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Sobanski T, Suraweera A, Burgess JT, Richard I, Cheong CM, Dave K, Rose M, Adams MN, O'Byrne KJ, Richard DJ, Bolderson E. The fructose-bisphosphate, Aldolase A (ALDOA), facilitates DNA-PKcs and ATM kinase activity to regulate DNA double-strand break repair. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15171. [PMID: 37704669 PMCID: PMC10499815 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41133-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose metabolism and DNA repair are fundamental cellular processes frequently dysregulated in cancer. In this study, we define a direct role for the glycolytic Aldolase A (ALDOA) protein in DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair. ALDOA is a fructose biphosphate Aldolase that catalyses fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP), during glycolysis. Here, we show that upon DNA damage induced by ionising radiation (IR), ALDOA translocates from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, where it partially co-localises with the DNA DSB marker γ-H2AX. DNA damage was shown to be elevated in ALDOA-depleted cells prior to IR and following IR the damage was repaired more slowly. Consistent with this, cells depleted of ALDOA exhibited decreased DNA DSB repair via non-homologous end-joining and homologous recombination. In support of the defective repair observed in its absence, ALDOA was found to associate with the major DSB repair effector kinases, DNA-dependent Protein Kinase (DNA-PK) and Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM) and their autophosphorylation was decreased when ALDOA was depleted. Together, these data establish a role for an essential metabolic protein, ALDOA in DNA DSB repair and suggests that targeting ALDOA may enable the concurrent targeting of cancer metabolism and DNA repair to induce tumour cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Sobanski
- Cancer and Ageing Research Program, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Translational Research Institute (TRI), 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Amila Suraweera
- Cancer and Ageing Research Program, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Translational Research Institute (TRI), 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Joshua T Burgess
- Cancer and Ageing Research Program, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Translational Research Institute (TRI), 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Iain Richard
- Cancer and Ageing Research Program, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Translational Research Institute (TRI), 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Chee Man Cheong
- Cancer and Ageing Research Program, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Translational Research Institute (TRI), 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Keyur Dave
- Cancer and Ageing Research Program, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Translational Research Institute (TRI), 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Maddison Rose
- Cancer and Ageing Research Program, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Translational Research Institute (TRI), 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Mark N Adams
- Cancer and Ageing Research Program, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Translational Research Institute (TRI), 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kenneth J O'Byrne
- Cancer and Ageing Research Program, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Translational Research Institute (TRI), 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Australia
- Princess Alexandra Hospital, Ipswich Road, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Derek J Richard
- Cancer and Ageing Research Program, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Translational Research Institute (TRI), 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Emma Bolderson
- Cancer and Ageing Research Program, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Translational Research Institute (TRI), 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Australia.
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Wang J, Fan Q, Yu T, Zhang Y. Identifying the hub genes for Duchenne muscular dystrophy and Becker muscular dystrophy by weighted correlation network analysis. BMC Genom Data 2021; 22:57. [PMID: 34922439 PMCID: PMC8684282 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-021-01014-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The goal of this study is to identify the hub genes for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) via weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA). Methods The gene expression profile of vastus lateralis biopsy samples obtained in 17 patients with DMD, 11 patients with BMD and 6 healthy individuals was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database (GSE109178). After obtaining different expressed genes (DEGs) via GEO2R, WGCNA was conducted using R package, modules and genes that highly associated with DMD, BMD, and their age or pathology were screened. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis and protein–protein interaction (PPI) network analysis were also conducted. Hub genes and highly correlated clustered genes were identified using Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes (STRING) and Cystoscape software. Results One thousand four hundred seventy DEGs were identified between DMD and control, with 1281 upregulated and 189 downregulated DEGs. Four hundred and twenty DEGs were found between BMD and control, with 157 upregulated and 263 upregulated DEGs. Fourteen modules with different colors were identified for DMD vs control, and 7 modules with different colors were identified for BMD vs control. Ten hub genes were summarized for DMD and BMD respectively, 5 hub genes were summarized for BMD age, 5 and 3 highly correlated clustered genes were summarized for DMD age and BMD pathology, respectively. In addition, 20 GO enrichments were found to be involved in DMD, 3 GO enrichments were found to be involved in BMD, 3 GO enrichments were found to be involved in BMD age. Conclusion In DMD, several hub genes were identified: C3AR1, TLR7, IRF8, FYB and CD33(immune and inflammation associated genes), TYROBP, PLEK, AIF1(actin reorganization associated genes), LAPTM5 and NT5E(cell death and arterial calcification associated genes, respectively). In BMD, a number of hub genes were identified: LOX, ELN, PLEK, IKZF1, CTSK, THBS2, ADAMTS2, COL5A1(extracellular matrix associated genes), BCL2L1 and CDK2(cell cycle associated genes).
