1
|
de Paula JI, Lopes-Torres EJ, Jacobs-Lorena M, Paes MC, Cha SJ. The Screen of a Phage Display Library Identifies a Peptide That Binds to the Surface of Trypanosoma cruzi Trypomastigotes and Impairs Their Infection of Mammalian Cells. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:864788. [PMID: 35359712 PMCID: PMC8960960 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.864788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundChagas is a neglected tropical disease caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. On the order of seven million people are infected worldwide and current therapies are limited, highlighting the urgent need for new interventions. T. cruzi trypomastigotes can infect a variety of mammalian cells, recognition and adhesion to the host cell being critical for parasite entry. This study focuses on trypomastigote surface ligands involved in cell invasion.MethodsThree selection rounds of a phage peptide display library for isolation of phages that bind to trypomastigotes, resulted in the identification of the N3 dodecapeptide. N3 peptide binding to T. cruzi developmental forms (trypomastigotes, amastigotes and epimastigotes) was evaluated by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence assays. Parasite invasion of Vero cells was assessed by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence assays.ResultsPhage display screening identified the N3 peptide that binds preferentially to the surface of the trypomastigote and amastigote infective forms as opposed to non-infective epimastigotes. Importantly, the N3 peptide, but not a control scrambled peptide, inhibits trypomastigote invasion of Vero cells by 50%.ConclusionThe N3 peptide specifically binds to T. cruzi, and by doing so, inhibits Vero cell infection. Follow-up studies will identify the molecule on the parasite surface to which the N3 peptide binds. This putative T. cruzi ligand may advance chemotherapy design and vaccine development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica I. de Paula
- Laboratório de Interação Tripanossomatídeos e Vetores – Departamento de Bioquímica, IBRAG – UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eduardo J. Lopes-Torres
- Laboratório de Helmintologia Romero Lascasas Porto, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Jacobs-Lorena
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and Malaria Research Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Marcia Cristina Paes
- Laboratório de Interação Tripanossomatídeos e Vetores – Departamento de Bioquímica, IBRAG – UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia - Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Marcia Cristina Paes,
| | - Sung-Jae Cha
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and Malaria Research Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Sung-Jae Cha,
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pękacz M, Basałaj K, Kalinowska A, Klockiewicz M, Stopka D, Bąska P, Długosz E, Karabowicz J, Młocicki D, Wiśniewski M, Zawistowska-Deniziak A. Selection of new diagnostic markers for Dirofilaria repens infections with the use of phage display technology. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2288. [PMID: 35145147 PMCID: PMC8831495 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06116-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Dirofilaria repens is a parasitic nematode causing vector-borne disease (dirofilariasis), considered an emerging problem in veterinary and human medicine. Although main hosts are carnivores, particularly dogs, D. repens shows high zoonotic potential. The disease spreads uncontrollably, affecting new areas. Since there is no vaccine against dirofilariasis, the only way to limit disease transmission is an early diagnosis. Currently, diagnosis depends on the detection of microfilariae in the host bloodstream using modified Knott's test or multiplex PCR. However, the efficacy of tests relying on microfilariae detection is limited by microfilariae periodic occurrence. Therefore, a new reliable diagnostic test is required. Our study aimed to select new diagnostic markers for dirofilariasis with potential application in diagnostics. We focused on single epitopes to ensure high specificity of diagnosis and avoid cross-reactivity with the other parasite infections common in dogs. Using phage display technology and 12-mer peptides library, we selected epitopes highly reactive with IgG from sera of infected dogs. Additionally, our study presents the possibility of detecting D. repens specific cell-free DNA in dogs with no microfilaria but high IgG and IgM antibody levels against parasite somatic antigen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Pękacz
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Division of Parasitology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Basałaj
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alicja Kalinowska
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Klockiewicz
- Division of Parasitology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Diana Stopka
- Division of Pathology, Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Bąska
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Długosz
- Division of Parasitology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Karabowicz
- Division of Parasitology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Daniel Młocicki
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Wiśniewski
