1
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Sobe RC, Scharf BE. The swimming defect caused by the absence of the transcriptional regulator LdtR in Sinorhizobium meliloti is restored by mutations in the motility genes motA and motS. Mol Microbiol 2024; 121:954-970. [PMID: 38458990 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
The flagellar motor is a powerful macromolecular machine used to propel bacteria through various environments. We determined that flagellar motility of the alpha-proteobacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti is nearly abolished in the absence of the transcriptional regulator LdtR, known to influence peptidoglycan remodeling and stress response. LdtR does not regulate motility gene transcription. Remarkably, the motility defects of the ΔldtR mutant can be restored by secondary mutations in the motility gene motA or a previously uncharacterized gene in the flagellar regulon, which we named motS. MotS is not essential for S. meliloti motility and may serve an accessory role in flagellar motor function. Structural modeling predicts that MotS comprised an N-terminal transmembrane segment, a long-disordered region, and a conserved β-sandwich domain. The C terminus of MotS is localized in the periplasm. Genetics based substitution of MotA with MotAG12S also restored the ΔldtR motility defect. The MotAG12S variant protein features a local polarity shift at the periphery of the MotAB stator units. We propose that MotS may be required for optimal alignment of stators in wild-type flagellar motors but becomes detrimental in cells with altered peptidoglycan. Similarly, the polarity shift in stator units composed of MotB/MotAG12S might stabilize its interaction with altered peptidoglycan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C Sobe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences I, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Birgit E Scharf
- Department of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences I, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
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2
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Pan H, Wei L, Zhao H, Xiao Y, Li Z, Ding H. Perception of the Biocontrol Potential and Palmitic Acid Biosynthesis Pathway of Bacillus subtilis H2 through Merging Genome Mining with Chemical Analysis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:4834-4848. [PMID: 38401001 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Bacillus has been widely studied for its potential to protect plants from pathogens. Here, we report the whole genome sequence of Bacillus subtilis H2, which was isolated from the tea garden soil of Guiyang Forest Park. Strain H2 showed a broad spectrum of antagonistic activities against many plant fungal pathogens and bacteria pathogens, including the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, and showed a good field control effect against rice blast. The complete genome of B. subtilis H2 contained a 4,160,635-bp circular chromosome, with an average G + C content of 43.78%. Through the genome mining of strain H2, we identified 7 known antimicrobial compound biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) including sporulation killing factor, surfactin, bacillaene, fengycin, bacillibactin, subtilosin A, and bacilysin. Palmitic acid (PA), a secondary metabolite, was detected and identified in the H2 strain through genome mining analysis and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Additionally, we propose, for the first time, that the type II fatty acid synthesis (FAS) pathway in Bacillus is responsible for PA biosynthesis. This finding was confirmed by studying the antimicrobial activity of PA and conducting reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) experiments. We also identified numerous genes associated with plant-bacteria interactions in the H2 genome, including more than 94 colonization-related genes, more than 34 antimicrobial genes, and more than 13 plant growth-promoting genes. These findings contribute to our understanding of the biocontrol mechanisms of B. subtilis H2 and have potential applications in crop disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Pan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Longfeng Wei
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Hao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
| | - Yang Xiao
- Institution of Supervision and Inspection Product Quality of Guizhou Province, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Zhu Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, China
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550006, China
| | - Haixia Ding
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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3
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Dzięgielewska M, Bartoszewicz M, Książczyk M, Dudek B, Brożyna M, Szymczyk-Ziółkowska P, Gruber P, Pawlak J, Kozłowska W, Zielińska S, Fischer J, Woytoń A, Junka A. Abietic Acid as a Novel Agent against Ocular Biofilms: An In Vitro and Preliminary In Vivo Investigation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1528. [PMID: 38338807 PMCID: PMC10855443 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Biofilm-related ocular infections can lead to vision loss and are difficult to treat with antibiotics due to challenges with application and increasing microbial resistance. In turn, the design and testing of new synthetic drugs is a time- and cost-consuming process. Therefore, in this work, for the first time, we assessed the in vitro efficacy of the plant-based abietic acid molecule, both alone and when introduced to a polymeric cellulose carrier, against biofilms formed by Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans in standard laboratory settings as well as in a self-designed setting using the topologically challenging surface of the artificial eye. These analyses were performed using the standard microdilution method, the biofilm-oriented antiseptic test (BOAT), a modified disk-diffusion method, and eyeball models. Additionally, we assessed the cytotoxicity of abietic acid against eukaryotic cell lines and its anti-staphylococcal efficacy in an in vivo model using Galleria mellonella larvae. We found that abietic acid was more effective against Staphylococcus than Pseudomonas (from two to four times, depending on the test applied) and that it was generally more effective against the tested bacteria (up to four times) than against the fungus C. albicans at concentrations non-cytotoxic to the eukaryotic cell lines and to G. mellonella (256 and 512 µg/mL, respectively). In the in vivo infection model, abietic acid effectively prevented the spread of staphylococcus throughout the larvae organisms, decreasing their lethality by up to 50%. These initial results obtained indicate promising features of abietic acid, which may potentially be applied to treat ocular infections caused by pathogenic biofilms, with higher efficiency manifested against bacterial than fungal biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marzenna Bartoszewicz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology, Medical University of Wroclaw, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Marta Książczyk
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wrocław, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Bartłomiej Dudek
- Platform for Unique Model Application, Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology, Medical University of Wroclaw, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.B.); (A.W.)
| | - Malwina Brożyna
- Platform for Unique Model Application, Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology, Medical University of Wroclaw, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.B.); (A.W.)
| | - Patrycja Szymczyk-Ziółkowska
- Center for Advanced Manufacturing Technologies (CAMT/FPC), Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Łukasiewicza 5, 50-371 Wroclaw, Poland; (P.S.-Z.); (P.G.)
| | - Piotr Gruber
- Center for Advanced Manufacturing Technologies (CAMT/FPC), Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Łukasiewicza 5, 50-371 Wroclaw, Poland; (P.S.-Z.); (P.G.)
| | - Jacek Pawlak
- Medical Department, Lazarski University, 02-662 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Weronika Kozłowska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Division of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (W.K.); (S.Z.)
| | - Sylwia Zielińska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Division of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (W.K.); (S.Z.)
| | - Jędrzej Fischer
- Department of Angiology, Hypertension and Diabetology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Aleksandra Woytoń
- Platform for Unique Model Application, Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology, Medical University of Wroclaw, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.B.); (A.W.)
| | - Adam Junka
- Platform for Unique Model Application, Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology, Medical University of Wroclaw, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.B.); (A.W.)
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Ribardo DA, Johnson JJ, Hendrixson DR. Viscosity-dependent determinants of Campylobacter jejuni impacting the velocity of flagellar motility. mBio 2024; 15:e0254423. [PMID: 38085029 PMCID: PMC10790790 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02544-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Bacteria can adapt flagellar motor output in response to the load that the extracellular milieu imparts on the flagellar filament to enable propulsion. Bacteria can adapt flagellar motor output in response to the load that the extracellular milieu imparts on the flagellar filament to enable propulsion through diverse environments. These changes may involve increasing power and torque in high-viscosity environments or reducing power and flagellar rotation upon contact with a surface. C. jejuni swimming velocity in low-viscosity environments is comparable to other bacterial flagellates and increases significantly as external viscosity increases. In this work, we provide evidence that the mechanics of the C. jejuni flagellar motor has evolved to naturally promote high swimming velocity in high-viscosity environments. We found that C. jejuni produces VidA and VidB as auxiliary proteins to specifically affect flagellar motor activity in low viscosity to reduce swimming velocity. Our findings provide some of the first insights into different mechanisms that exist in bacteria to alter the mechanics of a flagellar motor, depending on the viscosity of extracellular environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A. Ribardo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Jeremiah J. Johnson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - David R. Hendrixson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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5
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Krajnc M, Fei C, Košmrlj A, Kalin M, Stopar D. Mechanical constraints to unbound expansion of B. subtilis on semi-solid surfaces. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0274023. [PMID: 38047692 PMCID: PMC10783106 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02740-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE How bacterial cells colonize new territory is a problem of fundamental microbiological and biophysical interest and is key to the emergence of several phenomena of biological, ecological, and medical relevance. Here, we demonstrate how bacteria stuck in a colony of finite size can resume exploration of new territory by aquaplaning and how they fine tune biofilm viscoelasticity to surface material properties that allows them differential mobility. We show how changing local interfacial forces and colony viscosity results in a plethora of bacterial morphologies on surfaces with different physical and mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojca Krajnc
- Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Microbiology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Chenyi Fei
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Carl C. Icahn Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Andrej Košmrlj
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
- Princeton Materials Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Mitjan Kalin
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - David Stopar
- Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Microbiology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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6
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Bin Hafeez A, Pełka K, Worobo R, Szweda P. In Silico Safety Assessment of Bacillus Isolated from Polish Bee Pollen and Bee Bread as Novel Probiotic Candidates. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:666. [PMID: 38203838 PMCID: PMC10780176 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacillus species isolated from Polish bee pollen (BP) and bee bread (BB) were characterized for in silico probiotic and safety attributes. A probiogenomics approach was used, and in-depth genomic analysis was performed using a wide array of bioinformatics tools to investigate the presence of virulence and antibiotic resistance properties, mobile genetic elements, and secondary metabolites. Functional annotation and Carbohydrate-Active enZYmes (CAZYme) profiling revealed the presence of genes and a repertoire of probiotics properties promoting enzymes. The isolates BB10.1, BP20.15 (isolated from bee bread), and PY2.3 (isolated from bee pollen) genome mining revealed the presence of several genes encoding acid, heat, cold, and other stress tolerance mechanisms, adhesion proteins required to survive and colonize harsh gastrointestinal environments, enzymes involved in the metabolism of dietary molecules, antioxidant activity, and genes associated with the synthesis of vitamins. In addition, genes responsible for the production of biogenic amines (BAs) and D-/L-lactate, hemolytic activity, and other toxic compounds were also analyzed. Pan-genome analyses were performed with 180 Bacillus subtilis and 204 Bacillus velezensis genomes to mine for any novel genes present in the genomes of our isolates. Moreover, all three isolates also consisted of gene clusters encoding secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmer Bin Hafeez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Ul. G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland; (A.B.H.); (K.P.)
| | - Karolina Pełka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Ul. G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland; (A.B.H.); (K.P.)
| | - Randy Worobo
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;
| | - Piotr Szweda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Ul. G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland; (A.B.H.); (K.P.)
