1
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Driscoll S, Merkuri F, Chain FJJ, Fish JL. Splicing is dynamically regulated during limb development. Sci Rep 2024; 14:19944. [PMID: 39198579 PMCID: PMC11358489 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-68608-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Modifications to highly conserved developmental gene regulatory networks are thought to underlie morphological diversification in evolution and contribute to human congenital malformations. Relationships between gene expression and morphology have been extensively investigated in the limb, where most of the evidence for alterations to gene regulation in development consists of pre-transcriptional mechanisms that affect expression levels, such as epigenetic alterations to regulatory sequences and changes to cis-regulatory elements. Here we report evidence that alternative splicing (AS), a post-transcriptional process that modifies and diversifies mRNA transcripts, is dynamic during limb development in two mammalian species. We evaluated AS patterns in mouse (Mus musculus) and opossum (Monodelphis domestica) across the three key limb developmental stages: the ridge, bud, and paddle. Our data show that splicing patterns are dynamic over developmental time and suggest differences between the two mammalian taxa. Additionally, multiple key limb development genes, including Fgf8, are differentially spliced across the three stages in both species, with expression levels of the conserved splice variants, Fgf8a and Fgf8b, changing across developmental time. Our data demonstrates that AS is a critical mediator of mRNA diversity in limb development and provides an additional mechanism for evolutionary tweaking of gene dosage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Driscoll
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Fjodor Merkuri
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Frédéric J J Chain
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA.
| | - Jennifer L Fish
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA.
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2
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Jones HE, Wilson PB. Progress and opportunities through use of genomics in animal production. Trends Genet 2022; 38:1228-1252. [PMID: 35945076 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2022.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The rearing of farmed animals is a vital component of global food production systems, but its impact on the environment, human health, animal welfare, and biodiversity is being increasingly challenged. Developments in genetic and genomic technologies have had a key role in improving the productivity of farmed animals for decades. Advances in genome sequencing, annotation, and editing offer a means not only to continue that trend, but also, when combined with advanced data collection, analytics, cloud computing, appropriate infrastructure, and regulation, to take precision livestock farming (PLF) and conservation to an advanced level. Such an approach could generate substantial additional benefits in terms of reducing use of resources, health treatments, and environmental impact, while also improving animal health and welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huw E Jones
- UK Genetics for Livestock and Equines (UKGLE) Committee, Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Nobel House, 17 Smith Square, London, SW1P 3JR, UK; Nottingham Trent University, Brackenhurst Campus, Brackenhurst Lane, Southwell, NG25 0QF, UK.
| | - Philippe B Wilson
- UK Genetics for Livestock and Equines (UKGLE) Committee, Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Nobel House, 17 Smith Square, London, SW1P 3JR, UK; Nottingham Trent University, Brackenhurst Campus, Brackenhurst Lane, Southwell, NG25 0QF, UK
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3
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McDonald JMC, Reed RD. Patterns of selection across gene regulatory networks. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 145:60-67. [PMID: 35474149 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Gene regulatory networks (GRNs) are the core engine of organismal development. If we would like to understand the origin and diversification of phenotypes, it is necessary to consider the structure of GRNs in order to reconstruct the links between genetic mutations and phenotypic change. Much of the progress in evolutionary developmental biology, however, has occurred without a nuanced consideration of the evolution of functional relationships between genes, especially in the context of their broader network interactions. Characterizing and comparing GRNs across traits and species in a more detailed way will allow us to determine how network position influences what genes drive adaptive evolution. In this perspective paper, we consider the architecture of developmental GRNs and how positive selection strength may vary across a GRN. We then propose several testable models for these patterns of selection and experimental approaches to test these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne M C McDonald
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States.
| | - Robert D Reed
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States.