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Ulke HM, Mutze K, Lehmann M, Wagner DE, Heinzelmann K, Günther A, Eickelberg O, Königshoff M. The Oncogene ECT2 Contributes to a Hyperplastic, Proliferative Lung Epithelial Cell Phenotype in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2020; 61:713-726. [PMID: 31145635 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2019-0047oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and lung cancer are progressive lung diseases with a poor prognosis. IPF is a risk factor for the development of lung cancer, and the incidence of lung cancer is increased in patients with IPF. The disease pathogenesis of IPF and lung cancer involves common genetic alterations, dysregulated pathways, and the emergence of hyperplastic and metaplastic epithelial cells. Here, we aimed to identify novel, common mediators that might contribute to epithelial cell reprogramming in IPF. Gene set enrichment analysis of publicly available non-small cell lung cancer and IPF datasets revealed a common pattern of misregulated genes linked to cell proliferation and transformation. The oncogene ECT2 (epithelial cell transforming sequence 2), a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rho GTPases, was highly enriched in both IPF and non-small cell lung cancer compared with nondiseased controls. Increased expression of ECT2 was verified by qPCR and Western blotting in bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis and human IPF tissue. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated strong expression of ECT2 staining in hyperplastic alveolar epithelial type II (ATII) cells in IPF, as well as its colocalization with proliferating cell nuclear antigen, a well-known proliferation marker. Increased ECT2 expression coincided with enhanced proliferation of primary mouse ATII cells as analyzed by flow cytometry. ECT2 knockdown in ATII cells resulted in decreased proliferation and collagen I expression in vitro. These data suggest that the oncogene ECT2 contributes to epithelial cell reprogramming in IPF, and further emphasize the hyperplastic, proliferative ATII cell as a potential target in patients with IPF and lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik M Ulke
- Lung Repair and Regeneration, Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Ludwig Maximilians University, University Hospital Großhadern, and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Munich, Germany
| | - Kathrin Mutze
- Lung Repair and Regeneration, Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Ludwig Maximilians University, University Hospital Großhadern, and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Munich, Germany
| | - Mareike Lehmann
- Lung Repair and Regeneration, Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Ludwig Maximilians University, University Hospital Großhadern, and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Munich, Germany
| | - Darcy E Wagner
- Lung Repair and Regeneration, Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Ludwig Maximilians University, University Hospital Großhadern, and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Munich, Germany.,Lung Bioengineering and Regeneration, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Katharina Heinzelmann
- Lung Repair and Regeneration, Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Ludwig Maximilians University, University Hospital Großhadern, and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Günther
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany; and
| | - Oliver Eickelberg
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Melanie Königshoff
- Lung Repair and Regeneration, Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Ludwig Maximilians University, University Hospital Großhadern, and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Munich, Germany.,Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado
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Oehmcke-Hecht S, Mandl V, Naatz LT, Dühring L, Köhler J, Kreikemeyer B, Maletzki C. Streptococcus gallolyticus abrogates anti-carcinogenic properties of tannic acid on low-passage colorectal carcinomas. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4714. [PMID: 32170212 PMCID: PMC7070001 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61458-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The tannase-producing Gram-positive bacterial species Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus (Sgg) is an opportunistic pathogen of the human gut and strongly associated with colorectal cancer (CRC). A unique feature of Sgg is its ability to degrade tannic acids (TA). TA constitute an important part of the human diet with known anti-tumorigenic properties. Here, we examined whether Sgg is able to protect tumor cells from the toxic effect of TA and thus drive tumorigenesis indirectly. Human CRC cell lines (n = 8) were treated with increasing concentrations of TA. We confirmed the cytotoxic activity of TA in a dose-dependent manner. In virtually all cell lines, viability decreased significantly (>60% inhibition). Moreover, pyrogallol, the degradation product of TA, had no effect on the tested cell lines. This suggests a specific effect of TA. Cytotoxicity was due to necrosis and induction of senescence in residual cells. Finally, when TA was degraded by Sgg, the cytotoxic effect could be abolished. Tumor cells even responded with boosted cell proliferation, highlighting the impact of Sgg on CRC progression. We here provide another piece of evidence for the active interplay between Sgg and cancer preventive components. These data will help to move forward in designing concepts for therapeutic and eventually also prophylactic approaches to combat gastrointestinal malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Oehmcke-Hecht
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany.
