1
|
Bick S, Ezezew A, Opondo C, Leurent B, Argaw W, Hunter EC, Cumming O, Allen E, Dreibelbis R. Impact of a school-based water and hygiene intervention on child health and school attendance in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a cluster-randomised controlled trial. BMC Med 2024; 22:348. [PMID: 39218883 PMCID: PMC11367772 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-024-03558-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND School-based water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) may improve the health and attendance of schoolchildren, particularly post-menarcheal girls, but existing evidence is mixed. We examined the impact of an urban school-based WASH programme (Project WISE) on child health and attendance. METHODS The WISE cluster-randomised trial, conducted in 60 public primary schools in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia over one academic year, enrolled 2-4 randomly selected classes per school (~ 100 pupils) from grades 2 to 8 (aged 7-16) in an 'open cohort'. Schools were assigned 1:1 by stratified randomisation to receive the intervention during the 2021/2022 or the 2022/2023 academic year (waitlist control). The intervention included improvements to drinking water storage, filtration and access, handwashing stations and behaviour change promotion. Planned sanitation improvements were not realised. At four unannounced classroom visits post-intervention (March-June 2022), enumerators recorded primary outcomes of roll-call absence, and pupil-reported respiratory illness and diarrhoea in the past 7 days among pupils present. Analysis was by intention-to-treat. RESULTS Of 83 eligible schools, 60 were randomly selected and assigned. In total, 6229 eligible pupils were enrolled (median per school 101.5; IQR 94-112), 5987 enrolled at study initiation (23rd November-22nd December 2021) and the remaining 242 during follow-up. Data were available on roll-call absence for 6166 pupils (99.0%), and pupil-reported illness for 6145 pupils (98.6%). We observed a 16% relative reduction in odds of pupil-reported respiratory illness in the past 7 days during follow-up in intervention vs. control schools (aOR 0.84; 95% CI 0.71-1.00; p = 0.046). There was no evidence of effect on pupil-reported diarrhoea in the past 7 days (aOR 1.15; 95% CI 0.84-1.59; p = 0.39) nor roll-call absence (aOR 1.07; 95% 0.83-1.38; p = 0.59). There was a small increase in menstrual care self-efficacy (aMD 3.32 on 0-100 scale; 95% CI 0.05-6.59), and no evidence of effects on other secondary outcomes. CONCLUSIONS This large-scale intervention to improve school WASH conditions city-wide had a borderline impact on pupil-reported respiratory illness but no effect on diarrhoeal disease nor pupil absence. Future research should establish relationships between WASH-related illness, absence and other educational outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT05024890.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bick
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Alem Ezezew
- Holster International Research and Development Consultancy, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Charles Opondo
- Department of Medical Statistics, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Baptiste Leurent
- Department of Statistical Science, Faculty of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Erin C Hunter
- Department of Public Health Sciences, College of Behavioral, Social and Health Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, USA
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
- Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Oliver Cumming
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Elizabeth Allen
- Department of Medical Statistics, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Robert Dreibelbis
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Soria C, Almirón WR, Stewart-Ibarra AM, Crocco LB. Systematic Review of Impacts of Educational Interventions to Control Breeding Sites of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus Mosquitoes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2024; 110:979-988. [PMID: 38579697 PMCID: PMC11066344 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.23-0427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Community participation is a critical element in the management of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus breeding sites. Many educational interventions have been conducted to encourage prevention and elimination of breeding sites among different community actors, such as government-run programs for vector surveillance aimed at preventing and eliminating breeding sites at the household level within a community. Getting people involved in prevention and elimination of vector breeding sites in their communities requires communication and social mobilization strategies to promote and reinforce those prevention actions that, in turn, should be effective from the entomological standpoint. Articles published in English, Spanish, and Portuguese, were reviewed to assess whether educational interventions targeting Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus were effective in reducing entomological indicators or in improving practices to prevent the presence of or eliminate breeding sites. The most widely used indicators were larval indices and the practices associated with reducing/eliminating breeding sites. We found that using a community-based approach adapted to eco-epidemiological and sociocultural scenarios explains the reduction of entomological indicators by educational interventions. Those who design or implement educational interventions should strengthen the evaluation of those interventions using qualitative approaches that provide a more complete picture of the social context and the barriers and facilitators to implementing vector control. Engaging school children in cross-sectorial collaboration involving the health and education spheres promotes the participation of the community in vector surveillance and reduces the risk of arboviral disease transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carola Soria
- Cátedra de Introducción a la Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Walter Ricardo Almirón
- Cátedra de Introducción a la Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | - Liliana Beatriz Crocco
- Cátedra de Introducción a la Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Llorente Pérez YJ, Rodríguez-Acelas AL, Mattiello R, Cañon-Montañez W. Effectiveness of a Nursing Educational Intervention in Adults to Promote Control Behaviors Against Dengue: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Res Protoc 2024; 13:e54286. [PMID: 38393755 PMCID: PMC10924258 DOI: 10.2196/54286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increase in dengue cases can be attributed to social, demographic, environmental changes, or community-driven factors. In this regard, different strategies have been established in health education, using educational interventions as necessary tools for the reduction of the disease with the aim of reinforcing and stimulating the prevention and control of dengue. OBJECTIVE This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a nursing educational intervention for dengue control. METHODS A randomized controlled trial will be conducted with adults living in rural areas and participating in health promotion and disease prevention programs. We will enroll 116 adults. Adults will be randomized 1:1, with 58 adults assigned to the educational intervention group and 58 to the usual care group. Participants will receive 4 sessions over the course of a month, 1 week apart, and will be followed up for 1 month after the end of the educational intervention. Nursing Outcome Classification labels will be used to measure the outcomes: risk control (1902) and participation in health care decisions (1606). RESULTS The participants in the intervention group are expected to achieve better dengue control behaviors than those in the usual care group. CONCLUSIONS Risk factors are fostered by the community, largely caused by artificial reservoirs or unprotected tanks in homes; also, the lack of information hinders the identification of symptomatology and the poor implementation of effective measures, and the development of standardized educational strategies can contribute to efficient and cost-effective control of the disease. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05321264; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05321264. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) PRR1-10.2196/54286.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yolima Judith Llorente Pérez
- Faculty of Nursing, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
- Nursing Program, Universidad de Córdoba, Montería, Colombia
| | | | - Rita Mattiello