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4
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Huang BL, Mackem S. Rethinking positional information and digit identity: The role of late interdigit signaling. Dev Dyn 2021; 251:1414-1422. [PMID: 34811837 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Seminal work from John Fallon's lab has illuminated how digit identity determination involves ongoing late regulation and occurs progressively during phalanx formation. Complementary genetic analyses in mice and several papers in this special issue have begun to flesh out how interdigit signaling accomplishes this, but major questions remain unaddressed, including how uncommitted progenitors from which phalanges arise are maintained, and what factors set limits on digit extension and phalanx number, particularly in mammals. This review summarizes what has been learned in the two decades since control of digit identity by late interdigit signals was first identified and what remains poorly understood, and will hopefully spark renewed interest in a process that is critical to evolutionary limb adaptations but nevertheless remains enigmatic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bau-Lin Huang
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, CCR, NCI, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Susan Mackem
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, CCR, NCI, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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5
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Cook LE, Newton AH, Hipsley CA, Pask AJ. Postnatal development in a marsupial model, the fat-tailed dunnart (Sminthopsis crassicaudata; Dasyuromorphia: Dasyuridae). Commun Biol 2021; 4:1028. [PMID: 34475507 PMCID: PMC8413461 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02506-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Marsupials exhibit unique biological features that provide fascinating insights into many aspects of mammalian development. These include their distinctive mode of reproduction, altricial stage at birth, and the associated heterochrony that is required for their crawl to the pouch and teat attachment. Marsupials are also an invaluable resource for mammalian comparative biology, forming a distinct lineage from the extant placental and egg-laying monotreme mammals. Despite their unique biology, marsupial resources are lagging behind those available for placentals. The fat-tailed dunnart (Sminthopsis crassicaudata) is a laboratory based marsupial model, with simple and robust husbandry requirements and a short reproductive cycle making it amenable to experimental manipulations. Here we present a detailed staging series for the fat-tailed dunnart, focusing on their accelerated development of the forelimbs and jaws. This study provides the first skeletal developmental series on S. crassicaudata and provides a fundamental resource for future studies exploring mammalian diversification, development and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Cook
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Axel H Newton
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Christy A Hipsley
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Sciences, Museums Victoria, Carlton, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew J Pask
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Sciences, Museums Victoria, Carlton, VIC, Australia.
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6
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Howenstine AO, Sadier A, Anthwal N, Lau CL, Sears KE. Non-model systems in mammalian forelimb evo-devo. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2021; 69:65-71. [PMID: 33684847 PMCID: PMC8364859 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2021.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mammal forelimbs are highly diverse, ranging from the elongated wing of a bat to the stout limb of the mole. The mammal forelimb has been a long-standing system for the study of early developmental patterning, proportional variation, shape change, and the reduction of elements. However, most of this work has been performed in mice, which neglects the wide variation present across mammal forelimbs. This review emphasizes the critical role of non-model systems in limb evo-devo and highlights new emerging models and their potential. We discuss the role of gene networks in limb evolution, and touch on functional analyses that lay the groundwork for further developmental studies. Mammal limb evo-devo is a rich field, and here we aim to synthesize the findings of key recent works and the questions to which they lead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan O Howenstine
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, United States
| | - Alexa Sadier
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, United States
| | - Neal Anthwal
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, United States; Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's CollegeLondon, 27th Floor Guy's Tower, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Clive Lf Lau
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, United States
| | - Karen E Sears
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, United States.
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7
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Tissières V, Geier F, Kessler B, Wolf E, Zeller R, Lopez-Rios J. Gene Regulatory and Expression Differences between Mouse and Pig Limb Buds Provide Insights into the Evolutionary Emergence of Artiodactyl Traits. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107490. [PMID: 32268095 PMCID: PMC7166081 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Digit loss/reductions are evolutionary adaptations in cursorial mammals such as pigs. To gain mechanistic insight into these processes, we performed a comparative molecular analysis of limb development in mouse and pig embryos, which revealed a loss of anterior-posterior polarity during distal progression of pig limb bud development. These alterations in pig limb buds are paralleled by changes in the mesenchymal response to Sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling, which is altered upstream of the reduction and loss of Fgf8 expression in the ectoderm that overlaps the reduced and vestigial digit rudiments of the pig handplate, respectively. Furthermore, genome-wide open chromatin profiling using equivalent developmental stages of mouse and pig limb buds reveals the functional divergence of about one-third of the regulatory genome. This study uncovers widespread alterations in the regulatory landscapes of genes essential for limb development that likely contributed to the morphological diversion of artiodactyl limbs from the pentadactyl archetype of tetrapods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Tissières
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide-Junta de Andalucía, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Florian Geier
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel and University Hospital, 4053 Basel, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Kessler
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Rolf Zeller
- Developmental Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Javier Lopez-Rios
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide-Junta de Andalucía, 41013 Seville, Spain.
