1
|
Collado-Cuadrado M, Alarcón-Torrecillas C, Rodríguez-Escolar I, Balmori-de la Puente A, Infante González-Mohino E, Pericacho M, Morchón R. Wolbachia Promotes an Anti-Angiogenic Response Using an In Vitro Model of Vascular Endothelial Cells in Relation to Heartworm Disease. Pathogens 2024; 13:603. [PMID: 39057829 PMCID: PMC11279419 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13070603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Heartworm disease caused by Dirofilaria immitis is a vector-borne zoonotic disease responsible for the infection of mainly domestic dogs and cats, or these are those for which the most data are known. Humans are an accidental host where a benign, asymptomatic pulmonary nodule may originate. Dirofilaria immitis also harbours the endosymbiont bacteria of the genus Wolbachia, which play a role in moulting, embryogenesis, inflammatory pathology, and immune response. When Wolbachia sp. is released into the bloodstream, endothelial and pulmonary damage is exacerbated, further encouraging thrombus formation and pulmonary hypertension, facilitating congestive heart failure and death of the animal. Previous studies have shown that parasite excretory/secretory products are able to activate the pro-angiogenic pathway (formation of new vessels) to facilitate parasite survival. The aim of this study was to analyse the role of Wolbachia sp. and its relationship with the cellular processes and the angiogenic pathway in a model of human endothelial cells in vitro. The use of recombinant Wolbachia Surface Protein (rWSP) showed that its stimulation exerted an anti-angiogenic effect by detecting an increase in the production of VEGFR-1/sFlt1 and sEndoglin and did not affect the production of VEGFR-2 and mEndoglin (pro-angiogenic molecules). Furthermore, it did not stimulate cell proliferation or migration, although it did negatively stimulate the formation of pseudocapillaries, slowing down this process. These cellular processes are directly related to the angiogenic pathway so, with these results, we can conclude that Wolbachia sp. is related to the stimulation of the anti-angiogenic pathway, not facilitating the survival of D. immitis in vascular endothelium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Collado-Cuadrado
- Zoonotic Diseases and One Health Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (M.C.-C.); (I.R.-E.); (A.B.-d.l.P.); (E.I.G.-M.)
- Centre for Environmental Studies and Rural Dynamization (CEADIR), University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Claudia Alarcón-Torrecillas
- Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (C.A.-T.); (M.P.)
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Iván Rodríguez-Escolar
- Zoonotic Diseases and One Health Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (M.C.-C.); (I.R.-E.); (A.B.-d.l.P.); (E.I.G.-M.)
- Centre for Environmental Studies and Rural Dynamization (CEADIR), University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alfonso Balmori-de la Puente
- Zoonotic Diseases and One Health Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (M.C.-C.); (I.R.-E.); (A.B.-d.l.P.); (E.I.G.-M.)
- Centre for Environmental Studies and Rural Dynamization (CEADIR), University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Elena Infante González-Mohino
- Zoonotic Diseases and One Health Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (M.C.-C.); (I.R.-E.); (A.B.-d.l.P.); (E.I.G.-M.)
| | - Miguel Pericacho
- Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (C.A.-T.); (M.P.)
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Morchón
- Zoonotic Diseases and One Health Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (M.C.-C.); (I.R.-E.); (A.B.-d.l.P.); (E.I.G.-M.)
