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Pyne N, Ray R, Paul S. Computational and experimental approaches manifest the leishmanicidal potential of α-mangostin resourced from Garcinia cowa. Acta Trop 2024; 257:107291. [PMID: 38889863 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Owing to the persistent number of parasitic deaths, Visceral leishmaniasis continues to haunt several economically weaker sections of India. The disease causes over 30,000 deaths and threatens millions annually on a global scale. The standard pentavalent antimonials, on the other hand, are associated with health adversities and disease relapse. The current study is focused on the search for the most potential natural bioactive phytocompound from the bark extract of the Northeastern Indian plant, Garcinia cowa, that shows potent anti-leishmanial properties. The High Resonance Liquid Chromatography followed by Mass Spectrometry (HR-LCMS) study followed by an in silico molecular docking using computational tools revealed that α-mangostin might potentially possess antiparasitic activity. To validate the anti-leishmanial efficacy of the compound, a cell viability assay was performed, which demonstrated the parasite-specific inhibitory activity of α-mangostin; with IC50 values ranging from 4.95 - 7.37 µM against the different forms of Leishmania donovani parasite. The flow cytometric analysis of the phytocompound treated parasites indicated an oxidative and nitrosative stress-mediated apoptotic cell death in the parasites, by the suggestive surge in nuclear fragmentation and mitochondrial dysfunction. Simultaneously, a cytokine profiling study suggested approximate two-to-three-fold upregulated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines post-compound treatment, which is predicted to actively contribute to parasite-killing. α-mangostin was also found to reduce the chances of parasite survival by inhibiting arginase enzyme activity, which in favorable conditions facilitates its sustenance. This study thereby substantiates that α-mangostin significantly possesses anti-leishmanial potentiality that can be developed into a cure for this infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nibedita Pyne
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Botany, Centre of Advanced Study, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Ribhu Ray
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Botany, Centre of Advanced Study, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Santanu Paul
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Botany, Centre of Advanced Study, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700019, India.
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2
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Yu X, Hou W, Xiao L. Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Avoids Deterioration of Transport Water Quality, Regulates Plasma Biochemical Indices, Energy Metabolism, and Antioxidant Capacity of Tawny Puffer ( Takifugui flavidus) under Transport Stress. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:474. [PMID: 39056669 PMCID: PMC11273879 DOI: 10.3390/biology13070474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Live fish transportation is crucial for managing aquaculture but can pose health risks to fish due to stressors encountered during transportation. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in the central nervous system and is considered to exhibit anti-stress effects. This study aims to investigate the effects of GABA on the transport water quality, plasma biochemical indices, energy metabolism, and antioxidant capacity of tawny puffer (Takifugu flavidus) under transport stress. Tawny puffer were pretreated by immersing in aquariums containing GABA (final concentrations at 0, 5, 50, and 150 mg/L) seawater for 3 days; then, simulated transport was conducted using oxygen-filled polyethylene bags containing the same concentration of GABA seawater as the pretreatment period. Water samples, plasma, and liver were collected after 0, 6, and 12 h of transport. The results revealed that with the prolongation of transportation time, the control group's water quality deteriorated, stress-related plasma biochemical indices increased, glycolytic substrate contents decreased, glycolytic enzyme activities and product contents increased, and aerobic metabolic enzyme activities exhibited initial increases followed by declines, ATPase activities decreased, antioxidant enzyme activities decreased, and the lipid peroxidation marker contents increased. It is noteworthy that GABA treatment could avoid water quality deterioration during transportation, inhibit an elevation in stress-related biochemical indicators, regulate energy metabolism, and reduce oxidative damage in tawny puffer, especially at 50 and 150 mg/L concentrations. In summary, GABA treatment can effectively alleviate the transport stress of tawny puffer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Yu
- Shanghai Fisheries Research Institute, Shanghai 200433, China;
| | - Wenjie Hou
- Shanghai Fisheries Research Institute, Shanghai 200433, China;
| | - Lixia Xiao
- Qidong Fishery Technology Promotion Station, Qidong 226299, China;
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3
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Essid R, Kefi S, Damergi B, Abid G, Fares N, Jallouli S, Abid I, Hussein D, Tabbene O, Limam F. Promising Antileishmanial Activity of Micromeria nervosa Essential Oil: In Vitro and In Silico Studies. Molecules 2024; 29:1876. [PMID: 38675696 PMCID: PMC11055018 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29081876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the leishmanicidal potential of the essential oil (EO) of Micromeria (M.) nervosa and to investigate its molecular mechanism of action by qPCR. Furthermore, in silicointeraction study of the major M. nervosa EO compounds with the enzyme cytochrome P450 sterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51) was also performed. M. nervosa EO was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results showed that α-pinene (26.44%), t-cadinol (26.27%), caryophyllene Oxide (7.73 ± 1.04%), and α-Cadinene (3.79 ± 0.12%) are the major compounds of M. nervosa EO. However, limited antioxidant activity was observed, as this EO was ineffective in neutralizing DPPH free radicals and in inhibiting β-carotene bleaching. Interestingly, it displayed effective leishmanicidal potential against promastigote (IC50 of 6.79 and 5.25 μg/mL) and amastigote (IC50 of 8.04 and 7.32 μg/mL) forms of leishmania (L.) infantum and L. major, respectively. Molecular mechanism investigation showed that M. nervosa EO displayed potent inhibition on the thiol regulatory pathway. Furthermore, a docking study of the main components of the EO with cytochrome P450 sterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51) enzyme revealed that t-cadinol exhibited the best binding energy values (-7.5 kcal/mol), followed by α-cadinene (-7.3 kcal/mol) and caryophyllene oxide (-7 kcal/mol). These values were notably higher than that of the conventional drug fluconazole showing weaker binding energy (-6.9 kcal/mol). These results suggest that M. nervosa EO could serve as a potent and promising candidate for the development of alternative antileishmanial agent in the treatment of leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rym Essid
- Laboratory of Bioactive Substances, Biotechnology Center of Borj Cedria, BP 901, Hammam-Lif 2050, Tunisia; (S.K.); (N.F.)
- University of Tunis-El Manar, Campus Universitaire Farhat Hached, BP-94 Rommana, Tunis 1068, Tunisia
| | - Sarra Kefi
- Laboratory of Bioactive Substances, Biotechnology Center of Borj Cedria, BP 901, Hammam-Lif 2050, Tunisia; (S.K.); (N.F.)
- University of Tunis-El Manar, Campus Universitaire Farhat Hached, BP-94 Rommana, Tunis 1068, Tunisia
| | - Bilel Damergi
- Laboratory of Bioactive Substances, Biotechnology Center of Borj Cedria, BP 901, Hammam-Lif 2050, Tunisia; (S.K.); (N.F.)
- University of Tunis-El Manar, Campus Universitaire Farhat Hached, BP-94 Rommana, Tunis 1068, Tunisia
| | - Ghassen Abid
- Laboratory of Legumes and Sustainable Agro-Systems, Centre of Biotechnology of Borj Cedria, Hammam-Lif 2050, Tunisia
| | - Nadia Fares
- Laboratory of Bioactive Substances, Biotechnology Center of Borj Cedria, BP 901, Hammam-Lif 2050, Tunisia; (S.K.); (N.F.)
| | - Selim Jallouli
- Laboratory of Bioactive Substances, Biotechnology Center of Borj Cedria, BP 901, Hammam-Lif 2050, Tunisia; (S.K.); (N.F.)
| | - Islem Abid
- Center of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dina Hussein
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences and Health, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA;
| | - Olfa Tabbene
- Laboratory of Bioactive Substances, Biotechnology Center of Borj Cedria, BP 901, Hammam-Lif 2050, Tunisia; (S.K.); (N.F.)
| | - Ferid Limam
- Laboratory of Bioactive Substances, Biotechnology Center of Borj Cedria, BP 901, Hammam-Lif 2050, Tunisia; (S.K.); (N.F.)