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Overgaard HJ, Linn NYY, Kyaw AMM, Braack L, Win Tin M, Bastien S, Vande Velde F, Echaubard P, Zaw W, Mukaka M, Maude R. School and community driven dengue vector control and monitoring in Myanmar: Study protocol for a cluster randomized controlled trial. Wellcome Open Res 2023; 7:206. [PMID: 38313099 PMCID: PMC10837613 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.18027.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Dengue is the most common and widespread mosquito-borne arboviral disease globally estimated to cause >390 million infections and >20,000 deaths annually. There are no effective preventive drugs and the newly introduced vaccines are not yet available. Control of dengue transmission still relies primarily on mosquito vector control. Although most vector control methods currently used by national dengue control programs may temporarily reduce mosquito populations, there is little evidence that they affect transmission. There is an urgent need for innovative, participatory, effective, and locally adapted approaches for sustainable vector control and monitoring in which students can be particularly relevant contributors and to demonstrate a clear link between vector reduction and dengue transmission reduction, using tools that are inexpensive and easy to use by local communities in a sustainable manner. Methods Here we describe a cluster randomized controlled trial to be conducted in 46 school catchment areas in two townships in Yangon, Myanmar. The outcome measures are dengue cases confirmed by rapid diagnostic test in the townships, dengue incidence in schools, entomological indices, knowledge, attitudes and practice, behavior, and engagement. Conclusions The trial involves middle school students that positions them to become actors in dengue knowledge transfer to their communities and take a leadership role in the delivery of vector control interventions and monitoring methods. Following this rationale, we believe that students can become change agents of decentralized vector surveillance and sustainable disease control in line with recent new paradigms in integrated and participatory vector surveillance and control. This provides an opportunity to operationalize transdisciplinary research towards sustainable health development. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic and political instability in Myanmar the project has been terminated by the donor, but the protocol will be helpful for potential future implementation of the project in Myanmar and/or elsewhere.Registration: This trial was registered in the ISRCTN Registry on 31 May 2022 ( https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN78254298).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hans J. Overgaard
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, As, 1432, Norway
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, KHON KAEN, 40002, Thailand
| | - Nay Yi Yi Linn
- Central Vector Borne Disease Control Unit, Ministry of Health and Sports, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
| | - Aye Mon Mon Kyaw
- Yangon Regional Health Department, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Leo Braack
- Malaria Consortium, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | | | - Sheri Bastien
- Faculty of Landscape and Society, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Ås, Norway
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Fiona Vande Velde
- Faculty of Landscape and Society, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Pierre Echaubard
- School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London, London, WC1H 0XG, UK
- Faculty of Environment and Resource Studies, Mahidol University, Salaya, 73170, Thailand
| | - Win Zaw
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Mavuto Mukaka
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LG, UK
| | - Richard Maude
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LG, UK
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mahmud MAF, Abdul Mutalip MH, Lodz NA, Muhammad EN, Yoep N, Hasim MH, Abdul Rahim FA, Aik J, Rajarethinam J, Muhamad NA. The application of environmental management methods in combating dengue: a systematic review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2023; 33:1148-1167. [PMID: 35642722 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2022.2076815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Among several vector control methods commonly used, environmental management is one of the control measures to mitigate dengue in such vulnerable communities. Since there is no curative treatment for dengue yet, targeted environmental and ecosystem management is increasingly relevant. Hence, this review was conducted to identify the effectiveness of environmental management intervention strategy to reduce dengue cases. We searched PUBMED, CENTRAL, SCOPUS, Web of Science, CIJE, WHO ICTRP, and ClinicalTrials.gov up to January 2021. A total of 521 articles were screened. Only 16 studies were included in this review. There were 6 studies that applied all three types of environmental management interventions (manipulation, modification and behavior), 8 studies applied two types of interventions (manipulation and behavior) and 2 studies applied one type of intervention (manipulation or behavior). All included studies reported reduction of Aedes entomological indices. The studies showed reduction in dengue cases and density of Aedes population through environmental interventions. It is recommended for the health authority to incorporate environmental management intervention in dengue control activities and enhanced the community involvement to ensure sustainability with high impact on dengue reduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Noor Aliza Lodz
- Institute for Public Health, National Institutes of Health Malaysia, Shah Alam, Malaysia
| | | | - Norzawati Yoep
- Institute for Public Health, National Institutes of Health Malaysia, Shah Alam, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Hazrin Hasim
- Institute for Public Health, National Institutes of Health Malaysia, Shah Alam, Malaysia
| | | | - Joel Aik
- Environmental Health Institute (WHO Collaboration Center for Reference and Research of Arbovirus and their Associated Vectors), National Environment Agency, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jayanthi Rajarethinam
- Environmental Health Institute (WHO Collaboration Center for Reference and Research of Arbovirus and their Associated Vectors), National Environment Agency, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nor Asiah Muhamad
- Sector for Evidence-Based Healthcare, National Institutes of Health Malaysia, Shah Alam, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Man O, Kraay A, Thomas R, Trostle J, Lee GO, Robbins C, Morrison AC, Coloma J, Eisenberg JNS. Characterizing dengue transmission in rural areas: A systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011333. [PMID: 37289678 PMCID: PMC10249895 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue has historically been considered an urban disease associated with dense human populations and the built environment. Recently, studies suggest increasing dengue virus (DENV) transmission in rural populations. It is unclear whether these reports reflect recent spread into rural areas or ongoing transmission that was previously unnoticed, and what mechanisms are driving this rural transmission. We conducted a systematic review to synthesize research on dengue in rural areas and apply this knowledge to summarize aspects of rurality used in current epidemiological studies of DENV transmission given changing and mixed environments. We described how authors defined rurality and how they defined mechanisms for rural dengue transmission. We systematically searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase for articles evaluating dengue prevalence or cumulative incidence in rural areas. A total of 106 articles published between 1958 and 2021 met our inclusion criteria. Overall, 56% (n = 22) of the 48 estimates that compared urban and rural settings reported rural dengue incidence as being as high or higher than in urban locations. In some rural areas, the force of infection appears to be increasing over time, as measured by increasing seroprevalence in children and thus likely decreasing age of first infection, suggesting that rural dengue transmission may be a relatively recent phenomenon. Authors characterized rural locations by many different factors, including population density and size, environmental and land use characteristics, and by comparing their context to urban areas. Hypothesized mechanisms for rural dengue transmission included travel, population size, urban infrastructure, vector and environmental factors, among other mechanisms. Strengthening our understanding of the relationship between rurality and dengue will require a more nuanced definition of rurality from the perspective of DENV transmission. Future studies should focus on characterizing details of study locations based on their environmental features, exposure histories, and movement dynamics to identify characteristics that may influence dengue transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Man
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Alicia Kraay
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Institution for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ruth Thomas
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - James Trostle