- Centre for Environmental Studies and Rural Dynamization (CEADIR), University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (C.A.-T.); (M.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tamadaho RSE, Osei-Mensah J, Arndts K, Debrah LB, Debrah AY, Layland LE, Hoerauf A, Pfarr K, Ritter M. Reduced Type 2 Innate Lymphocyte Cell Frequencies in Patent Wuchereria bancrofti-Infected Individuals. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12050665. [PMID: 37242335 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12050665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 51 million individuals suffer from lymphatic filariasis (LF) caused mainly by the filarial worm Wuchereria bancrofti. Mass drug administration (MDA) programs led to a significant reduction in the number of infected individuals, but the consequences of the treatment and clearance of infection in regard to host immunity remain uncertain. Thus, this study investigates the composition of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), macrophage subsets and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), in patent (circulating filarial antigen (CFA)+ microfilariae (MF)+) and latent (CFA+MF-) W. bancrofti-infected individuals, previously W. bancrofti-infected (PI) individuals cured of the infection due to MDA, uninfected controls (endemic normal (EN)) and individuals who suffer from lymphoedema (LE) from the Western Region of Ghana. Frequencies of ILC2 were significantly reduced in W. bancrofti-infected individuals, while the frequencies of MDSCs, M2 macrophages, ILC1 and ILC3 were comparable between the cohorts. Importantly, clearance of infection due to MDA restored the ILC2 frequencies, suggesting that ILC2 subsets might migrate to the site of infection within the lymphatic tissue. In general, the immune cell composition in individuals who cured the infection were comparable to the uninfected individuals, showing that filarial-driven changes of the immune responses require an active infection and are not maintained upon the clearance of the infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth S E Tamadaho
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jubin Osei-Mensah
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), UPO, PMB, Kumasi 00233, Ghana
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, UPO, PMB, Kumasi 00233, Ghana
| | - Kathrin Arndts
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Linda Batsa Debrah
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), UPO, PMB, Kumasi 00233, Ghana
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, UPO, PMB, Kumasi 00233, Ghana
| | - Alexander Y Debrah
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, UPO, PMB, Kumasi 00233, Ghana
| | - Laura E Layland
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), 53127 Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), 53127 Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 53127 Bonn, Germany
- German-West African Centre for Global Health and Pandemic Prevention (G-WAC), Partner Site Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Kenneth Pfarr
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), 53127 Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Manuel Ritter
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), 53127 Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wysmołek ME, Długosz E, Wiśniewski M. The Immunological Role of Vascular and Lymphatic Endothelial Cells in Filarial Infections. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12040426. [PMID: 35203133 PMCID: PMC8868237 DOI: 10.3390/ani12040426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The endothelium is a monolayer of cells forming a thin membrane that lines the inside of blood vessels. These cells release molecules that regulate vascular relaxation, contraction, and can control blood clotting and the immune response. During infections with filarial nematodes, common parasites of humans and animals, the endothelium is believed to play a key role in the communication between the host and the parasite, since the embryonic stage of filaroids is distributed in the bloodstream. Therefore, this review aims to gather research from different scientists in order to better understand the host immune response in infections with filarial nematodes. Abstract The embryonic stage of filarial nematodes, or microfilariae (Mf), shows daily and seasonal periodicity that requires their migration through blood vessels into the lungs, where they are sequestered when not circulating in the peripheral blood. Therefore, Mf and the host endothelium are likely in a permanent state of hide and seek. Interestingly, filarial nematodes co-cultured in media with a murine endothelial cell line survive eight times longer than those cultured in media alone. This suggests that the endothelium is an important element of the immune response in filarial nematodes, perversely promoting their survival in the host. In this review, we will focus on potential pathways involved in the relationship between filarial nematodes and the host endothelium, including the role of endothelial ICAM/VCAM/PECAM adhesion molecules, surface markers involved in the passage of Mf through host tissue, anti-thrombolic effects caused by the presence of filarial nematodes (including plasmins), endothelial cell proliferation (VEGF), and other aspects of the immune activation of the endothelium. The aim of this review is to merge the knowledge about the cross-talk between Mf of different filarial nematode species and endothelial cells (EC), thus allowing a better understanding of the mechanism of these parasitic infections.