- Division of Parasitology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Geerts M, Van Reet N, Leyten S, Berghmans R, S Rock K, Ht Coetzer T, E-A Eyssen L, Büscher P. Trypanosoma brucei gambiense-iELISA: a promising new test for the post-elimination monitoring of human African trypanosomiasis. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 73:e2477-e2483. [PMID: 32856049 PMCID: PMC8563279 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The World Health Organization targeted Trypanosoma brucei gambiense human African trypanosomiasis (gHAT) for elimination as a public health problem and for elimination of transmission. To measure gHAT elimination success with prevalences close to zero, highly specific diagnostics are necessary. Such a test exists in the form of an antibody-mediated complement lysis test, the trypanolysis test, but biosafety issues and technological requirements prevent its large-scale use. We developed an inhibition ELISA with high specificity and sensitivity that is applicable in regional laboratories in gHAT endemic countries. Methods The T. b. gambiense inhibition ELISA (g-iELISA) is based on the principle that binding of monoclonal antibodies to specific epitopes of T. b. gambiense surface glycoproteins can be inhibited by circulating antibodies of gHAT patients directed against the same epitopes. Using trypanolysis as reference test, the diagnostic accuracy of the g-iELISA was evaluated on plasma samples from 739 gHAT patients and 619 endemic controls and on dried blood spots prepared with plasma of 95 gHAT and 37 endemic controls. Results Overall sensitivity and specificity on plasma were, respectively, 98.0% (95% CI 96.7–98.9) and 99.5% (95% CI 98.6–99.9). With dried blood spots, sensitivity was 92.6% (95% CI 85.4–97.0), and specificity was 100% (95% CI 90.5–100.0). The g-iELISA is stable for at least 8 months when stored at 2–8°C. Conclusion The g-iELISA might largely replace trypanolysis for monitoring gHAT elimination and for postelimination surveillance. The g-iELISA kit is available for evaluation in reference laboratories in endemic countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manon Geerts
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nick Van Reet
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sander Leyten
- Advanced Practical Diagnostics BVBA, Turnhout, Belgium
| | - Raf Berghmans
- Advanced Practical Diagnostics BVBA, Turnhout, Belgium
| | - Kat S Rock
- Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Theresa Ht Coetzer
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Lauren E-A Eyssen
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Philippe Büscher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Opuni KFM, Koy C, Russ M, Reepmeyer M, Danquah BD, Weresow M, Alef A, Lorenz P, Thiesen HJ, Glocker MO. ITEM-THREE analysis of a monoclonal anti-malaria antibody reveals its assembled epitope on the pfMSP1 19 antigen. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:14987-14997. [PMID: 32848020 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.014802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid diagnostic tests are first-line assays for diagnosing infectious diseases, such as malaria. To minimize false positive and false negative test results in population-screening assays, high-quality reagents and well-characterized antigens and antibodies are needed. An important property of antigen-antibody binding is recognition specificity, which best can be estimated by mapping an antibody's epitope on the respective antigen. We have cloned a malarial antigen-containing fusion protein, MBP-pfMSP119, in Escherichia coli, which then was structurally and functionally characterized before and after high pressure-assisted enzymatic digestion. We then used our previously developed method, intact transition epitope mapping-targeted high-energy rupture of extracted epitopes (ITEM-THREE), to map the area on the MBP-pfMSP119 antigen surface that is recognized by the anti-pfMSP119 antibody G17.12. We identified three epitope-carrying peptides, 386GRNISQHQCVKKQCPQNSGCFRHLDE411, 386GRNISQHQCVKKQCPQNSGCFRHLDEREE414, and 415CKCLLNYKQE424, from the GluC-derived peptide mixture. These peptides belong to an assembled (conformational) epitope on the MBP-pfMSP119 antigen whose identification was substantiated by positive and negative control experiments. In conclusion, our data help to establish a workflow to obtain high-quality control data for diagnostic assays, including the use of ITEM-THREE as a powerful analytical tool. Data are available via ProteomeXchange: PXD019717.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kwabena F M Opuni
- Proteome Center Rostock, University Medicine Rostock and University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, College of Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Cornelia Koy
- Proteome Center Rostock, University Medicine Rostock and University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Manuela Russ
- Proteome Center Rostock, University Medicine Rostock and University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Maren Reepmeyer
- Proteome Center Rostock, University Medicine Rostock and University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Bright D Danquah
- Proteome Center Rostock, University Medicine Rostock and University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | | | | | - Peter Lorenz
- Institute for Immunology, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Michael O Glocker
