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Zhu Y, Tao L, Liu J, Wang Y, Huang H, Jiang Y, Qian W. Construction of a prognostic model for triple-negative breast cancer based on immune-related genes, and associations between the tumor immune microenvironment and immunological therapy. Cancer Med 2023; 12:15704-15719. [PMID: 37306188 PMCID: PMC10417082 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.6176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the subtype of breast cancer with the worst prognosis, and it is highly heterogeneous. There is growing evidence that the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) plays a crucial role in tumor development, maintenance, and treatment responses. Notably however, the full effects of the TIME on prognosis, TIME characteristics, and immunotherapy responses in TNBC patients have not been fully elucidated. METHODS Gene Expression Omnibus and The Cancer Genome Atlas data were used to data analysis. Single-cell sequencing and tissue microarray analysis were used to investigate gene expression. The concentrations and distributions of immune cell types were determined and analyzed using the CIBERSORT strategy. Tumor immune dysfunction and exclusion score and the IMvigor210 cohort were used to estimate the sensitivity of TNBC patients with different prognostic statuses to immune checkpoint treatment. RESULTS Five immune-related genes associated with TNBC prognosis (IL6ST, NR2F1, CKLF, TCF7L2, and HSPA2) was identified and a prognostic evaluation model was constructed based on those genes. The respective areas under the curve of the prognostic nomogram model at 3 and 5 years were 0.791 and 0.859. The group with a lower nomogram score, with a better prognosis survival status and clinical treatment benefit rate. CONCLUSION A prognostic model for TNBC that was closely related to the immune landscape and therapeutic responses was constructed. This model may help clinicians to make more precise and personalized treatment decisions pertaining to TNBC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgerythe Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Lin‐Feng Tao
- Department of Critical Care Medicinethe Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Jin‐Yan Liu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgerythe Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Yi‐Xuan Wang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgerythe Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Hai Huang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgerythe Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Yan‐Nan Jiang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgerythe Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Wei‐Feng Qian
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgerythe Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical UniversitySuzhouChina
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2
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Lee E, Park SY, Moon JY, Ko JY, Kim TK, Im GI. Metabolic Switch Under Glucose Deprivation Leading to Discovery of NR2F1 as a Stimulus of Osteoblast Differentiation. J Bone Miner Res 2022; 37:1382-1399. [PMID: 35462433 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Poor survival of grafted cells is the major impediment of successful cell-based therapies for bone regeneration. Implanted cells undergo rapid death in an ischemic environment largely because of hypoxia and metabolic stress from glucose deficiency. Understanding the intracellular metabolic processes and finding genes that can improve cell survival in these inhospitable conditions are necessary to enhance the success of cell therapies. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate changes of metabolic profile in glucose-deprived human bone marrow stromal/stem cells (hBMSCs) through metabolomics analysis and discover genes that could promote cell survival and osteogenic differentiation in a glucose-deprived microenvironment. Metabolomics analysis was performed to determine metabolic changes in a glucose stress metabolic model. In the absence of glucose, expression levels of all metabolites involved in glycolysis were significantly decreased than those in a glucose-supplemented state. In glucose-deprived osteogenic differentiation, reliance on tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA)-predicted oxidative phosphorylation instead of glycolysis as the main mechanism for energy production in osteogenic induction. By comparing differentially expressed genes between glucose-deprived and glucose-supplemented hBMSCs, NR2F1 (Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 2 Group F Member 1) gene was discovered to be associated with enhanced survival and osteogenic differentiation in cells under metabolic stress. Small, interfering RNA (siRNA) for NR2F1 reduced cell viability and osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs under glucose-supplemented conditions whereas NR2F1 overexpression enhanced osteogenic differentiation and cell survival of hBMSCs in glucose-deprived osteogenic conditions via the protein kinase B (AKT)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway. NR2F1-transfected hBMSCs significantly enhanced new bone formation in a critical size long-bone defect of rats compared with control vector-transfected hBMSCs. In conclusion, the results of this study provide an understanding of the metabolic profile of implanted cells in an ischemic microenvironment and demonstrate that NR2F1 treatment may overcome this deprivation by enhancing AKT and ERK regulation. These findings can be utilized in regenerative medicine for bone regeneration. © 2022 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Lee
- Research Institute for Integrative Regenerative Biomedical Engineering, Dongguk University, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo-Young Park
- Research Institute for Integrative Regenerative Biomedical Engineering, Dongguk University, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Yeon Moon
- Research Institute for Integrative Regenerative Biomedical Engineering, Dongguk University, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yun Ko