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Zhang C, Teng B, Liu H, Wu C, Wang L, Jin S. Impact of Beauveria bassiana on antioxidant enzyme activities and metabolomic profiles of Spodoptera frugiperda. J Invertebr Pathol 2023; 198:107929. [PMID: 37127135 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2023.107929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Spodoptera frugiperda is a pest that poses serious threat to the production of food and crops. Entopathogenic fungi, represented by Beauveria bassiana, has shown potential for S. frugiperda control. However, the mechanism of this biological control of pathogens is not fully understood, such as how antioxidant enzyme activities and metabolic profiles in S. frugiperda larvae are affected when infected by entomopathogenic fungi. This study assessed the antioxidant enzyme activities and shift in metabolomic profile in the S. frugiperda larvae infected with B.bassiana. The results indicate a pattern of initial increase and subsequent decrease in the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase in the B.bassiana-infected larvae. And the enzyme activities at 60 h of infection ended significantly lower than those of the uninfected larvae. A total of 93 differential metabolites were identified in the B.bassiana-infected larvae, of which 41 metabolites were up-regulated and 52 were down-regulated. These metabolites mainly included amino acids, nucleotides, lipids, carbohydrates, and their derivatives. Among the changed metabolites, cystathionine, L-tyrosine, L-dopa, arginine, alpha-ketoglutaric acid, D-sedoheptulose-7-phosphate and citric acid were significantly decreased in B. bassiana-infected larvae. This indicated that the fungal infection might impair the ability of S. frugiperda larvae to cope with oxidative stress, leading to a negative impact of organism fitness. Further analyses of key metabolic pathways reveal that B. bassiana infection might affect purine metabolism, arginine biosynthesis, butanoate metabolism, and phenylalanine metabolism of S. frugiperda larvae. The findings from this study will contribute to our understanding of oxidative stress on immune defense in insects, and offer fundamental support for the biological control of S. frugiperda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhang
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, P. R. China; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Bin Teng
- Institute of Rice Research, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Huimin Liu
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, P. R. China
| | - Chenyuan Wu
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, P. R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, P. R. China
| | - Song Jin
- Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA.
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Leishmania allelic selection during experimental sand fly infection correlates with mutational signatures of oxidative DNA damage. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2220828120. [PMID: 36848551 PMCID: PMC10013807 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2220828120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosomatid pathogens are transmitted by blood-feeding insects, causing devastating human infections. These parasites show important phenotypic shifts that often impact parasite pathogenicity, tissue tropism, or drug susceptibility. The evolutionary mechanisms that allow for the selection of such adaptive phenotypes remain only poorly investigated. Here, we use Leishmania donovani as a trypanosomatid model pathogen to assess parasite evolutionary adaptation during experimental sand fly infection. Comparing the genome of the parasites before and after sand fly infection revealed a strong population bottleneck effect as judged by allele frequency analysis. Apart from random genetic drift caused by the bottleneck effect, our analyses revealed haplotype and allelic changes during sand fly infection that seem under natural selection given their convergence between independent biological replicates. Our analyses further uncovered signature mutations of oxidative DNA damage in the parasite genomes after sand fly infection, suggesting that Leishmania suffers from oxidative stress inside the insect digestive tract. Our results propose a model of Leishmania genomic adaptation during sand fly infection, with oxidative DNA damage and DNA repair processes likely driving haplotype and allelic selection. The experimental and computational framework presented here provides a useful blueprint to assess evolutionary adaptation of other eukaryotic pathogens inside their insect vectors, such as Plasmodium spp, Trypanosoma brucei, and Trypanosoma cruzi.
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Giraldo M, Upegui YA, Higuita-Castro JL, Gonzalez LA, Gutierrez S, Pulido SA, Robledo SM. Effect of the variation in the extracellular concentration of l-arginine in the physiology of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and its susceptibility to some antileishmanial drugs. Exp Parasitol 2022; 242:108395. [PMID: 36179851 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The knowledge about amino acid metabolism in trypanosomatids is a valuable source of new therapeutic targets. l-arginine is an essential amino acid for Leishmania parasites, and it participates in the synthesis of polyamines, a group of essential nutrients used for nucleic acids, proteins biosynthesis, and redox modulation necessary for proliferation. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of changes in the availability of this amino acid on promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes on U937 macrophages and showed that the absence of l-arginine in culture medium negatively influences the growth and infectivity of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, causing a decrease in the percentage of the infected cells and parasite load tested through light microscopy. In addition, the absence of l-arginine resulted in the parasite's inability to regulate its reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, which persisted for up to 24 h by flow cytometry following the probe H2DCF-DA dye. Moreover, the differentiation of promastigote to amastigote in axenic culture was more significant at low concentrations of l-arginine suggesting that this depletion induces a stress environment to increase this transformation under axenic conditions. No association was established between the availability of l-arginine and the effectiveness of antileishmanial drugs. All these results confirm the importance of l-arginine in L. braziliensis life cycle vital processes, such as its replication and infectivity, as documented in other Leishmania species. Based on these results, we proposed that the l-arginine uptake/metabolism route is possible in exploring new antileishmanial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Giraldo
- PECET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia-UdeA, Medellín, 050010474, Colombia
| | - Yulieth A Upegui
- PECET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia-UdeA, Medellín, 050010474, Colombia
| | - Jorge L Higuita-Castro
- PECET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia-UdeA, Medellín, 050010474, Colombia
| | - Luis A Gonzalez
- QOPN Grupo Química Orgánica de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Química, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, 050010474, Colombia
| | - Sneider Gutierrez
- PECET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia-UdeA, Medellín, 050010474, Colombia
| | - Sergio A Pulido
- PECET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia-UdeA, Medellín, 050010474, Colombia
| | - Sara M Robledo
- PECET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia-UdeA, Medellín, 050010474, Colombia.
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In Vitro and In Silico Analyses of New Cinnamid and Rosmarinic Acid-Derived Compounds Biosynthesized in Escherichia coli as Leishmania amazonensis Arginase Inhibitors. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11091020. [PMID: 36145452 PMCID: PMC9504950 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11091020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Arginase is a metalloenzyme that plays a central role in Leishmania infections. Previously, rosmarinic and caffeic acids were described as antileishmanial agents and as Leishmania amazonensis arginase inhibitors. Here, we describe the inhibition of arginase in L. amazonensis by rosmarinic acid analogs (1–7) and new caffeic acid-derived amides (8–10). Caffeic acid esters and amides were produced by means of an engineered synthesis in E. coli and tested against L. amazonensis arginase. New amides (8–10) were biosynthesized in E. coli cultured with 2 mM of different combinations of feeding substrates. The most potent arginase inhibitors showed Ki(s) ranging from 2 to 5.7 μM. Compounds 2–4 and 7 inhibited L. amazonensis arginase (L-ARG) through a noncompetitive mechanism whilst compound 9 showed a competitive inhibition. By applying an in silico protocol, we determined the binding mode of compound 9. The competitive inhibitor of L-ARG targeted the key residues within the binding site of the enzyme, establishing a metal coordination bond with the metal ions and a series of hydrophobic and polar contacts supporting its micromolar inhibition of L-ARG. These results highlight that dihydroxycinnamic-derived compounds can be used as the basis for developing new drugs using a powerful tool based on the biosynthesis of arginase inhibitors.