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8
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Brekke TD, Moore EC, Campbell-Staton SC, Callahan CM, Cheviron ZA, Good JM. X chromosome-dependent disruption of placental regulatory networks in hybrid dwarf hamsters. Genetics 2021; 218:6168998. [PMID: 33710276 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyab043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic development in mammals is highly sensitive to changes in gene expression within the placenta. The placenta is also highly enriched for genes showing parent-of-origin or imprinted expression, which is predicted to evolve rapidly in response to parental conflict. However, little is known about the evolution of placental gene expression, or if divergence of placental gene expression plays an important role in mammalian speciation. We used crosses between two species of dwarf hamsters (Phodopus sungorus and Phodopus campbelli) to examine the genetic and regulatory underpinnings of severe placental overgrowth in their hybrids. Using quantitative genetic mapping and mitochondrial substitution lines, we show that overgrowth of hybrid placentas was primarily caused by genetic differences on the maternally inherited P. sungorus X chromosome. Mitochondrial interactions did not contribute to abnormal hybrid placental development, and there was only weak correspondence between placental disruption and embryonic growth. Genome-wide analyses of placental transcriptomes from the parental species and first- and second-generation hybrids revealed a central group of co-expressed X-linked and autosomal genes that were highly enriched for maternally biased expression. Expression of this gene network was strongly correlated with placental size and showed widespread misexpression dependent on epistatic interactions with X-linked hybrid incompatibilities. Collectively, our results indicate that the X chromosome is likely to play a prominent role in the evolution of placental gene expression and the accumulation of hybrid developmental barriers between mammalian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Brekke
- Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA.,School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Emily C Moore
- Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Shane C Campbell-Staton
- Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Institute for Society and Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Colin M Callahan
- Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Zachary A Cheviron
- Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Good
- Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
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9
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Chen KQ, Tahara N, Anderson A, Kawakami H, Kawakami S, Nishinakamura R, Pandolfi PP, Kawakami Y. Development of the Proximal-Anterior Skeletal Elements in the Mouse Hindlimb Is Regulated by a Transcriptional and Signaling Network Controlled by Sall4. Genetics 2020; 215:129-141. [PMID: 32156750 PMCID: PMC7198279 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.120.303069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate limb serves as an experimental paradigm to study mechanisms that regulate development of the stereotypical skeletal elements. In this study, we simultaneously inactivated Sall4 using Hoxb6Cre and Plzf in mouse embryos, and found that their combined function regulates development of the proximal-anterior skeletal elements in hindlimbs. The Sall4; Plzf double knockout exhibits severe defects in the femur, tibia, and anterior digits, distinct defects compared to other allelic series of Sall4; Plzf We found that Sall4 regulates Plzf expression prior to hindlimb outgrowth. Further expression analysis indicated that Hox10 genes and GLI3 are severely downregulated in the Sall4; Plzf double knockout hindlimb bud. In contrast, PLZF expression is reduced but detectable in Sall4; Gli3 double knockout limb buds, and SALL4 is expressed in the Plzf; Gli3 double knockout limb buds. These results indicate that Plzf, Gli3, and Hox10 genes downstream of Sall4, regulate femur and tibia development. In the autopod, we show that Sall4 negatively regulates Hedgehog signaling, which allows for development of the most anterior digit. Collectively, our study illustrates genetic systems that regulate development of the proximal-anterior skeletal elements in hindlimbs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Naoyuki Tahara
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development
- Stem Cell Institute, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, and
- Developmental Biology Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | | | - Hiroko Kawakami
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development
- Stem Cell Institute, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, and
- Developmental Biology Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Sho Kawakami
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development
| | - Ryuichi Nishinakamura
- Department of Kidney Development, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan 860-0811
| | - Pier Paolo Pandolfi
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Yasuhiko Kawakami
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development
- Stem Cell Institute, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, and
- Developmental Biology Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
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10
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Garte S, Albert A. Genotype Components as Predictors of Phenotype in Model Gene Regulatory Networks. Acta Biotheor 2019; 67:299-320. [PMID: 31286303 DOI: 10.1007/s10441-019-09350-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Models of gene regulatory networks (GRN) have proven useful for understanding many aspects of the highly complex behavior of biological control networks. Randomly generated non-Boolean networks were used in experimental simulations to generate data on dynamic phenotypes as a function of several genotypic parameters. We found that predictive relationships between some phenotypes and quantitative genotypic parameters such as number of network genes, interaction density, and initial condition could be derived depending on the strength of the topological (positional) genotype on specific phenotypes. We quantitated the strength of the topological genotype effect (TGE) on a number of phenotypes in multi-gene networks. For phenotypes with a low influence of topological genotype, derived and empirical relationships using quantitative genotype parameters were accurate in phenotypic outcomes. We found a number of dynamic network properties, including oscillation behaviors, that were largely dependent on genotype topology, and for which no such general quantitative relationships were determinable. It remains to be determined if these results are applicable to biological gene regulatory networks.