- Department of Anthropology, Trinity College, Hartford, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Gwenyth O. Lee
- Rutgers Global Health Institute, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
- Rutgers Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Charlotte Robbins
- Department of Anthropology, Trinity College, Hartford, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Amy C. Morrison
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Josefina Coloma
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Joseph N. S. Eisenberg
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bauza V, Ye W, Liao J, Majorin F, Clasen T. Interventions to improve sanitation for preventing diarrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2023; 1:CD013328. [PMID: 36697370 PMCID: PMC9969045 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013328.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diarrhoea is a major contributor to the global disease burden, particularly amongst children under five years in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). As many of the infectious agents associated with diarrhoea are transmitted through faeces, sanitation interventions to safely contain and manage human faeces have the potential to reduce exposure and diarrhoeal disease. OBJECTIVES To assess the effectiveness of sanitation interventions for preventing diarrhoeal disease, alone or in combination with other WASH interventions. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group Specialized Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, LILACS, and Chinese language databases available under the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI-CAJ). We also searched the metaRegister of Controlled Trials (mRCT) and conference proceedings, contacted researchers, and searched references of included studies. The last search date was 16 February 2022. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs), quasi-RCTs, non-randomized controlled trials (NRCTs), controlled before-and-after studies (CBAs), and matched cohort studies of interventions aimed at introducing or expanding the coverage and/or use of sanitation facilities in children and adults in any country or population. Our primary outcome of interest was diarrhoea and secondary outcomes included dysentery (bloody diarrhoea), persistent diarrhoea, hospital or clinical visits for diarrhoea, mortality, and adverse events. We included sanitation interventions whether they were conducted independently or in combination with other interventions. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently assessed eligible studies, extracted relevant data, assessed risk of bias, and assessed the certainty of evidence using the GRADE approach. We used meta-analyses to estimate pooled measures of effect, described results narratively, and investigated potential sources of heterogeneity using subgroup analyses. MAIN RESULTS Fifty-one studies met our inclusion criteria, with a total of 238,535 participants. Of these, 50 studies had sufficient information to be included in quantitative meta-analysis, including 17 cluster-RCTs and 33 studies with non-randomized study designs (20 NRCTs, one CBA, and 12 matched cohort studies). Most were conducted in LMICs and 86% were conducted in whole or part in rural areas. Studies covered three broad types of interventions: (1) providing access to any sanitation facility to participants without existing access practising open defecation, (2) improving participants' existing sanitation facility, or (3) behaviour change messaging to improve sanitation access or practices without providing hardware or subsidy, although many studies overlapped multiple categories. There was substantial heterogeneity amongst individual study results for all types of interventions. Providing access to any sanitation facility Providing access to sanitation facilities was evaluated in seven cluster-RCTs, and may reduce diarrhoea prevalence in all age groups (risk ratio (RR) 0.89, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.73 to 1.08; 7 trials, 40,129 participants, low-certainty evidence). In children under five years, access may have little or no effect on diarrhoea prevalence (RR 0.98, 95% CI 0.83 to 1.16, 4 trials, 16,215 participants, low-certainty evidence). Additional analysis in non-randomized studies was generally consistent with these findings. Pooled estimates across randomized and non-randomized studies provided similar protective estimates (all ages: RR 0.79, 95% CI 0.66 to 0.94; 15 studies, 73,511 participants; children < 5 years: RR 0.83, 95% CI 0.68 to 1.02; 11 studies, 25,614 participants). Sanitation facility improvement Interventions designed to improve existing sanitation facilities were evaluated in three cluster-RCTs in children under five and may reduce diarrhoea prevalence (RR 0.85, 95% CI 0.69 to 1.06; 3 trials, 14,900 participants, low-certainty evidence). However, some of these interventions, such as sewerage connection, are not easily randomized. Non-randomized studies across participants of all ages provided estimates that improving sanitation facilities may reduce diarrhoea, but may be subject to confounding (RR 0.61, 95% CI 0.50 to 0.74; 23 studies, 117,639 participants, low-certainty evidence). Pooled estimates across randomized and non-randomized studies provided similar protective estimates (all ages: RR 0.65, 95% CI 0.55 to 0.78; 26 studies, 132,539 participants; children < 5 years: RR 0.70, 95% CI 0.54 to 0.91, 12 studies, 23,353 participants). Behaviour change messaging only (no hardware or subsidy provided) Strategies to promote behaviour change to construct, upgrade, or use sanitation facilities were evaluated in seven cluster-RCTs in children under five, and probably reduce diarrhoea prevalence (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.69 to 0.98; 7 studies, 28,909 participants, moderate-certainty evidence). Additional analysis from two non-randomized studies found no effect, though with very high uncertainty. Pooled estimates across randomized and non-randomized studies provided similar protective estimates (RR 0.85, 95% CI 0.73 to 1.01; 9 studies, 31,080 participants). No studies measured the effects of this type of intervention in older populations. Any sanitation intervention A pooled analysis of cluster-RCTs across all sanitation interventions demonstrated that the interventions may reduce diarrhoea prevalence in all ages (RR 0.85, 95% CI 0.76 to 0.95, 17 trials, 83,938 participants, low-certainty evidence) and children under five (RR 0.87, 95% CI 0.77 to 0.97; 14 trials, 60,024 participants, low-certainty evidence). Non-randomized comparisons also demonstrated a protective effect, but may be subject to confounding. Pooled estimates across randomized and non-randomized studies provided similar protective estimates (all ages: RR 0.74, 95% CI 0.67 to 0.82; 50 studies, 237,130 participants; children < 5 years: RR 0.80, 95% CI 0.71 to 0.89; 32 studies, 80,047 participants). In subgroup analysis, there was some evidence of larger effects in studies with increased coverage amongst all participants (75% or higher coverage levels) and also some evidence that the effect decreased over longer follow-up times for children under five years. There was limited evidence on other outcomes. However, there was some evidence that any sanitation intervention was protective against dysentery (RR 0.74, 95% CI 0.54 to 1.00; 5 studies, 34,025 participants) and persistent diarrhoea (RR 0.57, 95% CI 0.43 to 0.75; 2 studies, 2665 participants), but not against clinic visits for diarrhoea (RR 0.86, 95% CI 0.44 to 1.67; 2 studies, 3720 participants) or all-cause mortality (RR 0.99, 95% CI 0.89 to1.09; 7 studies, 46,123 participants). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is evidence that sanitation interventions are effective at preventing diarrhoea, both for young children and all age populations. The actual level of effectiveness, however, varies by type of intervention and setting. There is a need for research to better understand the factors that influence effectiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Bauza
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Wenlu Ye
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jiawen Liao
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Fiona Majorin
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Thomas Clasen