| | - Vanessa Mandl
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Clinic III - Hematology, Oncology, Palliative Care, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Lukas Tim Naatz
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Clinic III - Hematology, Oncology, Palliative Care, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Lara Dühring
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Clinic III - Hematology, Oncology, Palliative Care, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Juliane Köhler
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Bernd Kreikemeyer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Claudia Maletzki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Clinic III - Hematology, Oncology, Palliative Care, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany.
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Detection of Gene Mutations in Liquid Biopsy of Melanoma Patients: Overview and Future Perspectives. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2020; 21:19. [PMID: 32048063 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-020-0708-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Liquid biopsies are still far from widely implanted in the clinical arena. Issues related to the added sensitivity of this test beyond conventional methods have not been fully resolved. Additionally, issues related to the specificity of these results especially as many cancers may share common mutation need further investigations. One way to resolve this may include the development and testing of large gene panels to add higher specificity. On the other hand, further studies are needed to support the idea that ctDNA or circulating tumor cells may constitute a better representation of the tumor subpopulation that is capable of metastasizing, which will strongly support its clinical value. Finally, survival studies showing a positive impact of this technology will also justify its widespread implementation in clinical practice.
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Structure and regulation of human epithelial cell transforming 2 protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 117:1027-1035. [PMID: 31888991 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1913054117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cell transforming 2 (Ect2) protein activates Rho GTPases and controls cytokinesis and many other cellular processes. Dysregulation of Ect2 is associated with various cancers. Here, we report the crystal structure of human Ect2 and complementary mechanistic analyses. The data show the C-terminal PH domain of Ect2 folds back and blocks the canonical RhoA-binding site at the catalytic center of the DH domain, providing a mechanism of Ect2 autoinhibition. Ect2 is activated by binding of GTP-bound RhoA to the PH domain, which suggests an allosteric mechanism of Ect2 activation and a positive-feedback loop reinforcing RhoA signaling. This bimodal RhoA binding of Ect2 is unusual and was confirmed with Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) and hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) analyses. Several recurrent cancer-associated mutations map to the catalytic and regulatory interfaces, and dysregulate Ect2 in vitro and in vivo. Together, our findings provide mechanistic insights into Ect2 regulation in normal cells and under disease conditions.