- Research Institute for Integrative Regenerative Biomedical Engineering, Dongguk University, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Kyung Kim
- Research Institute for Integrative Regenerative Biomedical Engineering, Dongguk University, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Gun-Il Im
- Research Institute for Integrative Regenerative Biomedical Engineering, Dongguk University, Goyang, Republic of Korea.,Department of Orthopaedics, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea
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3
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Miller JL, Bartlett AP, Harman RM, Majhi PD, Jerry DJ, Van de Walle GR. Induced mammary cancer in rat models: pathogenesis, genetics, and relevance to female breast cancer. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2022; 27:185-210. [PMID: 35904679 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-022-09522-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammary cancer, or breast cancer in women, is a polygenic disease with a complex etiopathogenesis. While much remains elusive regarding its origin, it is well established that chemical carcinogens and endogenous estrogens contribute significantly to the initiation and progression of this disease. Rats have been useful models to study induced mammary cancer. They develop mammary tumors with comparable histopathology to humans and exhibit differences in resistance or susceptibility to mammary cancer depending on strain. While some rat strains (e.g., Sprague-Dawley) readily form mammary tumors following treatment with the chemical carcinogen, 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]-anthracene (DMBA), other strains (e.g., Copenhagen) are resistant to DMBA-induced mammary carcinogenesis. Genetic linkage in inbred strains has identified strain-specific quantitative trait loci (QTLs) affecting mammary tumors, via mechanisms that act together to promote or attenuate, and include 24 QTLs controlling the outcome of chemical induction, 10 QTLs controlling the outcome of estrogen induction, and 4 QTLs controlling the outcome of irradiation induction. Moreover, and based on shared factors affecting mammary cancer etiopathogenesis between rats and humans, including orthologous risk regions between both species, rats have served as useful models for identifying methods for breast cancer prediction and treatment. These studies in rats, combined with alternative animal models that more closely mimic advanced stages of breast cancer and/or human lifestyles, will further improve our understanding of this complex disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Miller
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 14853, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Arianna P Bartlett
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 14853, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Rebecca M Harman
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 14853, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Prabin Dhangada Majhi
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, 01003, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - D Joseph Jerry
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, 01003, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Gerlinde R Van de Walle
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 14853, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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4
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Rodriguez-Tirado C, Kale N, Carlini MJ, Shrivastava N, Rodrigues AA, Khalil B, Bravo-Cordero JJ, Alexander M, Ji J, Hong Y, Behbod F, Sosa MS. NR2F1 is a barrier to dissemination of early stage breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 2022; 82:2313-2326. [PMID: 35471456 PMCID: PMC9203932 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-4145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells can disseminate during very early and sometimes asymptomatic stages of tumor progression. Though biological barriers to tumorigenesis have been identified and characterized, the mechanisms that limit early dissemination remain largely unknown. We report here that the orphan nuclear receptor NR2F1/COUP-TF1 serves as a barrier to early dissemination. NR2F1 expression was decreased in patient ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) samples. High-resolution intravital imaging of HER2+ early stage cancer cells revealed that loss of function of NR2F1 increased in vivo dissemination and was accompanied by decreased E-cadherin expression, activation of WNT-dependent β-catenin signaling, disorganized laminin 5 deposition, and increased expression of EMT genes such as TWIST1, ZEB1, and PRRX1. Furthermore, downregulation of NR2F1 promoted a hybrid luminal/basal phenotype. NR2F1 expression was positively regulated by p38α signaling and repressed by HER2 and WNT4 pathways. Lastly, early cancer cells with NR2F1LOW/PRRX1HIGH staining were observed in DCIS samples. Together, these findings reveal the existence of an inhibitory mechanism of dissemination regulated by NR2F1 in early stage breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nupura Kale
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | | | | | | | - Bassem Khalil
- Western Atlantic University School of Medicine, Plantation, FL, United States
| | - Jose J Bravo-Cordero
- Icahn School of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute at Mount Sinai, New York, United States
| | - Melissa Alexander
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York,, NY, United States
| | - Jiayi Ji
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York,, NY, United States
| | - Yan Hong
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Fariba Behbod
- Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
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5