- Proteome Center Rostock, University Medicine Rostock and University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Uzcanga GL, Bubis J. Dominant IgM synthesis against the soluble form of the prevailing variant surface glycoprotein from TeAp-N/D1 Trypanosoma equiperdum throughout the experimental acute infections of horses with non-tsetse transmitted Trypanozoon parasites. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2020; 41:745-760. [PMID: 32522083 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2020.1778029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Two horses were infected with distinct non-tsetse transmitted Trypanozoon Venezuelan stocks, namely TeAp-N/D1 Trypanosoma equiperdum and TeAp-El Frio01 Trypanosoma evansi. Preceding reports have revealed that a 64-kDa antigenic glycopolypeptide (p64), which is the soluble form of the predominant variant surface glycoprotein from TeAp-N/D1 T. equiperdum, can be used as a good antigen for immunodiagnosis of animal trypanosomosis. Here, the course of the experimental acute infection in both horses was monitored by evaluating total anti-p64 IgG and particular anti-p64 γ-specific IgG and μ-specific IgM isotypes in sera using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Both equines showed a maximum of whole anti-p64 antibody generation, which dropped to readings below the maximum but always above the positive cutoff point. Levels of specific IgG and IgM isotypes oscillated throughout the course of the experiments. Essentially, the γ-specific IgG response remained very close to the cutoff point, whereas the μ-specific IgM response displayed values that were mostly above the positive cutoff point, showing a major peak that coincided with the maximum of complete anti-p64 IgG production. These results showed that horses infected with non-tsetse transmitted Trypanozoon parasites developed an immune reaction characterized by a dominant IgM generation against the p64 antigen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Graciela L Uzcanga
- Departamento De Biología Celular, Universidad Simón Bolívar , Caracas, Venezuela.,Facultad De Ciencias De La Salud, Universidad Técnica De Manabí , Portoviejo, Ecuador
| | - José Bubis
- Departamento De Biología Celular, Universidad Simón Bolívar , Caracas, Venezuela
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Taylor EM. NTD Diagnostics for Disease Elimination: A Review. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:E375. [PMID: 32517108 PMCID: PMC7344624 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10060375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) marked out for disease elimination provide a lens through which to explore the changing status of diagnosis in global health. This paper reports on the findings of a scoping review, which set out to explore the main debates around diagnosis for the elimination of NTDs, including the multiple roles diagnostic technologies are being ascribed and the ideal characteristics of tests. It also attempts to summarise the state of diagnosis for three NTDs with elimination goals. The review places special emphasis on point-of-care testing in acknowledgement of the remote and underserved areas where NTDs proliferate. Early NTD campaigns were largely focused on attack phase planning, whereby a similar set of interventions could be transplanted anywhere. Now, with elimination goals in sight, strategies must be tailored to local settings if they are to attain and sustain success. Diagnostic data helps with local adaptation and is increasingly used for programmatic decision-making. The review finds that elimination goals reframe whom diagnosis is for and the myriad roles diagnostics can play. The exigencies of elimination also serve to highlight deficiencies in the current diagnostic arsenal and development pipeline for many NTDs. Moving forward, a guiding framework is needed to drive research and stimulate investment in diagnosis to support NTD goals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Michelle Taylor
- Department of Social Anthropology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9LD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kühne V, Büscher P. The Unknown Nature of the Antigen in the Direct Agglutination Test for Visceral Leishmaniasis Hampers Development of Serodiagnostic Tests. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2019; 100:246-255. [PMID: 30560773 PMCID: PMC6367635 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Current diagnostic tests for visceral leishmaniasis (VL) are either not adapted for use in resource-poor settings or are insufficiently accurate in Eastern Africa. Only the direct agglutination test (DAT), based on whole Leishmania promastigotes, is highly reliable in all endemic regions, but its implementation is hampered by the need for a cold chain, minimal laboratory conditions, and long incubation times. Integrating the DAT antigen(s) in an immunochromatographic rapid diagnostic test (RDT) would overcome these disadvantages. Unfortunately, the identity of the DAT antigen(s) involved in the agglutination reaction is unknown. For this study, we reviewed all publications that might shed some light on this issue. We conclude that the DAT antigen is a mixture of Leishmania-specific epitopes of protein, carbohydrate, and lipid nature. To develop an accurate RDT for VL diagnosis in Eastern Africa, we suggest to complement the classical protein antigen discovery with approaches to identify carbohydrate and lipid epitopes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vera Kühne