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7
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Kalinina O, Minter LM, Sperling AI, Hollinger MK, Le P, Osborne BA, Zhang S, Stiff P, Knight KL. Exopolysaccharide-Treated Dendritic Cells Effectively Ameliorate Acute Graft-versus-Host Disease. Transplant Cell Ther 2024; 30:79.e1-79.e10. [PMID: 37924979 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtct.2023.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a primary and often lethal complication of allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Prophylactic regimens for GVHD are given as standard pretransplantation therapy; however, up to 50% of these patients develop acute GVHD (aGVHD) and require additional immunosuppressive intervention. Using a mouse GVHD model, we previously showed that injecting mice with exopolysaccharide (EPS) from Bacillus subtilis prior to GVHD induction significantly increased 80-day survival after transplantation of complete allogeneic major histocompatibility complex-mismatched cells. To ask whether EPS might also inhibit GVHD in humans, we used humanized NSG-HLA-A2 mice and induced GVHD by i.v. injection of A2neg human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Because we could not inject human donors with EPS, we transferred EPS-pretreated dendritic cells (DCs) to inhibit aGVHD. We derived these DCs from CD34+ human cord blood cells, treated them with EPS, and then injected them together with PBMCs into the NSG-HLA-A2 mice. We found that all mice that received untreated DCs were dead by day 35, whereas 25% of mice receiving EPS-treated DCs (EPS-DCs) survived. This DC cell therapy could be readily translatable to humans, because we can generate large numbers of human EPS-DCs and use them as an "off the shelf" treatment for patients undergoing HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Kalinina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Lisa M Minter
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Anne I Sperling
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division, and Carter Center for Immunology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | | | - Phong Le
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Barbara A Osborne
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts; HasenTech, LLC, Leverett, Massachusetts
| | - Shubin Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Patrick Stiff
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Katherine L Knight
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois; HasenTech, LLC, Leverett, Massachusetts.
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8
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Arbour CA, Nagar R, Bernstein HM, Ghosh S, Al-Sammarraie Y, Dorfmueller HC, Ferguson MAJ, Stanley-Wall NR, Imperiali B. Defining early steps in Bacillus subtilis biofilm biosynthesis. mBio 2023; 14:e0094823. [PMID: 37650625 PMCID: PMC10653937 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00948-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Biofilms are the communal way of life that microbes adopt to increase survival. Key to our ability to systematically promote or ablate biofilm formation is a detailed understanding of the biofilm matrix macromolecules. Here, we identify the first two essential steps in the Bacillus subtilis biofilm matrix exopolysaccharide (EPS) synthesis pathway. Together, our studies and approaches provide the foundation for the sequential characterization of the steps in EPS biosynthesis, using prior steps to enable chemoenzymatic synthesis of the undecaprenyl diphosphate-linked glycan substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A. Arbour
- Department of Biology and Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rupa Nagar
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah M. Bernstein
- Department of Biology and Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Soumi Ghosh
- Department of Biology and Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yusra Al-Sammarraie
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Helge C. Dorfmueller
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Michael A. J. Ferguson
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola R. Stanley-Wall
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Imperiali
- Department of Biology and Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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9
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Boubsi F, Hoff G, Arguelles Arias A, Steels S, Andrić S, Anckaert A, Roulard R, Rigolet A, van Wuytswinkel O, Ongena M. Pectic homogalacturonan sensed by Bacillus acts as host associated cue to promote establishment and persistence in the rhizosphere. iScience 2023; 26:107925. [PMID: 37790276 PMCID: PMC10543691 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus velezensis isolates are among the most promising plant-associated beneficial bacteria used as biocontrol agents. However, various aspects of the chemical communication between the plant and these beneficials, determining root colonization ability, remain poorly described. Here we investigated the molecular basis of such interkingdom interaction occurring upon contact between Bacillus velezensis and its host via the sensing of pectin backbone homogalacturonan (HG). We showed that B. velezensis stimulates key developmental traits via a dynamic process involving two conserved pectinolytic enzymes. This response integrates transcriptional changes leading to the switch from planktonic to sessile cells, a strong increase in biofilm formation, and an accelerated sporulation dynamics while conserving the potential to efficiently produce specialized secondary metabolites. As a whole, we anticipate that this response of Bacillus to cell wall-derived host cues contributes to its establishment and persistence in the competitive rhizosphere niche and ipso facto to its activity as biocontrol agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Boubsi
- Microbial Processes and Interactions, TERRA Teaching and Research Center, University of Liège - Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Grégory Hoff
- Microbial Processes and Interactions, TERRA Teaching and Research Center, University of Liège - Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Anthony Arguelles Arias
- Microbial Processes and Interactions, TERRA Teaching and Research Center, University of Liège - Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Sébastien Steels
- Microbial Processes and Interactions, TERRA Teaching and Research Center, University of Liège - Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Sofija Andrić
- Microbial Processes and Interactions, TERRA Teaching and Research Center, University of Liège - Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Adrien Anckaert
- Microbial Processes and Interactions, TERRA Teaching and Research Center, University of Liège - Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Romain Roulard
- UMRT INRAe 1158 Plant Biology and Innovation, University of Picardie Jules Verne, UFR des Sciences, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Augustin Rigolet
- Microbial Processes and Interactions, TERRA Teaching and Research Center, University of Liège - Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Olivier van Wuytswinkel
- UMRT INRAe 1158 Plant Biology and Innovation, University of Picardie Jules Verne, UFR des Sciences, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Marc Ongena
- Microbial Processes and Interactions, TERRA Teaching and Research Center, University of Liège - Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
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10
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Wei X, Chen Z, Liu A, Yang L, Xu Y, Cao M, He N. Advanced strategies for metabolic engineering of Bacillus to produce extracellular polymeric substances. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 67:108199. [PMID: 37330153 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular polymeric substances are mainly synthesized via a variety of biosynthetic pathways in bacteria. Bacilli-sourced extracellular polymeric substances, such as exopolysaccharides (EPS) and poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA), can serve as active ingredients and hydrogels, and have other important industrial applications. However, the functional diversity and widespread applications of these extracellular polymeric substances, are hampered by their low yields and high costs. Biosynthesis of extracellular polymeric substances is very complex in Bacillus, and there is no detailed elucidation of the reactions and regulations among various metabolic pathways. Therefore, a better understanding of the metabolic mechanisms is required to broaden the functions and increase the yield of extracellular polymeric substances. This review systematically summarizes the biosynthesis and metabolic mechanisms of extracellular polymeric substances in Bacillus, providing an in-depth understanding of the relationships between EPS and γ-PGA synthesis. This review provides a better clarification of Bacillus metabolic mechanisms during extracellular polymeric substance secretion and thus benefits their application and commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Wei
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China.
