs and limb GPs, as well as others that act earlier or in parallel to known GP regulators. Experimental advantages of zebrafish for genetic screens, high resolution live imaging and drug screens, set the stage for many novel insights into causes and potential therapies for human endochondral bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Le Pabic
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Willmington, NC, United States
- *Correspondence: Pierre Le Pabic, ; Thomas F. Schilling,
| | - Daniel B. Dranow
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Diego J. Hoyle
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Thomas F. Schilling
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Pierre Le Pabic, ; Thomas F. Schilling,
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Marí-Beffa M, Mesa-Román AB, Duran I. Zebrafish Models for Human Skeletal Disorders. Front Genet 2021; 12:675331. [PMID: 34490030 PMCID: PMC8418114 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.675331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2019, the Nosology Committee of the International Skeletal Dysplasia Society provided an updated version of the Nosology and Classification of Genetic Skeletal Disorders. This is a reference list of recognized diseases in humans and their causal genes published to help clinician diagnosis and scientific research advances. Complementary to mammalian models, zebrafish has emerged as an interesting species to evaluate chemical treatments against these human skeletal disorders. Due to its versatility and the low cost of experiments, more than 80 models are currently available. In this article, we review the state-of-art of this “aquarium to bedside” approach describing the models according to the list provided by the Nosology Committee. With this, we intend to stimulate research in the appropriate direction to efficiently meet the actual needs of clinicians under the scope of the Nosology Committee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Marí-Beffa
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, IBIMA, Málaga, Spain.,Networking Biomedical Research Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology-BIONAND, Málaga, Spain
| | - Ana B Mesa-Román
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, IBIMA, Málaga, Spain
| | - Ivan Duran
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, IBIMA, Málaga, Spain.,Networking Biomedical Research Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology-BIONAND, Málaga, Spain
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11
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Printzi A, Fragkoulis S, Dimitriadi A, Keklikoglou K, Arvanitidis C, Witten PE, Koumoundouros G. Exercise-induced lordosis in zebrafish Danio rerio (Hamilton, 1822). JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2021; 98:987-994. [PMID: 31858594 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The anabolic effect of exercise on muscles and bones is well documented. In teleost fish, exercise has been shown to accelerate skeletogenesis, to increase bone volume, and to change the shape of vertebral bodies. Still, increased swimming has also been reported to induce malformations of the teleost vertebral column, particularly lordosis. This study examines whether zebrafish (Danio rerio) develops lordosis as a result of continuous physical exercise. Zebrafish were subjected, for 1 week, to an increased swimming exercise of 5.0, 6.5 or 8.0 total body lengths (TL) per second. Control and exercise group zebrafish were examined for the presence of vertebral abnormalities, by in vivo examination, whole mount staining for bone and cartilage and histology and micro-computed tomography (CT) scanning. Exercise zebrafish developed a significantly higher rate of lordosis in the haemal part of the vertebral column. At the end of the experiment, the frequency of lordosis in the control groups was 0.5 ± 1.3% and that in the exercise groups was 7.5 ± 10.6%, 47.5 ± 10.6% and 92.5 ± 6.0% of 5.0, 6.5 and 8.0 TL∙s-1 , respectively. Histological analysis and CT scanning revealed abnormal vertebrae with dorsal folding of the vertebral body end plates. Possible mechanisms that trigger lordotic spine malformations are discussed. This is the first study to report a quick, reliable and welfare-compatible method of inducing skeletal abnormalities in a vertebrate model during the post-embryonic period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Printzi
- Biology Department, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | | | | | - Kleoniki Keklikoglou
- Institute for Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Christos Arvanitidis
- Institute for Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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12
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Filipek-Górniok B, Habicher J, Ledin J, Kjellén L. Heparan Sulfate Biosynthesis in Zebrafish. J Histochem Cytochem 2020; 69:49-60. [PMID: 33216642 DOI: 10.1369/0022155420973980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The biosynthesis of heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans occurs in the Golgi compartment of cells and will determine the sulfation pattern of HS chains, which in turn will have a large impact on the biological activity of the proteoglycans. Earlier studies in mice have demonstrated the importance of HS for embryonic development. In this review, the enzymes participating in zebrafish HS biosynthesis, along with a description of enzyme mutants available for functional studies, are presented. The consequences of the zebrafish genome duplication and maternal transcript contribution are briefly discussed as are the possibilities of CRISPR/Cas9 methodologies to use the zebrafish model system for studies of biosynthesis as well as proteoglycan biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Filipek-Górniok
- Department of Organismal Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Judith Habicher
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Ledin
- Department of Organismal Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lena Kjellén
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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13
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Liu S, Narumi R, Ikeda N, Morita O, Tasaki J. Chemical-induced craniofacial anomalies caused by disruption of neural crest cell development in a zebrafish model. Dev Dyn 2020; 249:794-815. [PMID: 32314458 PMCID: PMC7384000 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Craniofacial anomalies are among the most frequent birth defects worldwide, and are thought to be caused by gene‐environment interactions. Genetically manipulated zebrafish simulate human diseases and provide great advantages for investigating the etiology and pathology of craniofacial anomalies. Although substantial advances have been made in understanding genetic factors causing craniofacial disorders, limited information about the etiology by which environmental factors, such as teratogens, induce craniofacial anomalies is available in zebrafish. Results Zebrafish embryos displayed craniofacial malformations after teratogen treatments. Further observations revealed characteristic disruption of chondrocyte number, shape and stacking. These findings suggested aberrant development of cranial neural crest (CNC) cells, which was confirmed by gene expression analysis of the CNC. Notably, these observations suggested conserved etiological pathways between zebrafish and mammals including human. Furthermore, several of these chemicals caused malformations of the eyes, otic vesicle, and/or heart, representing a phenocopy of neurocristopathy, and these chemicals altered the expression levels of the responsible genes. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that chemical‐induced craniofacial malformation is caused by aberrant development of neural crest. This study indicates that zebrafish provide a platform for investigating contributions of environmental factors as causative agents of craniofacial anomalies and neurocristopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujie Liu
- R&D, Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Rika Narumi
- R&D, Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Naohiro Ikeda
- R&D, Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Osamu Morita
- R&D, Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Junichi Tasaki
- R&D, Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, Tochigi, Japan
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14
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Busse B, Galloway JL, Gray RS, Harris MP, Kwon RY. Zebrafish: An Emerging Model for Orthopedic Research. J Orthop Res 2020; 38:925-936. [PMID: 31773769 PMCID: PMC7162720 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Advances in next-generation sequencing have transformed our ability to identify genetic variants associated with clinical disorders of the musculoskeletal system. However, the means to functionally validate and analyze the physiological repercussions of genetic variation have lagged behind the rate of genetic discovery. The zebrafish provides an efficient model to leverage genetic analysis in an in vivo context. Its utility for orthopedic research is becoming evident in regard to both candidate gene validation as well as therapeutic discovery in tissues such as bone, tendon, muscle, and cartilage. With the development of new genetic and analytical tools to better assay aspects of skeletal tissue morphology, mineralization, composition, and biomechanics, researchers are emboldened to systematically approach how the skeleton develops and to identify the root causes, and potential treatments, of skeletal disease. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 38:925-936, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Busse