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Preparation and Evaluation of Physicochemical Properties and Anti-leishmanial Activity of Zirconium/Tioxolone Niosomes Against Leishmania major. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.104156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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9
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Song H, Bao Y, Zhang M, Liu S, Yu C, Dai J, Wu C, Tang D, Fang W. An inactivating mutation in the vacuolar arginine exporter gene Vae results in culture degeneration in the fungus Metarhizium robertsii. Environ Microbiol 2022; 24:2924-2937. [PMID: 35352870 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Culture degeneration usually results in great commercial losses in the economically important filamentous fungi, but the genetic causes of the degeneration remain elusive. In the fungus Metarhizium robertsii, we found that deletion of the vacuolar arginine exporter gene Vae caused culture degeneration. Compared to the WT strain, the mutant showed increased apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and mitochondrial membrane potential collapse, reduced conidial yield and abnormal lipid droplet formation. The extent of the degeneration in the mutant gradually increased over the successive subculturing, which eventually became irreversible; compared to the third subculture of the mutant, the seventh subculture showed a lower conidial yield and pathogenicity to insects, stronger apoptosis, higher ROS level and a smaller number of conidial lipid droplets. Incorporation of the genomic clone of Vae could not restore the WT phenotypes in the seventh subculture, but could in the third one. Loss-of-function in Vae resulted in vacuolar arginine accumulation and reduction in the cytosolic arginine. This downregulated the expression of the regulator CAG9 of G protein signalling pathway, which accounted for most of the phenotypic changes associated with the degeneration of the mutant. We identified a deleterious mutation that causes culture degeneration in a filamentous fugus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Song
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuting Bao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mingxiang Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuxing Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chaonan Yu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jin Dai
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Congcong Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dan Tang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiguo Fang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Silva-Silva JV, Moragas-Tellis CJ, Chagas MSS, Souza PVR, Moreira DL, Hardoim DJ, Taniwaki NN, Costa VFA, Bertho AL, Brondani D, Zapp E, de Oliveira AS, Calabrese KS, Behrens MD, Almeida-Souza F. Carajurin Induces Apoptosis in Leishmania amazonensis Promastigotes through Reactive Oxygen Species Production and Mitochondrial Dysfunction. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15030331. [PMID: 35337130 PMCID: PMC8948652 DOI: 10.3390/ph15030331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Carajurin is the main constituent of Arrabidaea chica species with reported anti-Leishmania activity. However, its mechanism of action has not been described. This study investigated the mechanisms of action of carajurin against promastigote forms of Leishmania amazonensis. Carajurin was effective against promastigotes with IC50 of 7.96 ± 1.23 μg.mL−1 (26.4 µM), and the cytotoxic concentration for peritoneal macrophages was 258.2 ± 1.20 μg.mL−1 (856.9 µM) after 24 h of treatment. Ultrastructural evaluation highlighted pronounced swelling of the kinetoplast with loss of electron-density in L. amazonensis promastigotes induced by carajurin treatment. It was observed that carajurin leads to a decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential (p = 0.0286), an increase in reactive oxygen species production (p = 0.0286), and cell death by late apoptosis (p = 0.0095) in parasites. Pretreatment with the antioxidant NAC prevented ROS production and significantly reduced carajurin-induced cell death. The electrochemical and density functional theory (DFT) data contributed to support the molecular mechanism of action of carajurin associated with the ROS generation, for which it is possible to observe a correlation between the LUMO energy and the electroactivity of carajurin in the presence of molecular oxygen. All these results suggest that carajurin targets the mitochondria in L. amazonensis. In addition, when assessed for its drug-likeness, carajurin follows Lipinski’’s rule of five, and the Ghose, Veber, Egan, and Muegge criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Victor Silva-Silva
- Laboratory of Immunomodulation and Protozoology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (J.V.S.-S.); (D.J.H.); (F.A.-S.)
| | - Carla J. Moragas-Tellis
- Laboratory of Natural Products for Public Health, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Farmanguinhos, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (C.J.M.-T.); (M.S.S.C.); (P.V.R.S.); (D.L.M.); (M.D.B.)
| | - Maria S. S. Chagas
- Laboratory of Natural Products for Public Health, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Farmanguinhos, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (C.J.M.-T.); (M.S.S.C.); (P.V.R.S.); (D.L.M.); (M.D.B.)
| | - Paulo Victor R. Souza
- Laboratory of Natural Products for Public Health, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Farmanguinhos, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (C.J.M.-T.); (M.S.S.C.); (P.V.R.S.); (D.L.M.); (M.D.B.)
- Postgraduate Program in Translational Research in Drugs and Medicines, Farmanguinhos, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Davyson L. Moreira
- Laboratory of Natural Products for Public Health, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Farmanguinhos, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (C.J.M.-T.); (M.S.S.C.); (P.V.R.S.); (D.L.M.); (M.D.B.)
| | - Daiana J. Hardoim
- Laboratory of Immunomodulation and Protozoology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (J.V.S.-S.); (D.J.H.); (F.A.-S.)
| | - Noemi N. Taniwaki
- Electron Microscopy Nucleus, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Sao Paulo 01246-000, Brazil;
| | - Vanessa F. A. Costa
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (V.F.A.C.); (A.L.B.)
| | - Alvaro L. Bertho
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (V.F.A.C.); (A.L.B.)
- Flow Cytometry Technological Platform, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Daniela Brondani
- Research Group on Medicinal and Biological Chemistry (GPQMedBio), Department of Exact Sciences and Education, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Blumenau 89036-002, Brazil; (D.B.); (E.Z.); (A.S.d.O.)
| | - Eduardo Zapp
- Research Group on Medicinal and Biological Chemistry (GPQMedBio), Department of Exact Sciences and Education, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Blumenau 89036-002, Brazil; (D.B.); (E.Z.); (A.S.d.O.)
| | - Aldo Sena de Oliveira
- Research Group on Medicinal and Biological Chemistry (GPQMedBio), Department of Exact Sciences and Education, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Blumenau 89036-002, Brazil; (D.B.); (E.Z.); (A.S.d.O.)
| | - Kátia S. Calabrese
- Laboratory of Immunomodulation and Protozoology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (J.V.S.-S.); (D.J.H.); (F.A.-S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-21-2562-1879
| | - Maria D. Behrens
- Laboratory of Natural Products for Public Health, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Farmanguinhos, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (C.J.M.-T.); (M.S.S.C.); (P.V.R.S.); (D.L.M.); (M.D.B.)
| | - Fernando Almeida-Souza
- Laboratory of Immunomodulation and Protozoology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil; (J.V.S.-S.); (D.J.H.); (F.A.-S.)
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Science, State University of Maranhão, Sao Luis 65055-310, Brazil
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das Chagas Almeida A, Meinel RS, Leal YL, Silva TP, Glanzmann N, Mendonça DVC, Perin L, Cunha-Júnior EF, Coelho EAF, Melo RCN, da Silva AD, Coimbra ES. Functionalized 1,2,3-triazolium salts as potential agents against visceral leishmaniasis. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:1389-1406. [PMID: 35169883 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07431-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is the most severe clinical form of leishmaniasis, being fatal if untreated. In search of a more effective treatment for VL, one of the main strategies is the development and screening of new antileishmanial compounds. Here, we reported the synthesis of seven new acetyl functionalized 1,2,3-triazolium salts, together with four 1,2,3-triazole precursors, and investigated their effect against different strains of L. infantum from dogs and humans. The 1,2,3-triazolium salts exhibited better activity than the 1,2,3-triazole derivatives with IC50 range from 0.12 to 8.66 μM and, among them, compound 5 showed significant activity against promastigotes (IC50 from 4.55 to 5.28 μM) and intracellular amastigotes (IC50 from 5.36 to 7.92 μM), with the best selective index (SI ~ 6-9) and reduced toxicity. Our findings, using biochemical and ultrastructural approaches, demonstrated that compound 5 targets the mitochondrion of L. infantum promastigotes, leading to the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), increase of the mitochondrial membrane potential, and mitochondrial alteration. Moreover, quantitative transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that compound 5 induces the reduction of promastigote size and cytoplasmic vacuolization. Interestingly, the effect of compound 5 was not associated with apoptosis or necrosis of the parasites but, instead, seems to be mediated through a pathway involving autophagy, with a clear detection of autophagic vacuoles in the cytoplasm by using both a fluorescent marker and TEM. As for the in vivo studies, compound 5 showed activity in a mouse model of VL at 20 mg/kg, reducing the parasite load in both spleen and liver (59.80% and 26.88%, respectively). Finally, this compound did not induce hepatoxicity or nephrotoxicity and was able to normalize the altered biochemical parameters in the infected mice. Thus, our findings support the use of 1,2,3-triazolium salts as potential agents against visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayla das Chagas Almeida
- Núcleo de Pesquisas Em Parasitologia, Departamento de Parasitologia, Microbiologia e Imunologia, I.C.B., Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Campus Universitário, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Raíssa Soares Meinel
- SINTBIOMOL, Departamento de Química, I.C.E., Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Campus Universitário, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Yasmim Lopes Leal
- SINTBIOMOL, Departamento de Química, I.C.E., Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Campus Universitário, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thiago P Silva
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Campus Universitário, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Nícolas Glanzmann
- SINTBIOMOL, Departamento de Química, I.C.E., Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Campus Universitário, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Débora Vasconcelos Costa Mendonça
