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Ganjre SA, Jeria S, Madke B. Catastrophic ocular complications in leprosy: a case report. Pan Afr Med J 2023; 44:198. [PMID: 37484589 PMCID: PMC10362652 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2023.44.198.37051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Leprosy is a chronic, granulomatous infectious disease commonly affecting the skin, nerves, mucosa and eyes. The stigma associated with the disease frequently leads to delay in presentation to health professionals. Treated patients, though considered cured presumptively, many continue to live with physical disabilities and deformities. Intact visual acuity prevents humans from trauma and any reduction in visual acuity, especially in leprosy, increases the risk of getting injured by many folds. Here, we present a case of leprosy with complete loss of vision due to bilateral anterior staphyloma secondary to keratitis and his physical deformities preventing him to take care of his eyes. This paper aims to emphasize on the importance of a baseline ophthalmology consultation in all newly diagnosed leprosy patients and repeat examination at onset of any new symptoms of the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samyak Ashok Ganjre
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sandhya Jeria
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, Maharashtra, India
| | - Bhushan Madke
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, Maharashtra, India
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Sasidharanpillai S, Govindan A, Dominic S, Binitha T, Nandakumar V, Devi K. Hypopigmented Skin Lesions with Doubtful/Minimal Sensory Impairment: A Histopathology-Based Analysis. Indian Dermatol Online J 2022; 13:765-770. [PMID: 36386740 PMCID: PMC9650743 DOI: 10.4103/idoj.idoj_114_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cardinal criteria proposed by the World Health Organisation (WHO) lack sensitivity to diagnose indeterminate leprosy. Aims To estimate the frequency of hypopigmented skin lesions with doubtful/minimal sensory impairment showing histopathology features of indeterminate leprosy. To compare between the histopathology findings noted in specimens showing features suggestive of indeterminate leprosy and those showing a non-specific dermatitis pattern. Materials and Methods Data on patients who attended our department with hypopigmented patches with doubtful/minimal sensory impairment from January 2018 to December 2019 and who underwent a skin biopsy were collected. A pathologist blinded to the clinical findings reviewed the histopathology specimens using a pre-set questionnaire. Results We studied sixteen biopsy specimens from 14 patients. Eight specimens (50%) showed histopathology suggestive of indeterminate leprosy and the remaining eight showed a non-specific dermatitis pattern. A higher percentage of patients with indeterminate pattern showed mast cells (87.5% vs 25%) and fibrosis around nerve twig or sweat duct (75% vs 12.5%) when compared to those who showed a non-specific dermatitis pattern. Limitations Small sample size and retrospective study design were the limitations. Conclusions We found histopathology features of indeterminate leprosy in 50% of the skin biopsy specimens from hypopigmented lesions with doubtful/minimal sensory impairment. The present study highlights the need to improve the diagnostic definition of indeterminate leprosy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Sasidharanpillai
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala, India,Address for correspondence: Dr. Sarita Sasidharanpillai, “Rohini,” Girish Nagar, Nallalom PO, Kozhikode-673 027, Kerala, India. E-mail:
| | - Aparna Govindan
- Department of Pathology, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | - Swapna Dominic
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | - Tattvamasi Binitha
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | - Veena Nandakumar
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | - Keerankulangara Devi
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
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Habiburrahman M, Ariq H, Yusharyahya SN. The Role of Lipid and the Benefit of Statin in Augmenting Rifampicin Effectivity for a Better Leprosy Treatment. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2021.6263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Although leprosy remains as a serious disease of the skin and nervous system, the current treatment is still lacking in its effectiveness. This literature review will explore the association of lipid and leprosy, as well as the potential of statin and other lipid-lowering agents as adjunctive drugs to combat leprosy. Articles were searched through the PubMed, EBSCOhost, and Google Scholar with the keywords: immunomodulation, lipid-body, lipids, leprosy, Mycobacterium leprae, pathogenesis, rifampin or rifampicin, and statins. A manual searching is also carried out to find an additional relevant information to make this literature review more comprehensive. The literatures showed that lipids are highly correlated with leprosy through alterations in serum lipid profile, metabolism, pathogenesis, and producing oxidative stress. Statins can diminish lipid utilization in the pathogenesis of leprosy and show a mycobactericidal effect by increasing the effectiveness of rifampicin and recover the function of macrophages. In addition, Statins have anti-inflammatory properties which may aid in preventing type I and II reactions in leprosy. Standard multidrug therapy might reduce the efficacy of statins, but the effect is not clinically significant. The statin dose-response curve also allows therapeutic response to be achieved with minimal dose. The various pleiotropic effects of statins make it a potential adjunct to standard treatment for leprosy in the future.