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11
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de Jong TV, Moshkin YM, Guryev V. Gene expression variability: the other dimension in transcriptome analysis. Physiol Genomics 2019; 51:145-158. [DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00128.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptome sequencing is a powerful technique to study molecular changes that underlie the differences in physiological conditions and disease progression. A typical question that is posed in such studies is finding genes with significant changes between sample groups. In this respect expression variability is regarded as a nuisance factor that is primarily of technical origin and complicates the data analysis. However, it is becoming apparent that the biological variation in gene expression might be an important molecular phenotype that can affect physiological parameters. In this review we explore the recent literature on technical and biological variability in gene expression, sources of expression variability, (epi-)genetic hallmarks, and evolutionary constraints in genes with robust and variable gene expression. We provide an overview of recent findings on effects of external cues, such as diet and aging, on expression variability and on other biological phenomena that can be linked to it. We discuss metrics and tools that were developed for quantification of expression variability and highlight the importance of future studies in this direction. To assist the adoption of expression variability analysis, we also provide a detailed description and computer code, which can easily be utilized by other researchers. We also provide a reanalysis of recently published data to highlight the value of the analysis method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan V. de Jong
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yuri M. Moshkin
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Victor Guryev
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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12
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Tamò L, Simillion C, Hibaoui Y, Feki A, Gugger M, Prasse A, Jäger B, Goldmann T, Geiser T, Gazdhar A. Gene Network Analysis of Interstitial Macrophages After Treatment with Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Secretome (iPSC-cm) in the Bleomycin Injured Rat Lung. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2018; 14:412-424. [PMID: 29256173 PMCID: PMC5960485 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-017-9790-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a complex disease involving various cell types. Macrophages are essential in maintenance of physiological homeostasis, wound repair and fibrosis in the lung. Macrophages play a crucial role in repair and remodeling by altering their phenotype and secretory pattern in response to injury. The secretome of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC-cm) attenuates injury and fibrosis in bleomycin injured rat lungs. In the current study, we evaluate the effect of iPSC-cm on gene expression and phenotype of interstitial macrophage in bleomycin injured rat lungs in vivo. iPSC-cm was intratracheally instilled 7 days after bleomycin induced lung injury and assessed 7 days later and single cell isolation was performed. Macrophages were FACS sorted and microarray analysis was performed. We characterized changes in the rat lung interstitial macrophages using transcriptional profiling. iPSC-cm reduced the total collagen content of the lung and reduced different macrophage populations. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed involvement of three essential pathways (a) immune modulation, (b) branching morphogenesis and (c) canonical Wnt signaling. This study demonstrates that iPSC-cm reduces fibrosis in bleomycin injured rat lung by partially altering the macrophages and regulating their gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Tamò
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Cedric Simillion
- Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Youssef Hibaoui
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Geneva, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anis Feki
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Cantonal Hospital Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | | - Antje Prasse
- Hannover Medical School, Clinic for Pneumology, Hanover, Germany
| | - Benedikt Jäger
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hanover, Germany
| | - Torsten Goldmann
- Pathology of the University Hospital of Lübeck and the Leibniz Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
- Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Groβhansdorf, Germany
| | - Thomas Geiser
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Amiq Gazdhar
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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13
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Krubitzer LA, Prescott TJ. The Combinatorial Creature: Cortical Phenotypes within and across Lifetimes. Trends Neurosci 2018; 41:744-762. [PMID: 30274608 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The neocortex is one of the most distinctive structures of the mammalian brain, yet also one of the most varied in terms of both size and organization. Multiple processes have contributed to this variability, including evolutionary mechanisms (i.e., alterations in gene sequence) that alter the size, organization, and connections of neocortex, and activity dependent mechanisms that can also modify these same features. Thus, changes to the neocortex can occur over different time-scales, including within a single generation. This combination of genetic and activity dependent mechanisms that create a given cortical phenotype allows the mammalian neocortex to rapidly and flexibly adjust to different body and environmental contexts, and in humans permits culture to impact brain construction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah A Krubitzer
- Center for Neuroscience and Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Tony J Prescott
- Sheffield Robotics and Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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14