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Khalil BD, Sanchez R, Rahman T, Rodriguez-Tirado C, Moritsch S, Martinez AR, Miles B, Farias E, Mezei M, Nobre AR, Singh D, Kale N, Sproll KC, Sosa MS, Aguirre-Ghiso JA. An NR2F1-specific agonist suppresses metastasis by inducing cancer cell dormancy. J Exp Med 2022; 219:e20210836. [PMID: 34812843 PMCID: PMC8614154 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20210836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe the discovery of an agonist of the nuclear receptor NR2F1 that specifically activates dormancy programs in malignant cells. The agonist led to a self-regulated increase in NR2F1 mRNA and protein and downstream transcription of a novel dormancy program. This program led to growth arrest of an HNSCC PDX line, human cell lines, and patient-derived organoids in 3D cultures and in vivo. This effect was lost when NR2F1 was knocked out by CRISPR-Cas9. RNA sequencing revealed that agonist treatment induces transcriptional changes associated with inhibition of cell cycle progression and mTOR signaling, metastasis suppression, and induction of a neural crest lineage program. In mice, agonist treatment resulted in inhibition of lung HNSCC metastasis, even after cessation of the treatment, where disseminated tumor cells displayed an NR2F1hi/p27hi/Ki-67lo/p-S6lo phenotype and remained in a dormant single-cell state. Our work provides proof of principle supporting the use of NR2F1 agonists to induce dormancy as a therapeutic strategy to prevent metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassem D. Khalil
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Western Atlantic University School of Medicine, Plantation, FL
| | - Roberto Sanchez
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Drug Discovery Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Tasrina Rahman
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Department of Otolaryngology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | | | - Stefan Moritsch
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Alba Rodriguez Martinez
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Brett Miles
- Department of Otolaryngology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Eduardo Farias
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Mihaly Mezei
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Ana Rita Nobre
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Deepak Singh
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Nupura Kale
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Karl Christoph Sproll
- Department of Oral, Maxillofacial and Plastic Facial Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital of the Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Maria Soledad Sosa
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Julio A. Aguirre-Ghiso
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Department of Otolaryngology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
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6
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Szpirer C. Rat models of human diseases and related phenotypes: a systematic inventory of the causative genes. J Biomed Sci 2020; 27:84. [PMID: 32741357 PMCID: PMC7395987 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-020-00673-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The laboratory rat has been used for a long time as the model of choice in several biomedical disciplines. Numerous inbred strains have been isolated, displaying a wide range of phenotypes and providing many models of human traits and diseases. Rat genome mapping and genomics was considerably developed in the last decades. The availability of these resources has stimulated numerous studies aimed at discovering causal disease genes by positional identification. Numerous rat genes have now been identified that underlie monogenic or complex diseases and remarkably, these results have been translated to the human in a significant proportion of cases, leading to the identification of novel human disease susceptibility genes, helping in studying the mechanisms underlying the pathological abnormalities and also suggesting new therapeutic approaches. In addition, reverse genetic tools have been developed. Several genome-editing methods were introduced to generate targeted mutations in genes the function of which could be clarified in this manner [generally these are knockout mutations]. Furthermore, even when the human gene causing a disease had been identified without resorting to a rat model, mutated rat strains (in particular KO strains) were created to analyze the gene function and the disease pathogenesis. Today, over 350 rat genes have been identified as underlying diseases or playing a key role in critical biological processes that are altered in diseases, thereby providing a rich resource of disease models. This article is an update of the progress made in this research and provides the reader with an inventory of these disease genes, a significant number of which have similar effects in rat and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Szpirer
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-6041, Gosselies, Belgium.
- , Waterloo, Belgium.
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7
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Mapping Mammary Tumor Traits in the Rat. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2018:249-267. [PMID: 31228161 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9581-3_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
For nearly a century, the rat has served as a key model for studying the pathophysiology and genetic risk modifiers of breast cancer. Rat mammary tumors that initiate after exposure to carcinogens or estrogens closely resemble the etiological, histopathological, and genomic features of human breast cancer. Recent developments in genome-editing techniques in the rat have also enabled the development of sophisticated models for identifying the genetic modifiers of the nonmalignant tumor microenvironment that contribute to the formation, progression, and outcome of breast cancer. In this protocol review, we discuss the current methodologies for the three genetic mapping techniques in the rat that are widely used for identifying and testing the heritable genetic modifiers of breast cancer.
