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Salerno-Goncalves R, Chen H, Bafford AC, Izquierdo M, Hormazábal JC, Lagos R, Tettelin H, D'Mello A, Booth JS, Fasano A, Levine MM, Sztein MB. Early host immune responses in a human organoid-derived gallbladder monolayer to Salmonella Typhi strains from patients with acute and chronic infections: a comparative analysis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1334762. [PMID: 38533492 PMCID: PMC10963533 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1334762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi), a human-restricted pathogen, invades the host through the gut to cause typhoid fever. Recent calculations of the typhoid fever burden estimated that more than 10 million new typhoid fever cases occur in low and middle-income countries, resulting in 65,400-187,700 deaths yearly. Interestingly, if not antibiotic-treated, upon the resolution of acute disease, 1%-5% of patients become asymptomatic chronic carriers. Chronically infected hosts are not only critical reservoirs of infection that transmit the disease to naive individuals but are also predisposed to developing gallbladder carcinoma. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms involved in the early interactions between gallbladder epithelial cells and S. Typhi remain largely unknown. Based on our previous studies showing that closely related S. Typhi strains elicit distinct innate immune responses, we hypothesized that host molecular pathways activated by S. Typhi strains derived from acutely and chronically infected patients would differ. To test this hypothesis, we used a novel human organoid-derived polarized gallbladder monolayer model, and S. Typhi strains derived from acutely and chronically infected patients. We found that S. Typhi strains derived from acutely and chronically infected patients differentially regulate host mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and S6 transcription factors. These variations might be attributed to differential cytokine signaling, predominantly via TNF-α and IL-6 production and appear to be influenced by the duration the isolate was subjected to selective pressures in the gallbladder. These findings represent a significant leap in understanding the complexities behind chronic S. Typhi infections in the gallbladder and may uncover potential intervention targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosângela Salerno-Goncalves
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health and Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Haiyan Chen
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health and Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Andrea C Bafford
- Division of General and Oncologic Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Mariana Izquierdo
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health and Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Juan Carlos Hormazábal
- Seccion Bacteriologia, Subdepartamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Departamento de Laboratorio Biomédico, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile (ISP), Santiago, Chile
| | - Rosanna Lagos
- Seccion Bacteriologia, Subdepartamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Departamento de Laboratorio Biomédico, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile (ISP), Santiago, Chile
| | - Hervé Tettelin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Institute for Genome Sciences (IGS), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Adonis D'Mello
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Institute for Genome Sciences (IGS), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jayaum S Booth
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health and Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Alessio Fasano
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Myron M Levine
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health and Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Marcelo B Sztein
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health and Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Program in Oncology, University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Salerno-Gonçalves R, Chen WH, Mulligan MJ, Frey SE, Stapleton JT, Keitel WA, Bailey J, Sendra E, Hill H, Johnson RA, Sztein MB. Vaccine-related major cutaneous reaction size correlates with cellular-mediated immune responses after tularaemia immunisation. Clin Transl Immunology 2021; 10:e1239. [PMID: 33505681 PMCID: PMC7814273 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Francisella tularensis, the causative agent of tularaemia, is an exceptionally infectious bacterium, potentially fatal for humans if left untreated and with the potential to be developed as a bioweapon. Both natural infection and live-attenuated vaccine strain (LVS) confer good protection against tularaemia. LVS vaccination is traditionally administered by scarification, and the formation of a cutaneous reaction or take at the vaccination site is recognised as a clinical correlate of protection. Although previous studies have suggested that high antibody titres following vaccination might serve as a useful surrogate marker, the immunological correlates of protection remain unknown. Methods We investigated the host T-cell-mediated immune (T-CMI) responses elicited following immunisation with LVS vaccine formulated by the DynPort Vaccine Company (DVC-LVS) or the United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID-LVS). We compared T-CMI responses prompted by these vaccines and correlated them with take size. Results We found that both LVS vaccines elicited similar T-CMI responses. Interestingly, take size associated with the T cells' ability to proliferate, secrete IFN-γ and mobilise degranulation, suggesting that these responses play an essential role in tularaemia protection. Conclusions These results renew the appreciation for vaccination through the scarification as a prime route of inoculation to target pathogens driving specific T-CMI responses and provide further evidence that T-CMI plays a role in protection from tularaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosangela Salerno-Gonçalves
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health (CVD) University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore MD USA
| | - Wilbur H Chen
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health (CVD) University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore MD USA
| | - Mark J Mulligan
