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de Anda J, Lee EY, Lee CK, Bennett RR, Ji X, Soltani S, Harrison MC, Baker AE, Luo Y, Chou T, O’Toole GA, Armani AM, Golestanian R, Wong GCL. High-Speed "4D" Computational Microscopy of Bacterial Surface Motility. ACS Nano 2017; 11:9340-9351. [PMID: 28836761 PMCID: PMC5978429 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b04738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria exhibit surface motility modes that play pivotal roles in early-stage biofilm community development, such as type IV pili-driven "twitching" motility and flagellum-driven "spinning" and "swarming" motility. Appendage-driven motility is controlled by molecular motors, and analysis of surface motility behavior is complicated by its inherently 3D nature, the speed of which is too fast for confocal microscopy to capture. Here, we combine electromagnetic field computation and statistical image analysis to generate 3D movies close to a surface at 5 ms time resolution using conventional inverted microscopes. We treat each bacterial cell as a spherocylindrical lens and use finite element modeling to solve Maxwell's equations and compute the diffracted light intensities associated with different angular orientations of the bacterium relative to the surface. By performing cross-correlation calculations between measured 2D microscopy images and a library of computed light intensities, we demonstrate that near-surface 3D movies of Pseudomonas aeruginosa translational and rotational motion are possible at high temporal resolution. Comparison between computational reconstructions and detailed hydrodynamic calculations reveals that P. aeruginosa act like low Reynolds number spinning tops with unstable orbits, driven by a flagellum motor with a torque output of ∼2 pN μm. Interestingly, our analysis reveals that P. aeruginosa can undergo complex flagellum-driven dynamical behavior, including precession, nutation, and an unexpected taxonomy of surface motility mechanisms, including upright-spinning bacteria that diffuse laterally across the surface, and horizontal bacteria that follow helicoidal trajectories and exhibit superdiffusive movements parallel to the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime de Anda
- Department of Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1600, United States
| | - Ernest Y. Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1600, United States
| | - Calvin K. Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1600, United States
| | - Rachel R. Bennett
- Department of Physics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3NP, U.K
| | - Xiang Ji
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Soheil Soltani
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Mark C. Harrison
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Amy E. Baker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Yun Luo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
- DuPont Industrial Biosciences, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, United States
| | - Tom Chou
- Departments of Biomathematics and Mathematics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1766, United States
| | - George A. O’Toole
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Andrea M. Armani
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Ramin Golestanian
- Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3NP, U.K
| | - Gerard C. L. Wong
- Department of Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1600, United States
- Corresponding Author: Tel: (310) 794-7684.
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Lee CK, Kim AJ, Santos GS, Lai PY, Lee SY, Qiao DF, Anda JD, Young TD, Chen Y, Rowe AR, Nealson KH, Weiss PS, Wong GCL. Evolution of Cell Size Homeostasis and Growth Rate Diversity during Initial Surface Colonization of Shewanella oneidensis. ACS Nano 2016; 10:9183-9192. [PMID: 27571459 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b05123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cell size control and homeostasis are fundamental features of bacterial metabolism. Recent work suggests that cells add a constant size between birth and division ("adder" model). However, it is not known how cell size homeostasis is influenced by the existence of heterogeneous microenvironments, such as those during biofilm formation. Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 can use diverse energy sources on a range of surfaces via extracellular electron transport (EET), which can impact growth, metabolism, and size diversity. Here, we track bacterial surface communities at single-cell resolution to show that not only do bacterial motility appendages influence the transition from two- to three-dimensional biofilm growth and control postdivisional cell fates, they strongly impact cell size homeostasis. For every generation, we find that the average growth rate for cells that stay on the surface and continue to divide (nondetaching population) and that for cells that detach before their next division (detaching population) are roughly constant. However, the growth rate distribution is narrow for the nondetaching population, but broad for the detaching population in each generation. Interestingly, the appendage deletion mutants (ΔpilA, ΔmshA-D, Δflg) have significantly broader growth rate distributions than that of the wild type for both detaching and nondetaching populations, which suggests that Shewanella appendages are important for sensing and integrating environmental inputs that contribute to size homeostasis. Moreover, our results suggest multiplexing of appendages for sensing and motility functions contributes to cell size dysregulation. These results can potentially provide a framework for generating metabolic diversity in S. oneidensis populations to optimize EET in heterogeneous environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Annette R Rowe
- Department of Earth Sciences & Biological Sciences, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Kenneth H Nealson
- Department of Earth Sciences & Biological Sciences, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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