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8
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Kiblawi S, Chasman D, Henning A, Park E, Poon H, Gould M, Ahlquist P, Craven M. Augmenting subnetwork inference with information extracted from the scientific literature. PLoS Comput Biol 2019; 15:e1006758. [PMID: 31246951 PMCID: PMC6619809 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many biological studies involve either (i) manipulating some aspect of a cell or its environment and then simultaneously measuring the effect on thousands of genes, or (ii) systematically manipulating each gene and then measuring the effect on some response of interest. A common challenge that arises in these studies is to explain how genes identified as relevant in the given experiment are organized into a subnetwork that accounts for the response of interest. The task of inferring a subnetwork is typically dependent on the information available in publicly available, structured databases, which suffer from incompleteness. However, a wealth of potentially relevant information resides in the scientific literature, such as information about genes associated with certain concepts of interest, as well as interactions that occur among various biological entities. We contend that by exploiting this information, we can improve the explanatory power and accuracy of subnetwork inference in multiple applications. Here we propose and investigate several ways in which information extracted from the scientific literature can be used to augment subnetwork inference. We show that we can use literature-extracted information to (i) augment the set of entities identified as being relevant in a subnetwork inference task, (ii) augment the set of interactions used in the process, and (iii) support targeted browsing of a large inferred subnetwork by identifying entities and interactions that are closely related to concepts of interest. We use this approach to uncover the pathways involved in interactions between a virus and a host cell, and the pathways that are regulated by a transcription factor associated with breast cancer. Our experimental results demonstrate that these approaches can provide more accurate and more interpretable subnetworks. Integer program code, background network data, and pathfinding code are available at https://github.com/Craven-Biostat-Lab/subnetwork_inference There is a multitude of publicly available databases that contain information about biological entities (i.e., genes, proteins, and other small molecules) as well as information about how these entities interact together. However, these databases are often incomplete. There is a wealth of information present in the text of the scientific literature that is not yet available in these databases. Using tools that mine the scientific literature we are able to extract some of this potentially relevant information. In this work we show how we can use publicly available databases in conjunction with the information extracted from the scientific literature to infer the networks that are involved in specific biological processes, such as viral replication and cancer tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sid Kiblawi
- Department of Computer Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Deborah Chasman
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Amanda Henning
- Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Eunju Park
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Michael Gould
- Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Paul Ahlquist
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mark Craven
- Department of Computer Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- * E-mail:
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9
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Ding L, Shunkwiler LB, Harper NW, Zhao Y, Hinohara K, Huh SJ, Ekram MB, Guz J, Kern MJ, Awgulewitsch A, Shull JD, Smits BMG, Polyak K. Deletion of Cdkn1b in ACI rats leads to increased proliferation and pregnancy-associated changes in the mammary gland due to perturbed systemic endocrine environment. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008002. [PMID: 30893315 PMCID: PMC6443185 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammary epithelial progenitors are the normal cell-of-origin of breast cancer. We previously defined a population of p27+ quiescent hormone-responsive progenitor cells in the normal human breast whose frequency associates with breast cancer risk. Here, we describe that deletion of the Cdkn1b gene encoding the p27 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor in the estrogen-induced mammary tumor-susceptible ACI rat strain leads to a decrease in the relative frequencies of Cd49b+ mammary luminal epithelial progenitors and pregnancy-related differentiation. We show by comprehensive gene expression profiling of purified progenitor and differentiated mammary epithelial cell populations that p27 deletion has the most pronounced effects on luminal progenitors. Cdkn1b-/- females have decreased fertility, but rats that are able to get pregnant had normal litter size and were able to nurse their pups implying that loss of p27 in ACI rats does not completely abrogate ovarian function and lactation. Reciprocal mammary gland transplantation experiments indicate that the p27-loss-induced changes in mammary epithelial cells are not only caused by alterations in their intrinsic properties, but are likely due to altered hormonal signaling triggered by the perturbed systemic endocrine environment observed in Cdkn1b-/- females. We also observed a decrease in the frequency of mammary epithelial cells positive for progesterone receptor (Pr) and FoxA1, known direct transcriptional targets of the estrogen receptor (Erα), and an increase in phospho-Stat5 positive cells commonly induced by prolactin (Prl). Characterization of genome-wide Pr chromatin binding revealed distinct binding patterns in mammary epithelial cells of Cdkn1b+/+ and Cdkn1b-/- females and enrichment in genes with known roles in Notch, ErbB, leptin, and Erα signaling and regulation of G1-S transition. Our data support a role for p27 