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Vieira AP, Trindade MAB, de Paula FJ, Sakai-Valente NY, Duarte AJDS, Lemos FBC, Benard G. Severe type 1 upgrading leprosy reaction in a renal transplant recipient: a paradoxical manifestation associated with deficiency of antigen-specific regulatory T-cells? BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:305. [PMID: 28438129 PMCID: PMC5404339 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2406-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to its chronic subclinical course and large spectrum of manifestations, leprosy often represents a diagnostic challenge. Even with proper anti-mycobacteria treatment, leprosy follow up remains challenging: almost half of leprosy patients may develop reaction episodes. Leprosy is an infrequent complication of solid organ transplant recipients. This case report illustrates the challenges in diagnosing and managing leprosy and its reactional states in a transplant recipient. CASE PRESENTATION A 53-year-old man presented 34 months after a successful renal transplantation a borderline-tuberculoid leprosy with signs of mild type 1 upgrading reaction (T1R). Cutaneous manifestations were atypical, and diagnosis was only made when granulomatous neuritis was found in a cutaneous biopsy. He was successfully treated with the WHO recommended multidrug therapy (MDT: rifampicin, dapsone and clofazimine). However he developed a severe T1R immediately after completion of the MDT but no signs of allograft rejection. T1R results from flare-ups of the host T-helper-1 cell-mediated immune response against Mycobacterium leprae antigens in patients with immunologically unstable, borderline forms of leprosy and has been considered an inflammatory syndrome in many aspects similar to the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndromes (IRS). The T1R was successfully treated by increasing the prednisone dose without modifying the other immunosuppressive drugs used for preventing allograft rejection. Immunological study revealed that the patient had a profound depletion of both in situ and circulating regulatory T-cells and lack of expansion of the Tregs upon M. leprae stimulation compared to T1R leprosy patients without iatrogenic immunosuppression. CONCLUSIONS Our case report highlights that leprosy, especially in the transplant setting, requires a high degree of clinical suspicion and the contribution of histopathology. It also suggests that the development of upgrading inflammatory syndromes such as T1R can occur despite the sustained immunosuppressors regimen for preventing graft rejection. Our hypothesis is that the well-known deleterious effects of these immunosuppressors on pathogen-induced regulatory T-cells contributed to the immunedysregulation and development T1R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Vieira
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation Unit 56, Division of Clinical Dermatology, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Flávio Jota de Paula
- Renal Transplantation Service, Clinics Hospital, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Neusa Yurico Sakai-Valente
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation Unit 53, Tropical Medicine Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alberto José da Silva Duarte
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation Unit 56, Division of Clinical Dermatology, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Gil Benard
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation Unit 56, Division of Clinical Dermatology, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. .,Laboratory of Medical Investigation Unit 53, Tropical Medicine Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Abstract
Nerve damage leading to impairment and permanent disability is the major problem in the course of a leprosy infection. Most of the damage occurs during two types of leprosy reactions, type 1 reaction (T1R) and type 2 reaction (T2R). Timely and adequate treatment may prevent this damage. Particular T1R reactions, however, are often diagnosed too late and are even missed. Clinical symptoms and warning signs are therefore covered, as are the immunology and pathophysiology of nerve damage. The differences between upgrading and downgrading, old terms but still relevant, are explained. Methods to detect reactions and to monitor their treatment are given. Triggering factors, the mechanisms of the reactions, including autoimmunity, and the presence of physical compression are discussed. Treatment over the years is placed in its context, and based on this information a treatment schedule is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Naafs
- The Foundation of Global Dermatology, The Netherlands.