| | - Ailing Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Lijie Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yiyuan Xu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Mingfeng Cao
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Ning He
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
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11
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Bremer E, Calteau A, Danchin A, Harwood C, Helmann JD, Médigue C, Palsson BO, Sekowska A, Vallenet D, Zuniga A, Zuniga C. A model industrial workhorse:
Bacillus subtilis
strain 168 and its genome after a quarter of a century. Microb Biotechnol 2023; 16:1203-1231. [PMID: 37002859 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The vast majority of genomic sequences are automatically annotated using various software programs. The accuracy of these annotations depends heavily on the very few manual annotation efforts that combine verified experimental data with genomic sequences from model organisms. Here, we summarize the updated functional annotation of Bacillus subtilis strain 168, a quarter century after its genome sequence was first made public. Since the last such effort 5 years ago, 1168 genetic functions have been updated, allowing the construction of a new metabolic model of this organism of environmental and industrial interest. The emphasis in this review is on new metabolic insights, the role of metals in metabolism and macromolecule biosynthesis, functions involved in biofilm formation, features controlling cell growth, and finally, protein agents that allow class discrimination, thus allowing maintenance management, and accuracy of all cell processes. New 'genomic objects' and an extensive updated literature review have been included for the sequence, now available at the International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration (INSDC: AccNum AL009126.4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Erhard Bremer
- Department of Biology, Laboratory for Microbiology and Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO) Philipps‐University Marburg Marburg Germany
| | - Alexandra Calteau
- LABGeM, Génomique Métabolique, CEA, Genoscope, Institut de Biologie François Jacob Université d'Évry, Université Paris‐Saclay, CNRS Évry France
| | - Antoine Danchin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li KaShing Faculty of Medicine Hong Kong University Pokfulam SAR Hong Kong China
| | - Colin Harwood
- Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Biosciences Institute Newcastle University Baddiley Clark Building Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - John D. Helmann
- Department of Microbiology Cornell University Ithaca New York USA
| | - Claudine Médigue
- LABGeM, Génomique Métabolique, CEA, Genoscope, Institut de Biologie François Jacob Université d'Évry, Université Paris‐Saclay, CNRS Évry France
| | - Bernhard O. Palsson
- Department of Bioengineering University of California San Diego La Jolla USA
| | | | - David Vallenet
- LABGeM, Génomique Métabolique, CEA, Genoscope, Institut de Biologie François Jacob Université d'Évry, Université Paris‐Saclay, CNRS Évry France
| | - Abril Zuniga
- Department of Biology San Diego State University San Diego California USA
| | - Cristal Zuniga
- Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics Graduate Program San Diego State University San Diego California USA
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12
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Arbour CA, Nagar R, Bernstein HM, Ghosh S, Al-Sammarraie Y, Dorfmueller HC, Ferguson MAJ, Stanley-Wall NR, Imperiali B. Defining Early Steps in B. subtilis Biofilm Biosynthesis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.22.529487. [PMID: 36865097 PMCID: PMC9980142 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.22.529487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The Bacillus subtilis extracellular biofilm matrix includes an exopolysaccharide that is critical for the architecture and function of the community. To date, our understanding of the biosynthetic machinery and the molecular composition of the exopolysaccharide of B. subtilis remains unclear and incomplete. This report presents synergistic biochemical and genetic studies built from a foundation of comparative sequence analyses targeted at elucidating the activities of the first two membrane-committed steps in the exopolysaccharide biosynthetic pathway. By taking this approach, we determined the nucleotide sugar donor and lipid-linked acceptor substrates for the first two enzymes in the B. subtilis biofilm exopolysaccharide biosynthetic pathway. EpsL catalyzes the first phosphoglycosyl transferase step using UDP-di- N -acetyl bacillosamine as phospho-sugar donor. EpsD is a GT-B fold glycosyl transferase that facilitates the second step in the pathway that utilizes the product of EpsL as an acceptor substrate and UDP- N -acetyl glucosamine as the sugar donor. Thus, the study defines the first two monosaccharides at the reducing end of the growing exopolysaccharide unit. In doing so we provide the first evidence of the presence of bacillosamine in an exopolysaccharide synthesized by a Gram-positive bacterium. IMPORTANCE Biofilms are the communal way of life that microbes adopt to increase survival. Key to our ability to systematically promote or ablate biofilm formation is a detailed understanding of the biofilm matrix macromolecules. Here we identify the first two essential steps in the Bacillus subtilis biofilm matrix exopolysaccharide synthesis pathway. Together our studies and approaches provide the foundation for the sequential characterization of the steps in exopolysaccharide biosynthesis, using prior steps to enable chemoenzymatic synthesis of the undecaprenol diphosphate-linked glycan substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A. Arbour
- Department of Biology and Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 (USA)
| | - Rupa Nagar
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Hannah M. Bernstein
- Department of Biology and Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 (USA)
| | - Soumi Ghosh
- Department of Biology and Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 (USA)
| | - Yusra Al-Sammarraie
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Helge C. Dorfmueller
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Michael A. J. Ferguson
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Nicola R. Stanley-Wall
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Barbara Imperiali
- Department of Biology and Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 (USA)
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13
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Morris RJ, Stevenson D, Sukhodub T, Stanley-Wall NR, MacPhee CE. Density and temperature controlled fluid extraction in a bacterial biofilm is determined by poly-γ-glutamic acid production. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2022; 8:98. [PMID: 36528619 PMCID: PMC9759580 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-022-00361-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of microbial biofilms is the self-production of an extracellular molecular matrix that encases the resident cells. The matrix provides protection from the environment, while spatial heterogeneity of gene expression influences the structural morphology and colony spreading dynamics. Bacillus subtilis is a model bacterial system used to uncover the regulatory pathways and key building blocks required for biofilm growth and development. In this work, we report on the emergence of a highly active population of bacteria during the early stages of biofilm formation, facilitated by the extraction of fluid from the underlying agar substrate. We trace the origin of this fluid extraction to the production of poly-γ-glutamic acid (PGA). The flagella-dependent activity develops behind a moving front of fluid that propagates from the boundary of the biofilm towards the interior. The extent of fluid proliferation is controlled by the presence of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS). We also find that PGA production is positively correlated with higher temperatures, resulting in high-temperature mature biofilm morphologies that are distinct from the rugose colony biofilm architecture typically associated with B. subtilis. Although previous reports have suggested that PGA production does not play a major role in biofilm morphology in the undomesticated isolate NCIB 3610, our results suggest that this strain produces distinct biofilm matrices in response to environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J. Morris
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988National Biofilms Innovation Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD UK
| | - David Stevenson
- grid.8241.f0000 0004 0397 2876Division of Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH UK
| | - Tetyana Sukhodub
- grid.8241.f0000 0004 0397 2876Division of Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH UK
| | - Nicola R. Stanley-Wall
- grid.8241.f0000 0004 0397 2876Division of Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH UK
| | - Cait E. MacPhee
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988National Biofilms Innovation Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD UK
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14
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He L, Liu L, Ban R. Construction of a mutant Bacillus subtilis strain for high purity poly-γ-glutamic acid production. Biotechnol Lett 2022; 44:991-1000. [PMID: 35767162 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-022-03272-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To construct a Bacillus subtilis strain for improved purity of poly-γ-glutamic acid. RESULTS The construction of strain GH16 was achieved by knocking out five genes encoding extracellular proteins and an operon from Bacillus subtilis G423. We then analyzed the amount of protein impurities in the γ-PGA produced by the resulting strain GH16/pHPG, which decreased from 1.48 to 1.39%. Subsequently the fla-che operon, PBSX, as well as the yrpD, ywoF and yclQ genes were knocked out successively, resulting in the mutant strains GH17, GH18 and GH19. Ultimately, the amount of protein impurities was reduced from 1.48 to 0.83%. In addition, the amount of polysaccharide impurities in the γ-PGA was also decreased from 2.21 to 1.93% after knocking out the epsA-O operon. CONCLUSIONS The high purity γ-PGA producer was constructed, and the resulting strain was a promising platform for the manufacture of other highly pure extracellular products and secretory proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin He
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Ban
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Tianjin University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Xu Y, Yang L, Wang H, Wei X, Shi Y, Liang D, Cao M, He N. Putative functions of EpsK in teichuronic acid synthesis and phosphate starvation in Bacillus licheniformis. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2022; 7:815-823. [PMID: 35475252 PMCID: PMC9018123 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) are extracellular macromolecules in bacteria, which function in cell growth and show potential for mechanism study and biosynthesis application. However, the biosynthesis mechanism of EPS is still not clear. We herein chose Bacillus licheniformis CGMCC 2876 as a target strain to investigate the EPS biosynthesis. epsK, a member of eps cluster, the predicted polysaccharide synthesis cluster, was overexpressed and showed that the overexpression of epsK led to a 26.54% decrease in the production of EPS and resulted in slenderer cell shape. Transcriptome analysis combined with protein-protein interactions analysis and protein modeling revealed that epsK was likely responsible for the synthesis of teichuronic acid, a substitute cell wall component of teichoic acid when the strain was suffering phosphate limitation. Further cell cultivation showed that either phosphate limitation or the overexpression of teichuronic acid synthesis genes, tuaB and tuaE could similarly lead to EPS reduction. The enhanced production of teichuronic acid induced by epsK overexpression triggered the endogenous phosphate starvation, resulting in the decreased EPS synthesis and biomass, and the enhanced bacterial chemotaxis. This study presents an insight into the mechanism of EPS synthesis and offers the potential in controllable synthesis of target products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyuan Xu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China
| | - Lijie Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Wei
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China
| | - Yanyan Shi
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China
| | - Dafeng Liang
- Institute of Bioengineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510316, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Mingfeng Cao
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China
- Corresponding author. Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China.
| | - Ning He
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China
- The Key Lab for Synthetic Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China
- Corresponding author. Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China.
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16
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Bremer E, Hoffmann T, Dempwolff F, Bedrunka P, Bange G. The many faces of the unusual biofilm activator RemA. Bioessays 2022; 44:e2200009. [PMID: 35289951 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202200009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Biofilms can be viewed as tissue-like structures in which microorganisms are organized in a spatial and functional sophisticated manner. Biofilm formation requires the orchestration of a highly integrated network of regulatory proteins to establish cell differentiation and production of a complex extracellular matrix. Here, we discuss the role of the essential Bacillus subtilis biofilm activator RemA. Despite intense research on biofilms, RemA is a largely underappreciated regulatory protein. RemA forms donut-shaped octamers with the potential to assemble into dimeric superstructures. The presumed DNA-binding mode suggests that RemA organizes its target DNA into nucleosome-like structures, which are the basis for its role as transcriptional activator. We discuss how RemA affects gene expression in the context of biofilm formation, and its regulatory interplay with established components of the biofilm regulatory network, such as SinR, SinI, SlrR, and SlrA. We emphasize the additional role of RemA played in nitrogen metabolism and osmotic-stress adjustment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erhard Bremer
- Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Tamara Hoffmann
- Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Felix Dempwolff
- Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Patricia Bedrunka
- Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Gert Bange
- Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
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17
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Wang R, Zhang W, Ding W, Liang Z, Long L, Wong WC, Qian PY. Profiling Signal Transduction in Global Marine Biofilms. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:768926. [PMID: 35069473 PMCID: PMC8776716 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.768926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbes use signal transduction systems in the processes of swarming motility, antibiotic resistance, virulence, conjugal plasmid transfer, and biofilm formation. However, the signal transduction systems in natural marine biofilms have hardly been profiled. Here we analyzed signal transduction genes in 101 marine biofilm and 91 seawater microbial metagenomes. The abundance of almost all signal transduction-related genes in biofilm microbial communities was significantly higher than that in seawater microbial communities, regardless of substrate types, locations, and durations for biofilm development. In addition, the dominant source microbes of signal transduction genes in marine biofilms were different from those in seawater samples. Co-occurrence network analysis on signal communication between microbes in marine biofilms and seawater microbial communities revealed potential inter-phyla interactions between microorganisms from marine biofilms and seawater. Moreover, phylogenetic tree construction and protein identity comparison displayed that proteins related to signal transductions from Red Sea biofilms were highly similar to those from Red Sea seawater microbial communities, revealing a possible biological basis of interspecies interactions between surface-associated and free-living microbial communities in a local marine environment. Our study revealed the special profile and enrichment of signal transduction systems in marine biofilms and suggested that marine biofilms participate in intercellular interactions of the local ecosystem where they were seeded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruojun Wang
- Department of Ocean Science and Hong Kong Branch of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Weipeng Zhang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Wei Ding
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhicong Liang
- Department of Mathematics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lexin Long
- Department of Ocean Science and Hong Kong Branch of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China.,Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wai Chuen Wong
- Department of Ocean Science and Hong Kong Branch of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Pei-Yuan Qian
- Department of Ocean Science and Hong Kong Branch of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
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18
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Structural and functional characterization of the bacterial biofilm activator RemA. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5707. [PMID: 34588455 PMCID: PMC8481266 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis can form structurally complex biofilms on solid or liquid surfaces, which requires expression of genes for matrix production. The transcription of these genes is activated by regulatory protein RemA, which binds to poorly conserved, repetitive DNA regions but lacks obvious DNA-binding motifs or domains. Here, we present the structure of the RemA homologue from Geobacillus thermodenitrificans, showing a unique octameric ring with the potential to form a 16-meric superstructure. These results, together with further biochemical and in vivo characterization of B. subtilis RemA, suggests that the protein can wrap DNA around its ring-like structure through a LytTR-related domain. Biofilm formation in Bacillus subtilis requires expression of matrix production genes, which are upregulated by transcriptional activator RemA. Here, the authors show that RemA forms octameric rings with the potential to form a 16-meric superstructure, suggesting that the protein can wrap DNA through a LytTR-related domain.