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Jain D, Nemec S, Luxey M, Gauthier Y, Bemmo A, Balsalobre A, Drouin J. Regulatory integration of Hox factor activity with T-box factors in limb development. Development 2018; 145:dev.159830. [PMID: 29490982 DOI: 10.1242/dev.159830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In tetrapods, Tbx4, Tbx5 and Hox cluster genes are crucial for forelimb and hindlimb development and mutations in these genes are responsible for congenital limb defects. The molecular basis of their integrated mechanisms of action in the context of limb development remains poorly understood. We studied Tbx4 and Hoxc10 owing to their overlapping loss-of-function phenotypes and colocalized expression in mouse hindlimb buds. We report an extensive overlap between Tbx4 and Hoxc10 genome occupancy and their putative target genes. Tbx4 and Hoxc10 interact directly with each other, have the ability to bind to a previously unrecognized T-box-Hox composite DNA motif and show synergistic activity when acting on reporter genes. Pitx1, the master regulator for hindlimb specification, also shows extensive genomic colocalization with Tbx4 and Hoxc10. Genome occupancy by Tbx4 in hindlimb buds is similar to Tbx5 occupancy in forelimbs. By contrast, another Hox factor, Hoxd13, also interacts with Tbx4/Tbx5 but antagonizes Tbx4/Tbx5-dependent transcriptional activity. Collectively, the modulation of Tbx-dependent activity by Hox factors acting on common DNA targets may integrate different developmental processes for the balanced formation of proportionate limbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Jain
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H2W 1R7 Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6 Canada
| | - Stephen Nemec
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H2W 1R7 Canada.,Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1 Canada
| | - Maëva Luxey
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H2W 1R7 Canada
| | - Yves Gauthier
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H2W 1R7 Canada
| | - Amandine Bemmo
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H2W 1R7 Canada
| | - Aurelio Balsalobre
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H2W 1R7 Canada
| | - Jacques Drouin
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H2W 1R7 Canada .,Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6 Canada.,Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1 Canada.,Departement de Biochimie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, H3J 3J7 Canada
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15
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Ecker S, Pancaldi V, Valencia A, Beck S, Paul DS. Epigenetic and Transcriptional Variability Shape Phenotypic Plasticity. Bioessays 2017; 40. [PMID: 29251357 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201700148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic and transcriptional variability contribute to the vast diversity of cellular and organismal phenotypes and are key in human health and disease. In this review, we describe different types, sources, and determinants of epigenetic and transcriptional variability, enabling cells and organisms to adapt and evolve to a changing environment. We highlight the latest research and hypotheses on how chromatin structure and the epigenome influence gene expression variability. Further, we provide an overview of challenges in the analysis of biological variability. An improved understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying epigenetic and transcriptional variability, at both the intra- and inter-individual level, provides great opportunity for disease prevention, better therapeutic approaches, and personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Ecker
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Vera Pancaldi
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), C/ Jordi Girona 39-31, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alfonso Valencia
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), C/ Jordi Girona 39-31, 08034, Barcelona, Spain.,ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stephan Beck
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Dirk S Paul
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK.,Department of Human Genetics Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1HH, UK
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16
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Sears K, Maier JA, Sadier A, Sorensen D, Urban DJ. Timing the developmental origins of mammalian limb diversity. Genesis 2017; 56. [PMID: 29095555 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mammals have highly diverse limbs that have contributed to their occupation of almost every niche. Researchers have long been investigating the development of these diverse limbs, with the goals of identifying developmental processes and potential biases that shape mammalian limb diversity. To date, researchers have used techniques ranging from the genomic to the anatomic to investigate the developmental processes shaping the limb morphology of mammals from five orders (Marsupialia, Chiroptera, Rodentia, Cetartiodactyla, and Perissodactyla). Results of these studies suggest that the differential expression of genes controlling diverse cellular processes underlies mammalian limb diversity. Results also suggest that the earliest development of the limb tends to be conserved among mammalian species, while later limb development tends to be more variable. This research has established the mammalian limb as a model system for evolutionary developmental biology, and set the stage for more in-depth, cross-disciplinary research into the genetic controls, tissue-level cellular behaviors, and selective pressures that have driven the developmental evolution of mammalian limbs. Ideally, these studies will be performed in a diverse suite of mammalian species within a comparative, phylogenetic framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Sears
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095
| | - Jennifer A Maier
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095
| | - Alexa Sadier
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095
| | - Daniel Sorensen
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455
| | - Daniel J Urban
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095.,Department of Animal Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801.,Department of Mammalogy, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, 10024
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17