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sarmiento-Senior D, Matiz MI, Vargas-Cruz S, Jaramillo JF, Olano VA, Lenhart A, Stenström TA, Alexander N, Overgaard HJ. Improving knowledge, attitudes, and practices on dengue and diarrhea in rural primary school students, their parents, and teachers in Colombia: A cluster-randomized controlled trial. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010985. [PMID: 36574453 PMCID: PMC9829171 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Improved education on water-related diseases in schools could help to reduce disease burden. This paper presents specific results on knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of a cluster-randomized controlled trial to reduce diarrheal disease and dengue entomological risk factors in rural primary schools in Colombia. The aim was to investigate whether enhanced educational interventions on dengue and diarrheal disease in schools could improve KAP scores related to these diseases in students and teachers in rural primary schools, as well as the students' parents. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A factorial cluster-randomized controlled trial was carried out in 35 rural primary schools in two municipalities in Cundinamarca, central Colombia. Schools were randomized into four arms: interventions related to diarrheal disease (DIA), dengue (DEN), both (DIADEN), or no interventions (control, CON). Both educational and physical interventions to reduce risk factors of dengue and diarrhea were implemented. Comprehensive teachers' manuals were developed and deployed to guide the learning activities. The intervention was carried out over two school years. The knowledge scores of students receiving dengue interventions (DEN, DIADEN) increased by 1.16 point score (0.75-1.56, p<0.001) and those receiving diarrhea interventions (DIA, DIADEN) increased by 1.15 point score (0.67-1.63, p<0.001). The attitude and practice scores of students receiving the diarrhea interventions increased (Attitudes: 0.41 [0.11-0.71, p = 0.01]; Practices: 0.33 [0.01-0.65, p = 0.042]), but not for those receiving the dengue interventions (p = 0.31 and p = 0.08, respectively). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE There were increases in knowledge scores among students, their teachers and their parents for both diseases. However, the attitudes and practices components were not affected to the same extent. The hypothesis that the students would disseminate knowledge acquired from the educational interventions to their parents was confirmed for dengue, but not for diarrhea. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN40195031 The trial is registered in the Current Controlled Trials under Infections and Infestations category.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Sarmiento-Senior
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
- * E-mail: (DSS); (NA); (HJO)
| | - Maria Ines Matiz
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | | | | | - Audrey Lenhart
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Thor Axel Stenström
- Institute for Water and Waste Water Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - Neal Alexander
- MRC International Statistics and Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (DSS); (NA); (HJO)
| | - Hans J. Overgaard
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
- Department of Microbiology & Tropical Disease Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- * E-mail: (DSS); (NA); (HJO)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mulderij-Jansen V, Pundir P, Grillet ME, Lakiang T, Gerstenbluth I, Duits A, Tami A, Bailey A. Effectiveness of Aedes-borne infectious disease control in Latin America and the Caribbean region: A scoping review. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277038. [PMID: 36322603 PMCID: PMC9629598 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are primary vectors of emerging or re-emerging arboviruses that threaten public health worldwide. Many efforts have been made to develop interventions to control these Aedes species populations. Still, countries in the Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region struggle to create/design/develop sustainable and effective control strategies. This scoping review synthesises evidence concerning the effectiveness of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus prevention and control interventions performed in LAC (2000–2021). The findings can be used to evaluate, compare and develop more effective control strategies. Methodology The review is based on the methodology by Joanna Briggs Institute for conducting a scoping review. The MEDLINE (via PubMed and Web of Science), Cochrane Library, Scopus, EMBASE and ScienceDirect databases were used to search for articles. Grey literature was searched from governmental and non-governmental organisation websites. Four reviewers independently screened all titles and abstracts and full-text of the articles using the Rayyan web application, based on pre-defined eligibility criteria. Results A total of 122 publications were included in the review. Most studies focused on dengue virus infection and data on Ae. aegypti. Entomological data were mainly used to determine the intervention’s effectiveness. An integrated control intervention was the most commonly employed strategy in both regions. Biological control measures, environmental management, and health education campaigns on community participation achieved more sustainable results than an intervention where only a chemical control measure was used. Challenges to implementing interventions were insufficient financial support, resources, workforce, intersectoral collaboration and legislation. Conclusions Based on the synthesised data, an integrated vector (Aedes) management focused on community participation seems to be the most effective approach to mitigate Aedes-borne infectious diseases. Maintaining the approach’s effect remains challenging as it requires multisectoral and multi-disciplinary team engagement and active community participation. Future research needs to address the barriers to program implementation and maintenance as data on this topic is lacking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vaitiare Mulderij-Jansen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Geosciences, Department of Human Geography and Spatial Planning, International Development Studies, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Curaçao Biomedical & Health Research Institute, Willemstad, Curaçao
- * E-mail:
| | - Prachi Pundir
- George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India
| | - Maria E. Grillet
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Zoología y Ecología Tropical, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | | | - Izzy Gerstenbluth
- Department of Epidemiology, Curaçao Biomedical & Health Research Institute, Willemstad, Curaçao
- Epidemiology and Research Unit, Ministry of Health Environment and Nature of Curaçao, Willemstad, Curaçao
| | - Ashley Duits
- Red Cross Blood Bank Foundation, Willemstad, Curaҫao
- Department of Immunology, Curaçao Biomedical & Health Research Institute, Willemstad, Curaçao
- Institute for Medical Education, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Adriana Tami
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ajay Bailey
- Faculty of Geosciences, Department of Human Geography and Spatial Planning, International Development Studies, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Overgaard HJ, Linn NYY, Kyaw AMM, Braack L, Win Tin M, Bastien S, Vande Velde F, Echaubard P, Zaw W, Mukaka M, Maude R. School and community driven dengue vector control and monitoring in Myanmar: Study protocol for a cluster randomized controlled trial. Wellcome Open Res 2022. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.18027.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Dengue is the most common and widespread mosquito-borne arboviral disease globally estimated to cause >390 million infections and >20,000 deaths annually. There are no effective vaccines or preventive drugs. Control of dengue transmission relies primarily on mosquito vector control. Although most vector control methods currently used by national dengue control programs may temporarily reduce mosquito populations, there is little evidence that they affect transmission. There is an urgent need for innovative, participatory, effective, and locally adapted approaches for sustainable vector control and monitoring in which students can be particularly relevant contributors and to demonstrate a clear link between vector reduction and dengue transmission reduction, using tools that are inexpensive and easy to use by local communities in a sustainable manner. Methods. Here we describe a cluster randomized controlled trial to be conducted in 46 school catchment areas in two townships in Yangon, Myanmar. The outcome measures are dengue cases confirmed by rapid diagnostic test in the townships, dengue incidence in schools, entomological indices, knowledge, attitudes and practice, behavior, and engagement. Conclusions. The trial involves middle school students that positions them to become actors in dengue knowledge transfer to their communities and take a leadership role in the delivery of vector control interventions and monitoring methods. Following this rationale, we believe that students can become change agents of decentralized vector surveillance and sustainable disease control in line with recent new paradigms in integrated and participatory vector surveillance and control. This provides an opportunity to operationalize transdisciplinary research towards sustainable health development. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic and political instability in Myanmar the project has been terminated by the donor, but the protocol will be helpful for potential future implementation of the project in Myanmar and/or elsewhere. Registration: This trial was registered in the ISRCTN Registry on 31 May 2022 (https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN78254298).