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang L, Ocansey DKW, Liu L, Olovo CV, Zhang X, Qian H, Xu W, Mao F. Implications of lymphatic alterations in the pathogenesis and treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 140:111752. [PMID: 34044275 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by intense immune dysregulation, gut microbiota imbalance, and intestinal epithelium destruction. Among the factors that contribute to the pathogenesis of IBD, lymphatics have received less attention, hence less studied, characterized, and explored. However, in recent years, the role of the lymphatic system in gastrointestinal pathophysiology continues to be highlighted. This paper examines the implications of lymphatic changes in IBD pathogenesis related to immune cells, gut microbiota, intestinal and mesenteric epithelial barrier integrity, and progression to colorectal cancer (CRC). Therapeutic targets of lymphatics in IBD studies are also presented. Available studies indicate that lymph nodes and other secondary lymphatic tissues, provide highly specialized microenvironments for mounting effective immune responses and that lymphatic integrity plays a significant role in small intestine homeostasis, where the lymphatic vasculature effectively controls tissue edema, leukocyte exit, bacterial antigen, and inflammatory chemokine clearance. In IBD, there are functional and morphological alterations in intestinal and mesenteric lymphatic vessels (more profoundly in Crohn's disease [CD] compared to ulcerative colitis [UC]), including lymphangiogenesis, lymphangiectasia, lymphadenopathy, and lymphatic vasculature blockade, affecting not only immunity but gut microbiota and epithelial barrier integrity. While increased lymphangiogenesis is primarily associated with a good prognosis of IBD, increased lymphangiectasia, lymphadenopathy, and lymphatic vessel occlusion correlate with poor prognosis. IBD therapies that target the lymphatic system seek to increase lymphangiogenesis via induction of lymphangiogenic factors and inhibition of its antagonists. The resultant increased lymphatic flow coupled with other anti-inflammatory activities restores gut homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Dickson Kofi Wiredu Ocansey
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, PR China; Directorate of University Health Services, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Lianqin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Chinasa Valerie Olovo
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, PR China; Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria
| | - Xu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Hui Qian
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Wenrong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Fei Mao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Furlong-Silva J, Cross SD, Marriott AE, Pionnier N, Archer J, Steven A, Merker SS, Mack M, Hong YK, Taylor MJ, Turner JD. Tetracyclines improve experimental lymphatic filariasis pathology by disrupting interleukin-4 receptor-mediated lymphangiogenesis. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:140853. [PMID: 33434186 PMCID: PMC7919730 DOI: 10.1172/jci140853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis is the major global cause of nonhereditary lymphedema. We demonstrate that the filarial nematode Brugia malayi induced lymphatic remodeling and impaired lymphatic drainage following parasitism of limb lymphatics in a mouse model. Lymphatic insufficiency was associated with elevated circulating lymphangiogenic mediators, including vascular endothelial growth factor C. Lymphatic insufficiency was dependent on type 2 adaptive immunity, the interleukin-4 receptor, and recruitment of C-C chemokine receptor-2–positive monocytes and alternatively activated macrophages with a prolymphangiogenic phenotype. Oral treatments with second-generation tetracyclines improved lymphatic function, while other classes of antibiotic had no significant effect. Second-generation tetracyclines directly targeted lymphatic endothelial cell proliferation and modified type 2 prolymphangiogenic macrophage development. Doxycycline treatment impeded monocyte recruitment, inhibited polarization of alternatively activated macrophages, and suppressed T cell adaptive immune responses following infection. Our results determine a mechanism of action for the antimorbidity effects of doxycycline in filariasis and support clinical evaluation of second-generation tetracyclines as affordable, safe therapeutics for lymphedemas of chronic inflammatory origin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julio Furlong-Silva
- Centre for Drugs & Diagnostics, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen D Cross
- Centre for Drugs & Diagnostics, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Amy E Marriott
- Centre for Drugs & Diagnostics, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolas Pionnier
- Centre for Drugs & Diagnostics, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - John Archer
- Centre for Drugs & Diagnostics, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Steven
- Centre for Drugs & Diagnostics, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Schulte Merker
- Institute for Cardiovascular Organogenesis and Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Matthias Mack
- Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Young-Kwon Hong
- Department of Surgery, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mark J Taylor
- Centre for Drugs & Diagnostics, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph D Turner
- Centre for Drugs & Diagnostics, Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lymphatic Endothelial Cell in Endemic Bancroftian Filariasis: A Focus on the Lymphatics of the Tunica Vaginalis Testis. J Trop Med 2018; 2018:5134670. [PMID: 29861747 PMCID: PMC5976995 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5134670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In endemic areas, lymphangiectasia is the fundamental alteration to live Wuchereria bancrofti adult worms which, in adult males, are usually found in the lymphatic vessels of the spermatic cord; accordingly, hydrocele/filaricele is the most common clinical manifestation of bancroftian filariasis. The pathogenic role of the lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) and the status of mesothelial cells (MCs) samples of the parietal layer (PL) of the tunica vaginalis testis were examined. Methods The PL of thirty-two patients, excised for different reasons, was examined by histology and immunohistochemistry using the D2-40 monoclonal antibody for identification of LECs and CK-7 antibody for recognition of mesothelial cells (MCs). Results The most important findings were (a) marked lymphangiectasia, especially in hydroceles with minor evolution time; (b) the first report of lymphatic stomata and submesothelial lacunae in filarial acute hydrocele; (c) the likely participation of LECs in filarial granuloma; (d) the potential phenotypic transition of LECs into myofibroblasts in severe chylocele; and (e) mesothelial reactive hyperplasia, a hallmark of filaricele, varying in intensity from mild to severe, sometimes mimicking a mesothelial neoplasia. Conclusion The data suggest that LECs have an active role in the pathogenesis of bancroftian hydrocele and, possibly, in other clinical forms of lymphatic filariasis.