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Maier JA, Rivas-Astroza M, Deng J, Dowling A, Oboikovitz P, Cao X, Behringer RR, Cretekos CJ, Rasweiler JJ, Zhong S, Sears KE. Transcriptomic insights into the genetic basis of mammalian limb diversity. BMC Evol Biol 2017; 17:86. [PMID: 28335721 PMCID: PMC5364624 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-017-0902-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background From bat wings to whale flippers, limb diversification has been crucial to the evolutionary success of mammals. We performed the first transcriptome-wide study of limb development in multiple species to explore the hypothesis that mammalian limb diversification has proceeded through the differential expression of conserved shared genes, rather than by major changes to limb patterning. Specifically, we investigated the manner in which the expression of shared genes has evolved within and among mammalian species. Results We assembled and compared transcriptomes of bat, mouse, opossum, and pig fore- and hind limbs at the ridge, bud, and paddle stages of development. Results suggest that gene expression patterns exhibit larger variation among species during later than earlier stages of limb development, while within species results are more mixed. Consistent with the former, results also suggest that genes expressed at later developmental stages tend to have a younger evolutionary age than genes expressed at earlier stages. A suite of key limb-patterning genes was identified as being differentially expressed among the homologous limbs of all species. However, only a small subset of shared genes is differentially expressed in the fore- and hind limbs of all examined species. Similarly, a small subset of shared genes is differentially expressed within the fore- and hind limb of a single species and among the forelimbs of different species. Conclusions Taken together, results of this study do not support the existence of a phylotypic period of limb development ending at chondrogenesis, but do support the hypothesis that the hierarchical nature of development translates into increasing variation among species as development progresses. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0902-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Maier
- School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois, 505 S Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Marcelo Rivas-Astroza
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jenny Deng
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Anna Dowling
- School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois, 505 S Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Paige Oboikovitz
- School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois, 505 S Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Xiaoyi Cao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Richard R Behringer
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Chris J Cretekos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Idaho State University, 921 South 8th Avenue, Pocatello, ID, 83209, USA
| | - John J Rasweiler
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, State University Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson, Avenue, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA
| | - Sheng Zhong
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Karen E Sears
- School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois, 505 S Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA. .,Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, 1206 W Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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18
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Urban DJ, Anthwal N, Luo ZX, Maier JA, Sadier A, Tucker AS, Sears KE. A new developmental mechanism for the separation of the mammalian middle ear ossicles from the jaw. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 284:20162416. [PMID: 28179517 PMCID: PMC5310609 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.2416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple mammalian lineages independently evolved a definitive mammalian middle ear (DMME) through breakdown of Meckel's cartilage (MC). However, the cellular and molecular drivers of this evolutionary transition remain unknown for most mammal groups. Here, we identify such drivers in the living marsupial opossum Monodelphis domestica, whose MC transformation during development anatomically mirrors the evolutionary transformation observed in fossils. Specifically, we link increases in cellular apoptosis and TGF-BR2 signalling to MC breakdown in opossums. We demonstrate that a simple change in TGF-β signalling is sufficient to inhibit MC breakdown during opossum development, indicating that changes in TGF-β signalling might be key during mammalian evolution. Furthermore, the apoptosis that we observe during opossum MC breakdown does not seemingly occur in mouse, consistent with homoplastic DMME evolution in the marsupial and placental lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Urban
- School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois, 505 S Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Neal Anthwal
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Zhe-Xi Luo
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jennifer A Maier
- School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois, 505 S Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Alexa Sadier
- School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois, 505 S Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Abigail S Tucker
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Karen E Sears
- School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois, 505 S Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carl Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, 1206 W Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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19
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Abstract
The limb is a commonly used model system for developmental biology. Given the need for precise control of complex signalling pathways to achieve proper patterning, the limb is also becoming a model system for gene regulation studies. Recent developments in genomic technologies have enabled the genome-wide identification of regulatory elements that control limb development, yielding insights into the determination of limb morphology and forelimb versus hindlimb identity. The modulation of regulatory interactions - for example, through the modification of regulatory sequences or chromatin architecture - can lead to morphological evolution, acquired regeneration capacity or limb malformations in diverse species, including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Petit