in regulating the pool size of hormone-responsive luminal progenitors that could impact breast cancer risk. The frequency and proliferation of tissue-specific stem and progenitor cells is associated with the risk of malignancy. Thus, regulators of the pool size and proliferation of progenitor cells determine cancer risk. p27 is a key regulator of cellular proliferation and is required for the terminal differentiation of a number of cell types. Here we show that genetic deletion of Cdkn1b in ACI rats susceptible to estrogen-induced mammary tumors decreases the relative fraction of Cd49b+ luminal progenitors identifying p27 as a key regulator of the proliferation and pool size of these cells. Progesterone, acting via the progesterone receptor (Pr), is an important regulator of mammary epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation. Based on ChIP-seq we found that Pr targets different sets of genes in Cdkn1b+/+ and Cdkn1b-/- mammary epithelium and that this is associated with differences in proliferation and differentiation states. Thus, p27 regulates breast cancer risk and tumor development via regulating the pool size and hormonal-responsiveness of luminal progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Ding
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lauren B. Shunkwiler
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Nicholas W. Harper
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kunihiko Hinohara
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sung Jin Huh
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Muhammad B. Ekram
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jan Guz
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Transgenic and Gene Function Core, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Kern
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Transgenic and Gene Function Core, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Alexander Awgulewitsch
- Department of Medicine, Transgenic and Gene Function Core, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - James D. Shull
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Bart M. G. Smits
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (BMGS); (KP)
| | - Kornelia Polyak
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (BMGS); (KP)
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10
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Xiao H, He W, Chen P, Xu D, Zeng G, Li Z, Huang M, Wang X, DiSanto ME, Zhang X. Identification of Seven Aberrantly Methylated and Expressed Genes in Adrenocortical Carcinoma. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:472. [PMID: 31354635 PMCID: PMC6640086 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare endocrine malignancy with an unfavorable prognosis and limited treatment options. Nevertheless, no clinically applicable molecular markers have been identified for the progression of ACCs. DNA methylation alterations were found to contribute to the development of ACC in recent decades. Material and Methods: The aims of the current study was to identify the abnormally methylated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in ACCs, and to elucidate the mechanistic basis for these changes. Analyses were conducted on gene expression and gene methylation profile datasets to identify the aberrantly methylated DEGs. The DAVID software was used to conduct the analyses of functional enrichment on screened genes. Finally, expression was validated, and the relationship between abnormally methylated DEGs and clinical features was determined via the Oncomine database and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). To further verify the altered expression and methylation status of our identified genes we also validated these changes at the tissue and cellular levels. Results: We screened and identified 92 differentially expressed genes and 802 abnormally methylated genes. Furthermore, seven aberrantly methylated and dysregulated genes were identified and validated, along with a number of functional enriched pathways. Among these seven genes, the expression or methylation status is significantly correlated with different pathological stages and overall rates of survival. In validation, the expression of seven genes were significantly altered and five genes were hypermethylated in ACC. Conclusions: Our study identified abnormally methylated DEGs and potentially affected pathways in ACCs, from which we could begin to understand the basic molecular mechanisms of these alterations. Moreover, these abnormally methylated genes might serve as therapeutic targets and biomarkers to allow ACC patients to be more precisely diagnosed and effectively treated.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Xiao
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Weixiang He
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Deqiang Xu
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guang Zeng
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen Sixth People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
- Affiliated Shenzhen Sixth Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Endogenous Infection, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mingliu Huang
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinghuan Wang
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Michael E. DiSanto
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences & Surgery of Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, United States
| | - Xinhua Zhang
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Xinhua Zhang
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11