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luísa Perin
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Edézio Ferreira Cunha-Júnior
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Unidade Integrada de Pesquisa Em Produtos Bioativos e Biociências, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Campus UFRJ-Macaé, Macaé, Brazil
| | - Eduardo A F Coelho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rossana C N Melo
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Campus Universitário, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Adilson David da Silva
- SINTBIOMOL, Departamento de Química, I.C.E., Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Campus Universitário, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Elaine Soares Coimbra
- Núcleo de Pesquisas Em Parasitologia, Departamento de Parasitologia, Microbiologia e Imunologia, I.C.B., Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Campus Universitário, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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12
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Keshav P, Goyal DK, Kaur S. Antileishmanial potential of immunomodulator gallic acid against experimental murine visceral leishmaniasis. Parasite Immunol 2021; 43:e12875. [PMID: 34347892 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The menace of the enfeebling disease leishmaniasis prevails due to the inaccessibility of effective vaccine and chemotherapy. Hence in the pursuit of finding novel alternative options with reasonable efficacy, immunomodulation, leishmanicidal activity and fewer side effects, screening of compounds from natural sources is needed. This study was focused on in vitro and in vivo antileishmanial screening of gallic acid (GA) against Leishmania donovani infection in BALB/c mice. GA showed in vitro parasiticidal activity and IC50 value of 19.59 ± 0.74 µg/ml and is able to arrest cell cycle at the sub-G0/G1 phase. The therapeutic potential of gallic acid was assessed in the L. donovani-infected BALB/c mice. GA reported a reduction in parasite burden and augmentation of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. Also, the polarization of mouse immune status to protective Th1 response was evidenced by increased delayed-type hypersensitivity response and levels of IgG2a, reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide. GA was reported to be safe and non-toxic to human cell line THP-1 and also to the liver and kidney of mice. Hence, the findings of the present study indicate the possible role of GA in the strengthening of host immune system and thus facilitating the clearance of leishmanial infection and conferring protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Keshav
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology (UGC-CAS), Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Deepak Kumar Goyal
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology (UGC-CAS), Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sukhbir Kaur
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology (UGC-CAS), Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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13
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Expression of Concern: Deprivation of L-Arginine Induces Oxidative Stress Mediated Apoptosis in Leishmania donovani Promastigotes: Contribution of the Polyamine Pathway. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009580. [PMID: 34237059 PMCID: PMC8266094 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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14
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Impaired Autophagy Induced by oxLDL/ β2GPI/anti- β2GPI Complex through PI3K/AKT/mTOR and eNOS Signaling Pathways Contributes to Endothelial Cell Dysfunction. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6662225. [PMID: 34221236 PMCID: PMC8219424 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6662225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cell dysfunction plays a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis (AS), and endothelial autophagy has protective effects on the development of AS. Our previous study had shown that oxidized low-density lipoprotein/β2-glycoprotein I/anti-β2-glycoprotein I antibody (oxLDL/β2GPI/anti-β2GPI) complex could promote the expressions of inflammatory cytokines and enhance the adhesion of leukocytes to endothelial cells. In the present study, we aimed to assess the effects of oxLDL/β2GPI/anti-β2GPI complex on endothelial autophagy and explore the associated potential mechanisms. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and mouse brain endothelial cell line (bEnd.3) were used as models of the vascular endothelial cells. Autophagy was evaluated by examining the expressions of autophagic proteins using western blotting analysis, autophagosome accumulation using transmission electron microscopy, and RFP-GFP-LC3 adenoviral transfection and autophagic flux using lysosome inhibitor chloroquine. The expressions of phospho-PI3K, phospho-AKT, phospho-mTOR, and phospho-eNOS were determined by western blotting analysis. 3-Methyladenine (3-MA) and rapamycin were used to determine the role of autophagy in oxLDL/β2GPI/anti-β2GPI complex-induced endothelial cell dysfunction. We showed that oxLDL/β2GPI/anti-β2GPI complex suppressed the autophagy, evidenced by an increase in p62 protein, a decrease in LC3-II and Beclin1, and a reduction of autophagosome generation in endothelial cells. Moreover, inhibition of autophagy was associated with PI3K/AKT/mTOR and eNOS signaling pathways. Rapamycin attenuated oxLDL/β2GPI/anti-β2GPI complex-induced endothelial inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis, whereas 3-MA alone induced the endothelial injury. Our results suggested that oxLDL/β2GPI/anti-β2GPI complex inhibited endothelial autophagy via PI3K/AKT/mTOR and eNOS signaling pathways and further contributed to endothelial cell dysfunction. Collectively, our findings provided a novel mechanism for vascular endothelial injury in AS patients with an antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) background.
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15
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Natural Products That Target the Arginase in Leishmania Parasites Hold Therapeutic Promise. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9020267. [PMID: 33525448 PMCID: PMC7911663 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasites of the genus Leishmania cause a variety of devastating and often fatal diseases in humans worldwide. Because a vaccine is not available and the currently small number of existing drugs are less than ideal due to lack of specificity and emerging drug resistance, the need for new therapeutic strategies is urgent. Natural products and their derivatives are being used and explored as therapeutics and interest in developing such products as antileishmanials is high. The enzyme arginase, the first enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway in Leishmania, has emerged as a potential therapeutic target. The flavonols quercetin and fisetin, green tea flavanols such as catechin (C), epicatechin (EC), epicatechin gallate (ECG), and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), and cinnamic acid derivates such as caffeic acid inhibit the leishmanial enzyme and modulate the host’s immune response toward parasite defense while showing little toxicity to the host. Quercetin, EGCG, gallic acid, caffeic acid, and rosmarinic acid have proven to be effective against Leishmania in rodent infectivity studies. Here, we review research on these natural products with a focus on their promise for the development of treatment strategies as well as unique structural and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic features of the most promising agents.
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16
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Pessenda G, da Silva JS. Arginase and its mechanisms in Leishmania persistence. Parasite Immunol 2020; 42:e12722. [PMID: 32294247 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected infectious disease with clinical presentations ranging from asymptomatic or mild symptoms to chronic infection and eventual death. The mechanisms of disease susceptibility and pathology have been extensively studied, but there are no steadfast rules regarding leishmaniasis. A Th1 response is usually associated with infection control, while a predominant Th2 response is detrimental to the patient. In this scenario, the enzymes arginase and inducible nitric oxide synthase represent two possible pathways of immune response. While the former contributes to parasite replication, the latter is crucial for its control. In the present review, we collected study results that associate arginase expression in patients and in experimental models with disease susceptibility/chronicity and show some proposed mechanisms that explain the role of arginase in maintaining Leishmania infection, including polyamine and thiol synthesis, tissue-resident macrophage (TRM) proliferation and activation and T-cell suppression and exhaustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Pessenda
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - João Santana da Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Bi-institucional, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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17
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Correa R, Caballero Z, De León LF, Spadafora C. Extracellular Vesicles Could Carry an Evolutionary Footprint in Interkingdom Communication. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:76. [PMID: 32195195 PMCID: PMC7063102 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are minute particles secreted by the cells of living organisms. Although the functional role of EVs is not yet clear, recent work has highlighted their role in intercellular communication. Here, we expand on this view by suggesting that EVs can also mediate communication among interacting organisms such as hosts, pathogens and vectors. This inter-kingdom communication via EVs is likely to have important evolutionary consequences ranging from adaptation of parasites to specialized niches in the host, to host resistance and evolution and maintenance of parasite virulence and transmissibility. A potential system to explore these consequences is the interaction among the human host, the mosquito vector and Plasmodium parasite involved in the malaria disease. Indeed, recent studies have found that EVs derived from Plasmodium infected red blood cells in humans are likely mediating the parasite's transition from the asexual to sexual stage, which might facilitate transmission to the mosquito vector. However, more work is needed to establish the adaptive consequences of this EV signaling among different taxa. We suggest that an integrative molecular approach, including a comparative phylogenetic analysis of the molecules (e.g., proteins and nucleic acids) derived from the EVs of interacting organisms (and their closely-related species) in the malaria system will prove useful for understanding interkingdom communication. Such analyses will also shed light on the evolution and persistence of host, parasite and vector interactions, with implications for the control of vector borne infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Correa