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 22529, Hamburg, Germany,all authors contributed equally to this work and are listed in alphabetical order
| | - Jenna L. Galloway
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge Street Boston, MA 02114, United States of America,all authors contributed equally to this work and are listed in alphabetical order
| | - Ryan S. Gray
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Dell Medical School, Austin, Texas, United States of America,all authors contributed equally to this work and are listed in alphabetical order
| | - Matthew P. Harris
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School; Department of Orthopedic Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, United States of America.,all authors contributed equally to this work and are listed in alphabetical order
| | - Ronald Y. Kwon
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine; Department of Mechanical Engineering; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America,all authors contributed equally to this work and are listed in alphabetical order
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15
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Tonelli F, Bek JW, Besio R, De Clercq A, Leoni L, Salmon P, Coucke PJ, Willaert A, Forlino A. Zebrafish: A Resourceful Vertebrate Model to Investigate Skeletal Disorders. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:489. [PMID: 32849280 PMCID: PMC7416647 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models are essential tools for addressing fundamental scientific questions about skeletal diseases and for the development of new therapeutic approaches. Traditionally, mice have been the most common model organism in biomedical research, but their use is hampered by several limitations including complex generation, demanding investigation of early developmental stages, regulatory restrictions on breeding, and high maintenance cost. The zebrafish has been used as an efficient alternative vertebrate model for the study of human skeletal diseases, thanks to its easy genetic manipulation, high fecundity, external fertilization, transparency of rapidly developing embryos, and low maintenance cost. Furthermore, zebrafish share similar skeletal cells and ossification types with mammals. In the last decades, the use of both forward and new reverse genetics techniques has resulted in the generation of many mutant lines carrying skeletal phenotypes associated with human diseases. In addition, transgenic lines expressing fluorescent proteins under bone cell- or pathway- specific promoters enable in vivo imaging of differentiation and signaling at the cellular level. Despite the small size of the zebrafish, many traditional techniques for skeletal phenotyping, such as x-ray and microCT imaging and histological approaches, can be applied using the appropriate equipment and custom protocols. The ability of adult zebrafish to remodel skeletal tissues can be exploited as a unique tool to investigate bone formation and repair. Finally, the permeability of embryos to chemicals dissolved in water, together with the availability of large numbers of small-sized animals makes zebrafish a perfect model for high-throughput bone anabolic drug screening. This review aims to discuss the techniques that make zebrafish a powerful model to investigate the molecular and physiological basis of skeletal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Tonelli
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Jan Willem Bek
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Center of Medical Genetics, Ghent University-University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Roberta Besio
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Adelbert De Clercq
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Center of Medical Genetics, Ghent University-University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Laura Leoni
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Paul J. Coucke
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Center of Medical Genetics, Ghent University-University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andy Willaert
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Center of Medical Genetics, Ghent University-University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Antonella Forlino
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- *Correspondence: Antonella Forlino
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16
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Khalil R, Lalai RA, Wiweger MI, Avramut CM, Koster AJ, Spaink HP, Bruijn JA, Hogendoorn PCW, Baelde HJ. Glomerular permeability is not affected by heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan deficiency in zebrafish embryos. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 317:F1211-F1216. [PMID: 31461353 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00126.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteinuria develops when specific components in the glomerular filtration barrier have impaired function. Although the precise components involved in maintaining this barrier have not been fully identified, heparan sulfate proteoglycans are believed to play an essential role in maintaining glomerular filtration. Although in situ studies have shown that a loss of heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans increases the permeability of the glomerular filtration barrier, recent studies using experimental models have shown that podocyte-specific deletion of heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan assembly does not lead to proteinuria. However, tubular reabsorption of leaked proteins might have masked an increase in glomerular permeability in these models. Furthermore, not only podocytes but also glomerular endothelial cells are involved in heparan sulfate synthesis in the glomerular filtration barrier. Therefore, we investigated the effect of a global heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan deficiency on glomerular permeability. We used a zebrafish embryo model carrying a homozygous germline mutation in the ext2 gene. Glomerular permeability was assessed with a quantitative dextran tracer injection method. In this model, we accounted for tubular reabsorption. Loss of anionic sites in the glomerular basement membrane was measured using polyethyleneimine staining. Although mutant animals had significantly fewer negatively charged areas in the glomerular basement membrane, glomerular permeability was unaffected. Moreover, heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan-deficient embryos had morphologically intact podocyte foot processes. Glomerular filtration remains fully functional despite a global reduction of heparan sulfate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramzi Khalil
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Reshma A Lalai
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Cristina M Avramut
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Abraham J Koster
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Herman P Spaink
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jan A Bruijn
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Hans J Baelde
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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17
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Lleras-Forero L, Winkler C, Schulte-Merker S. Zebrafish and medaka as models for biomedical research of bone diseases. Dev Biol 2019; 457:191-205. [PMID: 31325453 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The identification of disease-causing mutations has in recent years progressed immensely due to whole genome sequencing approaches using patient material. The task accordingly is shifting from gene identification to functional analysis of putative disease-causing genes, preferably in an in vivo setting which also allows testing of drug candidates or biotherapeutics in whole animal disease models. In this review, we highlight the advances made in the field of bone diseases using small laboratory fish, focusing on zebrafish and medaka. We particularly highlight those human conditions where teleost models are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lleras-Forero
- Institute for Cardiovascular Organogenesis and Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine, WWU Münster, Mendelstrasse 7, 48149 Münster, Germany; CiM Cluster of Excellence (EXC-1003-CiM), Münster, Germany.
| | - C Winkler
- Department of Biological Sciences and Centre for Bioimaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 04, 117558 Singapore
| | - S Schulte-Merker
- Institute for Cardiovascular Organogenesis and Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine, WWU Münster, Mendelstrasse 7, 48149 Münster, Germany; CiM Cluster of Excellence (EXC-1003-CiM), Münster, Germany.
