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Qian MB, Keiser J, Utzinger J, Zhou XN. Clonorchiasis and opisthorchiasis: epidemiology, transmission, clinical features, morbidity, diagnosis, treatment, and control. Clin Microbiol Rev 2024; 37:e0000923. [PMID: 38169283 PMCID: PMC10938900 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00009-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Clonorchis sinensis, Opisthorchis viverrini, and Opisthorchis felineus are important liver flukes that cause a considerable public health burden in eastern Asia, southeastern Asia, and eastern Europe, respectively. The life cycles are complex, involving humans, animal reservoirs, and two kinds of intermediate hosts. An interplay of biological, cultural, ecological, economic, and social factors drives transmission. Chronic infections are associated with liver and biliary complications, most importantly cholangiocarcinoma. With regard to diagnosis, stool microscopy is widely used in epidemiologic surveys and for individual diagnosis. Immunologic techniques are employed for screening purposes, and molecular techniques facilitate species differentiation in reference laboratories. The mainstay of control is preventive chemotherapy with praziquantel, usually combined with behavioral change through information, education and communication, and environmental control. Tribendimidine, a drug registered in the People's Republic of China for soil-transmitted helminth infections, shows potential against both C. sinensis and O. viverrini and, hence, warrants further clinical development. Novel control approaches include fish vaccine and biological control. Considerable advances have been made using multi-omics which may trigger the development of new interventions. Pressing research needs include mapping the current distribution, disentangling the transmission, accurately estimating the disease burden, and developing new diagnostic and treatment tools, which would aid to optimize control and elimination measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Men-Bao Qian
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jennifer Keiser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Utzinger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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de Oliveira EA, Merigueti YFFB, Ferreira IB, Garcia IS, Pereira AS, Santos RDS, Kmetiuk LB, dos Santos AP, Biondo AW, Giuffrida R, Santarém VA. The Role of Nile Tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus) in the Life Cycle of Toxocara spp. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:685911. [PMID: 34222405 PMCID: PMC8245787 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.685911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to experimentally assess Nile tilapia as potential paratenic host of Toxocara spp. A total of 15 Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were fed with 300 embryonated Toxocara canis eggs by oral gavage, while five others of the control group received distilled water. The fish were individually analyzed at 16, 24, 48, 72, and 240 h after inoculation. Water contamination was assessed, and tissue migration by liver, gastrointestinal tract (GIT), eyes, and central nervous system. A murine model was used as the paratenic host for egg infectivity assessment. Eggs and larvae were found in plastic tank water and fish GIT, ranging from 23 to 86% per fish. Eggs and larvae were recovered from the tank water (76.3%) and fish GIT (23.7%). The counting of eggs and larvae observed was negatively correlated with number of eggs and larvae in the water tank (rho = -0.698, p = 0.003). Shedding of embryonated eggs was first detected at 16 and up to 240 h, with significant egg and larvae yield decrease on water-shedding (p = 0.001) and in the GIT (p = 0.007). Although no T. canis larva was recovered in fish tissues, egg infectivity after fish GIT transit was experimentally confirmed by mice assessment. In conclusion, despite shedding viable embryonated eggs through the gastrointestinal tract, tilapias may not play a role as a suitable paratenic hosts for Toxocara spp., posing low risk of zoonotic transmission by fish meat consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Isabella Braghin Ferreira
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, São Paulo Western University, Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - Isabele Santos Garcia
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, São Paulo Western University, Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - Alini Soriano Pereira
- Laboratory of Pisciculture, Zootechny Teaching Aquaculture, São Paulo Western University, Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - Rosemeire de Souza Santos
- Laboratory of Pisciculture, Zootechny Teaching Aquaculture, São Paulo Western University, Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - Louise Bach Kmetiuk
- Graduate College of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Andrea Pires dos Santos
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | | | - Rogerio Giuffrida
- Graduate College in Animal Science, São Paulo Western University, Presidente Prudente, Brazil