- Center of Cellular and Molecular Biology of Diseases, Instituto de Investigaciones Cientificas y Servicios de Alta Tecnologia (INDICASAT AIP), Panama, Panama.,Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, India
| | - Zuleima Caballero
- Center of Cellular and Molecular Biology of Diseases, Instituto de Investigaciones Cientificas y Servicios de Alta Tecnologia (INDICASAT AIP), Panama, Panama
| | - Luis F De León
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Carmenza Spadafora
- Center of Cellular and Molecular Biology of Diseases, Instituto de Investigaciones Cientificas y Servicios de Alta Tecnologia (INDICASAT AIP), Panama, Panama
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18
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Karmakar J, Roy S, Mandal C. Modulation of TLR4 Sialylation Mediated by a Sialidase Neu1 and Impairment of Its Signaling in Leishmania donovani Infected Macrophages. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2360. [PMID: 31649671 PMCID: PMC6794462 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered sialylation is generally maintained by a fine balance between sialidases and sialyltransferases, which plays an essential role during disease pathogenesis. TLR4 is a membrane-bound highly sialylated glycoprotein predominantly having α2,3-linked sialic acids. It is one of the most important client molecules in the anti-leishmanial innate immune arm. Here, we initiated a comprehensive study on the modulation of TLR4 sialylation in Leishmania donovani (L. d)-infected macrophages by a mammalian sialidase/neuraminidase-1 (Neu1) having substrate specificity toward α2,3-linked sialic acids. We observed reduced membrane-associated Neu1 with its decreased enzyme activity in infected macrophages. Moreover, we demonstrated reduced association of Neu1 with TLR4 leading to enhanced sialylation of TLR4 in these infected cells. Conversely, Neu1 over expression exhibited enhanced association of TLR4 with Neu1 leading to reduced sialylation which possibly linked to increased association of TLR4 with its downstream adaptor protein, MyD88. This, in turn, activated downstream MAP kinase signaling pathway, with enhanced nuclear translocation of NFκB that resulted in increased genetic and protein levels expression of Th1 cytokines and effector molecule nitric oxide secretion which ultimately leads to reduced parasite burden in macrophages. This was further validated by Neu1 silencing in infected macrophages which reversed such a situation. Such events strongly confirm the importance of Neu1 in modulation of TLR4 sialylation during parasite infection resulting in impairment of innate immune response. Furthermore, decreased membrane-bound Neu1 in infected macrophages could be attributed to its reduced tyrosine-phosphorylation as well as diminished association with cathepsin A. Both these phenomenon possibly play significant roles in inhibiting translocation of the sialidase from cytosol to membrane. Taken together, our study first time demonstrated impaired translocation of cytosolic Neu1 to the membrane of L. donovani-infected macrophages due to impaired phosphorylation of this enzyme. This novel finding establishes a link between enhanced α2,3-linked sialic acids on TLR4 and reduced membrane-bound Neu1 which plays a significant role for inhibiting downstream signaling to establish successful infection in the host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyshree Karmakar
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Saptarshi Roy
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Chitra Mandal
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
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19
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Ma X, Zhang Y, Jiang D, Yang Y, Wu G, Wu Z. Protective Effects of Functional Amino Acids on Apoptosis, Inflammatory Response, and Pulmonary Fibrosis in Lipopolysaccharide-Challenged Mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:4915-4922. [PMID: 31001980 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Lung injury is a complicated and lethal condition characterized by alveolar barrier disruption, pulmonary edema, enhanced inflammation, and apoptosis in alveoli. However, therapeutic strategies to ameliorate lung injury without exerting side effects are not available. Functional amino acids have been shown to have anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects under various conditions. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that arginine, glutamine, or glycine supplementation ameliorated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lung injury in mice. Mice pretreated with aerosolized arginine, glutamine, or glycine were exposed to aerosolized LPS to induce lung injury. Results showed that arginine or glycine pretreatment beneficially reduced LPS-induced collagen deposition, apoptosis of alveolar cells, expression of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and accumulation of neutrophils and macrophages in lung tissues of mice, thus contributing to improved alveolar integrity and function. Glutamine administration reduced LPS-induced collagen deposition and inflammatory cytokines without affecting any other parameters examined in the study. Our findings indicated that arginine or glycine pretreatment effectively alleviated LPS-induced lung injury by inhibiting the accumulation of lymphocytes, the release of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and the apoptosis of alveolar cells. Supplementation of arginine or glycine may be a novel nutritional strategy to reduce deleterious effects of bacterial infection on alveolar function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193 , China
| | - Yunchang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193 , China
| | - Da Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193 , China
| | - Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193 , China
| | - Guoyao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193 , China
- Department of Animal Science , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
| | - Zhenlong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193 , China
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20
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Pawar H, Puri M, Fischer Weinberger R, Madhubala R, Zilberstein D. The arginine sensing and transport binding sites are distinct in the human pathogen Leishmania. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007304. [PMID: 31017889 PMCID: PMC6502434 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The intracellular protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani causes human visceral leishmaniasis. Intracellular L. donovani that proliferate inside macrophage phagolysosomes compete with the host for arginine, creating a situation that endangers parasite survival. Parasites have a sensor that upon arginine deficiency activates an Arginine Deprivation Response (ADR). L. donovani transport arginine via a high-affinity transporter (LdAAP3) that is rapidly up-regulated by ADR in intracellular amastigotes. To date, the sensor and its ligand have not been identified. Here, we show that the conserved amidino group at the distal cap of the arginine side chain is the ligand that activates ADR, in both promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes, and that arginine sensing and transport binding sites are distinct in L. donovani. Finally, upon addition of arginine and analogues to deprived cells, the amidino ligand activates rapid degradation of LdAAP3. This study provides the first identification of an intra-molecular ligand of a sensor that acts during infection. Leishmania donovani, the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis, leads a digenetic life cycle as a flagellated promastigote in the vector sandfly and aflagellated amastigote within phagolysosomes of infected macrophages. Arginine is an essential amino acid for Leishmania which possesses a high specificity arginine transporter (LdAAP3), a protein that imports the amino acid into parasite cells. Arginine is primarily utilized in de novo protein synthesis and for biosynthesis of trypanothione via the polyamine pathway. It was previously reported by our group that L. donovani senses lack of arginine in the surrounding micro environment and activates a unique arginine deprivation response (ADR) pathway, thus upregulating the expression of LdAAP3 as well as other transporters. In the present study, we identified the region on the arginine molecule which is the ligand that activates ADR. We show that the conserved amidino group at the distal cap of the arginine side chain is the ligand that activates/suppresses ADR. Using arginine analogues that contain this group we observed that arginine sensing and transport are distinct in L. donovani, both in axenic promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes. Additionally, the arginine sensor responds to both arginine starvation and sufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh Pawar
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Madhu Puri
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Rentala Madhubala
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Dan Zilberstein
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- * E-mail:
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21
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Perdeh J, Berioso B, Love Q, LoGiudice N, Le TL, Harrelson JP, Roberts SC. Critical functions of the polyamine putrescine for proliferation and viability of Leishmania donovani parasites. Amino Acids 2019; 52:261-274. [PMID: 30993465 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-019-02736-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Polyamines are metabolites that play important roles in rapidly proliferating cells, and recent studies have highlighted their critical nature in Leishmania parasites. However, little is known about the function of polyamines in parasites. To address this question, we assessed the effect of polyamine depletion in Leishmania donovani mutants lacking ornithine decarboxylase (Δodc) or spermidine synthase (Δspdsyn). Intracellular putrescine levels depleted rapidly in Δodc mutants and accumulated in Δspdsyn mutants, while spermidine levels were maintained at low but stable levels in both cell lines. Putrescine depletion in the Δodc mutants led to cell rounding, immediate cessation of proliferation, and loss of viability, while putrescine-rich Δspdsyn mutants displayed an intermediate proliferation phenotype and were able to arrest in a quiescent-like state for 6 weeks. Supplementation of Δodc mutants with spermidine had little effect on cell proliferation and morphology but enabled parasites to persist for 14 weeks. Thus, putrescine is not only essential as precursor for spermidine formation but also critical for parasite proliferation, morphology, and viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Perdeh
- Pacific University School of Pharmacy, Hillsboro, OR, 97123, USA
| | - Brandon Berioso
- Pacific University School of Pharmacy, Hillsboro, OR, 97123, USA
| | - Quintin Love
- Pacific University School of Pharmacy, Hillsboro, OR, 97123, USA
| | - Nicole LoGiudice
- Pacific University School of Pharmacy, Hillsboro, OR, 97123, USA.,McKenzie Willamette Medical Center, Springfield, OR, 97477, USA
| | - Thao Linh Le
- Pacific University School of Pharmacy, Hillsboro, OR, 97123, USA.,Washington State University College of Pharmacy, Spokane, WA, 99202, USA
| | - John P Harrelson
- Pacific University School of Pharmacy, Hillsboro, OR, 97123, USA
| | - Sigrid C Roberts
- Pacific University School of Pharmacy, Hillsboro, OR, 97123, USA.