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Prospective evaluation of a rapid diagnostic test for Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection developed using recombinant antigens. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006386. [PMID: 29590116 PMCID: PMC5898764 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diagnosis and treatment are central elements of strategies to control Trypanosoma brucei gambiense human African trypanosomiasis (HAT). Serological screening is a key entry point in diagnostic algorithms. The Card Agglutination Test for Trypanosomiasis (CATT) has been the most widely used screening test for decades, despite a number of practical limitations that were partially addressed by the introduction of rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs). However, current RDTs are manufactured using native antigens, which are challenging to produce. Methodology/Principal findings The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of a new RDT developed using recombinant antigens (SD BIOLINE HAT 2.0), in comparison with an RDT produced using native antigens (SD BIOLINE HAT) and CATT. A total of 57,632 individuals were screened in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, either passively at 10 health centres, or actively by 5 mobile teams, and 260 HAT cases were confirmed by parasitology. The highest sensitivity was achieved with the SD BIOLINE HAT 2.0 (71.2%), followed by CATT (62.5%) and the SD BIOLINE HAT (59.0%). The most specific test was CATT (99.2%), while the specificity of the SD BIOLINE HAT and SD BIOLINE HAT 2.0 were 98.9% and 98.1%, respectively. Sensitivity of the tests was lower than previously reported, as they identified cases from partially overlapping sub-populations. All three tests were significantly more sensitive in passive than in active screening. Combining two or three tests resulted in a markedly increased sensitivity: When the SD BIOLINE HAT was combined with the SD BIOLINE HAT 2.0, sensitivity reached 98.4% in passive and 83.0% in active screening. Conclusions/Significance The recombinant antigen-based RDT was more sensitive than, and as specific as, the SD BIOLINE HAT. It was as sensitive as, but slightly less specific than CATT. While the practicality and cost-effectiveness of algorithms including several screening tests would need to be investigated, using two or more tests appears to enhance sensitivity of diagnostic algorithms, although some decrease in specificity is observed as well. Sleeping sickness, or human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), is a neglected tropical disease that represents a risk to more than seventy million people in Sub-Saharan Africa. Most cases are caused by infection with Trypanosoma brucei gambiense. Diagnosis of HAT relies on the identification of suspected cases by serological methods, which include recently developed rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs). Current RDTs are produced using native antigens that are purified from live parasites in a laborious and dangerous process. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of a new RDT made using recombinant antigens, by screening people in fifteen endemic sites in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The new RDT was found to be more sensitive than, and as specific as, the reference RDT made using native antigens. It was also more sensitive than CATT, a serological test that has been widely used for decades. While one third of HAT cases were correctly diagnosed by all tests, the other cases were only identified by one or two of the tests. In order to enhance case detection and accelerate elimination of HAT, there may be a need to explore diagnostic strategies that combine two or more screening tests.
Collapse
|
9
|
Evaluation of Antigens for Development of a Serological Test for Human African Trypanosomiasis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168074. [PMID: 27936225 PMCID: PMC5148118 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Control and elimination of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) can be accelerated through the use of diagnostic tests that are more accurate and easier to deploy. The goal of this work was to evaluate the immuno-reactivity of antigens and identify candidates to be considered for development of a simple serological test for the detection of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense or T. b. rhodesiense infections, ideally both. Methodology/Principal Findings The reactivity of 35 antigens was independently evaluated by slot blot and ELISA against sera from both T. b. gambiense and T. b. rhodesiense infected patients and controls. The antigens that were most reactive by both tests to T. b. gambiense sera were the membrane proteins VSG LiTat 1.3, VSG LiTat 1.5 and ISG64. Reactivity to T. b. rhodesiense sera was highest with VSG LiTat 1.3, VSG LiTat 1.5 and SRA, although much lower than with T. b. gambiense samples. The reactivity of all possible combinations of antigens was also calculated. When the slot blot results of 2 antigens were paired, a VSG LiTat 1.3- ISG75 combination performed best on T. b. gambiense sera, while a VSG LiTat 1.3-VSG LiTat 1.5 combination was the most reactive using ELISA. A combination of SRA and either VSG LiTat 1.3 or VSG LiTat 1.5 had the highest reactivity on T. b. rhodesiense sera according to slot blot, while in ELISA, pairing SRA with either GM6 or VSG LiTat 1.3 yielded the best results. Conclusions This study identified antigens that were highly reactive to T. b. gambiense sera, which could be considered for developing a serological test for gambiense HAT, either individually or in combination. Antigens with potential for inclusion in a test for T. b. rhodesiense HAT were also identified, but because their reactivity was comparatively lower, a search for additional antigens would be required before developing a test for this form of the disease.