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18
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Yang C, Zhang R, Lin H, Wang H. Insights into the molecular regulatory network of pathomechanisms in osteochondroma. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:16362-16369. [PMID: 31211456 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Osteochondroma is a benign autosomal dominant hereditary disease characterized by abnormal proliferation of cartilage in the long bone. It is divided into solitary osteochondroma and hereditary multiple exostoses (HMEs). The exostosin-1 (EXT-1) and exostosin-2 (EXT-2) gene mutations are well-defined molecular mechanisms in the pathogenesis of HME. EXT-1 and EXT-2 encode glycosyltransferases that are necessary for the synthesis of heparin sulfate. Accumulating evidence suggests that mutations in the EXT family induce changes in isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism-parathyroid hormone-related protein, bone morphogenetic protein, and fibroblast growth factor signaling pathways. Studies have also found that a large number of microRNAs (miRNAs) are abnormally expressed in osteochondroma tissues, and some of them also participate in several major signaling pathways. The regulation of miRNA expression could be another breakthrough in the treatment of osteochondroma. Although the pathogenesis of osteochondroma is very complicated, significant progress has been made in recent years. It is hoped that the pathogenesis of osteochondroma will be clearly understood and the most effective methods for the prevention and treatment of osteochondroma will be determined. This review provides an update on the recent progress in the interpretation of the underlying molecular mechanisms of osteochondroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congyi Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China.,Queen Mary School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ruiqian Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China.,Queen Mary School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hui Lin
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hongmei Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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19
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Lawrence EA, Kague E, Aggleton JA, Harniman RL, Roddy KA, Hammond CL. The mechanical impact of col11a2 loss on joints; col11a2 mutant zebrafish show changes to joint development and function, which leads to early-onset osteoarthritis. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 373:rstb.2017.0335. [PMID: 30249781 PMCID: PMC6158203 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagen is the major structural component of cartilage, and mutations in the genes encoding type XI collagen are associated with severe skeletal dysplasias (fibrochondrogenesis and Stickler syndrome) and early-onset osteoarthritis (OA). The impact of the lack of type XI collagen on cell behaviour and mechanical performance during skeleton development is unknown. We studied a zebrafish mutant for col11a2 and evaluated cartilage, bone development and mechanical properties to address this. We show that in col11a2 mutants, type II collagen is made but is prematurely degraded in maturing cartilage and ectopically expressed in the joint. These changes are correlated with increased stiffness of both bone and cartilage; quantified using atomic force microscopy. In the mutants, the skeletal rudiment terminal region in the jaw joint is broader and the interzone smaller. These differences in shape and material properties impact on joint function and mechanical performance, which we modelled using finite element analyses. Finally, we show that col11a2 heterozygous carriers reach adulthood but show signs of severe early-onset OA. Taken together, our data demonstrate a key role for type XI collagen in maintaining the properties of cartilage matrix; which when lost leads to alterations to cell behaviour that give rise to joint pathologies.This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Mechanics of development'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Lawrence
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Erika Kague
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Jessye A Aggleton
- School of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1UU, UK
| | | | - Karen A Roddy
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Chrissy L Hammond
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
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20
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Piombo V, Jochmann K, Hoffmann D, Wuelling M, Vortkamp A. Signaling systems affecting the severity of multiple osteochondromas. Bone 2018; 111:71-81. [PMID: 29545125 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Multiple osteochondromas (MO) syndrome is a dominant autosomal bone disorder characterized by the formation of cartilage-capped bony outgrowths that develop at the juxtaposition of the growth plate of endochondral bones. MO has been linked to mutations in either EXT1 or EXT2, two glycosyltransferases required for the synthesis of heparan sulfate (HS). The establishment of mouse mutants demonstrated that a clonal, homozygous loss of Ext1 in a wild type background leads to the development of osteochondromas. Here we investigate mechanisms that might contribute to the variation in the severity of the disease observed in human patients. Our results show that residual amounts of HS are sufficient to prevent the development of osteochondromas strongly supporting that loss of heterozygosity is required for osteochondroma formation. Furthermore, we demonstrate that different signaling pathways affect size and frequency of the osteochondromas thereby modulating the severity of the disease. Reduced Fgfr3 signaling, which regulates proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes, increases osteochondroma number, while activated Fgfr3 signaling reduces osteochondroma size. Both, activation and reduction of Wnt/β-catenin signaling decrease osteochondroma size and frequency by interfering with the chondrogenic fate of the mutant cells. Reduced Ihh signaling does not change the development of the osteochondromas, while elevated Ihh signaling increases the cellularity and inhibits chondrocyte differentiation in a subset of osteochondromas and might thus predispose osteochondromas to the transformation into chondrosarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Piombo
- Department of Developmental Biology, Centre of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Katja Jochmann
- Department of Developmental Biology, Centre of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Daniel Hoffmann
- Research Group Bioinformatics, Centre of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Manuela Wuelling
- Department of Developmental Biology, Centre of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Andrea Vortkamp
- Department of Developmental Biology, Centre of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
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21
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Extracellular matrix: The driving force of mammalian diseases. Matrix Biol 2018; 71-72:1-9. [PMID: 29625183 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Like the major theme of a Mozart concerto, the immense and pervasive extracellular matrix drives each movement and ultimately closes the symphony, embracing a unique role as the fundamental mediator for most, if not all, ensuing intracellular events. As such, it comes as no surprise that the mechanism of just about every known disease can be traced back to some part of the matrix, typically in the form of an abnormal amount or activity level of a particular matrix component. These defects considerably affect downstream signaling axes leading to overt cellular dysfunction, organ failure, and death. From skin to bone, from vessels to brain, from eyes to all the internal organs, the matrix plays an incredible role as both a cause and potential means to reverse diseases. Human malaises including connective tissue disorders, muscular dystrophy, fibrosis, and cancer are all extracellular matrix-driven diseases. The ability to understand and modulate these matrix-related mechanisms may lead to the future discovery of novel therapeutic options for these patients.
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22
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Phan AQ, Pacifici M, Esko JD. Advances in the pathogenesis and possible treatments for multiple hereditary exostoses from the 2016 international MHE conference. Connect Tissue Res 2018; 59:85-98. [PMID: 29099240 PMCID: PMC7604901 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2017.1394295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Multiple hereditary exostoses (MHE) is an autosomal dominant disorder that affects about 1 in 50,000 children worldwide. MHE, also known as hereditary multiple exostoses (HME) or multiple osteochondromas (MO), is characterized by cartilage-capped outgrowths called osteochondromas that develop adjacent to the growth plates of skeletal elements in young patients. These benign tumors can affect growth plate function, leading to skeletal growth retardation, or deformations, and can encroach on nerves, tendons, muscles, and other surrounding tissues and cause motion impairment, chronic pain, and early onset osteoarthritis. In about 2-5% of patients, the osteochondromas can become malignant and life threatening. Current treatments consist of surgical removal of the most symptomatic tumors and correction of the major skeletal defects, but physical difficulties and chronic pain usually continue and patients may undergo multiple surgeries throughout life. Thus, there is an urgent need to find new treatments to prevent or reverse osteochondroma formation. The 2016 International MHE Research Conference was convened to provide a forum for the presentation of the most up-to-date and advanced clinical and basic science data and insights in MHE and related fields; to stimulate the forging of new perspectives, collaborations, and venues of research; and to publicize key scientific findings within the biomedical research community and share insights and relevant information with MHE patients and their families. This report provides a description, review, and assessment of all the exciting and promising studies presented at the Conference and delineates a general roadmap for future MHE research targets and goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Q. Phan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Maurizio Pacifici
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Esko
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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23
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Pacifici M. The pathogenic roles of heparan sulfate deficiency in hereditary multiple exostoses. Matrix Biol 2017; 71-72:28-39. [PMID: 29277722 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is an essential component of cell surface and matrix proteoglycans (HS-PGs) that include syndecans and perlecan. Because of their unique structural features, the HS chains are able to specifically interact with signaling proteins -including bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs)- via their HS-binding domain, regulating protein availability, distribution and action on target cells. Hereditary Multiple Exostoses (HME) is a rare pediatric disorder linked to germline heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in EXT1 or EXT2 that encode Golgi-resident glycosyltransferases responsible for HS synthesis, resulting in a systemic HS deficiency. HME is characterized by cartilaginous/bony tumors -called osteochondromas or exostoses- that form within perichondrium in long bones, ribs and other elements. This review examines most recent studies in HME, framing them in the context of classic studies. New findings show that the spectrum of EXT mutations is larger than previously realized and the clinical complications of HME extend beyond the skeleton. Osteochondroma development requires a somatic "second hit" that would complement the germline EXT mutation to further decrease HS production and/levels at perichondrial sites of osteochondroma induction. Cellular studies have shown that the steep decreases in local HS levels: derange the normal homeostatic signaling pathways keeping perichondrium mesenchymal; cause excessive BMP signaling; and provoke ectopic chondrogenesis and osteochondroma formation. Data from HME mouse models have revealed that systemic treatment with a BMP signaling antagonist markedly reduces osteochondroma formation. In sum, recent studies have provided major new insights into the molecular and cellular pathogenesis of HME and the roles played by HS deficiency. These new insights have led to the first ever proof-of-principle demonstration that osteochondroma formation is a druggable process, paving the way toward the creation of a clinically-relevant treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Pacifici
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
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24
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Abstract
A CRISPR screen conducted in a CD4+ T cell leukemia line has identified host factors required for HIV infection but dispensable for cellular survival. The results highlight sulfation on the HIV co-receptor CCR5 and cellular aggregation as potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
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25
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Abstract
The zebrafish skeleton shares many similarities with human and other vertebrate skeletons. Over the past years, work in zebrafish has provided an extensive understanding of the basic developmental mechanisms and cellular pathways directing skeletal development and homeostasis. This review will focus on the cell biology of cartilage and bone and how the basic cellular processes within chondrocytes and osteocytes function to assemble the structural frame of a vertebrate body. We will discuss fundamental functions of skeletal cells in production and secretion of extracellular matrix and cellular activities leading to differentiation of progenitors to mature cells that make up the skeleton. We highlight important examples where findings in zebrafish provided direction for the search for genes causing human skeletal defects and also how zebrafish research has proven important for validating candidate human disease genes. The work we cover here illustrates utility of zebrafish in unraveling molecular mechanisms of cellular functions necessary to form and maintain a healthy skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauryn N Luderman
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States; Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Gokhan Unlu
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States; Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States; Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Ela W Knapik
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States; Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States; Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States.