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19
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Arnaouteli S, Bamford NC, Stanley-Wall NR, Kovács ÁT. Bacillus subtilis biofilm formation and social interactions. Nat Rev Microbiol 2021; 19:600-614. [PMID: 33824496 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-021-00540-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm formation is a process in which microbial cells aggregate to form collectives that are embedded in a self-produced extracellular matrix. Bacillus subtilis is a Gram-positive bacterium that is used to dissect the mechanisms controlling matrix production and the subsequent transition from a motile planktonic cell state to a sessile biofilm state. The collective nature of life in a biofilm allows emergent properties to manifest, and B. subtilis biofilms are linked with novel industrial uses as well as probiotic and biocontrol processes. In this Review, we outline the molecular details of the biofilm matrix and the regulatory pathways and external factors that control its production. We explore the beneficial outcomes associated with biofilms. Finally, we highlight major advances in our understanding of concepts of microbial evolution and community behaviour that have resulted from studies of the innate heterogeneity of biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Arnaouteli
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Natalie C Bamford
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Nicola R Stanley-Wall
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
| | - Ákos T Kovács
- Bacterial Interactions and Evolution Group, DTU Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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20
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Guan W, Wang T, Huang Q, Zhao M, Tian E, Liu Y, Liu B, Yang Y, Zhao T. Transcriptomic and Functional Analyses Reveal Roles of AclR, a luxR-type Global Regular, in Regulating Motility and Virulence of Acidovorax citrulli. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:952-961. [PMID: 33779205 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-01-21-0020-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
LuxR-type transcriptional regulators are essential for many physiological processes in bacteria, including pathogenesis. Acidovorax citrulli is a seedborne bacterial pathogen responsible for bacterial fruit blotch, which causes great losses in melon and watermelon worldwide. However, the LuxR-type transcriptional factors in A. citrulli have not been well studied, except for the previously reported LuxR-type regulatory protein, AcrR, involved in regulating virulence and motility. Here, we characterized a second LuxR-type regulator, AclR, in the group II strain Aac-5 of A. citrulli by mutagenesis, virulence and motility assays, and transcriptomic analysis. Deletion of aclR resulted in impaired twitching and swimming motility and flagellar formation and diminished virulence but increased biofilm formation. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that 1,379 genes were differentially expressed in the aclR mutant strain, including 29 genes involved in flagellar assembly and 3 involved in pili formation, suggesting a regulatory role for AclR in multiple important biological functions of A. citrulli. Together, our results not only indicate that AclR plays a global role in transcriptional regulation in A. citrulli influencing motility, biofilm formation, and virulence but also provide perspective regarding the regulatory network of biological functions in A. citrulli.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tielin Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Huang
- Floral and Nursery Plants Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, U.S.A
| | - Mei Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, U.S.A
| | - Eryuan Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanfeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuwen Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tingchang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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21
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Abstract
Bacteria thrive both in liquids and attached to surfaces. The concentration of bacteria on surfaces is generally much higher than in the surrounding environment, offering bacteria ample opportunity for mutualistic, symbiotic, and pathogenic interactions. To efficiently populate surfaces, they have evolved mechanisms to sense mechanical or chemical cues upon contact with solid substrata. This is of particular importance for pathogens that interact with host tissue surfaces. In this review we discuss how bacteria are able to sense surfaces and how they use this information to adapt their physiology and behavior to this new environment. We first survey mechanosensing and chemosensing mechanisms and outline how specific macromolecular structures can inform bacteria about surfaces. We then discuss how mechanical cues are converted to biochemical signals to activate specific cellular processes in a defined chronological order and describe the role of two key second messengers, c-di-GMP and cAMP, in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Urs Jenal
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland; ,
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22
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Koeksoy E, Bezuidt OM, Bayer T, Chan CS, Emerson D. Zetaproteobacteria Pan-Genome Reveals Candidate Gene Cluster for Twisted Stalk Biosynthesis and Export. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:679409. [PMID: 34220764 PMCID: PMC8250860 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.679409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Twisted stalks are morphologically unique bacterial extracellular organo-metallic structures containing Fe(III) oxyhydroxides that are produced by microaerophilic Fe(II)-oxidizers belonging to the Betaproteobacteria and Zetaproteobacteria. Understanding the underlying genetic and physiological mechanisms of stalk formation is of great interest based on their potential as novel biogenic nanomaterials and their relevance as putative biomarkers for microbial Fe(II) oxidation on ancient Earth. Despite the recognition of these special biominerals for over 150 years, the genetic foundation for the stalk phenotype has remained unresolved. Here we present a candidate gene cluster for the biosynthesis and secretion of the stalk organic matrix that we identified with a trait-based analyses of a pan-genome comprising 16 Zetaproteobacteria isolate genomes. The “stalk formation in Zetaproteobacteria” (sfz) cluster comprises six genes (sfz1-sfz6), of which sfz1 and sfz2 were predicted with functions in exopolysaccharide synthesis, regulation, and export, sfz4 and sfz6 with functions in cell wall synthesis manipulation and carbohydrate hydrolysis, and sfz3 and sfz5 with unknown functions. The stalk-forming Betaproteobacteria Ferriphaselus R-1 and OYT-1, as well as dread-forming Zetaproteobacteria Mariprofundus aestuarium CP-5 and Mariprofundus ferrinatatus CP-8 contain distant sfz gene homologs, whereas stalk-less Zetaproteobacteria and Betaproteobacteria lack the entire gene cluster. Our pan-genome analysis further revealed a significant enrichment of clusters of orthologous groups (COGs) across all Zetaproteobacteria isolate genomes that are associated with the regulation of a switch between sessile and motile growth controlled by the intracellular signaling molecule c-di-GMP. Potential interactions between stalk-former unique transcription factor genes, sfz genes, and c-di-GMP point toward a c-di-GMP regulated surface attachment function of stalks during sessile growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Koeksoy
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, ME, United States.,Leibniz Institute DSMZ (German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Oliver M Bezuidt
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, ME, United States
| | - Timm Bayer
- Geomicrobiology Group, Center for Applied Geoscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Clara S Chan
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States.,School of Marine Sciences and Policy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - David Emerson
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, ME, United States
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23
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Molina-Santiago C, de Vicente A, Romero D. Bacterial extracellular matrix as a natural source of biotechnologically multivalent materials. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:2796-2805. [PMID: 34093994 PMCID: PMC8138678 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is an intricate megastructure made by bacterial cells to form architecturally complex biostructures called biofilms. Protection of cells, modulation of cell-to-cell signalling, cell differentiation and environmental sensing are functions of the ECM that reflect its diverse chemical composition. Proteins, polysaccharides and eDNA have specific functionalities while cooperatively interacting to sustain the architecture and biological relevance of the ECM. The accumulated evidence on the chemical heterogeneity and specific functionalities of ECM components has attracted attention because of their potential biotechnological applications, from agriculture to the water and food industries. This review compiles information on the most relevant bacterial ECM components, the biophysical and chemical features responsible for their biological roles, and their potential to be further translated into biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Molina-Santiago
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora”, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Málaga, Bulevar Louis Pasteur 31 (Campus Universitario de teatinos), 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Antonio de Vicente
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora”, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Málaga, Bulevar Louis Pasteur 31 (Campus Universitario de teatinos), 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Diego Romero
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora”, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Málaga, Bulevar Louis Pasteur 31 (Campus Universitario de teatinos), 29071 Málaga, Spain
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24
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Kalinina O, Talley S, Zamora-Pineda J, Paik W, Campbell EM, Knight KL. Amelioration of Graft-versus-Host Disease by Exopolysaccharide from a Commensal Bacterium. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:2101-2108. [PMID: 33846225 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Acute graft-versus-host disease (aGvHD) is a severe, often lethal, complication of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and although prophylactic regimens are given as standard pretransplantation therapy, up to 60% of these patients develop aGvHD, and require additional immunosuppressive intervention. We treated mice with a purified probiotic molecule, exopolysaccharide (EPS) from Bacillus subtilis, shortly before and after induction of aGvHD and found that, whereas only 10% of control mice survived to day 80, 70% of EPS-treated mice survived to 80 d. EPS treatment of donor-only mice resulted in ∼60% survival. Using a biosensor mouse model to assess inflammation in live mice during aGvHD, we found that EPS prevented the activation of alloreactive donor T cells. In vitro, EPS did not affect T cells directly but, instead, induced bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) that displayed characteristics of inhibitory dendritic cells (DCs). Development of these BMDCs required TLR4 signaling through both MyD88 and TRIF pathways. Using BMDCs derived from IDO knockout mice, we showed that T cell inhibition by EPS-treated BMDCs was mediated through the suppressive effects of IDO. These studies describe a bacterial molecule that modulates immune responses by inducing inhibitory DCs in a TLR4-dependent manner, and these cells have the capacity to inhibit T cell activation through IDO. We suggest that EPS or EPS-treated DCs can serve as novel agents for preventing aGvHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Kalinina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL
| | - Sarah Talley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL
| | - Jesus Zamora-Pineda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL
| | - Wonbeom Paik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL
| | - Edward M Campbell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL
| | - Katherine L Knight
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL
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25
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Effects of an EPS Biosynthesis Gene Cluster of Paenibacillus polymyxa WLY78 on Biofilm Formation and Nitrogen Fixation under Aerobic Conditions. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9020289. [PMID: 33573330 PMCID: PMC7911366 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Exopolysaccharides (EPS) are of high significance in bacterial biofilm formation. However, the effects of EPS cluster(s) on biofilm formation in Paenibacillus species are little known. In this study, we have shown that Paenibacillus polymyxa WLY78, a N2-fixing bacterium, can form biofilm. EPS is the major component of the extracellular matrix. The genome of P. polymyxa WLY78 contains two putative gene clusters (designated pep-1 cluster and pep-2 cluster). The pep-1 cluster is composed of 12 putative genes (pepO-lytR) co-located in a 13 kb region. The pep-2 cluster contains 17 putative genes (pepA-pepN) organized as an operon in a 20 kb region. Mutation analysis reveals that the pep-2 cluster is involved in EPS biosynthesis and biofilm formation. Disruption of the pep-2 cluster also leads to the enhancement of motility and change of the colony morphology. In contrast, disruption of the pep-1 cluster does not affect EPS synthesis or biofilm formation. More importantly, the biofilm allowed P. polymyxa WLY78 to fix nitrogen in aerobic conditions, suggesting that biofilm may provide a microaerobic environment for nitrogenase synthesis and activity.