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Turner D, McGuinness SL, McGuiness S, Leder K. Leprosy: diagnosis and management in a developed setting. Intern Med J 2015; 45:109-12. [PMID: 25582940 DOI: 10.1111/imj.12638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Leprosy remains an important global health concern, but little has been published about its diagnosis and management in developed settings. It has been postulated that delay in diagnosis is common in developed settings. We reviewed all the cases of leprosy seen at a major tertiary referral centre between 1999 and 2013 and demonstrated that delay in diagnosis is common, especially when patients present with symptoms of leprosy reactions rather than classical symptoms, such as hypo-pigmented hypo-aesthetic skin lesions and neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Turner
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Esquenazi D, Alvim IMP, Pinheiro RO, de Oliveira EB, Moreira LDO, Sarno EN, Nery JADC. Correlation between Central Memory T Cell Expression and Proinflammatory Cytokine Production with Clinical Presentation of Multibacillary Leprosy Relapse. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127416. [PMID: 25992795 PMCID: PMC4437650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the efficacy of multidrug therapy, surviving Mycobacterium leprae causes relapse in some leprosy patients, and these patients present signs and symptoms of disease after healing. This study focused on the cellular immune response in relapsed multibacillary patients but also included non-relapsed multibacillary cured individuals, newly diagnosed and untreated multibacillary patients, paucibacillary patients just before the beginning of treatment, and voluntary healthy individuals for comparative analysis. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Inhibition of CD86 expression in the blood-derived monocytes and dendritic cells of relapsed multibacillary patients, either ex vivo or after M. leprae antigen stimulation was observed by flow cytometry. In addition, no significant changes in Interferon-gamma (IFN-g) expression were observed in 5-day culture supernatants of relapsed patients in response to M. leprae, neither before nor after treatment, as measured by ELISA. However, these patients demonstrated a significant increase in central memory CD4+ and CD8+ M. leprae-specific T cells, as assessed by multiparametric flow cytometry. The increase in frequency of central memory T cells in relapsed patients strongly correlated with the bacillary index and the number of skin lesions observed in these subjects. Moreover, cytokine multiplex analysis demonstrated significant antigen-specific production of Interlukin-1beta (IL-1b), IL-6, and Tumour Necrosis Factor (TNF) in the relapsed group with extremely low IL-10 production, which resulted in a high TNF/IL-10 ratio. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Inhibition of CD86 expression may function to reduce effector T cell responses against the M. leprae antigen. Furthermore, the predominance of central memory T cells in association with the high TNF/IL-10 ratio and no observed IFN-g production may be related to the pathogenesis of relapse in multibacillary leprosy. Therefore, our findings may be a direct result of the clinical presentation, including a number of skin lesions and bacterial load, of relapsed patients. To our knowledge, this is the first study correlating immune response parameters with the clinical presentation of relapsed multibacillary patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danuza Esquenazi
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute – FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Pathology and Laboratories, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Rio de Janeiro - UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | | | | | - Euzenir Nunes Sarno
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute – FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Recognizing and managing the immunologic reactions in leprosy. J Am Acad Dermatol 2014; 71:795-803. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2014.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Araújo SRF, Jamieson SE, Dupnik KM, Monteiro GR, Nobre ML, Dias MS, Trindade Neto PB, Queiroz MDCP, Gomes CEM, Blackwell JM, Jeronimo SMB. Examining ERBB2 as a candidate gene for susceptibility to leprosy (Hansen's disease) in Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2014; 109:182-8. [PMID: 24676663 PMCID: PMC4015256 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276130344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Leprosy remains prevalent in Brazil. ErbB2 is a receptor for leprosy bacilli entering
Schwann cells, which mediates Mycobacterium leprae-induced