Collapse
|
11
|
Chirgwin H, Cairncross S, Zehra D, Sharma Waddington H. Interventions promoting uptake of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) technologies in low- and middle-income countries: An evidence and gap map of effectiveness studies. CAMPBELL SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS 2021; 17:e1194. [PMID: 36951806 PMCID: PMC8988822 DOI: 10.1002/cl2.1194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Background Lack of access to and use of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) cause 1.6 million deaths every year, of which 1.2 million are due to gastrointestinal illnesses like diarrhoea and acute respiratory infections like pneumonia. Poor WASH access and use also diminish nutrition and educational attainment, and cause danger and stress for vulnerable populations, especially for women and girls. The hardest hit regions are sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6 calls for the end of open defecation, and universal access to safely managed water and sanitation facilities, and basic hand hygiene, by 2030. WASH access and use also underpin progress in other areas such as SDG1 poverty targets, SDG3 health and SDG4 education targets. Meeting the SDG equity agenda to "leave none behind" will require WASH providers prioritise the hardest to reach including those living remotely and people who are disadvantaged. Objectives Decision makers need access to high-quality evidence on what works in WASH promotion in different contexts, and for different groups of people, to reach the most disadvantaged populations and thereby achieve universal targets. The WASH evidence map is envisioned as a tool for commissioners and researchers to identify existing studies to fill synthesis gaps, as well as helping to prioritise new studies where there are gaps in knowledge. It also supports policymakers and practitioners to navigate the evidence base, including presenting critically appraised findings from existing systematic reviews. Methods This evidence map presents impact evaluations and systematic reviews from the WASH sector, organised according to the types of intervention mechanisms, WASH technologies promoted, and outcomes measured. It is based on a framework of intervention mechanisms (e.g., behaviour change triggering or microloans) and outcomes along the causal pathway, specifically behavioural outcomes (e.g., handwashing and food hygiene practices), ill-health outcomes (e.g., diarrhoeal morbidity and mortality), nutrition and socioeconomic outcomes (e.g., school absenteeism and household income). The map also provides filters to examine the evidence for a particular WASH technology (e.g., latrines), place of use (e.g., home, school or health facility), location (e.g., global region, country, rural and urban) and group (e.g., people living with disability). Systematic searches for published and unpublished literature and trial registries were conducted of studies in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Searches were conducted in March 2018, and searches for completed trials were done in May 2020. Coding of information for the map was done by two authors working independently. Impact evaluations were critically appraised according to methods of conduct and reporting. Systematic reviews were critically appraised using a new approach to assess theory-based, mixed-methods evidence synthesis. Results There has been an enormous growth in impact evaluations and systematic reviews of WASH interventions since the International Year of Sanitation, 2008. There are now at least 367 completed or ongoing rigorous impact evaluations in LMICs, nearly three-quarters of which have been conducted since 2008, plus 43 systematic reviews. Studies have been done in 83 LMICs, with a high concentration in Bangladesh, India, and Kenya. WASH sector programming has increasingly shifted in focus from what technology to supply (e.g., a handwashing station or child's potty), to the best way in which to do so to promote demand. Research also covers a broader set of intervention mechanisms. For example, there has been increased interest in behaviour change communication using psychosocial "triggering", such as social marketing and community-led total sanitation. These studies report primarily on behavioural outcomes. With the advent of large-scale funding, in particular by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, there has been a substantial increase in the number of studies on sanitation technologies, particularly latrines. Sustaining behaviour is fundamental for sustaining health and other quality of life improvements. However, few studies have been done of intervention mechanisms for, or measuring outcomes on sustained adoption of latrines to stop open defaecation. There has also been some increase in the number of studies looking at outcomes and interventions that disproportionately affect women and girls, who quite literally carry most of the burden of poor water and sanitation access. However, most studies do not report sex disaggregated outcomes, let alone integrate gender analysis into their framework. Other vulnerable populations are even less addressed; no studies eligible for inclusion in the map were done of interventions targeting, or reporting on outcomes for, people living with disabilities. We were only able to find a single controlled evaluation of WASH interventions in a health care facility, in spite of the importance of WASH in health facilities in global policy debates. The quality of impact evaluations has improved, such as the use of controlled designs as standard, attention to addressing reporting biases, and adequate cluster sample size. However, there remain important concerns about quality of reporting. The quality and usefulness of systematic reviews for policy is also improving, which draw clearer distinctions between intervention mechanisms and synthesise the evidence on outcomes along the causal pathway. Adopting mixed-methods approaches also provides information for programmes on barriers and enablers affecting implementation. Conclusion Ensuring everyone has access to appropriate water, sanitation, and hygiene facilities is one of the most fundamental of challenges for poverty elimination. Researchers and funders need to consider carefully where there is the need for new primary evidence, and new syntheses of that evidence. This study suggests the following priority areas:Impact evaluations incorporating understudied outcomes, such as sustainability and slippage, of WASH provision in understudied places of use, such as health care facilities, and of interventions targeting, or presenting disaggregated data for, vulnerable populations, particularly over the life-course and for people living with a disability;Improved reporting in impact evaluations, including presentation of participant flow diagrams; andSynthesis studies and updates in areas with sufficient existing and planned impact evaluations, such as for diarrhoea mortality, ARIs, WASH in schools and decentralisation. These studies will preferably be conducted as mixed-methods systematic reviews that are able to answer questions about programme targeting, implementation, effectiveness and cost-effectiveness, and compare alternative intervention mechanisms to achieve and sustain outcomes in particular contexts, preferably using network meta-analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Chirgwin
- International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie)London International Development CentreLondonUK
| | | | | | - Hugh Sharma Waddington
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie)London International Development CentreLondonUK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Overgaard HJ, Dada N, Lenhart A, Stenström TAB, Alexander N. Integrated disease management: arboviral infections and waterborne diarrhoea. Bull World Health Organ 2021; 99:583-592. [PMID: 34354313 PMCID: PMC8319858 DOI: 10.2471/blt.20.269985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Water-related diseases such as diarrhoeal diseases from viral, bacterial and parasitic organisms and Aedes-borne arboviral diseases are major global health problems. We believe that these two disease groups share common risk factors, namely inadequate household water management, poor sanitation and solid waste management. Where water provision is inadequate, water storage is essential. Aedes mosquitoes commonly breed in household water storage containers, which can hold water contaminated with enteric disease-causing organisms. Microbiological contamination of water between source and point-of-use is a major cause of reduced drinking-water quality. Inadequate sanitation and solid waste management increase not only risk of water contamination, but also the availability of mosquito larval habitats. In this article we discuss integrated interventions that interrupt mosquito breeding while also providing sanitary environments and clean water. Specific interventions include improving storage container design, placement and maintenance and scaling up access to piped water. Vector control can be integrated into sanitation projects that target sewers and drains to avoid accumulation of stagnant water. Better management of garbage and solid waste can reduce the availability of mosquito habitats while improving human living conditions. Our proposed integration of disease interventions is consistent with strategies promoted in several global health frameworks, such as the sustainable development goals, the global vector control response, behavioural change, and water, sanitation and hygiene initiatives. Future research should address how interventions targeting water, sanitation, hygiene and community waste disposal also benefit Aedes-borne disease control. The projected effects of climate change mean that integrated management and control strategies will become increasingly important.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hans J Overgaard
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Drøbakveien 31, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, NO – 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Nsa Dada
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Drøbakveien 31, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, NO – 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Audrey Lenhart
- Center for Global Health, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, United States of America
| | - Thor Axel B Stenström
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - Neal Alexander
- MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, England