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Bilsland AE, Liu Y, Turnbull A, Sumpton D, Stevenson K, Cairney CJ, Boyd SM, Roffey J, Jenkinson D, Keith WN. A Novel Pyrazolopyrimidine Ligand of Human PGK1 and Stress Sensor DJ1 Modulates the Shelterin Complex and Telomere Length Regulation. Neoplasia 2019; 21:893-907. [PMID: 31401411 PMCID: PMC6700475 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2019.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomere signaling and metabolic dysfunction are hallmarks of cell aging. New agents targeting these processes might provide therapeutic opportunities, including chemoprevention strategies against cancer predisposition. We report identification and characterization of a pyrazolopyrimidine compound series identified from screens focused on cell immortality and whose targets are glycolytic kinase PGK1 and oxidative stress sensor DJ1. We performed structure–activity studies on the series to develop a photoaffinity probe to deconvolute the cellular targets. In vitro binding and structural analyses confirmed these targets, suggesting that PGK1/DJ1 interact, which we confirmed by immunoprecipitation. Glucose homeostasis and oxidative stress are linked to telomere signaling and exemplar compound CRT0063465 blocked hypoglycemic telomere shortening. Intriguingly, PGK1 and DJ1 bind to TRF2 and telomeric DNA. Compound treatment modulates these interactions and also affects Shelterin complex composition, while conferring cellular protection from cytotoxicity due to bleomycin and desferroxamine. These results demonstrate therapeutic potential of the compound series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan E Bilsland
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Yu Liu
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Andrew Turnbull
- Cancer Research Technology Ltd., Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, The Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - David Sumpton
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Katrina Stevenson
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Claire J Cairney
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Susan M Boyd
- CompChem Solutions Ltd, St John's Innovation Centre, Cambridge, CB4 0WS, UK
| | - Jon Roffey
- Cancer Research Technology Ltd., Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, The Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - David Jenkinson
- Cancer Research Technology Ltd., Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, The Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - W Nicol Keith
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK.
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Lujambio A, Banito A. Functional screening to identify senescence regulators in cancer. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2019; 54:17-24. [PMID: 30877988 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is implicated in numerous biological processes, and can play pleiotropic, sometimes opposing, roles in cancer. Several triggers, cell types, contexts, and senescence-associated phenotypes introduce a multitude of possibilities when studying this process and its biological consequences. Recent studies continue to characterize cellular senescence at different levels, using a combination of functional screens, in silico analysis, omics characterizations and more targeted studies. However, a comprehensive analysis of its context-dependent effects and multiple phenotypes is required. Application of state-of-the-art and emerging technologies will increase our understanding of this complex process and better guide future strategies to harness senescence to our advantage, or to target it when detrimental.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaia Lujambio
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA; Liver Cancer Program, Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA; The Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Ana Banito
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ) and Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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Tanaka K, Goto H, Nishimura Y, Kasahara K, Mizoguchi A, Inagaki M. Tetraploidy in cancer and its possible link to aging. Cancer Sci 2018; 109:2632-2640. [PMID: 29949679 PMCID: PMC6125447 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetraploidy, a condition in which a cell has four homologous sets of chromosomes, is often seen as a natural physiological condition but is also frequently seen in pathophysiological conditions such as cancer. Tetraploidy facilitates chromosomal instability (CIN), which is an elevated level of chromosomal loss and gain that can cause production of a wide variety of aneuploid cells that carry structural and numerical aberrations of chromosomes. The resultant genomic heterogeneity supposedly expedites karyotypic evolution that confers oncogenic potential in spite of the reduced cellular fitness caused by aneuploidy. Recent studies suggest that tetraploidy might also be associated with aging; mice with mutations in an intermediate filament protein have revealed that these tetraploidy‐prone mice exhibit tissue disorders associated with aging. Cellular senescence and its accompanying senescence‐associated secretory phenotype have now emerged as critical factors that link tetraploidy and tetraploidy‐induced CIN with cancer, and possibly with aging. Here, we review recent findings about how tetraploidy is related to cancer and possibly to aging, and discuss underlying mechanisms of the relationship, as well as how we can exploit the properties of cells exhibiting tetraploidy‐induced CIN to control these pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kozo Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hidemasa Goto
- Department of Neural Regeneration and Cell Communication, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Yuhei Nishimura
- Department of Integrative Pharmacology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Kousuke Kasahara
- Department of Physiology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Akira Mizoguchi
- Department of Neural Regeneration and Cell Communication, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Masaki Inagaki
- Department of Physiology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
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