Collapse
|
7
|
Bonne-Année S, Nutman TB. Human innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in filarial infections. Parasite Immunol 2018; 40:10.1111/pim.12442. [PMID: 28504838 PMCID: PMC5685925 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Filarial infections are characteristically chronic and can cause debilitating diseases governed by parasite-induced innate and adaptive immune responses. Filarial parasites traverse or establish niches in the skin (migrating infective larvae), in nonmucosal tissues (adult parasite niche) and in the blood or skin (circulating microfilariae) where they intersect with the host immune response. While several studies have demonstrated that filarial parasites and their antigens can modulate myeloid cells (monocyte, macrophage and dendritic cell subsets), T- and B-lymphocytes and skin resident cell populations, the role of innate lymphoid cells during filarial infections has only recently emerged. Despite the identification and characterization of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in murine helminth infections, little is actually known about the role of human ILCs during parasitic infections. The focus of this review will be to highlight the composition of ILCs in the skin, lymphatics and blood; where the host-parasite interaction is well-defined and to examine the role of ILCs during filarial infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Bonne-Année
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, Helminth Immunology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - T B Nutman
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, Helminth Immunology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Venugopal G, Mueller M, Hartmann S, Steinfelder S. Differential immunomodulation in human monocytes versus macrophages by filarial cystatin. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188138. [PMID: 29141050 PMCID: PMC5687743 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic nematodes have evolved powerful immunomodulatory molecules to enable their survival in immunocompetent hosts by subverting immune responses and minimizing pathological processes. One filarial molecule known to counteract host immune responses by inducing IL-10 and regulatory macrophages in mice is filarial cystatin. During a patent filarial infection monocytes encounter microfilariae in the blood, an event that occurs in asymptomatically infected filariasis patients that are immunologically hyporeactive. The microfilarial larval stage was formerly shown to induce human regulatory monocytes and macrophages. Thus, here we aim was to determine how filarial cystatin of the human pathogenic filaria Brugia malayi (BmCPI-2) contributes to immune hyporesponsiveness in human monocytes and macrophages elicited by microfilaria. For this purpose, filarial cystatin was depleted from microfilarial lysate (Mf). Detecting the immunomodulatory potential of cystatin-depleted Mf revealed that IL-10, but not IL-8 and IL-6 induction in monocytes and macrophages is dependent on the presence of cystatin. In addition, the Mf-induced expression of the regulatory surface markers PD-L1 and PD-L2 in human monocytes, but not in macrophages, is dependent on cystatin. While Mf-treated monocytes result in decreased CD4+ T-cell proliferation in a co-culture assay, stimulation of T-cells with human monocytes treated with cystatin-depleted Mf lead to a restoration of CD4+ T-cell proliferation. Moreover, IL-10 induction by cystatin within Mf was dependent on p38 and ERK in macrophages, but independent of the ERK pathway in monocytes. These findings indicate that filarial nematodes differentially trigger and exploit various signaling pathways to induce immunomodulation in different myeloid cell subsets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gopinath Venugopal
- Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marion Mueller
- Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Hartmann
- Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Svenja Steinfelder
- Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the angiogenic and lymphangiogenic pathways are associated with lymphedema caused by Wuchereria bancrofti. Hum Genomics 2017; 11:26. [PMID: 29122006 PMCID: PMC5679374 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-017-0121-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lymphedema (LE) is a chronic clinical manifestation of filarial nematode infections characterized by lymphatic dysfunction and subsequent accumulation of protein-rich fluid in the interstitial space—lymphatic filariasis. A number of studies have identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with primary and secondary LE. To assess SNPs associated with LE caused by lymphatic filariasis, a cross-sectional study of unrelated Ghanaian volunteers was designed to genotype SNPs in 285 LE patients as cases and 682 infected patients without pathology as controls. One hundred thirty-one SNPs in 64 genes were genotyped. The genes were selected based on their roles in inflammatory processes, angiogenesis/lymphangiogenesis, and cell differentiation during tumorigenesis. Results Genetic