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26
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Langford R, Hurrion E, Dawson PA. Genetics and pathophysiology of mammalian sulfate biology. J Genet Genomics 2017; 44:7-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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27
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Park RJ, Wang T, Koundakjian D, Hultquist JF, Lamothe-Molina P, Monel B, Schumann K, Yu H, Krupzcak KM, Garcia-Beltran W, Piechocka-Trocha A, Krogan NJ, Marson A, Sabatini DM, Lander ES, Hacohen N, Walker BD. A genome-wide CRISPR screen identifies a restricted set of HIV host dependency factors. Nat Genet 2016; 49:193-203. [PMID: 27992415 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Host proteins are essential for HIV entry and replication and can be important nonviral therapeutic targets. Large-scale RNA interference (RNAi)-based screens have identified nearly a thousand candidate host factors, but there is little agreement among studies and few factors have been validated. Here we demonstrate that a genome-wide CRISPR-based screen identifies host factors in a physiologically relevant cell system. We identify five factors, including the HIV co-receptors CD4 and CCR5, that are required for HIV infection yet are dispensable for cellular proliferation and viability. Tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase 2 (TPST2) and solute carrier family 35 member B2 (SLC35B2) function in a common pathway to sulfate CCR5 on extracellular tyrosine residues, facilitating CCR5 recognition by the HIV envelope. Activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM) mediates cell aggregation, which is required for cell-to-cell HIV transmission. We validated these pathways in primary human CD4+ T cells through Cas9-mediated knockout and antibody blockade. Our findings indicate that HIV infection and replication rely on a limited set of host-dispensable genes and suggest that these pathways can be studied for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Park
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tim Wang
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dylan Koundakjian
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Judd F Hultquist
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, QB3, University of California at San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA.,Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Pedro Lamothe-Molina
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Biological Sciences in Public Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Blandine Monel
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kathrin Schumann
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Haiyan Yu
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kevin M Krupzcak
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wilfredo Garcia-Beltran
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alicja Piechocka-Trocha
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nevan J Krogan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, QB3, University of California at San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA.,Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Alexander Marson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Diabetes Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Innovative Genomics Initiative (IGI), University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA.,UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - David M Sabatini
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eric S Lander
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nir Hacohen
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bruce D Walker
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Institute of Medical Engineering and Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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28
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Ling IT, Rochard L, Liao EC. Distinct requirements of wls, wnt9a, wnt5b and gpc4 in regulating chondrocyte maturation and timing of endochondral ossification. Dev Biol 2016; 421:219-232. [PMID: 27908786 PMCID: PMC5266562 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Formation of the mandible requires progressive morphologic change, proliferation, differentiation and organization of chondrocytes preceding osteogenesis. The Wnt signaling pathway is involved in regulating bone development and maintenance. Chondrocytes that are fated to become bone require Wnt to polarize and orientate appropriately to initiate the endochondral ossification program. Although the canonical Wnt signaling has been well studied in the context of bone development, the effects of non-canonical Wnt signaling in regulating the timing of cartilage maturation and subsequent bone formation in shaping ventral craniofacial structure is not fully understood.. Here we examined the role of the non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway (wls, gpc4, wnt5b and wnt9a) in regulating zebrafish Meckel's cartilage maturation to the onset of osteogenic differentiation. We found that disruption of wls resulted in a significant loss of craniofacial bone, whereas lack of gpc4, wnt5b and wnt9a resulted in severely delayed endochondral ossification. This study demonstrates the importance of the non-canonical Wnt pathway in regulating coordinated ventral cartilage morphogenesis and ossification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irving Tc Ling
- Center for Regenerative Medic ine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Shriners Hospital for Children, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; School of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow University, UK
| | - Lucie Rochard
- Center for Regenerative Medic ine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Shriners Hospital for Children, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Eric C Liao
- Center for Regenerative Medic ine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Shriners Hospital for Children, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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29
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Abstract
Tendons are important components of our musculoskeletal system. Injuries to these tissues are very common, resulting from occupational-related injuries, sports-related trauma, and age-related degeneration. Unfortunately, there are few treatment options, and current therapies rarely restore injured tendons to their original function. An improved understanding of the pathways regulating their development and repair would have significant impact in stimulating the formulation of regenerative-based approaches for tendon injury. The zebrafish provides an ideal system in which to perform genetic and chemical screens to identify new pathways involved in tendon biology. Until recently, there had been few descriptions of tendons and ligaments in the zebrafish and their similarity to mammalian tendon tissues. In this chapter, we describe the development of the zebrafish tendon and ligament tissues in the context of their gene expression, structure, and interactions with neighboring musculoskeletal tissues. We highlight the similarities with tendon development in higher vertebrates, showing that the craniofacial tendons and ligaments in zebrafish morphologically, molecularly, and structurally resemble mammalian tendons and ligaments from embryonic to adult stages. We detail methods for fluorescent in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry as an assay to examine morphological changes in the zebrafish musculoskeleton. Staining assays such as these could provide the foundation for screen-based approaches to identify new regulators of tendon development, morphogenesis, and repair. These discoveries would provide new targets and pathways to study in the context of regenerative medicine-based approaches to improve tendon healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Chen
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - J L Galloway
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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30
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Witten PE, Harris MP, Huysseune A, Winkler C. Small teleost fish provide new insights into human skeletal diseases. Methods Cell Biol 2016; 138:321-346. [PMID: 28129851 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Small teleost fish such as zebrafish and medaka are increasingly studied as models for human skeletal diseases. Efficient new genome editing tools combined with advances in the analysis of skeletal phenotypes provide new insights into fundamental processes of skeletal development. The skeleton among vertebrates is a highly conserved organ system, but teleost fish and mammals have evolved unique traits or have lost particular skeletal elements in each lineage. Several unique features of the skeleton relate to the extremely small size of early fish embryos and the small size of adult fish used as models. A detailed analysis of the plethora of interesting skeletal phenotypes in zebrafish and medaka pushes available skeletal imaging techniques to their respective limits and promotes the development of new imaging techniques. Impressive numbers of zebrafish and medaka mutants with interesting skeletal phenotypes have been characterized, complemented by transgenic zebrafish and medaka lines. The advent of efficient genome editing tools, such as TALEN and CRISPR/Cas9, allows to introduce targeted deficiencies in genes of model teleosts to generate skeletal phenotypes that resemble human skeletal diseases. This review will also discuss other attractive aspects of the teleost skeleton. This includes the capacity for lifelong tooth replacement and for the regeneration of dermal skeletal elements, such as scales and fin rays, which further increases the value of zebrafish and medaka models for skeletal research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M P Harris
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - C Winkler
- National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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31
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Dierker T, Shao C, Haitina T, Zaia J, Hinas A, Kjellén L. Nematodes join the family of chondroitin sulfate-synthesizing organisms: Identification of an active chondroitin sulfotransferase in Caenorhabditis elegans. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34662. [PMID: 27703236 PMCID: PMC5050403 DOI: 10.1038/srep34662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycans are proteins that carry sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). They help form and maintain morphogen gradients, guiding cell migration and differentiation during animal development. While no sulfated GAGs have been found in marine sponges, chondroitin sulfate (CS) and heparan sulfate (HS) have been identified in Cnidarians, Lophotrocozoans and Ecdysozoans. The general view that nematodes such as Caenorhabditis elegans, which belong to Ecdysozoa, produce HS but only chondroitin without sulfation has therefore been puzzling. We have analyzed GAGs in C. elegans using reversed-phase ion-pairing HPLC, mass spectrometry and immunohistochemistry. Our analyses included wild type C. elegans but also a mutant lacking two HS sulfotransferases (hst-6 hst-2), as we suspected that the altered HS structure could boost CS sulfation. We could indeed detect sulfated CS in both wild type and mutant nematodes. While 4-O-sulfation of galactosamine dominated, we also detected 6-O-sulfated galactosamine residues. Finally, we identified the product of the gene C41C4.1 as a C. elegans CS-sulfotransferase and renamed it chst-1 (CarboHydrate SulfoTransferase) based on loss of CS-4-O-sulfation in a C41C4.1 mutant and in vitro sulfotransferase activity of recombinant C41C4.1 protein. We conclude that C. elegans indeed manufactures CS, making this widely used nematode an interesting model for developmental studies involving CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabea Dierker