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Homer-Bouthiette C, Zhao Y, Shunkwiler LB, Van Peel B, Garrett-Mayer E, Baird RC, Rissman AI, Guest ST, Ethier SP, John MC, Powers PA, Haag JD, Gould MN, Smits BMG. Deletion of the murine ortholog of the 8q24 gene desert has anti-cancer effects in transgenic mammary cancer models. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:1233. [PMID: 30526553 PMCID: PMC6288875 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-5109-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The gene desert on human chromosomal band 8q24 harbors multiple genetic variants associated with common cancers, including breast cancer. The locus, including the gene desert and its flanking genes, MYC, PVT1 and FAM84B, is also frequently amplified in human breast cancer. We generated a megadeletion (MD) mouse model lacking 430-Kb of sequence orthologous to the breast cancer-associated region in the gene desert. The goals were to examine the effect of the deletion on mammary cancer development and on transcript level regulation of the candidate genes within the locus. Methods The MD allele was engineered using the MICER system in embryonic stem cells and bred onto 3 well-characterized transgenic models for breast cancer, namely MMTV-PyVT, MMTV-neu and C3(1)-TAg. Mammary tumor growth, latency, multiplicity and metastasis were compared between homozygous MD and wild type mice carrying the transgenes. A reciprocal mammary gland transplantation assay was conducted to distinguish mammary cell-autonomous from non-mammary cell-autonomous anti-cancer effects. Gene expression analysis was done using quantitative real-time PCR. Chromatin interactions were evaluated by 3C. Gene-specific patient outcome data were analysed using the METABRIC and TCGA data sets through the cBioPortal website. Results Mice homozygous for the MD allele are viable, fertile, lactate sufficiently to nourish their pups, but maintain a 10% lower body weight mainly due to decreased adiposity. The deletion interferes with mammary tumorigenesis in mouse models for luminal and basal breast cancer. In the MMTV-PyVT model the mammary cancer-reducing effects of the allele are mammary cell-autonomous. We found organ-specific effects on transcript level regulation, with Myc and Fam84b being downregulated in mammary gland, prostate and mammary tumor samples. Through analysis using the METABRIC and TCGA datasets, we provide evidence that MYC and FAM84B are frequently co-amplified in breast cancer, but in contrast with MYC, FAM84B is frequently overexpressed in the luminal subtype, whereas MYC activity affect basal breast cancer outcomes. Conclusion Deletion of a breast cancer-associated non-protein coding region affects mammary cancer development in 3 transgenic mouse models. We propose Myc as a candidate susceptibility gene, regulated by the gene desert locus, and a potential role for Fam84b in modifying breast cancer development. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-018-5109-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin Homer-Bouthiette
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 68 President Street, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 68 President Street, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Lauren B Shunkwiler
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 68 President Street, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Benjamine Van Peel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 68 President Street, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Elizabeth Garrett-Mayer
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 135 Cannon Street, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Rachael C Baird
- Department of Oncology, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Anna I Rissman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 68 President Street, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Stephen T Guest
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 68 President Street, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Stephen P Ethier
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 68 President Street, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Manorama C John
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Patricia A Powers
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Jill D Haag
- Department of Oncology, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Michael N Gould
- Department of Oncology, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Bart M G Smits
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 68 President Street, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
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12
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Henning AN, Haag JD, Smits BMG, Gould MN. The Non-coding Mammary Carcinoma Susceptibility Locus, Mcs5c, Regulates Pappa Expression via Age-Specific Chromatin Folding and Allele-Dependent DNA Methylation. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006261. [PMID: 27537370 PMCID: PMC4990333 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In understanding the etiology of breast cancer, the contributions of both genetic and environmental risk factors are further complicated by the impact of breast developmental stage. Specifically, the time period ranging from childhood to young adulthood represents a critical developmental window in a woman’s life when she is more susceptible to environmental hazards that may affect future breast cancer risk. Although the effects of environmental exposures during particular developmental Windows of Susceptibility (WOS) are well documented, the genetic mechanisms governing these interactions are largely unknown. Functional characterization of the Mammary Carcinoma Susceptibility 5c, Mcs5c, congenic rat model of breast cancer at various stages of mammary gland development was conducted to gain insight into the interplay between genetic risk factors and WOS. Using quantitative real-time PCR, chromosome conformation capture, and bisulfite pyrosequencing we have found that Mcs5c acts within the mammary gland to regulate expression of the neighboring gene Pappa during a critical mammary developmental time period in the rat, corresponding to the human young adult WOS. Pappa has been shown to positively regulate the IGF signaling pathway, which is required for proper mammary gland/breast development and is of increasing interest in breast cancer pathogenesis. Mcs5c-mediated regulation of Pappa appears to occur through age-dependent and mammary gland-specific chromatin looping, as well as genotype-dependent CpG island shore methylation. This represents, to