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diarrhoea accounts for 1.8 million deaths in children in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). One of the identified strategies to prevent diarrhoea is hand washing. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of hand-washing promotion interventions on diarrhoeal episodes in children and adults. SEARCH METHODS We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, nine other databases, the World Health Organization (WHO) International Clinical Trial Registry Platform (ICTRP), and metaRegister of Controlled Trials (mRCT) on 8 January 2020, together with reference checking, citation searching and contact with study authors to identify additional studies. SELECTION CRITERIA Individually-randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and cluster-RCTs that compared the effects of hand-washing interventions on diarrhoea episodes in children and adults with no intervention. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Three review authors independently assessed trial eligibility, extracted data, and assessed risks of bias. We stratified the analyses for child day-care centres or schools, community, and hospital-based settings. Where appropriate, we pooled incidence rate ratios (IRRs) using the generic inverse variance method and a random-effects model with a 95% confidence interval (CI). We used the GRADE approach to assess the certainty of the evidence. MAIN RESULTS We included 29 RCTs: 13 trials from child day-care centres or schools in mainly high-income countries (54,471 participants), 15 community-based trials in LMICs (29,347 participants), and one hospital-based trial among people with AIDS in a high-income country (148 participants). All the trials and follow-up assessments were of short-term duration. Hand-washing promotion (education activities, sometimes with provision of soap) at child day-care facilities or schools prevent around one-third of diarrhoea episodes in high-income countries (incidence rate ratio (IRR) 0.70, 95% CI 0.58 to 0.85; 9 trials, 4664 participants, high-certainty evidence) and may prevent a similar proportion in LMICs, but only two trials from urban Egypt and Kenya have evaluated this (IRR 0.66, 95% CI 0.43 to 0.99; 2 trials, 45,380 participants; low-certainty evidence). Only four trials reported measures of behaviour change, and the methods of data collection were susceptible to bias. In one trial from the USA hand-washing behaviour was reported to improve; and in the trial from Kenya that provided free soap, hand washing did not increase, but soap use did (data not pooled; 3 trials, 1845 participants; low-certainty evidence). Hand-washing promotion among communities in LMICs probably prevents around one-quarter of diarrhoea episodes (IRR 0.71, 95% CI 0.62 to 0.81; 9 trials, 15,950 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). However, six of these nine trials were from Asian settings, with only one trial from South America and two trials from sub-Saharan Africa. In seven trials, soap was provided free alongside hand-washing education, and the overall average effect size was larger than in the two trials which did not provide soap (soap provided: RR 0.66, 95% CI 0.58 to 0.75; 7 trials, 12,646 participants; education only: RR 0.84, 95% CI 0.67 to 1.05; 2 trials, 3304 participants). There was increased hand washing at major prompts (before eating or cooking, after visiting the toilet, or cleaning the baby's bottom) and increased compliance with hand-hygiene procedure (behavioural outcome) in the intervention groups compared with the control in community trials (data not pooled: 4 trials, 3591 participants; high-certainty evidence). Hand-washing promotion for the one trial conducted in a hospital among a high-risk population showed significant reduction in mean episodes of diarrhoea (1.68 fewer) in the intervention group (mean difference -1.68, 95% CI -1.93 to -1.43; 1 trial, 148 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). Hand-washing frequency increased to seven times a day in the intervention group versus three times a day in the control arm in this hospital trial (1 trial, 148 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). We found no trials evaluating the effects of hand-washing promotions on diarrhoea-related deaths or cost effectiveness. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Hand-washing promotion probably reduces diarrhoea episodes in both child day-care centres in high-income countries and among communities living in LMICs by about 30%. The included trials do not provide evidence about the long-term impact of the interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Regina I Ejemot-Nwadiaro
- Department of Public Health, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - John E Ehiri
- Division of Health Promotion Sciences, University of Arizona, Mel & Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Dachi Arikpo
- Cochrane Nigeria, Institute of Tropical Diseases Research and Prevention, University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Martin M Meremikwu
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Julia A Critchley
- Population Health Sciences Institute, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Díaz-González EE, Danis-Lozano R, Peñaloza G. Schools as centers for health educational initiatives, health behavior research and risk behavior for dengue infection in school children and community members: a systematic review. HEALTH EDUCATION RESEARCH 2020; 35:376-395. [PMID: 32951047 DOI: 10.1093/her/cyaa019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Dengue virus is the main arboviral disease transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes and affects mainly school-aged children and teens. Many methods have been developed for dengue control, including health education strategies for elementary and high school students. The objective of this study is to provide an update on the status of health education on dengue in schools and provide new perspectives on health behavior research in order to reduce the proliferation of mosquitoes and spread of arboviral diseases among school-aged children and other community members. A systematic review about health educational initiatives was carried out. This research discusses the effectiveness of these strategies in educating students about dengue disease and mosquito control and how the school is relevant for community-based participation in research on dengue education. The study found that employing ludic strategies and directly involving children in mosquito control in their households have been the most attractive and effective strategies for dengue education in children and teens. However, the sustainability of protective behaviors has been poorly evaluated, and new approaches for health behavior research are needed. Inasmuch as, schools are important places for gathering community members, and students can serve as an essential link between educative interventions and the community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esteban E Díaz-González
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Monterrey, Via del Conocimiento, 201, Parque PIIT, Apodaca, Nuevo León, 66628, México
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Av. Carlos Canseco esquina con Av. Gonzalitos s/n, Colonia Mitras Centro, Monterrey, Nuevo León, 64460, México
| | - Rogelio Danis-Lozano
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, 19 Poniente entre 4 y 6 Norte, Centro, Tapachula, Chiapas, 30700, México
| | - Gonzalo Peñaloza
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Monterrey, Via del Conocimiento, 201, Parque PIIT, Apodaca, Nuevo León, 66628, México
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Echaubard P, Thy C, Sokha S, Srun S, Nieto-Sanchez C, Grietens KP, Juban NR, Mier-Alpano J, Deacosta S, Sami M, Braack L, Ramirez B, Hii J. Fostering social innovation and building adaptive capacity for dengue control in Cambodia: a case study. Infect Dis Poverty 2020; 9:126. [PMID: 32883345 PMCID: PMC7469325 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-020-00734-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The social-ecological systems theory, with its unique conception of resilience (social-ecological systems & resilience, SESR), provides an operational framework that currently best meets the need for integration and adaptive governance as encouraged by the Sustainable Development Goals. SESR accounts for the complex dynamics of social-ecological systems and operationalizes transdisciplinarity by focusing on community engagement, value co-creation, decentralized leadership and social innovation. Targeting Social Innovation (SI) in the context of implementation research for vector-borne diseases (VBD) control offers a low-cost strategy to contribute to lasting and contextualized community engagement in disease control and health development in low and middle income countries of the global south. In this article we describe the processes of community engagement and transdisciplinary collaboration underpinning community-based dengue management in rural primary schools and households in two districts in Cambodia. Methods Multiple student-led and community-based interventions have been implemented focusing on empowering education, communication for behavioral change and participatory epidemiology mapping in order to engage Cambodian communities in dengue control. We describe in particular the significance of the participatory processes that have contributed to the design of SI products that emerged following iterative consultations with community stakeholders to address the dengue problem. Results The SI products that emerged following our interaction with community members are 1) adult mosquito traps made locally from solid waste collections, 2) revised dengue curriculum with hands-on activities for transformative learning, 3) guppy distribution systems led by community members, 4) co-design of dengue prevention communication material by students and community members, 5) community mapping. Conclusions The initiative described in this article put in motion processes of community engagement towards creating ownership of dengue control interventions tools by community stakeholders, including school children. While the project is ongoing, the project’s interventions so far implemented have contributed to the emergence of culturally relevant SI products and provided initial clues regarding 1) the conditions allowing SI to emerge, 2) specific mechanisms by which it happens and 3) how external parties can facilitate SI emergence. Overall there seems to be a strong argument to be made in supporting SI as a desirable outcome of project implementation towards building adaptive capacity and resilience and to use the protocol supporting this project implementation as an operational guiding document for other VBD adaptive management in the region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Echaubard
- SOAS University London, Thornhaugh Street, London, WC1H 0XG, UK.