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22
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Prakash J, Yadav S, Saha G, Chiranjivi AK, Kumar S, Sasidharan S, Saudagar P, Dubey VK. Episomal expression of human glutathione reductase (HuGR) in Leishmania sheds light on evolutionary pressure for unique redox metabolism pathway: Impaired stress tolerance ability of Leishmania donovani. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 121:498-507. [PMID: 30316767 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Trypanothione based redox metabolism is unique to the Trypanosomatida family. Despite extensive studies on redox metabolism of Leishmania parasites, a prominent question of why Leishmania adopt this unique redox pathway remains elusive. We have episomally expressed human glutathione reductase (HuGR) in Leishmania donovani (LdGR+) and investigated its effect. LdGR+ strain has slower growth compared to the wild type (Ld) indicating decreased survival ability of the strain. Further, LdGR+ strain showed enhanced accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and more sensitivity to the anti-leishmanial drug, Miltefosine, inferring increased stress level. In contrast, the expression analyses of genes specific to redox metabolism were increased significantly in LdGR+ strain compared to wild type. Lower infectivity index of the LdGR+ strain substantiated the above findings and indicated that the expression of HuGR reduces the stress tolerance ability of the parasite. From molecular docking studies with HuGR, it was observed that oxidized trypanothione (TS2) binds much better than oxidized glutathione (GS2). These results also give us hints that the parasite is losing infectivity potential due to an overall increase in intracellular stress caused with the expression of HuGR, showcasing a possible role of evolutionary pressure on the Leishmania parasites posed by HuGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Prakash
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Sunita Yadav
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India; School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Gundappa Saha
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Adarsh Kumar Chiranjivi
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Suresh Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Santanu Sasidharan
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Warangal 506004, India
| | - Prakash Saudagar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Warangal 506004, India.
| | - Vikash Kumar Dubey
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India; School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi, Varanasi 221005, India.
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Allur Subramaniyan S, Sheet S, Balasubramaniam S, Berwin Singh SV, Rampa DR, Shanmugam S, Kang DR, Choe HS, Shim KS. Fabrication of nanofiber coated with l-arginine via electrospinning technique: a novel nanomatrix to counter oxidative stress under crosstalk of co-cultured fibroblasts and satellite cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 24:19-32. [DOI: 10.1080/15419061.2018.1493107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sivakumar Allur Subramaniyan
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunirmal Sheet
- Department of Wood Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Swami Vetha Berwin Singh
- Molecular Imaging and Therapeutic Medicine Research Center, Cyclotron Research Center, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Dileep Reddy Rampa
- Department of BIN convergence Technology, College of Engineering, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Da Rae Kang
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Sung Choe
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwan Seob Shim
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, Republic of Korea
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Varasteh S, Braber S, Kraneveld AD, Garssen J, Fink-Gremmels J. l-Arginine supplementation prevents intestinal epithelial barrier breakdown under heat stress conditions by promoting nitric oxide synthesis. Nutr Res 2018; 57:45-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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25
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Arginine-deprivation-induced oxidative damage sterilizes Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:9779-9784. [PMID: 30143580 PMCID: PMC6166831 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1808874115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated oxidative stress and DNA damage have recently been recognized as contributing to the efficacy of most bactericidal antibiotics, irrespective of their primary macromolecular targets. Inhibitors of targets involved in both combating oxidative stress as well as being required for in vivo survival may exhibit powerful synergistic action. This study demonstrates that the de novo arginine biosynthetic pathway in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is up-regulated in the early response to the oxidative stress-elevating agent isoniazid or vitamin C. Arginine deprivation rapidly sterilizes the Mtb de novo arginine biosynthesis pathway mutants ΔargB and ΔargF without the emergence of suppressor mutants in vitro as well as in vivo. Transcriptomic and flow cytometry studies of arginine-deprived Mtb have indicated accumulation of ROS and extensive DNA damage. Metabolomics studies following arginine deprivation have revealed that these cells experienced depletion of antioxidant thiols and accumulation of the upstream metabolite substrate of ArgB or ArgF enzymes. ΔargB and ΔargF were unable to scavenge host arginine and were quickly cleared from both immunocompetent and immunocompromised mice. In summary, our investigation revealed in vivo essentiality of the de novo arginine biosynthesis pathway for Mtb and a promising drug target space for combating tuberculosis.
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26
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Cuypers B, Berg M, Imamura H, Dumetz F, De Muylder G, Domagalska MA, Rijal S, Bhattarai NR, Maes I, Sanders M, Cotton JA, Meysman P, Laukens K, Dujardin JC. Integrated genomic and metabolomic profiling of ISC1, an emerging Leishmania donovani population in the Indian subcontinent. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2018; 62:170-178. [PMID: 29679745 PMCID: PMC6261844 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania donovani is the responsible agent for visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the Indian subcontinent (ISC). The disease is lethal without treatment and causes 0.2 to 0.4 million cases each year. Recently, reports of VL in Nepalese hilly districts have increased as well as VL cases caused by L. donovani from the ISC1 genetic group, a new and emerging genotype. In this study, we perform for the first time an integrated, untargeted genomics and metabolomics approach to characterize ISC1, in comparison with the Core Group (CG), main population that drove the most recent outbreak of VL in the ISC. We show that the ISC1 population is very different from the CG, both at genome and metabolome levels. The genomic differences include SNPs, CNV and small indels in genes coding for known virulence factors, immunogens and surface proteins. Both genomic and metabolic approaches highlighted dissimilarities related to membrane lipids, the nucleotide salvage pathway and the urea cycle in ISC1 versus CG. Many of these pathways and molecules are important for the interaction with the host/extracellular environment. Altogether, our data predict major functional differences in ISC1 versus CG parasites, including virulence. Therefore, particular attention is required to monitor the fate of this emerging ISC1 population in the ISC, especially in a post-VL elimination context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Cuypers
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Maya Berg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hideo Imamura
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Franck Dumetz
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Géraldine De Muylder
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Suman Rijal
- BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
| | | | - Ilse Maes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Mandy Sanders
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - James A Cotton
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Pieter Meysman
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kris Laukens
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jean-Claude Dujardin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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27
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Holzmuller P, Geiger A, Nzoumbou-Boko R, Pissarra J, Hamrouni S, Rodrigues V, Dauchy FA, Lemesre JL, Vincendeau P, Bras-Gonçalves R. Trypanosomatid Infections: How Do Parasites and Their Excreted-Secreted Factors Modulate the Inducible Metabolism of l-Arginine in Macrophages? Front Immunol 2018; 9:778. [PMID: 29731753 PMCID: PMC5921530 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mononuclear phagocytes (monocytes, dendritic cells, and macrophages) are among the first host cells to face intra- and extracellular protozoan parasites such as trypanosomatids, and significant expansion of macrophages has been observed in infected hosts. They play essential roles in the outcome of infections caused by trypanosomatids, as they can not only exert a powerful antimicrobial activity but also promote parasite proliferation. These varied functions, linked to their phenotypic and metabolic plasticity, are exerted via distinct activation states, in which l-arginine metabolism plays a pivotal role. Depending on the environmental factors and immune response elements, l-arginine metabolites contribute to parasite elimination, mainly through nitric oxide (NO) synthesis, or to parasite proliferation, through l-ornithine and polyamine production. To survive and adapt to their hosts, parasites such as trypanosomatids developed mechanisms of interaction to modulate macrophage activation in their favor, by manipulating several cellular metabolic pathways. Recent reports emphasize that some excreted-secreted (ES) molecules from parasites and sugar-binding host receptors play a major role in this dialog, particularly in the modulation of the macrophage's inducible l-arginine metabolism. Preventing l-arginine dysregulation by drugs or by immunization against trypanosomatid ES molecules or by blocking partner host molecules may control early infection and is a promising way to tackle neglected diseases including Chagas disease, leishmaniases, and African trypanosomiases. The present review summarizes recent knowledge on trypanosomatids and their ES factors with regard to their influence on macrophage activation pathways, mainly the NO synthase/arginase balance. The review ends with prospects for the use of biological knowledge to develop new strategies of interference in the infectious processes used by trypanosomatids, in particular for the development of vaccines or immunotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Holzmuller
- CIRAD, Montpellier, France.,UMR 117 ASTRE "Animal, Santé, Territoire, Risques et Ecosystèmes", Univ. Montpellier (I-MUSE), CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France
| | - Anne Geiger
- UMR 177 INTERTRYP "Interactions Hôte-Vecteur-Parasite-Environnement dans les maladies tropicales négligées dues aux Trypanosomatidae", Univ. Montpellier (I-MUSE), CIRAD, IRD, Univ. Bordeaux 2, Univ. Lyon 1, Montpellier, France