our knowledge, the first insight into cellular mechanisms underlying the WOS phenomenon and demonstrates the influence developmental stage can have on risk locus functionality. Additionally, this work represents a novel model for further investigation into how environmental factors, together with genetic factors, modulate breast cancer risk in the context of breast developmental stage. A woman’s lifetime risk of developing breast cancer is affected by both genetic and environmental risk factors that can be further exacerbated by breast developmental stage. Time periods conferring increased risk are referred to as Windows of Susceptibility (WOS) and, generally speaking, the molecular mechanisms responsible for their effect on breast cancer risk are unknown. Our work presented here on the characterization of the rat Mammary Carcinoma Susceptibility 5c, Mcs5c, locus has identified a region within Mcs5c that interacts with the neighboring gene, Pappa, in an age-dependent manner to influence gene expression via genotype-dependent DNA methylation. Importantly, Mcs5c-mediated gene regulation occurs specifically within a WOS, and these finding represent the first identified molecular mechanisms by which a WOS influences the ability of a locus to affect mammary/breast cancer risk. This work highlights the importance developmental stage can have on genetic risk factor function, and we anticipate that the Mcs5c locus will serve as a model for future studies on WOS in combination with genetic and environmental risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda N. Henning
- Department of Oncology, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin–Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jill D. Haag
- Department of Oncology, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin–Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Bart M. G. Smits
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Michael N. Gould
- Department of Oncology, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin–Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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13
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Wang J, Qiu M, Xu Y, Li M, Dong G, Mao Q, Yin R, Xu L. Long noncoding RNA CCAT2 correlates with smoking in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:5523-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3220-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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14
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Sosa MS, Parikh F, Maia AG, Estrada Y, Bosch A, Bragado P, Ekpin E, George A, Zheng Y, Lam HM, Morrissey C, Chung CY, Farias EF, Bernstein E, Aguirre-Ghiso JA. NR2F1 controls tumour cell dormancy via SOX9- and RARβ-driven quiescence programmes. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6170. [PMID: 25636082 PMCID: PMC4313575 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastases can originate from disseminated tumour cells (DTCs), which may be dormant for years before reactivation. Here we find that the orphan nuclear receptor NR2F1 is epigenetically upregulated in experimental head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) dormancy models and in DTCs from prostate cancer patients carrying dormant disease for 7-18 years. NR2F1-dependent dormancy is recapitulated by a co-treatment with the DNA-demethylating agent 5-Aza-C and retinoic acid across various cancer types. NR2F1-induced quiescence is dependent on SOX9, RARβ and CDK inhibitors. Intriguingly, NR2F1 induces global chromatin repression and the pluripotency gene NANOG, which contributes to dormancy of DTCs in the bone marrow. When NR2F1 is blocked in vivo, growth arrest or survival of dormant DTCs is interrupted in different organs. We conclude that NR2F1 is a critical node in dormancy induction and maintenance by integrating epigenetic programmes of quiescence and survival in DTCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Soledad Sosa
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Falguni Parikh
- 1] Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA [2] Department of Otolaryngology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Alexandre Gaspar Maia
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Yeriel Estrada
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Almudena Bosch
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Paloma Bragado
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Esther Ekpin
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Ajish George
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Yang Zheng
- Department of Otolaryngology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Hung-Ming Lam
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, WA 98195, USA
| | - Colm Morrissey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, WA 98195, USA
| | - Chi-Yeh Chung
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Eduardo F Farias
- 1] Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA [2] Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Emily Bernstein
- 1] Department of Oncological Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA [2] Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA [3] Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Julio A Aguirre-Ghiso
- 1] Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA [2] Department of Otolaryngology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA [3] Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA [4] Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
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15
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Ulianov SV, Gavrilov AA, Razin SV. Nuclear Compartments, Genome Folding, and Enhancer-Promoter Communication. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 315:183-244. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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16