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Chun Shao
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biochemistry, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, USA
| | - Tatjana Haitina
- Department of Organismal Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Joseph Zaia
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biochemistry, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, USA
| | - Andrea Hinas
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lena Kjellén
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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32
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Misu A, Yamanaka H, Aramaki T, Kondo S, Skerrett IM, Iovine MK, Watanabe M. Two Different Functions of Connexin43 Confer Two Different Bone Phenotypes in Zebrafish. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:12601-12611. [PMID: 27129238 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.720110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Fish remain nearly the same shape as they grow, but there are two different modes of bone growth. Bones in the tail fin (fin ray segments) are added distally at the tips of the fins and do not elongate once produced. On the other hand, vertebrae enlarge in proportion to body growth. To elucidate how bone growth is controlled, we investigated a zebrafish mutant, steopsel (stp(tl28d)). Vertebrae of stp(tl28d) (/+) fish look normal in larvae (∼30 days) but are distinctly shorter (59-81%) than vertebrae of wild type fish in adults. In contrast, the lengths of fin rays are only slightly shorter (∼95%) than those of the wild type in both larvae and adults. Positional cloning revealed that stp encodes Connexin43 (Cx43), a connexin that functions as a gap junction and hemichannel. Interestingly, cx43 was also identified as the gene causing the short-of-fin (sof) phenotype, in which the fin ray segments are shorter but the vertebrae are normal. To identify the cause of this difference between the alleles, we expressed Cx43 exogenously in Xenopus oocytes and performed electrophysiological analysis of the mutant proteins. Gap junction coupling induced by Cx43(stp) or Cx43(sof) was reduced compared with Cx43-WT. On the other hand, only Cx43(stp) induced abnormally high (50× wild type) transmembrane currents through hemichannels. Our results suggest that Cx43 plays critical and diverse roles in zebrafish bone growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Misu
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Yamanaka
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Aramaki
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kondo
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | | | - M Kathryn Iovine
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015
| | - Masakatsu Watanabe
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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33
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Brown DS, Eames BF. Emerging tools to study proteoglycan function during skeletal development. Methods Cell Biol 2016; 134:485-530. [PMID: 27312503 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the past 20years, appreciation for the varied roles of proteoglycans (PGs), which are specific types of sugar-coated proteins, has increased dramatically. PGs in the extracellular matrix were long known to impart structural functions to many tissues, especially articular cartilage, which cushions bones and allows mobility at skeletal joints. Indeed, osteoarthritis is a debilitating disease associated with loss of PGs in articular cartilage. Today, however, PGs have a demonstrated role in cell biological processes, such as growth factor signalling, prompting new perspectives on the etiology of PG-associated diseases. Here, we review diseases associated with defects in PG synthesis and sulfation, also highlighting current understanding of the underlying genetics, biochemistry, and cell biology. Since most research has analyzed a class of PGs called heparan sulfate PGs, more attention is paid here to studies of chondroitin sulfate PGs (CSPGs), which are abundant in cartilage. Interestingly, CSPG synthesis is tightly linked to the cell biological processes of secretion and lysosomal degradation, suggesting that these systems may be linked genetically. Animal models of loss of CSPG function have revealed CSPGs to impact skeletal development. Specifically, our work from a mutagenesis screen in zebrafish led to the hypothesis that cartilage PGs normally delay the timing of endochondral ossification. Finally, we outline emerging approaches in zebrafish that may revolutionize the study of cartilage PG function, including transgenic methods and novel imaging techniques. Our recent work with X-ray fluorescent imaging, for example, enables direct correlation of PG function with PG-dependent biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Brown
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - B F Eames
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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34
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Kague E, Roy P, Asselin G, Hu G, Simonet J, Stanley A, Albertson C, Fisher S. Osterix/Sp7 limits cranial bone initiation sites and is required for formation of sutures. Dev Biol 2016; 413:160-72. [PMID: 26992365 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
During growth, individual skull bones overlap at sutures, where osteoblast differentiation and bone deposition occur. Mutations causing skull malformations have revealed some required genes, but many aspects of suture regulation remain poorly understood. We describe a zebrafish mutation in osterix/sp7, which causes a generalized delay in osteoblast maturation. While most of the skeleton is patterned normally, mutants have specific defects in the anterior skull and upper jaw, and the top of the skull comprises a random mosaic of bones derived from individual initiation sites. Osteoblasts at the edges of the bones are highly proliferative and fail to differentiate, consistent with global changes in gene expression. We propose that signals from the bone itself are required for orderly recruitment of precursor cells and growth along the edges. The delay in bone maturation caused by loss of Sp7 leads to unregulated bone formation, revealing a new mechanism for patterning the skull and sutures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Kague
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Paula Roy
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Garrett Asselin
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Gui Hu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jacqueline Simonet
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alexandra Stanley
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Craig Albertson
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Shannon Fisher
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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35
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Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) have long been implicated in a wide range of cell-cell signaling and cell-matrix interactions, both in vitro and in vivo in invertebrate models. Although many of the genes that encode HSPG core proteins and the biosynthetic enzymes that generate and modify HSPG sugar chains have not yet been analyzed by genetics in vertebrates, recent studies have shown that HSPGs do indeed mediate a wide range of functions in early vertebrate development, for example during left-right patterning and in cardiovascular and neural development. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the various roles of HSPGs in these systems and explore the concept of an instructive heparan sulfate sugar code for modulating vertebrate development. Summary: This Review article examines the role of heparan sulfate proteoglycans in vertebrate development and explores the concept of an instructive 'sugar code' for modulating development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne E Poulain
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - H Joseph Yost
- University of Utah, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Department of Pediatrics, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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36
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Sisson BE, Dale RM, Mui SR, Topczewska JM, Topczewski J. A role of glypican4 and wnt5b in chondrocyte stacking underlying craniofacial cartilage morphogenesis. Mech Dev 2015; 138 Pt 3:279-90. [PMID: 26459057 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Wnt/Planar Cell Polarity (PCP) pathway controls cell morphology and behavior during animal development. Several zebrafish mutants were identified as having perturbed Wnt/PCP signaling. Many of these mutants have defects in craniofacial formation. To better understand the role that Wnt/PCP plays in craniofacial development we set out to identify which of the mutants, known to be associated with the Wnt/PCP pathway, perturb head cartilage formation by disrupting chondrocyte morphology. Here we demonstrate that while vang-like 2 (vangl2), wnt11 and scribbled (scrib) mutants have severe craniofacial morphogenesis defects they do not display the chondrocyte stacking and intercalation problems seen in glypican 4 (gpc4) and wnt5b mutants. The function of Gpc4 or Wnt5b appears to be important for chondrocyte organization, as the neural crest in both mutants is specified, undergoes migration, and differentiates into the same number of cells to compose the craniofacial cartilage elements. We demonstrate that Gpc4 activity is required cell autonomously in the chondrocytes and that the phenotype of single heterozygous mutants is slightly enhanced in embryos double heterozygous for wnt5b and gpc4. This data suggests a novel mechanism for Wnt5b and Gpc4 regulation of chondrocyte behavior that is independent of the core Wnt/PCP molecules and differs from their collaborative action of controlling cell movements during gastrulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara E Sisson
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Ripon College, Department of Biology, 300 Seward St., Ripon, WI 54971, USA.