| | - Romaric Nzoumbou-Boko
- UMR 177 INTERTRYP "Interactions Hôte-Vecteur-Parasite-Environnement dans les maladies tropicales négligées dues aux Trypanosomatidae", Univ. Montpellier (I-MUSE), CIRAD, IRD, Univ. Bordeaux 2, Univ. Lyon 1, Montpellier, France.,Univ. Bordeaux, UMR 177 INTERTRYP, Bordeaux, France.,CHU Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Bordeaux, France
| | - Joana Pissarra
- UMR 177 INTERTRYP "Interactions Hôte-Vecteur-Parasite-Environnement dans les maladies tropicales négligées dues aux Trypanosomatidae", Univ. Montpellier (I-MUSE), CIRAD, IRD, Univ. Bordeaux 2, Univ. Lyon 1, Montpellier, France
| | - Sarra Hamrouni
- UMR 177 INTERTRYP "Interactions Hôte-Vecteur-Parasite-Environnement dans les maladies tropicales négligées dues aux Trypanosomatidae", Univ. Montpellier (I-MUSE), CIRAD, IRD, Univ. Bordeaux 2, Univ. Lyon 1, Montpellier, France
| | - Valérie Rodrigues
- CIRAD, Montpellier, France.,UMR 117 ASTRE "Animal, Santé, Territoire, Risques et Ecosystèmes", Univ. Montpellier (I-MUSE), CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France
| | - Frédéric-Antoine Dauchy
- UMR 177 INTERTRYP "Interactions Hôte-Vecteur-Parasite-Environnement dans les maladies tropicales négligées dues aux Trypanosomatidae", Univ. Montpellier (I-MUSE), CIRAD, IRD, Univ. Bordeaux 2, Univ. Lyon 1, Montpellier, France.,Univ. Bordeaux, UMR 177 INTERTRYP, Bordeaux, France.,CHU Bordeaux, Département des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-Loup Lemesre
- UMR 177 INTERTRYP "Interactions Hôte-Vecteur-Parasite-Environnement dans les maladies tropicales négligées dues aux Trypanosomatidae", Univ. Montpellier (I-MUSE), CIRAD, IRD, Univ. Bordeaux 2, Univ. Lyon 1, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Vincendeau
- UMR 177 INTERTRYP "Interactions Hôte-Vecteur-Parasite-Environnement dans les maladies tropicales négligées dues aux Trypanosomatidae", Univ. Montpellier (I-MUSE), CIRAD, IRD, Univ. Bordeaux 2, Univ. Lyon 1, Montpellier, France.,Univ. Bordeaux, UMR 177 INTERTRYP, Bordeaux, France.,CHU Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Bordeaux, France
| | - Rachel Bras-Gonçalves
- UMR 177 INTERTRYP "Interactions Hôte-Vecteur-Parasite-Environnement dans les maladies tropicales négligées dues aux Trypanosomatidae", Univ. Montpellier (I-MUSE), CIRAD, IRD, Univ. Bordeaux 2, Univ. Lyon 1, Montpellier, France
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28
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The Uptake and Metabolism of Amino Acids, and Their Unique Role in the Biology of Pathogenic Trypanosomatids. Pathogens 2018; 7:pathogens7020036. [PMID: 29614775 PMCID: PMC6027508 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens7020036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei, as well as Trypanosoma cruzi and more than 20 species of the genus Leishmania, form a group of flagellated protists that threaten human health. These organisms are transmitted by insects that, together with mammals, are their natural hosts. This implies that during their life cycles each of them faces environments with different physical, chemical, biochemical, and biological characteristics. In this work we review how amino acids are obtained from such environments, how they are metabolized, and how they and some of their intermediate metabolites are used as a survival toolbox to cope with the different conditions in which these parasites should establish the infections in the insects and mammalian hosts.
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29
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Muxel SM, Aoki JI, Fernandes JCR, Laranjeira-Silva MF, Zampieri RA, Acuña SM, Müller KE, Vanderlinde RH, Floeter-Winter LM. Arginine and Polyamines Fate in Leishmania Infection. Front Microbiol 2018; 8:2682. [PMID: 29379478 PMCID: PMC5775291 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania is a protozoan parasite that alternates its life cycle between the sand fly and the mammalian host macrophages, involving several environmental changes. The parasite responds to these changes by promoting a rapid metabolic adaptation through cellular signaling modifications that lead to transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene expression regulation and morphological modifications. Molecular approaches such as gene expression regulation, next-generation sequencing (NGS), microRNA (miRNA) expression profiling, in cell Western blot analyses and enzymatic activity profiling, have been used to characterize the infection of murine BALB/c and C57BL/6 macrophages, as well as the human monocytic cell-lineage THP-1, with Leishmania amazonensis wild type (La-WT) or arginase knockout (La-arg-). These models are being used to elucidate physiological roles of arginine and polyamines pathways and the importance of arginase for the establishment of the infection. In this review, we will describe the main aspects of Leishmania-host interaction, focusing on the arginine and polyamines pathways and pointing to possible targets to be used for prognosis and/or in the control of the infection. The parasite enzymes, arginase and nitric oxide synthase-like, have essential roles in the parasite survival and in the maintenance of infection. On the other hand, in mammalian macrophages, defense mechanisms are activated inducing alterations in the mRNA, miRNA and enzymatic profiles that lead to the control of infection. Furthermore, the genetic background of both parasite and host are also important to define the fate of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Muxel
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana I Aoki
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliane C R Fernandes
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo A Zampieri
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Stephanie M Acuña
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karl E Müller
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rubia H Vanderlinde
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucile M Floeter-Winter
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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30
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Polis B, Samson AO. Arginase as a Potential Target in the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.4236/aad.2018.74009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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31
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Jain V, Jain K. Molecular targets and pathways for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis. Drug Discov Today 2017; 23:161-170. [PMID: 28919438 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) represents the most severe form of the tropical disease, leishmaniasis. Treatment of VL is complicated because of the few clinically approved antileishmanial drugs available; emerging resistance to first-line drugs; need for a temperature-controlled 'cold' supply chain; serious toxicity concerns over drugs such as amphotericin B; high cost of medication; and unavailability of clinically approved antileishmanial vaccines. Attacking potential molecular targets, specific to the parasite, is a vital step in the treatment of this and other infectious diseases. As we discuss here, comprehensive investigation of these targets could provide a promising strategy for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineet Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Raebareli, India
| | - Keerti Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Raebareli, India.
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32
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Mandal A, Das S, Kumar A, Roy S, Verma S, Ghosh AK, Singh R, Abhishek K, Saini S, Sardar AH, Purkait B, Kumar A, Mandal C, Das P. l-Arginine Uptake by Cationic Amino Acid Transporter Promotes Intra-Macrophage Survival of Leishmania donovani by Enhancing Arginase-Mediated Polyamine Synthesis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:839. [PMID: 28798743 PMCID: PMC5526900 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The survival of intracellular protozoan parasite, Leishmania donovani, the causative agent of Indian visceral leishmaniasis (VL), depends on the activation status of macrophages. l-Arginine, a semi-essential amino acid plays a crucial regulatory role for activation of macrophages. However, the role of l-arginine transport in VL still remains elusive. In this study, we demonstrated that intra-macrophage survival of L. donovani depends on the availability of extracellular l-arginine. Infection of THP-1-derived macrophage/human monocyte-derived macrophage (hMDM) with Leishmania, resulted in upregulation of l-arginine transport. While investigating the involvement of the transporters, we observed that Leishmania survival was greatly impaired when the transporters were blocked either using inhibitor or siRNA-mediated downregulation. CAT-2 was found to be the main isoform associated with l-arginine transport in L. donovani-infected macrophages. l-arginine availability and its transport regulated the host arginase in Leishmania infection. Arginase and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression were reciprocally regulated when assayed using specific inhibitors and siRNA-mediated downregulation. Interestingly, induction of iNOS expression and nitric oxide production were observed in case of inhibition of arginase in infected macrophages. Furthermore, inhibition of l-arginine transport as well as arginase resulted in decreased polyamine production, limiting parasite survival inside macrophages. l-arginine availability and transport regulated Th1/Th2 cytokine levels in case of Leishmania infection. Upregulation of l-arginine transport, induction of host arginase, and enhanced polyamine production were correlated with increased level of IL-10 and decreased level of IL-12 and TNF-α in L. donovani-infected macrophages. Our findings provide clear evidence for targeting the metabolism of l-arginine and l-arginine-metabolizing enzymes as an important therapeutic and prophylactic strategy to treat VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Mandal
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (ICMR), Patna, India
| | - Sushmita Das
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Patna, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (ICMR), Patna, India
| | - Saptarshi Roy
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Sudha Verma
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (ICMR), Patna, India
| | - Ayan Kumar Ghosh
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (ICMR), Patna, India
| | - Ruby Singh
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (ICMR), Patna, India
| | - Kumar Abhishek
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (ICMR), Patna, India
| | - Savita Saini
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (ICMR), Patna, India.,Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, India
| | - Abul Hasan Sardar
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (ICMR), Patna, India
| | - Bidyut Purkait
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (ICMR), Patna, India
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (ICMR), Patna, India
| | - Chitra Mandal
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Pradeep Das
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (ICMR), Patna, India
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33