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26
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Role of Biofilm Formation by Bacillus pumilus HR10 in Biocontrol against Pine Seedling Damping-Off Disease Caused by Rhizoctonia solani. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11060652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The biocontrol process mediated by plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) relies on multiple mechanisms. Biofilm formation plays an important role in the ability of PGPR to control plant diseases. Bacillus pumilus HR10, one such PGPR, promotes the growth of Pinus thunbergii. This study showed that the wild-type strain B. pumilus HR10 produces a stable and mature biofilm in vitro. Biofilm-deficient mutants of B. pumilus HR10 with different phenotypes were screened by mutagenesis. The contents of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) and proteins produced by the mutant strains were significantly reduced, and the biofilms of the mutants were weakened to varying degrees. The swarming abilities of the wild-type and mutant strains were positively correlated with biofilm formation. A colonization assay demonstrated that B. pumilus HR10 could colonize the roots of Pinus massoniana seedlings in a large population and persist, while biofilm-deficient mutants showed weak colonization ability. Furthermore, a biocontrol assay showed that biocontrol efficacy of the mutants was reduced to a certain degree. We determined the inhibitory activity of B. pumilus HR10 and its ability to induce systemic resistance against Rhizoctonia solani of plants. The synthesis of lipopeptide antibiotics is probably involved in biofilm formation by B. pumilus HR10. These observations not only provide a reference for further research about the coordinated action between biofilm formation and the multiple biocontrol mechanisms of B. pumilus HR10 but also improve the understanding of the regulatory pathway of biofilm formation by B. pumilus HR10.
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27
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Steinberg N, Keren-Paz A, Hou Q, Doron S, Yanuka-Golub K, Olender T, Hadar R, Rosenberg G, Jain R, Cámara-Almirón J, Romero D, van Teeffelen S, Kolodkin-Gal I. The extracellular matrix protein TasA is a developmental cue that maintains a motile subpopulation within Bacillus subtilis biofilms. Sci Signal 2020; 13:13/632/eaaw8905. [PMID: 32430292 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaw8905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In nature, bacteria form biofilms-differentiated multicellular communities attached to surfaces. Within these generally sessile biofilms, a subset of cells continues to express motility genes. We found that this subpopulation enabled Bacillus subtilis biofilms to expand on high-friction surfaces. The extracellular matrix (ECM) protein TasA was required for the expression of flagellar genes. In addition to its structural role as an adhesive fiber for cell attachment, TasA acted as a developmental signal stimulating a subset of biofilm cells to revert to a motile phenotype. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that TasA stimulated the expression of a specific subset of genes whose products promote motility and repress ECM production. Spontaneous suppressor mutations that restored motility in the absence of TasA revealed that activation of the biofilm-motility switch by the two-component system CssR/CssS antagonized the TasA-mediated reversion to motility in biofilm cells. Our results suggest that although mostly sessile, biofilms retain a degree of motility by actively maintaining a motile subpopulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitai Steinberg
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.,Department of Microbiology, Institute Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Alona Keren-Paz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Qihui Hou
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shany Doron
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Keren Yanuka-Golub
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tsviya Olender
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Rotem Hadar
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Gili Rosenberg
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Rakeshkumar Jain
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Jesus Cámara-Almirón
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Diego Romero
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Ilana Kolodkin-Gal
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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28
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Peng N, Cai P, Mortimer M, Wu Y, Gao C, Huang Q. The exopolysaccharide-eDNA interaction modulates 3D architecture of Bacillus subtilis biofilm. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:115. [PMID: 32410574 PMCID: PMC7227074 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01789-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial biofilms are surface-adherent microbial communities in which individual cells are surrounded by a self-produced extracellular matrix of polysaccharides, extracellular DNA (eDNA) and proteins. Interactions among matrix components within biofilms are responsible for creating an adaptable structure during biofilm development. However, it is unclear how the interactions among matrix components contribute to the construction of the three-dimensional (3D) biofilm architecture. RESULTS DNase I treatment significantly inhibited Bacillus subtilis biofilm formation in the early phases of biofilm development. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and image analysis revealed that eDNA was cooperative with exopolysaccharide (EPS) in the early stages of B. subtilis biofilm development, while EPS played a major structural role in the later stages. In addition, deletion of the EPS production gene epsG in B. subtilis SBE1 resulted in loss of the interaction between EPS and eDNA and reduced the biofilm biomass in pellicles at the air-liquid interface. The physical interaction between these two essential biofilm matrix components was confirmed by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). CONCLUSIONS Biofilm 3D structures become interconnected through surrounding eDNA and EPS. eDNA interacts with EPS in the early phases of biofilm development, while EPS mainly participates in the maturation of biofilms. The findings of this study provide a better understanding of the role of the interaction between eDNA and EPS in shaping the biofilm 3D matrix structure and biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Resources of Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Peng Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Resources of Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Monika Mortimer
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management and Earth Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, 93106 USA
| | - Yichao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Resources of Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Chunhui Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Resources of Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Qiaoyun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Resources of Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
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29
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Tn FLX: a Third-Generation mariner-Based Transposon System for Bacillus subtilis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.02893-19. [PMID: 32169936 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02893-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Random transposon mutagenesis is a powerful and unbiased genetic approach to answer fundamental biological questions. Here, we introduce an improved mariner-based transposon system with enhanced stability during propagation and versatile applications in mutagenesis. We used a low-copy-number plasmid as a transposon delivery vehicle, which affords a lower frequency of unintended recombination during vector construction and propagation in Escherichia coli We generated a variety of transposons allowing for gene disruption or artificial overexpression, each in combination with one of four different antibiotic resistance markers. In addition, we provide transposons that will report gene/protein expression due to transcriptional or translational coupling. We believe that the TnFLX system will help enhance the flexibility of future transposon modification and application in Bacillus and other organisms.IMPORTANCE The stability of transposase-encoding vectors during cloning and propagation is crucial for the reliable application of transposons. Here, we increased the stability of the mariner delivery vehicle in E. coli Moreover, the TnFLX transposon system will improve the application of forward genetic methods with an increased number of antibiotic resistance markers and the ability to generate unbiased green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusions to report on protein translation and subcellular localization.
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30
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Identification of Genes Required for Glucan Exopolysaccharide Production in Lactobacillus johnsonii Suggests a Novel Biosynthesis Mechanism. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.02808-19. [PMID: 32060027 PMCID: PMC7117936 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02808-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Exopolysaccharides are key components of the surfaces of their bacterial producers, contributing to protection, microbial and host interactions, and even virulence. They also have significant applications in industry, and understanding their biosynthetic mechanisms may allow improved production of novel and valuable polymers. Four categories of bacterial exopolysaccharide biosynthesis have been described in detail, but novel enzymes and glycosylation mechanisms are still being described. Our findings that a putative bactoprenol glycosyltransferase and flippase are essential to homopolysaccharide biosynthesis in Lactobacillus johnsonii FI9785 indicate that there may be an alternative mechanism of glucan biosynthesis to the glucansucrase pathway. Disturbance of this synthesis leads to a slow-growth phenotype. Further elucidation of this biosynthesis may give insight into exopolysaccharide production and its impact on the bacterial cell. Lactobacillus johnsonii FI9785 makes two capsular exopolysaccharides—a heteropolysaccharide (EPS2) encoded by the eps operon and a branched glucan homopolysaccharide (EPS1). The homopolysaccharide is synthesized in the absence of sucrose, and there are no typical glucansucrase genes in the genome. Quantitative proteomics was used to compare the wild type to a mutant where EPS production was reduced to attempt to identify proteins associated with EPS1 biosynthesis. A putative bactoprenol glycosyltransferase, FI9785_242 (242), was less abundant in the Δeps_cluster mutant strain than in the wild type. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis of isolated EPS showed that deletion of the FI9785_242 gene (242) prevented the accumulation of EPS1, without affecting EPS2 synthesis, while plasmid complementation restored EPS1 production. The deletion of 242 also produced a slow-growth phenotype, which could be rescued by complementation. 242 shows amino acid homology to bactoprenol glycosyltransferase GtrB, involved in O-antigen glycosylation, while in silico analysis of the neighboring gene 241 suggested that it encodes a putative flippase with homology to the GtrA superfamily. Deletion of 241 also prevented production of EPS1 and again caused a slow-growth phenotype, while plasmid complementation reinstated EPS1 synthesis. Both genes are highly conserved in L. johnsonii strains isolated from different environments. These results suggest that there may be a novel mechanism for homopolysaccharide synthesis in the Gram-positive L. johnsonii. IMPORTANCE Exopolysaccharides are key components of the surfaces of their bacterial producers, contributing to protection, microbial and host interactions, and even virulence. They also have significant applications in industry, and understanding their biosynthetic mechanisms may allow improved production of novel and valuable polymers. Four categories of bacterial exopolysaccharide biosynthesis have been described in detail, but novel enzymes and glycosylation mechanisms are still being described. Our findings that a putative bactoprenol glycosyltransferase and flippase are essential to homopolysaccharide biosynthesis in Lactobacillus johnsonii FI9785 indicate that there may be an alternative mechanism of glucan biosynthesis to the glucansucrase pathway. Disturbance of this synthesis leads to a slow-growth phenotype. Further elucidation of this biosynthesis may give insight into exopolysaccharide production and its impact on the bacterial cell.