| | - Rodney M Dale
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Loyola University Chicago, Department of Biology, Quinlan 222, 1032 W. Sheridan Rd., Chicago, IL 60660, USA.
| | - Stephanie R Mui
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Jolanta M Topczewska
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, 225 East Chicago Avenue, Box 93, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Jacek Topczewski
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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37
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Abstract
The formation of the face and skull involves a complex series of developmental events mediated by cells derived from the neural crest, endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. Although vertebrates boast an enormous diversity of adult facial morphologies, the fundamental signaling pathways and cellular events that sculpt the nascent craniofacial skeleton in the embryo have proven to be highly conserved from fish to man. The zebrafish Danio rerio, a small freshwater cyprinid fish from eastern India, has served as a popular model of craniofacial development since the 1990s. Unique strengths of the zebrafish model include a simplified skeleton during larval stages, access to rapidly developing embryos for live imaging, and amenability to transgenesis and complex genetics. In this chapter, we describe the anatomy of the zebrafish craniofacial skeleton; its applications as models for the mammalian jaw, middle ear, palate, and cranial sutures; the superior imaging technology available in fish that has provided unprecedented insights into the dynamics of facial morphogenesis; the use of the zebrafish to decipher the genetic underpinnings of craniofacial biology; and finally a glimpse into the most promising future applications of zebrafish craniofacial research.
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38
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Osteochondroma of the Hyoid Bone: A Previously Unrecognized Location and Review of the Literature. Head Neck Pathol 2015; 9:453-7. [PMID: 25924701 PMCID: PMC4651930 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-015-0630-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Osteochondroma is a benign cartilaginous neoplasm and the most common benign tumor of bone. Osteochondromas occur primarily in the axial skeleton with a predilection for the distal femur, and relatively few cases occur in the head and neck region. The majority of cases of osteochondromas in the head and neck region affect the mandibular condyle, with fewer cases reported in the skull base and the neck. To our knowledge, there is no reported case of osteochondroma of the hyoid bone documented in the English literature. We thus report the first case of a hyoid bone osteochondroma, presenting as an asymptomatic mass in a young woman.
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39
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Abstract
The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is now a widely used model organism in biomedical research. The species is also increasingly used for studying skeletal development and regeneration and for understanding human skeletal diseases. The small size of this model organism is an advantage and an extreme challenge for visualizing and diagnosing the animals' skeleton. This applies especially to early stages of skeletal development. Similar challenges arise for the analysis of the skeleton of other small fish species, such as medaka (Oryzias latipes). High quality histological preparations and knowledge about the special quality of the zebrafish skeleton remain prerequisites for a correct analysis. In addition, new methods for fast and high-resolution 2D and 3D skeletal tissue screening are required for a maximal understanding of skeletal development. We, in this study, review advantages and limitations of adapting current visualization techniques for zebrafish skeletal research. We discuss the methods for in toto visualization, such as X-raying, micro-CT, Alizarin red staining and optical projection tomography. Techniques for in vivo imaging, such as second harmonic generation microscopy and two-photon excitation fluorescence, are also discussed. Finally, we explore the possibilities of light-sheet microscopy for the analysis of the zebrafish skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Bruneel
- Department of Biology, Research Group Evolutionary Developmental Biology, Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium and
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40
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Filipek-Górniok B, Carlsson P, Haitina T, Habicher J, Ledin J, Kjellén L. The NDST gene family in zebrafish: role of NDST1B in pharyngeal arch formation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119040. [PMID: 25767878 PMCID: PMC4359090 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans are ubiquitous components of the extracellular matrix and plasma membrane of metazoans. The sulfation pattern of the HS glycosaminoglycan chain is characteristic for each tissue and changes during development. The glucosaminyl N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase (NDST) enzymes catalyze N-deacetylation and N-sulfation during HS biosynthesis and have a key role in designing the sulfation pattern. We here report on the presence of five NDST genes in zebrafish. Zebrafish ndst1a, ndst1b, ndst2a and ndst2b represent duplicated mammalian orthologues of NDST1 and NDST2 that arose through teleost specific genome duplication. Interestingly, the single zebrafish orthologue ndst3, is equally similar to tetrapod Ndst3 and Ndst4. It is likely that a local duplication in the common ancestor of lobe-finned fish and tetrapods gave rise to these two genes. All zebrafish Ndst genes showed distinct but partially overlapping expression patterns during embryonic development. Morpholino knockdown of ndst1b resulted in delayed development, craniofacial cartilage abnormalities, shortened body and pectoral fin length, resembling some of the features of the Ndst1 mouse knockout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Filipek-Górniok
- Dept. of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, PO Box 582, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Pernilla Carlsson
- Dept. of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, PO Box 582, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tatjana Haitina
- Dept. of Organismal Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, SE-752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Judith Habicher
- Dept. of Organismal Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, SE-752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Ledin
- Dept. of Organismal Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, SE-752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lena Kjellén
- Dept. of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, PO Box 582, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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41
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Dawson PA, Elliott A, Bowling FG. Sulphate in pregnancy. Nutrients 2015; 7:1594-606. [PMID: 25746011 PMCID: PMC4377868 DOI: 10.3390/nu7031594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulphate is an obligate nutrient for healthy growth and development. Sulphate conjugation (sulphonation) of proteoglycans maintains the structure and function of tissues. Sulphonation also regulates the bioactivity of steroids, thyroid hormone, bile acids, catecholamines and cholecystokinin, and detoxifies certain xenobiotics and pharmacological drugs. In adults and children, sulphate is obtained from the diet and from the intracellular metabolism of sulphur-containing amino acids. Dietary sulphate intake can vary greatly and is dependent on the type of food consumed and source of drinking water. Once ingested, sulphate is absorbed into circulation where its level is maintained at approximately 300 μmol/L, making sulphate the fourth most abundant anion in plasma. In pregnant women, circulating sulphate concentrations increase by twofold with levels peaking in late gestation. This increased sulphataemia, which is mediated by up-regulation of sulphate reabsorption in the maternal kidneys, provides a reservoir of sulphate to meet the gestational needs of the developing foetus. The foetus has negligible capacity to generate sulphate and thereby, is completely reliant on sulphate supply from the maternal circulation. Maternal hyposulphataemia leads to foetal sulphate deficiency and late gestational foetal death in mice. In humans, reduced sulphonation capacity has been linked to skeletal dysplasias, ranging from the mildest form, multiple epiphyseal dysplasia, to achondrogenesis Type IB, which results in severe skeletal underdevelopment and death in utero or shortly after birth. Despite being essential for numerous cellular and metabolic functions, the nutrient sulphate is largely unappreciated in clinical settings. This article will review the physiological roles and regulation of sulphate during pregnancy, with a particular focus on animal models of disturbed sulphate homeostasis and links to human pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Dawson
- Mater Research Institute, Level 4, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, 37 Kent St, TRI, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia.
| | - Aoife Elliott
- Mater Research Institute, Level 4, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, 37 Kent St, TRI, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia.