| | - Chea Thy
- Malaria Consortium, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
| | - Soun Sokha
- Malaria Consortium, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Set Srun
- Malaria Consortium, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | | | - Noel R Juban
- Social Innovation and Health Initiatives, University of the Philipines, Manilla, Philippines
| | - Jana Mier-Alpano
- Social Innovation and Health Initiatives, University of the Philipines, Manilla, Philippines
| | - Sucelle Deacosta
- Social Innovation and Health Initiatives, University of the Philipines, Manilla, Philippines
| | | | - Leo Braack
- Malaria Consortium, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Bernadette Ramirez
- UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jeffrey Hii
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health & Medicine, James Cook University of North Queesland, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hustedt JC, Boyce R, Bradley J, Hii J, Alexander N. Use of pyriproxyfen in control of Aedes mosquitoes: A systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008205. [PMID: 32530915 PMCID: PMC7314096 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue is the most rapidly spreading arboviral disease in the world. The current lack of fully protective vaccines and clinical therapeutics creates an urgent need to identify more effective means of controlling Aedes mosquitos, principally Aedes aegypti, as the main vector of dengue. Pyriproxyfen (PPF) is an increasingly used hormone analogue that prevents juvenile Aedes mosquitoes from becoming adults and being incapable of transmitting dengue. The objectives of the review were to (1) Determine the effect of PPF on endpoints including percentage inhibition of emergence to adulthood, larval mortality, and resistance ratios; and (2) Determine the different uses, strengths, and limitations of PPF in control of Aedes. A systematic search was applied to Pubmed, EMBASE, Web of Science, LILACS, Global Health, and the Cochrane database of Systematic Reviews. Out of 1,369 records, 90 studies met the inclusion criteria. Nearly all fit in one of the following four categories 1) Efficacy of granules, 2) Auto-dissemination/horizontal transfer, 3) use of ultra-low volume thermal fogging (ULV), thermal fogging (TF), or fumigant technologies, and 4) assessing mosquito resistance. PPF granules had consistently efficacious results of 90-100% inhibition of emergence for up to 90 days. The evidence is less robust but promising regarding PPF dust for auto-dissemination and the use of PPF in ULV, TF and fumigants. Several studies also found that while mosquito populations were still susceptible to PPF, the lethal concentrations increased among temephos-resistant mosquitoes compared to reference strains. The evidence is strong that PPF does increase immature mortality and adult inhibition in settings represented in the included studies, however future research should focus on areas where there is less evidence (e.g. auto-dissemination, sprays) and new use cases for PPF. A better understanding of the biological mechanisms of cross-resistance between PPF, temephos, and other insecticides will allow control programs to make better informed decisions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Christian Hustedt
- MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Epidemiology Department, Malaria Consortium, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ross Boyce
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - John Bradley
- MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey Hii
- Epidemiology Department, Malaria Consortium, London, United Kingdom
| | - Neal Alexander
- MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Knowledge, attitudes, and practices about dengue among pupils from rural schools in an endemic area in Colombia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 39:478-490. [PMID: 31584762 PMCID: PMC7357362 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.4255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dengue is a public health problem in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Studies on dengue in rural areas are scarce since the disease is considered mainly urban. OBJECTIVE To determine the knowledge (K), attitudes (A) and practices (P) of dengue in an endemic area in Colombia. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study with 515 pupils (7-16 years old) in 34 rural schools in Anapoima and La Mesa municipalities during 2011. Each KAP category was evaluated independently by a scoring system and then categorized into high, medium or low. RESULTS Pupils recognized knowledge variables such as the symptoms (fever, bone pain), transmission route (mosquito bites), and mosquito breeding sites (uncovered water tanks, solid waste). Average scores on attitude were high in both municipalities indicating a well-developed perception of disease severity. Seeking treatment in medical centers and self-medication for fever management and the use of mosquito net and space-spraying of insecticides were the most frequently identified practices. DISCUSSION This is the first KAP dengue study performed in a rural area in Colombia and as such it contributes to the understanding of dengue perceptions by the inhabitants of these areas. It showed a medium level of knowledge about dengue and a lower level of preventive practices in pupils from rural schools. It also showed that pupils considered space-spraying as crucial for vector control. The presence of the vector in rural areas of the country underlines the need to improve surveillance and education to more effectively control the vector and promote prevention methods including community participation.
Collapse
|
18
|
Buhler C, Winkler V, Runge-Ranzinger S, Boyce R, Horstick O. Environmental methods for dengue vector control - A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007420. [PMID: 31295250 PMCID: PMC6650086 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vector control remains the primary method to prevent dengue infections. Environmental interventions represent sustainable and safe methods as there are limited risks of environmental contamination and toxicity. The objective of this study is to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effectiveness of the following environmental methods for dengue vector control. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Following the PRISMA guidelines, a systematic literature search was conducted using the databases PubMed, EMBASE, LILACS, the Cochrane Library and Google Scholar. Quality assessment was done using the CONSORT 2010 checklist. For the meta-analysis the difference-in-differences (DID) and the difference-of-endlines (DOE) were calculated according to the Schmidt-Hunter method for the Breteau index (BI) and the pupae per person index (PPI). Nineteen studies were eligible for the systematic review, sixteen contributed data to the meta-analysis. The following methods were evaluated: (a) container covers with and without insecticides, (b) waste management and clean-up campaigns, and (c) elimination of breeding sites by rendering potential mosquito breeding sites unusable or by eliminating them. Study quality was highest for container covers with insecticides, followed by waste management without direct garbage collection and elimination of breeding places. Both, systematic review and meta-analysis, showed a weak effect of the interventions on larval populations, with no obvious differences between the results of each individual method. For the meta-analysis, both, container covers without insecticides (BI: DID -7.9, DOE -5) and waste management with direct garbage collection (BI: DID -8.83, DOE -6.2) achieved the strongest reductions for the BI, whereas for the PPI results were almost opposite, with container covers with insecticides (PPI: DID -0.83, DOE 0.09) and elimination of breeding places (PPI: DID -0.95, DOE -0.83) showing the strongest effects. CONCLUSIONS Each of the investigated environmental methods showed some effectiveness in reducing larval and pupal densities of Aedes sp. mosquitoes. However, there is a need for more comparable high-quality studies at an adequate standard to strengthen this evidence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Buhler
- Institute for Medical Information, Biometry, and Epidemiology, Pettenkofer School of Public Health (PSPH), Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Bavaria, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Volker Winkler
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany
| | - Silvia Runge-Ranzinger
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany
| | - Ross Boyce
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Olaf Horstick
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Mahmud MAF, Abdul Mutalip MH, Lodz NA, Muhammad EN, Yoep N, Hashim MH, Paiwai F, Rajarethinam J, Aik J, Muhammad NA. Environmental management for dengue control: a systematic review protocol. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e026101. [PMID: 31097485 PMCID: PMC6530300 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dengue is among the most important mosquito-borne diseases, with more than half of the world's population at risk of infection in dengue endemic countries. Environmental management, which includes any activities that involve environmental modification, environmental manipulation and changes to human behaviour have been used to mitigate the risk of dengue transmission. In this protocol, we will integrate the data from various sources to assess the overall effect of environmental management on the incidence of dengue and other entomological indices. METHODS AND ANALYSES We will conduct a systematic review of intervention that assess the effect of environmental management on the incidence of dengue and/or entomological indices. We will include any studies that include intervention through environmental management for dengue control, involving environmental modification, environmental manipulation and changes to human behaviour. A comprehensive search will be performed in electronic databases PUBMED, CENTRAL, SCOPUS, Web of Science and relevant research websites such as PROPSERO, WHO ICTRP and ClinicalTrials.gov to identify studies that meet our inclusion criteria. A systematic approach to searching, screening, reviewing and data extraction will be applied based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis. Titles, abstract, keywords for eligibility will be examined independently by researchers. The quality of the included studies will be assessed using quality assessment tool for studies with diverse design and Cochrane risk of bias tool. The characteristics of the selected articles will be described based on the study design, types of intervention and outcomes of the study in various countries. These include the types of environmental management intervention methods and the effectiveness of the intervention in reducing dengue cases or incidence and impact on entomological indices. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION We will register this systematic review with the National Medical Research Register, Ministry of Health Malaysia. This protocol also had been registered with the PROSPERO. No ethical approval is necessary, as there will be no collection of primary data. The results will be disseminated though a peer-reviewed publication and conference presentation. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42018092189.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Amierul Fikri Mahmud
- Center for Communicable Disease Research, Institute for Public Health, Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Hatta Abdul Mutalip
- Center for Communicable Disease Research, Institute for Public Health, Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan, Malaysia
| | - Noor Aliza Lodz
- Center for Communicable Disease Research, Institute for Public Health, Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan, Malaysia
| | - Eida Nurhadzira Muhammad
- Center for Communicable Disease Research, Institute for Public Health, Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan, Malaysia
| | - Norzawati Yoep
- Center for Communicable Disease Research, Institute for Public Health, Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Hazrin Hashim
- Center for Communicable Disease Research, Institute for Public Health, Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan, Malaysia
| | - Faizah Paiwai
- Center for Communicable Disease Research, Institute for Public Health, Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan, Malaysia
| | - Jayanthi Rajarethinam
- Environmental Health Institute, (WHO Collaboration Center for Reference and Research of Arbovirus and Their Associated Vectors) National Environment Agency, Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joel Aik
- Environmental Health Institute, (WHO Collaboration Center for Reference and Research of Arbovirus and Their Associated Vectors) National Environment Agency, Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nor Asiah Muhammad
- Institute for Public Health, Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Global Vector Control Guidelines - The Need For Co-Creation. Trends Parasitol 2019; 35:267-270. [PMID: 30658891 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In response to the global expansion and re-emergence of vector-borne diseases, WHO launched the Global Vector Control Response program in 2017. The aim is to strengthen vector control through increased capacity, innovation, improved surveillance, better coordination, and integrated action. Will this new approach overcome the failings of previous initiatives?