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31
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The Flagellar Gene Regulates Biofilm Formation and Mussel Larval Settlement and Metamorphosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030710. [PMID: 31973189 PMCID: PMC7036800 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are critical components of most marine systems and provide biochemical cues that can significantly impact overall community composition. Although progress has been made in the bacteria–animal interaction, the molecular basis of modulation of settlement and metamorphosis in most marine animals by bacteria is poorly understood. Here, Pseudoalteromonas marina showing inducing activity on mussel settlement and metamorphosis was chosen as a model to clarify the mechanism that regulates the bacteria–mussel interaction. We constructed a flagellin synthetic protein gene fliP deletion mutant of P. marina and checked whether deficiency of fliP gene will impact inducing activity, motility, and extracellular polymeric substances of biofilms. Furthermore, we examined the effect of flagellar proteins extracted from bacteria on larval settlement and metamorphosis. The deletion of the fliP gene caused the loss of the flagella structure and motility of the ΔfliP strain. Deficiency of the fliP gene promoted the biofilm formation and changed biofilm matrix by reducing β-polysaccharides and increasing extracellular proteins and finally reduced biofilm-inducing activities. Flagellar protein extract promoted mussel metamorphosis, and ΔfliP biofilms combined with additional flagellar proteins induced similar settlement and metamorphosis rate compared to that of the wild-type strain. These findings provide novel insight on the molecular interactions between bacteria and mussels.
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32
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Hou YJ, Yang WS, Hong Y, Zhang Y, Wang DC, Li DF. Structural insights into the mechanism of c-di-GMP–bound YcgR regulating flagellar motility in Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)49937-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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33
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Hou YJ, Yang WS, Hong Y, Zhang Y, Wang DC, Li DF. Structural insights into the mechanism of c-di-GMP-bound YcgR regulating flagellar motility in Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 2019; 295:808-821. [PMID: 31836667 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The motile-sessile transition is critical for bacterial survival and growth. Cyclic-di-GMP (c-di-GMP) plays a central role in controlling this transition and regulating biofilm formation via various effectors. As an effector of c-di-GMP in Escherichia coli and related species, the PilZ domain-containing protein YcgR responds to elevated c-di-GMP concentrations and acts on the flagellar motor to suppress bacterial motility in a brakelike fashion, which promotes bacterial surface attachment. To date, several target proteins within the motor, MotA, FliG, and FliM, along with different regulatory mechanisms have been reported. However, how YcgR acts on these components remains unclear. Here, we report that activated YcgR stably binds to MotA at the MotA-FliG interface and thereby regulates bacterial swimming. Biochemical and structural analyses revealed that c-di-GMP rearranges the PilZ domain configuration, resulting in the formation of a MotA-binding patch consisting of an RXXXR motif and the C-tail helix α3. Moreover, we noted that a conserved region in the YcgR-N domain, which is independent of MotA interaction, is necessary for motility regulation. On the basis of these findings, we infer that the YcgR-N domain is required for activity on other motor proteins. We propose that activated YcgR appends to MotA via its PilZ domain and thereby interrupts the MotA-FliG interaction and simultaneously interacts with other motor proteins via its YcgR-N domain to inhibit flagellar motility. Our findings suggest that the mode of interaction between YcgR and motor proteins may be shared by other PilZ family proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Jie Hou
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wen-Si Yang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuan Hong
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Da-Cheng Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - De-Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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34
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Huang Z, Wu L, Li X, Ma L, Borriss R, Gao X. Zn(II) suppresses biofilm formation in Bacillus amyloliquefaciens by inactivation of the Mn(II) uptake. Environ Microbiol 2019; 22:1547-1558. [PMID: 31715659 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Biofilms are architecturally complex communities of microbial cells held together by a self-produced extracellular matrix. Considerable research has focused on the environmental signals that trigger or inhibit biofilm formation by affecting cellular signalling pathways; however, response to soil cues in plant-associated Bacillus has remained largely unaddressed. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effect of Zn(II) ions in biofilm formation of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42. We demonstrated that the biofilm formation of B. amyloliquefaciens FZB42 was abolished by Zn(II) at non-deleterious concentrations. Moreover, Zn(II) blocked matrix exopolysaccharide and TasA accumulations. Furthermore, the presence of Zn(II) suppressed expression of the response regulator Spo0F but not of sensor histidine kinases KinA-D. Suppression of phosphorelay by excess Zn interferes with sinI induction under biofilm-inducing conditions, leading to repression of transcription of operons epsA-O and tapA-sigW-tasA. Addition of Zn(II) decreased the intracellular Mn(II) level by competing for binding to the solute-binding protein MntA during Mn(II) uptake. These results suggest that the metal ion Zn(II) has a negative effect on biofilm formation in the plant growth promoting and biocontrol bacterium B. amyloliquefaciens FZB42.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Huang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Disease and Pest Insects, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Liming Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Disease and Pest Insects, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xi Li
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Disease and Pest Insects, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Liumin Ma
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Disease and Pest Insects, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Rainer Borriss
- Nord Reet UG, Greifswald, Germany.,Fachgebiet Phytomedizin, Institut für Agrar- und Gartenbauwissenschaften, Humboldt Universität, Berlin, Germany
| | - Xuewen Gao
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Disease and Pest Insects, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210095, China
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35
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Schniederberend M, Williams JF, Shine E, Shen C, Jain R, Emonet T, Kazmierczak BI. Modulation of flagellar rotation in surface-attached bacteria: A pathway for rapid surface-sensing after flagellar attachment. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008149. [PMID: 31682637 PMCID: PMC6855561 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Attachment is a necessary first step in bacterial commitment to surface-associated behaviors that include colonization, biofilm formation, and host-directed virulence. The Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa can initially attach to surfaces via its single polar flagellum. Although many bacteria quickly detach, some become irreversibly attached and express surface-associated structures, such as Type IV pili, and behaviors, including twitching motility and biofilm initiation. P. aeruginosa that lack the GTPase FlhF assemble a randomly placed flagellum that is motile; however, we observed that these mutant bacteria show defects in biofilm formation comparable to those seen for non-motile, aflagellate bacteria. This phenotype was associated with altered behavior of ΔflhF bacteria immediately following surface-attachment. Forward and reverse genetic screens led to the discovery that FlhF interacts with FimV to control flagellar rotation at a surface, and implicated cAMP signaling in this pathway. Although cAMP controls many transcriptional programs in P. aeruginosa, known targets of this second messenger were not required to modulate flagellar rotation in surface-attached bacteria. Instead, alterations in switching behavior of the motor appeared to result from direct or indirect effects of cAMP on switch complex proteins and/or the stators associated with them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Schniederberend
- Department of Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Jessica F. Williams
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Emilee Shine
- Program in Microbiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Cong Shen
- Program in Microbiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Ruchi Jain
- Department of Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Thierry Emonet
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Barbara I. Kazmierczak
- Department of Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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36
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Wheeler JD, Secchi E, Rusconi R, Stocker R. Not Just Going with the Flow: The Effects of Fluid Flow on Bacteria and Plankton. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2019; 35:213-237. [PMID: 31412210 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100818-125119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Microorganisms often live in habitats characterized by fluid flow, from lakes and oceans to soil and the human body. Bacteria and plankton experience a broad range of flows, from the chaotic motion characteristic of turbulence to smooth flows at boundaries and in confined environments. Flow creates forces and torques that affect the movement, behavior, and spatial distribution of microorganisms and shapes the chemical landscape on which they rely for nutrient acquisition and communication. Methodological advances and closer interactions between physicists and biologists have begun to reveal the importance of flow-microorganism interactions and the adaptations of microorganisms to flow. Here we review selected examples of such interactions from bacteria, phytoplankton, larvae, and zooplankton. We hope that this article will serve as a blueprint for a more in-depth consideration of the effects of flow in the biology of microorganisms and that this discussion will stimulate further multidisciplinary effort in understanding this important component of microorganism habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette D Wheeler
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland;
| | - Eleonora Secchi
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland;
| | - Roberto Rusconi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 20090 Pieve Emanuele (MI), Italy.,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, 20089 Rozzano (MI), Italy
| | - Roman Stocker
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland;
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37
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Abstract
Bacteria move by a variety of mechanisms, but the best understood types of motility are powered by flagella (72). Flagella are complex machines embedded in the cell envelope that rotate a long extracellular helical filament like a propeller to push cells through the environment. The flagellum is one of relatively few biological machines that experience continuous 360° rotation, and it is driven by one of the most powerful motors, relative to its size, on earth. The rotational force (torque) generated at the base of the flagellum is essential for motility, niche colonization, and pathogenesis. This review describes regulatory proteins that control motility at the level of torque generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundharraman Subramanian
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA.,Biochemistry Graduate Program, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Daniel B Kearns