- Mater Children's Hospital, Mater Health Services, South Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia.
| | - Francis G Bowling
- Mater Research Institute, Level 4, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, 37 Kent St, TRI, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia.
- Mater Children's Hospital, Mater Health Services, South Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia.
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Bammens R, Mehta N, Race V, Foulquier F, Jaeken J, Tiemeyer M, Steet R, Matthijs G, Flanagan-Steet H. Abnormal cartilage development and altered N-glycosylation in Tmem165-deficient zebrafish mirrors the phenotypes associated with TMEM165-CDG. Glycobiology 2015; 25:669-82. [PMID: 25609749 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwv009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG), a group of inherited diseases characterized by aberrant glycosylation, encompass a wide range of defects, including glycosyltransferases, glycosidases, nucleotide-sugar transporters as well as proteins involved in maintaining Golgi architecture, pH and vesicular trafficking. Mutations in a previously undescribed protein, TMEM165, were recently shown to cause a new form of CDG, termed TMEM165-CDG. TMEM165-CDG patients exhibit cartilage and bone dysplasia and altered glycosylation of serum glycoproteins. We utilized a morpholino knockdown strategy in zebrafish to investigate the physiologic and pathogenic functions of TMEM165. Inhibition of tmem165 expression in developing zebrafish embryos caused craniofacial abnormalities, largely attributable to fewer chondrocytes. Decreased expression of several markers of cartilage and bone development suggests that Tmem165 deficiency alters both chondrocyte and osteoblast differentiation. Glycomic analysis of tmem165 morphants also revealed altered initiation, processing and extension of N-glycans, paralleling some of the glycosylation changes noted in human patients. Collectively, these findings highlight the utility of zebrafish to elucidate pathogenic mechanisms associated with glycosylation disorders and suggest that the cartilage and bone dysplasia manifested in TMEM165-CDG patients may stem from abnormal development of chondrocytes and osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riet Bammens
- Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nickita Mehta
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Valérie Race
- Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - François Foulquier
- CNRS-UMR 8576, Structural and Functional Glycobiology Unit, IFR 147, University of Lille 1, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Jaak Jaeken
- Center for Metabolic Disease, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michael Tiemeyer
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Richard Steet
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Gert Matthijs
- Center for Human Genetics, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Heather Flanagan-Steet
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Venero Galanternik M, Kramer KL, Piotrowski T. Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans Regulate Fgf Signaling and Cell Polarity during Collective Cell Migration. Cell Rep 2015; 10:414-428. [PMID: 25600875 PMCID: PMC4531098 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Collective cell migration is a highly regulated morphogenetic movement during embryonic development and cancer invasion that involves the precise orchestration and integration of cell-autonomous mechanisms and environmental signals. Coordinated lateral line primordium migration is controlled by the regulation of chemokine receptors via compartmentalized Wnt/β-catenin and fibroblast growth factor (Fgf) signaling. Analysis of mutations in two exostosin glycosyltransferase genes (extl3 and ext2) revealed that loss of heparan sulfate (HS) chains results in a failure of collective cell migration due to enhanced Fgf ligand diffusion and loss of Fgf signal transduction. Consequently, Wnt/β-catenin signaling is activated ectopically, resulting in the subsequent loss of the chemokine receptor cxcr7b. Disruption of HS proteoglycan (HSPG) function induces extensive, random filopodia formation, demonstrating that HSPGs are involved in maintaining cell polarity in collectively migrating cells. The HSPGs themselves are regulated by the Wnt/β-catenin and Fgf pathways and thus are integral components of the regulatory network that coordinates collective cell migration with organ specification and morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Venero Galanternik
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA; Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Kenneth L Kramer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Tatjana Piotrowski
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA; Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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Abstract
One of the most fascinating questions in the field of neurobiology is to understand how neuronal connections are properly formed. During development, neurons extend axons that are guided along defined paths by attractive and repulsive cues to reach their brain target. Most of these guidance factors are regulated by heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), a family of cell-surface and extracellular core proteins with attached heparan sulfate (HS) glycosaminoglycans. The unique diversity and structural complexity of HS sugar chains, as well as the variety of core proteins, have been proposed to generate a complex "sugar code" essential for brain wiring. While the functions of HSPGs have been well characterized in C. elegans or Drosophila, relatively little is known about their roles in nervous system development in vertebrates. In this chapter, we describe the advantages and the different methods available to study the roles of HSPGs in axon guidance directly in vivo in zebrafish. We provide protocols for visualizing axons in vivo, including precise dye labeling and time-lapse imaging, and for disturbing the functions of HS-modifying enzymes and core proteins, including morpholino, DNA, or RNA injections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne E Poulain
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Coker Life Science Building, 715 Sumter street, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA,
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Abstract
Despite the importance of tendons and ligaments for transmitting movement and providing stability to the musculoskeletal system, their development is considerably less well understood than that of the tissues they serve to connect. Zebrafish have been widely used to address questions in muscle and skeletal development, yet few studies describe their tendon and ligament tissues. We have analyzed in zebrafish the expression of several genes known to be enriched in mammalian tendons and ligaments, including scleraxis (scx), collagen 1a2 (col1a2) and tenomodulin (tnmd), or in the tendon-like myosepta of the zebrafish (xirp2a). Co-expression studies with muscle and cartilage markers demonstrate the presence of scxa, col1a2 and tnmd at sites between the developing muscle and cartilage, and xirp2a at the myotendinous junctions. We determined that the zebrafish craniofacial tendon and ligament progenitors are neural crest derived, as in mammals. Cranial and fin tendon progenitors can be induced in the absence of differentiated muscle or cartilage, although neighboring muscle and cartilage are required for tendon cell maintenance and organization, respectively. By contrast, myoseptal scxa expression requires muscle for its initiation. Together, these data suggest a conserved role for muscle in tendon development. Based on the similarities in gene expression, morphology, collagen ultrastructural arrangement and developmental regulation with that of mammalian tendons, we conclude that the zebrafish tendon populations are homologous to their force-transmitting counterparts in higher vertebrates. Within this context, the zebrafish model can be used to provide new avenues for studying tendon biology in a vertebrate genetic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica W Chen
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Jochmann K, Bachvarova V, Vortkamp A. Reprint of: Heparan sulfate as a regulator of endochondral ossification and osteochondroma development. Matrix Biol 2014; 35:239-47. [PMID: 24726293 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Most elements of the vertebrate skeleton are formed by endochondral ossification. This process is initiated with mesenchymal cells that condense and differentiate into chondrocytes. These undergo several steps of differentiation from proliferating into hypertrophic chondrocytes, which are subsequently replaced by bone. Chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation are tightly controlled by a complex network of signaling molecules. During recent years, it has become increasingly clear that heparan sulfate (HS) carrying proteoglycans play a critical role in controlling the distribution and activity of these secreted factors. In this review we summarize the current understanding of the role of HS in regulating bone formation. In human, mutations in the HS synthetizing enzymes Ext1 and Ext2 induce the Multiple Osteochondroma syndrome, a skeletal disorder characterized by short stature and the formation of benign cartilage-capped tumors. We review the current insight into the origin of the disease and discuss its possible molecular basis. In addition, we summarize the existing insight into the role of HS as a regulator of signal propagation and signaling strength in the developing skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Jochmann