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, California 94158, USA.,University of Lille, CHU Lille, EA 7364-RADEME, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Karen E Sears
- School of Integrative Biology, Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Nadav Ahituv
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, California 94158, USA.,Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, California 94158, USA
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20
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Sorensen D, Sackett A, Urban DJ, Maier J, Vargesson N, Sears KE. A new mammalian model system for thalidomide teratogenesis: Monodelphis domestica. Reprod Toxicol 2017; 70:126-132. [PMID: 28130151 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
From 1957 to 1962, thalidomide caused birth defects in >10,000 children. While the drug was pulled from the market, thalidomide is currently prescribed to treat conditions including leprosy. As a result, a new generation of babies with thalidomide defects is being born in the developing world. This represents a serious problem, as the mechanisms by which thalidomide disrupts development remain unresolved. This lack of resolution is due, in part, to the absence of an appropriate mammalian model for thalidomide teratogenesis. We test the hypothesis that opossum (Monodelphis domestica) is well suited to model human thalidomide defects. Results suggest that opossum embryos exposed to thalidomide display a range of phenotypes (e.g., heart, craniofacial, limb defects) and penetrance similar to humans. Furthermore, all opossums with thalidomide defects exhibit vascular disruptions. Results therefore support the hypotheses that opossums make a good mammalian model for thalidomide teratogenesis, and that thalidomide can severely disrupt angiogenesis in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sorensen
- School of Integrative Biology, 505 South Goodwin Avenue, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Amanda Sackett
- School of Integrative Biology, 505 South Goodwin Avenue, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Daniel J Urban
- School of Integrative Biology, 505 South Goodwin Avenue, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jennifer Maier
- School of Integrative Biology, 505 South Goodwin Avenue, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Neil Vargesson
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition. Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Karen E Sears
- School of Integrative Biology, 505 South Goodwin Avenue, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Institute for Genomic Biology, 1206 W Gregory Drive, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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21
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Kinsella E, Dora N, Mellis D, Lettice L, Deveney P, Hill R, Ditzel M. Use of a Conditional Ubr5 Mutant Allele to Investigate the Role of an N-End Rule Ubiquitin-Protein Ligase in Hedgehog Signalling and Embryonic Limb Development. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157079. [PMID: 27299863 PMCID: PMC4907512 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signalling is a potent regulator of cell fate and function. While much is known about the events within a Hh-stimulated cell, far less is known about the regulation of Hh-ligand production. Drosophila Hyperplastic Discs (Hyd), a ubiquitin-protein ligase, represents one of the few non-transcription factors that independently regulates both hh mRNA expression and pathway activity. Using a murine embryonic stem cell system, we revealed that shRNAi of the mammalian homologue of hyd, Ubr5, effectively prevented retinoic-acid-induced Sonic hedgehog (Shh) expression. We next investigated the UBR5:Hh signalling relationship in vivo by generating and validating a mouse bearing a conditional Ubr5 loss-of-function allele. Conditionally deleting Ubr5 in the early embryonic limb-bud mesenchyme resulted in a transient decrease in Indian hedgehog ligand expression and decreased Hh pathway activity, around E13.5. Although Ubr5-deficient limbs and digits were, on average, shorter than control limbs, the effects were not statistically significant. Hence, while loss of UBR5 perturbed Hedgehog signalling in the developing limb, there were no obvious morphological defects. In summary, we report the first conditional Ubr5 mutant mouse and provide evidence for a role for UBR5 in influencing Hh signalling, but are uncertain to whether the effects on Hedgehog signaling were direct (cell autonomous) or indirect (non-cell-autonomous). Elaboration of the cellular/molecular mechanism(s) involved may help our understanding on diseases and developmental disorders associated with aberrant Hh signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Kinsella
- Edinburgh CRUK Cancer Research Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine at the University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Natalie Dora
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine at the University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David Mellis
- Edinburgh CRUK Cancer Research Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine at the University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Laura Lettice
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine at the University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Paul Deveney
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine at the University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Robert Hill
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine at the University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mark Ditzel
- Edinburgh CRUK Cancer Research Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine at the University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
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22
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Dowling A, Doroba C, Maier JA, Cohen L, VandeBerg J, Sears KE. Cellular and molecular drivers of differential organ growth: insights from the limbs of Monodelphis domestica. Dev Genes Evol 2016; 226:235-43. [PMID: 27194412 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-016-0549-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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