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Verma S, Das S, Mandal A, Ansari MY, Kumari S, Mansuri R, Kumar A, Singh R, Saini S, Abhishek K, Kumar V, Sahoo GC, Das P. Role of inhibitors of serine peptidases in protecting Leishmania donovani against the hydrolytic peptidases of sand fly midgut. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:303. [PMID: 28645315 PMCID: PMC5481909 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2239-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vector-borne diseases such as leishmaniasis, the sand fly midgut is considered to be an important site for vector-parasite interaction. Digestive enzymes including serine peptidases such as trypsin and chymotrypsin, which are secreted in the midgut are one of the obstacles for Leishmania in establishing a successful infection. The presence of some natural inhibitors of serine peptidases (ISPs) has recently been reported in Leishmania. In the present study, we deciphered the role of these ISPs in the survival of Leishmania donovani in the hostile sand fly midgut environment. METHODS In silico and co-immunoprecipitation studies were performed to observe the interaction of L. donovani ISPs with trypsin and chymotrypsin. Zymography and in vitro enzyme assays were carried out to observe the inhibitory effect of purified recombinant ISPs of L. donovani (rLdISPs) on trypsin, chymotrypsin and the sand fly midgut peptidases. The expression of ISPs in the amastigote to promastigote transition stages were studied by semi-quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot. The role of LdISP on the survival of ISP overexpressed (OE) and ISP knocked down (KD) Leishmania parasites inside the sand fly gut was investigated by in vitro and in vivo cell viability assays. RESULTS We identified two ecotin-like genes in L. donovani, LdISP1 and LdISP2. In silico and co-immunoprecipitation results clearly suggest a strong interaction of LdISP molecules with trypsin and chymotrypsin. Zymography and in vitro enzyme assay confirmed the inhibitory effect of rLdISP on trypsin, chymotrypsin and the sand fly midgut peptidases. The expression of LdISP2 was found to be strongly associated with the amastigote to promastigote phase transition. The activities of the digestive enzymes were found to be significantly reduced in the infected sand flies when compared to uninfected. To our knowledge, our study is the first report showing the possible reduction of chymotrypsin activity in L. donovani infected sand flies compared to uninfected. Interestingly, during the early transition stage, substantial killing was observed in ISP2 knocked down (ISP2KD) parasites compared to wild type (WT), whereas ISP1 knocked down (ISP1KD) parasites remained viable. Therefore, our study clearly indicates that LdISP2 is a more effective inhibitor of serine peptidases than LdISP1. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the lack of ISP2 is detrimental to the parasites during the early transition from amastigotes to promastigotes. Moreover, the results of the present study demonstrated for the first time that LdISP2 has an important role in the inhibition of peptidases and promoting L. donovani survival inside the Phlebotomus argentipes midgut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudha Verma
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (ICMR), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar 800007 India
| | - Sushmita Das
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar 801105 India
| | - Abhishek Mandal
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (ICMR), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar 800007 India
| | - Md Yousuf Ansari
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, Bihar 844101 India
- MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Mullana, Ambala, 133207 India
| | - Sujata Kumari
- Department of Vector Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, (ICMR), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar 800007 India
| | - Rani Mansuri
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, Bihar 844101 India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (ICMR), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar 800007 India
| | - Ruby Singh
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (ICMR), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar 800007 India
| | - Savita Saini
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, Bihar 844101 India
| | - Kumar Abhishek
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (ICMR), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar 800007 India
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Department of Vector Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, (ICMR), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar 800007 India
| | - Ganesh Chandra Sahoo
- Department of Bioinformatics, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (ICMR), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar 800007 India
| | - Pradeep Das
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (ICMR), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar 800007 India
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Kumari A, Singh KP, Mandal A, Paswan RK, Sinha P, Das P, Ali V, Bimal S, Lal CS. Intracellular zinc flux causes reactive oxygen species mediated mitochondrial dysfunction leading to cell death in Leishmania donovani. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178800. [PMID: 28586364 PMCID: PMC5460814 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania parasite is a global threat to public health and one of the most neglected tropical diseases. Therefore, the discovery of novel drug targets and effective drug is a major challenge and an important goal. Leishmania is an obligate intracellular parasite that alternates between sand fly and human host. To survive and establish infections, Leishmania parasites scavenge and internalize nutrients from the host. Nevertheless, host cells presents mechanism like nutrient restriction to inhibit microbial growth and control infection. Zinc is crucial for cellular growth and disruption in its homeostasis hinders growth and survival in many cells. However, little is known about the role of zinc in Leishmania growth and survival. In this study, the effect of zinc on the growth and survival of L.donovani was analyzed by both Zinc-depletion and Zinc-supplementation using Zinc-specific chelator N, N, N', N'–tetrakis (2-pyridylmethyl) ethylenediamine (TPEN) and Zinc Sulfate (ZnSO4). Treatment of parasites with TPEN rather than ZnSO4 had significantly affected the growth in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The pre-treatment of promastigotes with TPEN resulted into reduced host-parasite interaction as indicated by decreased association index. Zn depletion resulted into flux in intracellular labile Zn pool and increased in ROS generation correlated with decreased intracellular total thiol and retention of plasma membrane integrity without phosphatidylserine exposure in TPEN treated promastigotes. We also observed that TPEN-induced Zn depletion resulted into collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential which is associated with increase in cytosolic calcium and cytochrome-c. DNA fragmentation analysis showed increased DNA fragments in Zn-depleted cells. In summary, intracellular Zn depletion in the L. donovani promastigotes led to ROS-mediated caspase-independent mitochondrial dysfunction resulting into apoptosis-like cell death. Therefore, cellular zinc homeostasis in Leishmania can be explored for new drug targets and chemotherapeutics to control Leishmanial growth and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Kumari
- Division of Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of medical Research), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Krishn Pratap Singh
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Division of Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of medical Research), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Abhishek Mandal
- Division of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of medical Research), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Ranjeet Kumar Paswan
- Division of Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of medical Research), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Preeti Sinha
- Division of Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of medical Research), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Pradeep Das
- Division of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of medical Research), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Vahab Ali
- Laboratory of Molecular Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Division of Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of medical Research), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Sanjiva Bimal
- Division of Immunology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of medical Research), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Chandra Shekhar Lal
- Division of Biochemistry, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of medical Research), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India
- * E-mail:
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Antileishmanial activity of verbascoside: Selective arginase inhibition of intracellular amastigotes of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis with resistance induced by LPS plus IFN-γ. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 127:28-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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DDX3 DEAD-box RNA helicase plays a central role in mitochondrial protein quality control in Leishmania. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2406. [PMID: 27735940 PMCID: PMC5133982 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
DDX3 is a highly conserved member of ATP-dependent DEAD-box RNA helicases with multiple functions in RNA metabolism and cellular signaling. Here, we describe a novel function for DDX3 in regulating the mitochondrial stress response in the parasitic protozoan Leishmania. We show that genetic inactivation of DDX3 leads to the accumulation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) associated with a defect in hydrogen peroxide detoxification. Upon stress, ROS production is greatly enhanced, causing mitochondrial membrane potential loss, mitochondrial fragmentation, and cell death. Importantly, this phenotype is exacerbated upon oxidative stress in parasites forced to use the mitochondrial oxidative respiratory machinery. Furthermore, we show that in the absence of DDX3, levels of major components of the unfolded protein response as well as of polyubiquitinated proteins increase in the parasite, particularly in the mitochondrion, as an indicator of mitochondrial protein damage. Consistent with these findings, immunoprecipitation and mass-spectrometry studies revealed potential interactions of DDX3 with key components of the cellular stress response, particularly the antioxidant response, the unfolded protein response, and the AAA-ATPase p97/VCP/Cdc48, which is essential in mitochondrial protein quality control by driving proteosomal degradation of polyubiquitinated proteins. Complementation studies using DDX3 deletion mutants lacking conserved motifs within the helicase core support that binding of DDX3 to ATP is essential for DDX3's function in mitochondrial proteostasis. As a result of the inability of DDX3-depleted Leishmania to recover from ROS damage and to survive various stresses in the host macrophage, parasite intracellular development was impaired. Collectively, these observations support a central role for the Leishmania DDX3 homolog in preventing ROS-mediated damage and in maintaining mitochondrial protein quality control.
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