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Centre for Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | - Velina Bachvarova
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Centre for Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | - Andrea Vortkamp
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Centre for Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
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Wiweger MI, de Andrea CE, Scheepstra KWF, Zhao Z, Hogendoorn PCW. Possible effects of EXT2 on mesenchymal differentiation--lessons from the zebrafish. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2014; 9:35. [PMID: 24628984 PMCID: PMC4004154 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-9-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mutations in the EXT genes disrupt polymerisation of heparan sulphates (HS) and lead to the development of osteochondroma, an isolated/sporadic- or a multifocal/hereditary cartilaginous bone tumour. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a very powerful animal model which has shown to present the same cartilage phenotype that is commonly seen in mice model and patients with the rare hereditary syndrome, Multiple Osteochondroma (MO). Methods Zebrafish dackel (dak) mutant that carries a nonsense mutation in the ext2 gene was used in this study. A panel of molecular, morphological and biochemical analyses was used to assess at what step bone formation is affected and what mechanisms underlie changes in the bone formation in the ext2 mutant. Results During bone development in the ext2-/- zebrafish, chondrocytes fail to undergo terminal differentiation; and pre-osteoblasts do not differentiate toward osteoblasts. This inadequate osteogenesis coincides with increased deposition of lipids/fats along/in the vessels and premature adipocyte differentiation as shown by biochemical and molecular markers. Also, the ext2-null fish have a muscle phenotype, i.e. muscles are shorter and thicker. These changes coexist with misshapen bones. Normal expression of runx2 together with impaired expression of osterix and its master regulator - xbp1 suggest that unfolded protein responses might play a role in MO pathogenesis. Conclusions Heparan sulphates are required for terminal differentiation of the cartilaginous template and consecutive formation of a scaffold that is needed for further bone development. HS are also needed for mesenchymal cell differentiation. At least one copy of ext2 is needed to maintain the balance between bone and fat lineages, but homozygous loss of the ext2 function leads to an imbalance between cartilage, bone and fat lineages. Normal expression of runx2 and impaired expression of osterix in the ext2-/- fish indicate that HS are required by osteoblast precursors for their further differentiation towards osteoblastic lineage. Lower expression of xbp1, a master regulator of osterix, suggests that HS affect the ‘unfolded protein response’, a pathway that is known to control bone formation and lipid metabolism. Our observations in the ext2-null fish might explain the musculoskeletal defects that are often observed in MO patients.
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Desvignes T, Contreras A, Postlethwait JH. Evolution of the miR199-214 cluster and vertebrate skeletal development. RNA Biol 2014; 11:281-94. [PMID: 24643020 PMCID: PMC4075512 DOI: 10.4161/rna.28141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRs) are short non-coding RNAs that fine-tune the regulation of gene expression to coordinate a wide range of biological processes. MicroRNAs are transcribed from miR genes and primary miR transcripts are processed to approximately 22 nucleotide single strand mature forms that function as repressors of transcript translation when bound to the 3'UTR of protein coding transcripts in association with the RISC. Because of their role in the regulation of gene expression, miRs are essential players in development by acting on cell fate determination and progression toward cell differentiation. The miR199 and miR214 genes occupy an intronic cluster located on the opposite strand of the Dynamin3 gene. These miRNAs play major roles in a broad variety of developmental processes and diseases, including skeletal development and several types of cancer. In the work reported here, we first deciphered the origin of the miR199 and miR214 families by following evolution of miR paralogs and their host Dynamin paralogs. We then examined the expression patterns of miR199 and miR214 in developing zebrafish embryos and demonstrated their regulation through a common primary transcript. Results suggest an evolutionarily conserved regulation across vertebrate lineages. Our expression study showed predominant expression patterns for both miR in tissues surrounding developing craniofacial skeletal elements consistent with expression data in mouse and human, thus indicating a conserved role of miR199 and miR214 in vertebrate skeletogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam Contreras
- Institute of Neuroscience; University of Oregon; Eugene, OR USA
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Samuel AM, Costa J, Lindskog DM. Genetic alterations in chondrosarcomas - keys to targeted therapies? Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2014; 37:95-105. [PMID: 24458248 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-014-0166-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chondrosarcomas are malignant tumors of chondrocytes and represent the second most common type of primary bone tumors. Within the context of normal chondrogenesis, this review summarizes results from recent research outlining the key molecular changes that occur during the development of this sarcoma type. RESULTS Current data support the notion that a two-hit scenario, common to many tumors, also underlies chondrosarcoma formation. First, early-stage mutations alter the normal proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes, thereby predisposing them to malignant transformation. These early-stage mutations, found in both benign cartilaginous lesions and chondrosarcomas, include alterations affecting the IHH/PTHrP and IDH1/IDH2 pathways. As they are not observed in malignant cells, mutations in the EXT1 and EXT2 genes are considered early-stage events providing an environment that alters IHH/PTHrP signaling, thereby inducing mutations in adjacent cells. Due to normal cell cycle control that remains active, a low rate of malignant transformation is seen in benign cartilaginous lesions with early-stage mutations. In contrast, late-stage mutations, seen in most malignant chondrosarcomas, appear to induce malignant transformation as they are not found in benign cartilaginous lesions. These late-stage mutations primarily involve cell cycle pathway regulators including p53 and pRB, two genes that are also known to be implicated in numerous other human tumor types. CONCLUSIONS Now the key genetic alterations involved in both early and late stages of chondrosarcoma development have been identified, focus should be shifted to the identification of druggable molecular targets for the design of novel chondrosarcoma-specific therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre M Samuel
- Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA,
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50
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Gigolashvili T, Kopriva S. Transporters in plant sulfur metabolism. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:442. [PMID: 25250037 PMCID: PMC4158793 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur is an essential nutrient, necessary for synthesis of many metabolites. The uptake of sulfate, primary and secondary assimilation, the biosynthesis, storage, and final utilization of sulfur (S) containing compounds requires a lot of movement between organs, cells, and organelles. Efficient transport systems of S-containing compounds across the internal barriers or the plasma membrane and organellar membranes are therefore required. Here, we review a current state of knowledge of the transport of a range of S-containing metabolites within and between the cells as well as of their long distance transport. An improved understanding of mechanisms and regulation of transport will facilitate successful engineering of the respective pathways, to improve the plant yield, biotic interaction and nutritional properties of crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Gigolashvili
- Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Botanical Institute and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Cologne Biocenter, University of CologneCologne Germany
- *Correspondence: Tamara Gigolashvili, Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Botanical Institute and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Street 47 B, 50674 Cologne, Germany e-mail:
| | - Stanislav Kopriva
- Plant Biochemistry Department, Botanical Institute and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Cologne Biocenter, University of CologneCologne Germany
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