demyelination and the ERBB2 gene lies within a leprosy
susceptibility locus on chromosome 17q11-q21. To determine whether
polymorphisms at the ERBB2 locus contribute to this linkage peak,
three haplotype tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (tag-SNPs) (rs2517956,
rs2952156, rs1058808) were genotyped in 72 families (208 cases; 372 individuals) from
the state of Pará (PA). All three tag-SNPs were associated with leprosy per se [best
SNP rs2517959 odds ratio (OR) = 2.22; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.37-3.59; p =
0.001]. Lepromatous (LL) (OR = 3.25; 95% CI 1.37-7.70; p = 0.007) and tuberculoid
(TT) (OR = 1.79; 95% CI 1.04-3.05; p = 0.034) leprosy both contributed to the
association, which is consistent with the previous linkage to chromosome 17q11-q21 in
the population from PA and supports the functional role of ErbB2 in disease
pathogenesis. To attempt to replicate these findings, six SNPs (rs2517955, rs2517956,
rs1810132, rs2952156, rs1801200, rs1058808) were genotyped in a population-based
sample of 570 leprosy cases and 370 controls from the state of Rio Grande do Norte
(RN) and the results were analysed using logistic regression analysis. However, none
of the associations were replicated in the RN sample, whether analysed for leprosy
per se, LL leprosy, TT leprosy, erythema nodosum leprosum or reversal reaction
conditions. The role of polymorphisms at ERBB2 in controlling
susceptibility to leprosy in Brazil therefore remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarra Elisabeth Jamieson
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Australia
| | | | - Glória Regina Monteiro
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical do Rio Grande do Norte, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brasil
| | - Maurício Lisboa Nobre
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical do Rio Grande do Norte, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brasil
| | - Márcia Sousa Dias
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Mossoró, RN, Brasil
| | - Pedro Bezerra Trindade Neto
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brasil
| | | | - Carlos Eduardo Maia Gomes
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical do Rio Grande do Norte, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brasil
| | - Jenefer Mary Blackwell
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Australia
| | - Selma Maria Bezerra Jeronimo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brasil
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Benard G, Campos AF, Netto LC, Gonçalves LG, Machado LR, Mimicos EV, França FOS, Gryschek RCB. Treatment of severe forms of paracoccidioidomycosis: is there a role for corticosteroids? Med Mycol 2012; 50:641-8. [PMID: 22309459 DOI: 10.3109/13693786.2011.654135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite their immunosuppressive effects, corticosteroids have long been used as adjunct therapy (aCST) in the treatment of infectious diseases. The rationale is that in certain infections it is necessary to decrease the exacerbated host's inflammatory response, which can otherwise result in tissue damage and organ dysfunction. In fact, a major concern in treating paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is the host's intense inflammatory response to Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, which can be further intensified by antifungal therapy. Depending on its localization, this immunological phenomenon may be life threatening or result in permanent sequels, as is the case for some patients with cerebral or laryngeal involvement. However, the literature on aCST in paracoccidioidomycosis treatment is scarce and as a result we present our recent experience in the management of four patients with severe PCM manifestations, i.e., cerebral paracoccidioidal granuloma, laryngeal stenosis, compressive abdominal mass, and exacerbated inflammatory response with tissue destruction. In addition to the antifungal therapy, these patients required aCST, which probably promoted their clinical improvement and/or prevented serious complications. We suggest that aCST: (a) can potentially help in the management of selected cases of severe forms of PCM, particularly when there is a risk of acute complications, and (b) that it can be used safely provided that the risk-benefit ratio is carefully weighed. Well-controlled, prospective studies of aCST in the treatment of severe cases of paracoccidioidomycosis are needed to better define its role in the management of PCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil Benard
- Dermatology Division of the Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School and Laboratory of Medical Mycology, Tropical Medicine Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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