Collapse
|
10
|
Serodiagnosis of bovine trypanosomosis caused by non-tsetse transmitted Trypanosoma (Duttonella) vivax parasites using the soluble form of a Trypanozoon variant surface glycoprotein antigen. Vet Parasitol 2016; 218:31-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
11
|
Camargo R, Izquier A, Uzcanga GL, Perrone T, Acosta-Serrano A, Carrasquel L, Arias LP, Escalona JL, Cardozo V, Bubis J. Variant surface glycoproteins from Venezuelan trypanosome isolates are recognized by sera from animals infected with either Trypanosoma evansi or Trypanosoma vivax. Vet Parasitol 2014; 207:17-33. [PMID: 25468674 PMCID: PMC4303646 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Soluble forms of VSGs from seven Venezuelan animal trypanosomes were purified and characterized. All purified soluble VSGs exhibited cross-reactivity with Trypanosoma vivax. Anti-VSG antibodies behaved as markers of infection for non-tsetse transmitted trypanosomes. All purified soluble VSGs can be used as diagnostic reagents for bovine trypanosomosis.
Salivarian trypanosomes sequentially express only one variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) on their cell surface from a large repertoire of VSG genes. Seven cryopreserved animal trypanosome isolates known as TeAp-ElFrio01, TEVA1 (or TeAp-N/D1), TeGu-N/D1, TeAp-Mantecal01, TeGu-TerecayTrino, TeGu-Terecay03 and TeGu-Terecay323, which had been isolated from different hosts identified in several geographical areas of Venezuela were expanded using adult albino rats. Soluble forms of predominant VSGs expressed during the early infection stages were purified and corresponded to concanavalin A-binding proteins with molecular masses of 48–67 kDa by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electropohoresis, and pI values between 6.1 and 7.5. The biochemical characterization of all purified soluble VSGs revealed that they were dimers in their native form and represented different gene products. Sequencing of some of these proteins yielded peptides homologous to VSGs from Trypanosoma (Trypanozoon) brucei and Trypanosoma (Trypanozoon) evansi and established that they most likely are mosaics generated by homologous recombination. Western blot analysis showed that all purified VSGs were cross-reacting antigens that were recognized by sera from animals infected with either T. evansi or Trypanosoma (Dutonella) vivax. The VSG glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol cross-reacting determinant epitope was only partially responsible for the cross-reactivity of the purified proteins, and antibodies appeared to recognize cross-reacting conformational epitopes from the various soluble VSGs. ELISA experiments were performed using infected bovine sera collected from cattle in a Venezuelan trypanosome-endemic area. In particular, soluble VSGs from two trypanosome isolates, TeGu-N/D1 and TeGu-TeracayTrino, were recognized by 93.38% and 73.55% of naturally T. vivax-infected bovine sera, respectively. However, approximately 70% of the sera samples did not recognize all seven purified proteins. Hence, the use of a combination of various VSGs for the diagnosis of animal trypanosomosis is recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Camargo
- Fundación Instituto de Estudios Avanzados IDEA, Caracas, Venezuela; Universidad Simón Bolívar, Departamento de Biología Celular, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Adriana Izquier
- Universidad Simón Bolívar, Departamento de Biología Celular, Caracas, Venezuela; Universidad Central de Venezuela, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos, Caracas, Venezuela
| | | | - Trina Perrone
- Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas IVIC, Centro de Biofísica y Bioquímica, Caracas, Venezuela
| | | | - Liomary Carrasquel
- Universidad Simón Bolívar, Departamento de Biología Celular, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Laura P Arias
- Universidad Simón Bolívar, Departamento de Química, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - José L Escalona
- Universidad Simón Bolívar, Departamento de Química, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Vanessa Cardozo
- Universidad Simón Bolívar, Departamento de Biología Celular, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - José Bubis
- Universidad Simón Bolívar, Departamento de Biología Celular, Caracas, Venezuela.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Triosephosphate isomerase of Taenia solium (TTPI): phage display and antibodies as tools for finding target regions to inhibit catalytic activity. Parasitol Res 2014; 114:55-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-4159-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
13
|