associations with nominal significance were identified for five SNPs in three genes: vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 (VEGFR-3) rs75614493, two SNPs in matrix metalloprotease-2 (MMP-2) rs1030868 and rs2241145, and two SNPs in carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule-1 (CEACAM-1) rs8110904 and rs8111171. Pathway analysis revealed an interplay of genes in the angiogenic/lymphangiogenic pathways. Plasma levels of both MMP-2 and CEACAM-1 were significantly higher in LE cases compared to controls. Functional characterization of the associated SNPs identified genotype GG of CEACAM-1 as the variant influencing the expression of plasma concentration, a novel finding observed in this study. Conclusion The SNP associations found in the MMP-2, CEACAM-1, and VEGFR-3 genes indicate that angiogenic/lymphangiogenic pathways are important in LE clinical development. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40246-017-0121-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
|
10
|
Shepherd C, Navarro S, Wangchuk P, Wilson D, Daly NL, Loukas A. Identifying the immunomodulatory components of helminths. Parasite Immunol 2015; 37:293-303. [PMID: 25854639 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Immunomodulatory components of helminths offer great promise as an entirely new class of biologics for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Here, we discuss the emerging themes in helminth-driven immunomodulation in the context of therapeutic drug discovery. We broadly define the approaches that are currently applied by researchers to identify these helminth molecules, highlighting key areas of potential exploitation that have been mostly neglected thus far, notably small molecules. Finally, we propose that the investigation of immunomodulatory compounds will enable the translation of current and future research efforts into potential treatments for autoimmune and allergic diseases, while at the same time yielding new insights into the molecular interface of host-parasite biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Shepherd
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Qld, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zamanian M, Fraser LM, Agbedanu PN, Harischandra H, Moorhead AR, Day TA, Bartholomay LC, Kimber MJ. Release of Small RNA-containing Exosome-like Vesicles from the Human Filarial Parasite Brugia malayi. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004069. [PMID: 26401956 PMCID: PMC4581865 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a socio-economically devastating mosquito-borne Neglected Tropical Disease caused by parasitic filarial nematodes. The interaction between the parasite and host, both mosquito and human, during infection, development and persistence is dynamic and delicately balanced. Manipulation of this interface to the detriment of the parasite is a promising potential avenue to develop disease therapies but is prevented by our very limited understanding of the host-parasite relationship. Exosomes are bioactive small vesicles (30-120 nm) secreted by a wide range of cell types and involved in a wide range of physiological processes. Here, we report the identification and partial characterization of exosome-like vesicles (ELVs) released from the infective L3 stage of the human filarial parasite Brugia malayi. Exosome-like vesicles were isolated from parasites in culture media and electron microscopy and nanoparticle tracking analysis were used to confirm that vesicles produced by juvenile B. malayi are exosome-like based on size and morphology. We show that loss of parasite viability correlates with a time-dependent decay in vesicle size specificity and rate of release. The protein cargo of these vesicles is shown to include common exosomal protein markers and putative effector proteins. These Brugia-derived vesicles contain small RNA species that include microRNAs with host homology, suggesting a potential role in host manipulation. Confocal microscopy shows J774A.1, a murine macrophage cell line, internalize purified ELVs, and we demonstrate that these ELVs effectively stimulate a classically activated macrophage phenotype in J774A.1. To our knowledge, this is the first report of exosome-like vesicle release by a human parasitic nematode and our data suggest a novel mechanism by which human parasitic nematodes may actively direct the host responses to infection. Further interrogation of the makeup and function of these bioactive vesicles could seed new therapeutic strategies and unearth stage-specific diagnostic biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Zamanian
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Lisa M Fraser
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Prince N Agbedanu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Hiruni Harischandra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Andrew R Moorhead
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Tim A Day
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Lyric C Bartholomay
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Michael J Kimber
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|