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Gordon CA, McManus DP, Jones MK, Gray DJ, Gobert GN. The Increase of Exotic Zoonotic Helminth Infections: The Impact of Urbanization, Climate Change and Globalization. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2016; 91:311-97. [PMID: 27015952 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Zoonotic parasitic diseases are increasingly impacting human populations due to the effects of globalization, urbanization and climate change. Here we review the recent literature on the most important helminth zoonoses, including reports of incidence and prevalence. We discuss those helminth diseases which are increasing in endemic areas and consider their geographical spread into new regions within the framework of globalization, urbanization and climate change to determine the effect these variables are having on disease incidence, transmission and the associated challenges presented for public health initiatives, including control and elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Gordon
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Donald P McManus
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Malcolm K Jones
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Darren J Gray
- Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Geoffrey N Gobert
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Comparing an in vivo egg reduction test and in vitro egg hatching assay for different anthelmintics against Fasciola species, in cattle. Vet Parasitol 2015; 214:152-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Integrated parasite management: path to sustainable control of fishborne trematodes in aquaculture. Trends Parasitol 2015; 31:8-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Lier T, Do DT, Johansen MV, Nguyen TH, Dalsgaard A, Asfeldt AM. High reinfection rate after preventive chemotherapy for fishborne zoonotic trematodes in Vietnam. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2958. [PMID: 24945411 PMCID: PMC4063704 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The World Health Organization aims for complete morbidity control of fishborne zoonotic trematodes (FZT) in endemic areas by 2020. The main intervention tool for achieving this goal is regular use of preventive chemotherapy by offering praziquantel to those at risk in endemic areas. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of preventive chemotherapy to control FZT in an endemic area in Northern Vietnam. Methodology and principle findings We followed a cohort of 396 people who fulfilled the criteria for receiving preventive chemotherapy. Stool samples were examined by Kato-Katz technique for the presence of trematode eggs before, and two, 16, 29 and 60 weeks after preventive chemotherapy. The prevalence of trematode eggs in stool was 40.2% before, 2.3% two weeks after and increased to a cumulative prevalence of 29.8% sixty weeks after preventive chemotherapy. Conclusions The effectiveness of preventive chemotherapy as a main component in control of FZT is not well documented in most endemic areas. We found a high reinfection rate within the first year after preventive chemotherapy. Since these trematodes are zoonoses, preventive chemotherapy may not have sufficient impact alone on the transmission to have a lasting effect on the prevalence. Animal reservoirs and farm management practices must be targeted to achieve sustainable control of fishborne zoonotic trematode infections, hence control programs should consider a One Health approach. Fishborne zoonotic trematodes (FZT) are small parasitic flatworms (flukes) living either in the intrahepatic bile ducts or in the intestines of humans and many species of animals and birds. Transmission occurs by eating infected raw freshwater fish. FZT are especially common in Southeast and East Asia. WHO suggests using preventive chemotherapy in the control of these parasites by providing an effective drug, praziquantel, once a year to either all inhabitants in the endemic areas or selectively to those who are at special risk because they eat raw fish. Preventive chemotherapy has been used for some years in Northern Vietnam, but the effectiveness has not been thoroughly examined. We followed a group of 396 people who had eaten raw fish and examined the stool for the presence of trematode eggs before preventive chemotherapy and two, 16, 29 and 60 weeks after. The proportions of egg positive persons were 40.2% before, 2.3% two weeks after and increased to 29.8% sixty weeks after preventive chemotherapy. We found a high rate of reinfection. Contribution from animals to the transmission implies that preventive chemotherapy of humans alone will most likely be insufficient to control the FZT infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tore Lier
- Department for Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Dung Trung Do
- Department for Parasitology, National Institute of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology (NIMPE), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Maria Vang Johansen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thi Hop Nguyen
- Department for Parasitology, National Institute of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology (NIMPE), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Anders Dalsgaard
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Mette Asfeldt
- Department for Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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