Feliciano ND, Ribeiro VDS, Santos FDAA, Fujimura PT, Gonzaga HT, Goulart LR, Costa-Cruz JM. Bacteriophage-fused peptides for serodiagnosis of human strongyloidiasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2792. [PMID: 24874206 PMCID: PMC4038474 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Strongyloidiasis, a human intestinal infection caused by the nematode Strongyloides stercoralis, is frequently underdiagnosed and although its high prevalence is still a neglected parasitic disease because conventional diagnostic tests based on parasitological examination (presence of Strongyloides larvae in stool) are not sufficiently sensitive due to the low parasitic load and to the irregular larval output. There is an urgent need to improve diagnostic assays, especially for immunocompromised patients with high parasitic load as consequence of self-infection cycle, which can disseminate throughout the body, resulting in a potentially fatal hyperinfection syndrome often accompanied by sepsis or meningitis. Methods/Principal Findings We have performed Phage Display technology to select peptides that mimic S. stercoralis antigens, capable of detecting a humoral response in patients with strongyloidiasis. The peptides reactivity was investigated by Phage-ELISA through different panels of serum samples. We have successfully selected five peptides with significant immunoreactivity to circulating IgG from patients' sera with strongyloidiasis. The phage displayed peptides C9 and C10 presented the highest diagnostic potential (AUC>0.87) with excellent sensitivity (>85%) and good specificity (>77.5%), suggesting that some S. stercoralis antigens trigger systemic immune response. Conclusions/Significance These novel antigens are interesting serum biomarkers for routine strongyloidiasis screenings due to the easy production and simple assay using Phage-ELISA. Such markers may also present a promising application for therapeutic monitoring. Strongyloidiasis is one of the most neglected helminthic infections and can cause disseminated disease in immunocompromised hosts, which can be fatal. Given the unsatisfactory results of current parasitological and serological tests, there is a need for more efficient diagnostic tools. Therefore we have used phage display technology and bioppaning procedure to select sensitive and specific mimotopes ready to be used in immunodiagnostic tests. These mimotopes allows a cheap and fast clear-cut diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis infections. The field applicability of the assay using the phage clones obtained is really promising. The main advantage is that phage-based ELISA is the reproducible, simple, rapid and low-cost for production of recombinant antigens, and such tests may be of interest for massive screening in developing countries. Our results indicate that the mimotopes selected and tested here are potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of human strongyloidiasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nágilla Daliane Feliciano
- Laboratório de Diagnóstico de Parasitoses, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Vanessa da Silva Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Diagnóstico de Parasitoses, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Fabiana de Almeida Araújo Santos
- Laboratório de Nanobiotecnologia, Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Patricia Tiemi Fujimura
- Laboratório de Nanobiotecnologia, Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Henrique Tomaz Gonzaga
- Laboratório de Diagnóstico de Parasitoses, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Luiz Ricardo Goulart
- Laboratório de Nanobiotecnologia, Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brasil
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LRG)
| | - Julia Maria Costa-Cruz
- Laboratório de Diagnóstico de Parasitoses, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brasil
- * E-mail: (LRG)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Habib I, Smolarek D, Hattab C, Grodecka M, Hassanzadeh-Ghassabeh G, Muyldermans S, Sagan S, Gutiérrez C, Laperche S, Le-Van-Kim C, Aronovicz YC, Wasniowska K, Gangnard S, Bertrand O. VHH (nanobody) directed against human glycophorin A: A tool for autologous red cell agglutination assays. Anal Biochem 2013; 438:82-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2013.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
15
|
Alban SM, de Moura JF, Minozzo JC, Mira MT, Soccol VT. Identification of mimotopes of Mycobacterium leprae as potential diagnostic reagents. BMC Infect Dis 2013; 13:42. [PMID: 23351151 PMCID: PMC3585472 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-13-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An early diagnostic test for detecting infection in leprosy is fundamental for reducing patients' sequelae. The currently used lepromin is not adequate for disease diagnosis and, so far, no antigen to be used in intradermoreaction has proved to be sensitive and specific for that purpose. Aiming at identifying new reagents to be used in skin tests, candidate antigens were investigated. METHODS Random peptide phage display libraries were screened by using antibodies from leprosy patients in order to identify peptides as diagnostic reagents. RESULTS Seven different phage clones were identified using purified antibodies pooled from sera of leprosy patients. When the clones were tested with serum samples by ELISA, three of them, 5A, 6A and 1B, allowed detecting a larger number of leprosy patients when compared to controls. The corresponding peptides expressed by selected phage clones were chemically synthesized. A pilot study was undertaken to assess the use of peptides in skin tests. The intradermal challenge with peptides in animals previously sensitized with Mycobacterium leprae induced a delayed-type hypersensitivity with peptide 5A (2/5) and peptide 1B (1/5). In positive controls, there was a 3/5 reactivity for lepromin and a 4/5 reactivity of the sensitized animals with soluble extract of M. leprae. CONCLUSIONS The preliminary data suggest that may be possible to develop reagents with diagnostic potential based on peptide mimotopes selected by phage display using polyclonal human antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvana M Alban