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA;
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38
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Saha S, Biswas PK, Schmittel M. Reversible Interconversion of a Static Metallosupramolecular Cage Assembly into a High-Speed Rotor: Stepless Adjustment of Rotational Exchange by Nucleophile Addition. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:3466-3472. [PMID: 30789716 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b03567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The self-assembled cage ROT-1 was prepared from the pyridine-terminated rotator 1, the phenanthroline-appended stator 2, DABCO, and copper(I) ions in a ratio of 1:1:1:4. This four-component assembly is held together by two pyridine→[Cu(phenAr2)]+ as well as two DABCO→zinc porphyrin interactions (phenAr2 = 2,9-diarylphenanthroline) and does not show any motion on the NMR time scale ( k < 0.1 s-1, 298 K). However, it is converted to the fast nanorotor ROT-1 xCD3CN by addition of CD3CN [ x = (v/v)% of acetonitrile in dichloromethane] due to acceleration of both pyridine→copper(I) dissociation steps. Now the rotator is able to visit all four copper(I)-loaded phenanthroline stations of the stator. Depending on the amount of CD3CN, the exchange frequency of the nanorotor varies from 0.7 s-1 (CD3CN:CD2Cl2 = 1:29) to 8000 s-1 (CD3CN:CD2Cl2 = 1:5) at 25 °C. When iodide (I-) is added to the static assembly ROT-1, the rotational speed increases even more drastically ( k = 20 000 s-1), again due to accelerating the rate-determining pyridine→copper(I) dissociation step. In both cases, a sigmoidal relationship is established between exchange frequency and the concentration of added nucleophile (CD3CN or iodide) that suggests the presence of a cooperative effect. Reversible switching between the static assembly and fast rotor was performed several times without any decomposition of the system. In contrast, addition of the common nucleophile PPh3 to ROT-1 does not increase the rotational speed, a finding that is explained on thermodynamic grounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchismita Saha
- Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and Engineering , Organische Chemie I , Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2 , D-57068 Siegen , Germany
| | - Pronay Kumar Biswas
- Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and Engineering , Organische Chemie I , Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2 , D-57068 Siegen , Germany
| | - Michael Schmittel
- Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and Engineering , Organische Chemie I , Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2 , D-57068 Siegen , Germany
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39
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Kaundinya CR, Savithri HS, Rao KK, Balaji PV. EpsN from Bacillus subtilis 168 has UDP-2,6-dideoxy 2-acetamido 4-keto glucose aminotransferase activity in vitro. Glycobiology 2019; 28:802-812. [PMID: 29982582 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwy063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The gene epsN of Bacillus subtilis 168 was cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli. Purified recombinant EpsN is shown to be a pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)-dependent aminotransferase by absorption spectroscopy, l-cycloserine inhibition and reverse phase HPLC studies. EpsN catalyzes the conversion of UDP-2,6-dideoxy 2-acetamido 4-keto glucose to UDP-2,6-dideoxy 2-acetamido 4-amino glucose. Lys190 was found by sequence comparison and site-directed mutagenesis to form Schiff base with PLP. Mutagenesis studies showed that, in addition to Lys190, Ser185, Glu164, Gly58 and Thr59 are essential for aminotransferase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinmayi R Kaundinya
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Handanahal S Savithri
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, CV Raman Road, Bengaluru, India
| | - K Krishnamurthy Rao
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
| | - Petety V Balaji
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India
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40
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Kaundinya CR, Savithri HS, Rao KK, Balaji PV. EpsM from Bacillus subtilis 168 has UDP-2,4,6-trideoxy-2-acetamido-4-amino glucose acetyltransferase activity in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 505:1057-1062. [PMID: 30314705 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.09.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis 168 EpsM (UniProt id P71063) has been electronically annotated as putative acetyltransferase in the UniProt database. The gene epsM was cloned and overexpressed in E. coli with an N-terminal GST tag. The purified fusion protein was shown by absorption spectroscopy, autoradiography and reverse phase HPLC to catalyse the conversion of UDP-2,4,6-trideoxy-2-acetamido-4-amino glucose to UDP-2,4,6-trideoxy-2,4-diacetamido glucose, commonly known as N,N'-diacetylbacillosamine, using acetyl coenzyme A as the donor substrate. His146 was shown by site-directed mutagenesis to be essential for acetyltransferase activity. It is hypothesized that EpsC (NAD+ dependent UDP GlcNAc 4,6-dehydratase), EpsN (PLP dependent aminotransferase) and EpsM, all of which are part of the eps operon, are involved in the biosynthesis of N,N'-diacetylbacillosamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinmayi R Kaundinya
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Handanahal S Savithri
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, CV Raman Road, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - K Krishnamurthy Rao
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India.
| | - Petety V Balaji
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India.
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41
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Pandit S, Ravikumar V, Abdel-Haleem AM, Derouiche A, Mokkapati VRSS, Sihlbom C, Mineta K, Gojobori T, Gao X, Westerlund F, Mijakovic I. Low Concentrations of Vitamin C Reduce the Synthesis of Extracellular Polymers and Destabilize Bacterial Biofilms. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2599. [PMID: 29317857 PMCID: PMC5748153 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) produced by bacteria form a matrix supporting the complex three-dimensional architecture of biofilms. This EPS matrix is primarily composed of polysaccharides, proteins and extracellular DNA. In addition to supporting the community structure, the EPS matrix protects bacterial biofilms from the environment. Specifically, it shields the bacterial cells inside the biofilm, by preventing antimicrobial agents from getting in contact with them, thereby reducing their killing effect. New strategies for disrupting the formation of the EPS matrix can therefore lead to a more efficient use of existing antimicrobials. Here we examined the mechanism of the known effect of vitamin C (sodium ascorbate) on enhancing the activity of various antibacterial agents. Our quantitative proteomics analysis shows that non-lethal concentrations of vitamin C inhibit bacterial quorum sensing and other regulatory mechanisms underpinning biofilm development. As a result, the EPS biosynthesis in reduced, and especially the polysaccharide component of the matrix is depleted. Once the EPS content is reduced beyond a critical point, bacterial cells get fully exposed to the medium. At this stage, the cells are more susceptible to killing, either by vitamin C-induced oxidative stress as reported here, or by other antimicrobials or treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Pandit
- Systems and Synthetic Biology Division, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Vaishnavi Ravikumar
- Systems and Synthetic Biology Division, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alyaa M Abdel-Haleem
- Computational Bioscience Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.,Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abderahmane Derouiche
- Systems and Synthetic Biology Division, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - V R S S Mokkapati
- Systems and Synthetic Biology Division, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carina Sihlbom
- Proteomics Core Facility, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Katsuhiko Mineta
- Computational Bioscience Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Takashi Gojobori
- Computational Bioscience Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xin Gao
- Computational Bioscience Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fredrik Westerlund
- Systems and Synthetic Biology Division, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ivan Mijakovic
- Systems and Synthetic Biology Division, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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42
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43
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de Anda J, Lee EY, Lee CK, Bennett RR, Ji X, Soltani S, Harrison MC, Baker AE, Luo Y, Chou T, O’Toole GA, Armani AM, Golestanian R, Wong GCL. High-Speed "4D" Computational Microscopy of Bacterial Surface Motility. ACS NANO 2017; 11:9340-9351. [PMID: 28836761 PMCID: PMC5978429 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b04738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria exhibit surface motility modes that play pivotal roles in early-stage biofilm community development, such as type IV pili-driven "twitching" motility and flagellum-driven "spinning" and "swarming" motility. Appendage-driven motility is controlled by molecular motors, and analysis of surface motility behavior is complicated by its inherently 3D nature, the speed of which is too fast for confocal microscopy to capture. Here, we combine electromagnetic field computation and statistical image analysis to generate 3D movies close to a surface at 5 ms time resolution using conventional inverted microscopes. We treat each bacterial cell as a spherocylindrical lens and use finite element modeling to solve Maxwell's equations and compute the diffracted light intensities associated with different angular orientations of the bacterium relative to the surface. By performing cross-correlation calculations between measured 2D microscopy images and a library of computed light intensities, we demonstrate that near-surface 3D movies of Pseudomonas aeruginosa translational and rotational motion are possible at high temporal resolution. Comparison between computational reconstructions and detailed hydrodynamic calculations reveals that P. aeruginosa act like low Reynolds number spinning tops with unstable orbits, driven by a flagellum motor with a torque output of ∼2 pN μm. Interestingly, our analysis reveals that P. aeruginosa can undergo complex flagellum-driven dynamical behavior, including precession, nutation, and an unexpected taxonomy of surface motility mechanisms, including upright-spinning bacteria that diffuse laterally across the surface, and horizontal bacteria that follow helicoidal trajectories and exhibit superdiffusive movements parallel to the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime de Anda
- Department of Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1600, United States
| | - Ernest Y. Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1600, United States
| | - Calvin K. Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1600, United States
| | - Rachel R. Bennett
- Department of Physics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3NP, U.K
| | - Xiang Ji
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Soheil Soltani
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Mark C. Harrison
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Amy E. Baker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Yun Luo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
- DuPont Industrial Biosciences, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Tom Chou
- Departments of Biomathematics and Mathematics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1766, United States
| | - George A. O’Toole
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Andrea M. Armani
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Ramin Golestanian
- Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3NP, U.K
| | - Gerard C. L. Wong
- Department of Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1600, United States
- Corresponding Author: Tel: (310) 794-7684.