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Multiple blood pressure loci with opposing blood pressure effects on rat chromosome 1 in a homologous region linked to hypertension on human chromosome 15. Hypertens Res 2014; 38:61-7. [PMID: 25231251 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2014.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Genetic dissection of blood pressure (BP) quantitative trait loci (QTLs) in rats has facilitated the fine-mapping of regions linked to the inheritance of hypertension. The goal of the current study was to further fine-map one such genomic region on rat chromosome 1 (BPQTL1b1), the homologous region of which on human chromosome 15 harbors BP QTLs, as reported by four independent studies. Of the six substrains constructed and studied, the systolic BP of two of the congenic strains were significantly lower by 36 and 27 mm Hg than that of the salt-sensitive (S) rat (P < 0.0001, P = 0.0003, respectively). The congenic segments of these two strains overlapped between 135.12 and 138.78 Mb and contained eight genes and two predicted miRNAs. None of the annotations had variants within expressed sequences. These data taken together with the previous localization resolved QTL1b1 with a 70% improvement from the original 7.39 Mb to the current 2.247 Mb interval. Furthermore, the systolic BP of one of the congenic substrains was significantly higher by 20 mm Hg (P < 0.0001) than the BP of the S rat. The limits of this newly identified QTL with a BP increasing effect (QTL1b1a) were between 134.12 and 135.76 Mb, spanning 1.64 Mb, containing two protein-coding genes, Mctp2 and Rgma, and a predicted miRNA. There were four synonymous variants within Mctp2. These data provide evidence for two independent BP QTLs with opposing BP effects within the previously identified BP QTL1b1 region. Additionally, these findings illustrate the complexity underlying the genetic mechanisms of BP regulation, wherein inherited elements beyond protein-coding sequences or known regulatory regions could be operational.
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Wall EH, Hewitt SC, Case LK, Lin CY, Korach KS, Teuscher C. The role of genetics in estrogen responses: a critical piece of an intricate puzzle. FASEB J 2014; 28:5042-54. [PMID: 25212221 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-260307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The estrogens are female sex hormones that are involved in a variety of physiological processes, including reproductive development and function, wound healing, and bone growth. They are mainly known for their roles in reproductive tissues--specifically, 17β-estradiol (E2), the primary estrogen, which is secreted by the ovaries and induces cellular proliferation and growth of the uterus and mammary glands. In addition to the role of estrogens in promoting tissue growth and development during normal physiological states, they have a well-established role in determining susceptibility to disease, particularly cancer, in reproductive tissues. The responsiveness of various tissues to estrogen is genetically controlled, with marked quantitative variation observed across multiple species, including humans. This variation presents both researchers and clinicians with a veritable physiological puzzle, the pieces of which--many of them unknown--are complex and difficult to fit together. Although genetics is known to play a major role in determining sensitivity to estrogens, there are other factors, including parent of origin and the maternal environment, that are intimately linked to heritable phenotypes but do not represent genotype, per se. The objectives of this review article were to summarize the current knowledge of the role of genotype, and uterine and neonatal environments, in phenotypic variation in the response to estrogens; to discuss recent findings and the potential mechanisms involved; and to highlight exciting research opportunities for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma H Wall
- Department of Medicine and Pathology, University of Vermont, Burlington Vermont, USA
| | - Sylvia C Hewitt
- Receptor Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Science, U.S. National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA; and
| | - Laure K Case
- Department of Medicine and Pathology, University of Vermont, Burlington Vermont, USA
| | - Chin-Yo Lin
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kenneth S Korach
- Receptor Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Science, U.S. National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA; and
| | - Cory Teuscher
- Department of Medicine and Pathology, University of Vermont, Burlington Vermont, USA;
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Abstract
Metastases arise from residual disseminated tumour cells (DTCs). This can happen years after primary tumour treatment because residual tumour cells can enter dormancy and evade therapies. As the biology of minimal residual disease seems to diverge from that of proliferative lesions, understanding the underpinnings of this new cancer biology is key to prevent metastasis. Analysis of approximately 7 years of literature reveals a growing focus on tumour and normal stem cell quiescence, extracellular and stromal microenvironments, autophagy and epigenetics as mechanisms that dictate tumour cell dormancy. In this Review, we attempt to integrate this information and highlight both the weaknesses and the strengths in the field to provide a framework to understand and target this crucial step in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Soledad Sosa
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology, Tisch Cancer Institute
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Ichan School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY 10029, USA
| | - Paloma Bragado
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology, Tisch Cancer Institute
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Ichan School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY 10029, USA
| | - Julio A. Aguirre-Ghiso
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology, Tisch Cancer Institute
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Ichan School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY 10029, USA
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