- Engenharia de Bioprocessos e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba 81531-990, Brasil
| | | | - João Carlos Minozzo
- Centro de Produção e Pesquisa de Imunobiológicos, Secretária de Saúde do Estado do Paraná, Piraquara, 83302-160, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Távora Mira
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Vanete Thomaz Soccol
- Engenharia de Bioprocessos e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba 81531-990, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tonelli RR, Colli W, Alves MJM. Selection of binding targets in parasites using phage-display and aptamer libraries in vivo and in vitro. Front Immunol 2013; 3:419. [PMID: 23316203 PMCID: PMC3540409 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasite infections are largely dependent on interactions between pathogen and different host cell populations to guarantee a successful infectious process. This is particularly true for obligatory intracellular parasites as Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, and Leishmania, to name a few. Adhesion to and entry into the cell are essential steps requiring specific parasite and host cell molecules. The large amount of possible involved molecules poses additional difficulties for their identification by the classical biochemical approaches. In this respect, the search for alternative techniques should be pursued. Among them two powerful methodologies can be employed, both relying upon the construction of highly diverse combinatorial libraries of peptides or oligonucleotides that randomly bind with high affinity to targets on the cell surface and are selectively displaced by putative ligands. These are, respectively, the peptide-based phage display and the oligonucleotide-based aptamer techniques. The phage display technique has been extensively employed for the identification of novel ligands in vitro and in vivo in different areas such as cancer, vaccine development, and epitope mapping. Particularly, phage display has been employed in the investigation of pathogen–host interactions. Although this methodology has been used for some parasites with encouraging results, in trypanosomatids its use is, as yet, scanty. RNA and DNA aptamers, developed by the SELEX process (Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment), were described over two decades ago and since then contributed to a large number of structured nucleic acids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes or for the understanding of the cell biology. Similarly to the phage display technique scarce use of the SELEX process has been used in the probing of parasite–host interaction. In this review, an overall survey on the use of both phage display and aptamer technologies in different pathogenic organisms will be discussed. Using these techniques, recent results on the interaction of Trypanosoma cruzi with the host will be highlighted focusing on members of the 85 kDa protein family, a subset of the gp85/TS superfamily.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R R Tonelli
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Van Nieuwenhove L, Büscher P, Balharbi F, Humbert M, Guisez Y, Lejon V. A LiTat 1.5 variant surface glycoprotein-derived peptide with diagnostic potential for Trypanosoma brucei gambiense. Trop Med Int Health 2013; 18:461-5. [PMID: 23289521 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the accuracy of a peptide, corresponding to the variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) LiTat 1.5 amino acid (AA) sequence 268-281 and identified through alignment of monoclonal antibody selected mimotopes, for diagnosis of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense sleeping sickness. METHODS A synthetic biotinylated peptide (peptide 1.5/268-281), native VSG LiTat 1.3 and VSG LiTat 1.5 were tested in an indirect ELISA with 102 sera from patients with HAT and 102 endemic HAT-negative controls. RESULTS The area under the curve (AUC) of peptide 1.5/268-281 was 0.954 (95% confidence interval 0.918-0.980), indicating diagnostic potential. The areas under the curve of VSG LiTat 1.3 and LiTat 1.5 were 1.000 (0.982-1.000) and 0.997 (0.973-1.000), respectively, and significantly higher than the AUC of peptide 1.5/268-281. On a model of VSG LiTat 1.5, peptide 1.5/268-281 was mapped near the top of the VSG. CONCLUSIONS A biotinylated peptide corresponding to AA 268-281 of VSG LiTat 1.5 may replace the native VSG in serodiagnostic tests, but the diagnostic accuracy is lower than for the full-length native VSG LiTat 1.3 and VSG LiTat 1.5.
Collapse
|