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44
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Zhang H, Lam KH, Lam WWL, Wong SYY, Chan VSF, Au SWN. A putative spermidine synthase interacts with flagellar switch protein FliM and regulates motility inHelicobacter pylori. Mol Microbiol 2017; 106:690-703. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huawei Zhang
- Centre for Protein Science and Crystallography, School of Life Sciences; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong
| | - Kwok Ho Lam
- Centre for Protein Science and Crystallography, School of Life Sciences; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong
| | - Wendy Wai Ling Lam
- Centre for Protein Science and Crystallography, School of Life Sciences; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong
| | - Sandra Yuen Yuen Wong
- Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong
| | - Vera Sau Fong Chan
- Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong
| | - Shannon Wing Ngor Au
- Centre for Protein Science and Crystallography, School of Life Sciences; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong
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45
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Diethmaier C, Chawla R, Canzoneri A, Kearns DB, Lele PP, Dubnau D. Viscous drag on the flagellum activates Bacillus subtilis entry into the K-state. Mol Microbiol 2017; 106:367-380. [PMID: 28800172 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis flagella are not only required for locomotion but also act as sensors that monitor environmental changes. Although how the signal transmission takes place is poorly understood, it has been shown that flagella play an important role in surface sensing by transmitting a mechanical signal to control the DegS-DegU two-component system. Here we report a role for flagella in the regulation of the K-state, which enables transformability and antibiotic tolerance (persistence). Mutations impairing flagellar synthesis are inferred to increase DegU-P, which inhibits the expression of ComK, the master regulator for the K-state, and reduces transformability. Tellingly, both deletion of the flagellin gene and straight filament (hagA233V ) mutations increased DegU phosphorylation despite the fact that both mutants had wild type numbers of basal bodies and the flagellar motors were functional. We propose that higher viscous loads on flagellar motors result in lower DegU-P levels through an unknown signaling mechanism. This flagellar-load based mechanism ensures that cells in the motile subpopulation have a tenfold enhanced likelihood of entering the K-state and taking up DNA from the environment. Further, our results suggest that the developmental states of motility and competence are related and most commonly occur in the same epigenetic cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Diethmaier
- Public Health Research Institute Center, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Ravi Chawla
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station Texas, TX, USA
| | | | - Daniel B Kearns
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Pushkar P Lele
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station Texas, TX, USA
| | - David Dubnau
- Public Health Research Institute Center, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
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46
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Anti-biofilm effects of anthranilate on a broad range of bacteria. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8604. [PMID: 28819217 PMCID: PMC5561115 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06540-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthranilate, one of tryptophan degradation products has been reported to interfere with biofilm formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Here, we investigated the effects of anthranilate on biofilm formation by various bacteria and the mechanisms responsible. Anthranilate commonly inhibited biofilm formation by P. aeruginosa, Vibrio vulnificus, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, and Staphylococcus aureus, and disrupted biofilms preformed by these bacteria. Because anthranilate reduced intracellular c-di-GMP and enhanced swimming and swarming motilities in P. aeruginosa, V. vulnificus, B. subtilis, and S. enterica, it is likely that anthranilate disrupts biofilms by inducing the dispersion of these bacteria. On the other hand, in S. aureus, a non-flagellate bacterium that has no c-di-GMP signaling, anthranilate probably inhibits biofilm formation by reducing slime production. These results suggest that anthranilate has multiple ways for biofilm inhibition. Furthermore, because of its good biofilm inhibitory effects and lack of cytotoxicity to human cells even at high concentration, anthranilate appears to be a promising agent for inhibiting biofilm formation by a broad range of bacteria.
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47
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Bridier A, Piard JC, Pandin C, Labarthe S, Dubois-Brissonnet F, Briandet R. Spatial Organization Plasticity as an Adaptive Driver of Surface Microbial Communities. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1364. [PMID: 28775718 PMCID: PMC5517491 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are dynamic habitats which constantly evolve in response to environmental fluctuations and thereby constitute remarkable survival strategies for microorganisms. The modulation of biofilm functional properties is largely governed by the active remodeling of their three-dimensional structure and involves an arsenal of microbial self-produced components and interconnected mechanisms. The production of matrix components, the spatial reorganization of ecological interactions, the generation of physiological heterogeneity, the regulation of motility, the production of actives enzymes are for instance some of the processes enabling such spatial organization plasticity. In this contribution, we discussed the foundations of architectural plasticity as an adaptive driver of biofilms through the review of the different microbial strategies involved. Moreover, the possibility to harness such characteristics to sculpt biofilm structure as an attractive approach to control their functional properties, whether beneficial or deleterious, is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Bridier
- Antibiotics, Biocides, Residues and Resistance Unit, Fougères Laboratory, ANSESFougères, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Piard
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-SaclayJouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Caroline Pandin
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-SaclayJouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Simon Labarthe
- MaIAGE, INRA, Université Paris-SaclayJouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Romain Briandet
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-SaclayJouy-en-Josas, France
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48
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Bidnenko V, Nicolas P, Grylak-Mielnicka A, Delumeau O, Auger S, Aucouturier A, Guerin C, Repoila F, Bardowski J, Aymerich S, Bidnenko E. Termination factor Rho: From the control of pervasive transcription to cell fate determination in Bacillus subtilis. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006909. [PMID: 28723971 PMCID: PMC5540618 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotes, RNA species originating from pervasive transcription are regulators of various cellular processes, from the expression of individual genes to the control of cellular development and oncogenesis. In prokaryotes, the function of pervasive transcription and its output on cell physiology is still unknown. Most bacteria possess termination factor Rho, which represses pervasive, mostly antisense, transcription. Here, we investigate the biological significance of Rho-controlled transcription in the Gram-positive model bacterium Bacillus subtilis. Rho inactivation strongly affected gene expression in B. subtilis, as assessed by transcriptome and proteome analysis of a rho-null mutant during exponential growth in rich medium. Subsequent physiological analyses demonstrated that a considerable part of Rho-controlled transcription is connected to balanced regulation of three mutually exclusive differentiation programs: cell motility, biofilm formation, and sporulation. In the absence of Rho, several up-regulated sense and antisense transcripts affect key structural and regulatory elements of these differentiation programs, thereby suppressing motility and biofilm formation and stimulating sporulation. We dissected how Rho is involved in the activity of the cell fate decision-making network, centered on the master regulator Spo0A. We also revealed a novel regulatory mechanism of Spo0A activation through Rho-dependent intragenic transcription termination of the protein kinase kinB gene. Altogether, our findings indicate that distinct Rho-controlled transcripts are functional and constitute a previously unknown built-in module for the control of cell differentiation in B. subtilis. In a broader context, our results highlight the recruitment of the termination factor Rho, for which the conserved biological role is probably to repress pervasive transcription, in highly integrated, bacterium-specific, regulatory networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Bidnenko
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Pierre Nicolas
- MaIAGE, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Aleksandra Grylak-Mielnicka
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics PAS, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Olivier Delumeau
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Sandrine Auger
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Anne Aucouturier
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Cyprien Guerin
- MaIAGE, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Francis Repoila
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Jacek Bardowski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics PAS, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Stéphane Aymerich
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Elena Bidnenko
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- * E-mail:
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Paynich ML, Jones-Burrage SE, Knight KL. Exopolysaccharide from Bacillus subtilis Induces Anti-Inflammatory M2 Macrophages That Prevent T Cell-Mediated Disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:2689-2698. [PMID: 28202619 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Commensal bacteria contribute to immune homeostasis in the gastrointestinal tract; however, the underlying mechanisms for this are not well understood. A single dose of exopolysaccharide (EPS) from the probiotic spore-forming bacterium Bacillus subtilis protects mice from acute colitis induced by the enteric pathogen Citrobacter rodentium Adoptive transfer of macrophage-rich peritoneal cells from EPS-treated mice confers protection from disease to recipient mice. In vivo, EPS induces development of anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages in a TLR4-dependent manner, and these cells inhibit T cell activation in vitro and in C. rodentium-infected mice. In vitro, M2 macrophages inhibit CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. The inhibition of CD4+ T cells is dependent on TGF-β, whereas inhibition of CD8+ T cells is dependent on TGF-β and PD-L1. We suggest that administration of B. subtilis EPS can be used to broadly inhibit T cell activation and, thus, control T cell-mediated immune responses in numerous inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory L Paynich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153
| | - Sara E Jones-Burrage
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153
| | - Katherine L Knight
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153
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Listeria monocytogenes DNA Glycosylase AdlP Affects Flagellar Motility, Biofilm Formation, Virulence, and Stress Responses. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:5144-52. [PMID: 27316964 PMCID: PMC4988193 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00719-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The temperature-dependent alteration of flagellar motility gene expression is critical for the foodborne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes to respond to a changing environment. In this study, a genetic determinant, L. monocytogenesf2365_0220 (lmof2365_0220), encoding a putative protein that is structurally similar to the Bacillus cereus alkyl base DNA glycosylase (AlkD), was identified. This determinant was involved in the transcriptional repression of flagellar motility genes and was named adlP (encoding an AlkD-like protein [AdlP]). Deletion of adlP activated the expression of flagellar motility genes at 37°C and disrupted the temperature-dependent inhibition of L. monocytogenes motility. The adlP null strains demonstrated decreased survival in murine macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells and less virulence in mice. Furthermore, the deletion of adlP significantly decreased biofilm formation and impaired the survival of bacteria under several stress conditions, including the presence of a DNA alkylation compound (methyl methanesulfonate), an oxidative agent (H2O2), and aminoglycoside antibiotics. Our findings strongly suggest that adlP may encode a bifunctional protein that transcriptionally represses the expression of flagellar motility genes and influences stress responses through its DNA glycosylase activity. IMPORTANCE We discovered a novel protein that we named AlkD-like protein (AdlP). This protein affected flagellar motility, biofilm formation, and virulence. Our data suggest that AdlP may be a bifunctional protein that represses flagellar motility genes and influences stress responses through its DNA glycosylase activity.
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