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diarrhoeal disease accounts for millions of child deaths every year. Although the role of flies as vectors of infectious diarrhoea has been established, fly control is not often mentioned as an approach to decrease childhood diarrhoea. Theoretically, fly control for decreasing diarrhoea incidence can be achieved by intervening at four different levels: reduction or elimination of fly breeding sites; reduction of sources that attract houseflies; prevention of contact between flies and disease-causing organisms; and protection of people, food, and food utensils from contact with flies. OBJECTIVES To assess the impact of various housefly control measures on the incidence of diarrhoea and its related morbidity and mortality in children under five years of age. SEARCH METHODS We searched electronic databases including the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) in the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, and LILACS, from database inception to 24 May 2018. We also searched trial registries for relevant grey literature and ongoing trials. We checked the references of the identified studies and reviews. We did not apply any filters for language, publication status (published, unpublished, in press, and ongoing), or publication date. SELECTION CRITERIA We planned to include randomized controlled trials (RCTs), quasi-RCTs, and controlled before-and-after studies that studied the effect of fly control on diarrhoea in children under five years of age. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors extracted the data and independently assessed the risk of bias in the included study. We planned to contact study authors for additional information, where necessary. We assessed the certainty of the evidence using the GRADE approach. MAIN RESULTS We included one cluster-RCT (491 participants) conducted in Pakistan that evaluated insecticide spraying in the first two years and baited fly traps in the third year. Insecticide spraying reduced the fly population (house index) in the intervention group during the four months of the year when both flies and cases of diarrhoea were more common, but not at other times. On average, this was associated with a reduction in the incidence of diarrhoea in the first year (illustrative mean episodes per child-year in the intervention group was 6.3 while in the control group was 7.1) and second year of the intervention (illustrative mean episodes per child‒year in the intervention group was 4.4 while in the control group was 6.5; rate ratio (RaR) 0.77, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.67 to 0.89, low-certainty evidence). In the third year of the intervention, the baited fly traps did not demonstrate an effect on the fly population or on diarrhoea incidence (RaR 1.15, 95% CI 0.90 to 1.47, low-certainty evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The trial, conducted in a setting where there were clear seasonal peaks in fly numbers and associated diarrhoea, shows insecticide spraying may reduce diarrhoea in children. Further research on whether this finding is applicable to other setting is required, as well as work on other fly control methods, their effects, feasibility, costs, and acceptability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jai K Das
- Aga Khan University HospitalDivision of Women and Child HealthStadium RoadPO Box 3500KarachiSindPakistan
| | - Yousaf Bashir Hadi
- West Virginia UniversityDepartment of Internal Medicine1 Medical Center DriveMorgantownWest VirginiaUSA26506
| | - Rehana A Salam
- Aga Khan University HospitalDivision of Women and Child HealthStadium RoadPO Box 3500KarachiSindPakistan
| | - Mehar Hoda
- Aga Khan University HospitalDivision of Women and Child HealthStadium RoadPO Box 3500KarachiSindPakistan
| | - Zohra S Lassi
- The University of AdelaideThe Robinson Research InstituteAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia5005
| | - Zulfiqar A Bhutta
- The Hospital for Sick ChildrenCentre for Global Child HealthTorontoONCanadaM5G A04
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Jaramillo JF, Vargas S, Sarmiento-Senior D, Giraldo P. [Sustainability of interventions to prevent dengue and diarrhea in rural schools in two municipalities in Colombia: a two-year post-project evaluation]. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2018; 34:e00189017. [PMID: 30365746 DOI: 10.1590/0102-311x00189017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the sustainability of a set of interventions to prevent dengue and diarrhea in 33 rural schools in the municipalities (counties) of Anapoima and La Mesa, Colombia, two years post-project. The study measured sustainability in two categories: maintenance of the benefits and the interventions, and institutionalization and community capacity-building. The sustainability of the interventions was compared across four arms: interventions to prevent diarrhea, to prevent dengue, combined interventions to prevent diarrhea and dengue, and control. The final score for each arm was classified in five levels of sustainability: regressive, not sustainable, moderately sustainable, sustainable, and highly sustainable. The arms were compared with ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis test, with significance set at 0.05. At two years post-project, the overall sustainability for the prevention of diarrhea was moderate in the four arms, while dengue prevention was not sustainable in three of the four arms, without statistically significant differences. Sustainability levels also varied in terms of benefits, interventions, capacity-building, and institutionalization. Maintenance of benefits and interventions in both diseases was more sustainable than institutionalization and capacity-building. The analysis of these variables is important for identifying the different factors that influence projects' sustainability, related to their design and execution, organizational framework, and social context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandra Vargas
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Paola Giraldo
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
[Spatial distribution of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in the rural area of two municipalities of Cundinamarca, Colombia]. BIOMEDICA 2017; 37:41-49. [PMID: 29161476 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.v37i0.3469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It is difficult to adapt or create new strategies for dengue control in rural areas due to the dispersion of homes and the lack of knowledge about the presence and behavior of the vector in these areas. Spatial data analysis could help understand time and space dynamics related to the transmission of vector-borne diseases in rural areas and, thus, contribute to the prevention and control of dengue. OBJECTIVE To determine the probability of the presence of the dengue vector Aedes aegypti in the rural area of the municipalities of Anapoima and La Mesa, in the central area of Colombia. MATERIALS AND METHODS The probability of the presence or absence of the vector in the study area was determined by means of the kriging spatial interpolation method. RESULTS The region with the highest probability of the presence of the vector was located in the central part, close to the urban centers of both municipalities. CONCLUSION This study shows the importance of geostatistics for the surveillance of vector-borne diseases and the analysis of time and space dynamics of vector insects and of diseases transmitted by them.
Collapse
|