- The Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center Department of Medicine Division of Infectious Diseases Emory University School of Medicine Decatur GA USA.,Present address: NYU Langone Vaccine Center NYU Grossman School of Medicine Alexandria Center for Life Sciences (West Tower) New York NY USA
| | - Sharon E Frey
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology Saint Louis University School of Medicine St. Louis MO USA
| | - Jack T Stapleton
- Iowa City Veterans Administration and the University of Iowa Iowa City IA USA
| | - Wendy A Keitel
- Departments of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, and Medicine Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX USA
| | - Jason Bailey
- Emmes Rockville MD USA.,Present address: Armed Forces Health Surveillance Branch, Integrated Biosurveillance Silver Spring MD USA
| | | | | | - Robert A Johnson
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority Department of Health and Human Services ASPR Washington DC USA
| | - Marcelo B Sztein
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health (CVD) University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore MD USA.,Program in Oncology University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center Baltimore MD USA
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3
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Booth JS, Goldberg E, Barnes RS, Greenwald BD, Sztein MB. Oral typhoid vaccine Ty21a elicits antigen-specific resident memory CD4 + T cells in the human terminal ileum lamina propria and epithelial compartments. J Transl Med 2020; 18:102. [PMID: 32098623 PMCID: PMC7043047 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02263-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) is a highly invasive bacterium that infects the human intestinal mucosa and causes ~ 11.9–20.6 million infections and ~ 130,000–223,000 deaths annually worldwide. Oral typhoid vaccine Ty21a confers a moderate level of long-lived protection (5–7 years) in the field. New and improved vaccines against enteric pathogens are needed but their development is hindered by a lack of the immunological correlates of protection especially at the site of infection. Tissue resident memory T (TRM) cells provide immediate adaptive effector immune responsiveness at the infection site. However, the mechanism(s) by which S. Typhi induces TRM in the intestinal mucosa are unknown. Here, we focus on the induction of S. Typhi-specific CD4+TRM subsets by Ty21a in the human terminal ileum lamina propria and epithelial compartments. Methods Terminal ileum biopsies were obtained from consenting volunteers undergoing routine colonoscopy who were either immunized orally with 4 doses of Ty21a or not. Isolated lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMC) and intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) CD4+TRM immune responses were determined using either S. Typhi-infected or non-infected autologous EBV-B cell lines as stimulator cells. T-CMI was assessed by the production of 4 cytokines [interferon (IFN)γ, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-17A and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α] in 36 volunteers (18 vaccinees and 18 controls volunteers). Results Although the frequencies of LPMC CD103+ CD4+TRM were significant decreased, both CD103+ and CD103− CD4+TRM subsets spontaneously produced significantly higher levels of cytokines (IFNγ and IL-17A) following Ty21a-immunization. Importantly, we observed significant increases in S. Typhi-specific LPMC CD103+ CD4+TRM (IFNγ and IL-17A) and CD103− CD4+TRM (IL-2 and IL-17A) responses following Ty21a-immunization. Further, differences in S. Typhi-specific responses between these two CD4+TRM subsets were observed following multifunctional analysis. In addition, we determined the effect of Ty21a-immunization on IEL and observed significant changes in the frequencies of IEL CD103+ (decrease) and CD103− CD4+TRM (increase) following immunization. Finally, we observed that IEL CD103− CD4+TRM, but not CD103+ CD4+TRM, produced increased cytokines (IFNγ, TNFα and IL-17A) to S. Typhi-specific stimulation following Ty21a-immunization. Conclusions Oral Ty21a-immunization elicits distinct compartment specific immune responses in CD4+TRM (CD103+ and CD103−) subsets. This study provides novel insights in the generation of local vaccine-specific responses. Trial registration This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board and registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (identifier NCT03970304, Registered 29 May 2019—Retrospectively registered, http://www.ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT03970304)
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayaum S Booth
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Eric Goldberg
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Robin S Barnes
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Bruce D Greenwald
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marcelo B Sztein
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Booth JS, Goldberg E, Patil SA, Barnes RS, Greenwald BD, Sztein MB. Effect of the live oral attenuated typhoid vaccine, Ty21a, on systemic and terminal ileum mucosal CD4+ T memory responses in humans. Int Immunol 2020; 31:101-116. [PMID: 30346608 PMCID: PMC6376105 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxy070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Our current understanding of CD4+ T-cell-mediated immunity (CMI) elicited by the oral live attenuated typhoid vaccine Ty21a is primarily derived from studies using peripheral blood. Very limited data are available in humans regarding mucosal immunity (especially CD4+ T) at the site of infection (e.g. terminal ileum; TI). Here using multiparametric flow cytometry, we examined the effect of Ty21a immunization on TI-lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMC) and peripheral blood CD4+ T memory (TM) subsets in volunteers undergoing routine colonoscopy. Interestingly, we observed significant increases in the frequencies of LPMC CD4+ T cells following Ty21a immunization, restricted to the T effector/memory (TEM)-CD45RA+ (TEMRA) subset. Importantly, Ty21a immunization elicited Salmonella Typhi-responsive LPMC CD4+ T cells in all major TM subsets [interferon (IFN)γ and interleukin (IL)-17A in TEM; IFNγ and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)1β in T central/memory (TCM); and IL-2 in TEMRA]. Subsequently, we analyzed LPMC S. Typhi-responsive CD4+ T cells in depth for multifunctional (MF) effectors. We found that LPMC CD4+ TEM responses were mostly MF, except for those cells exhibiting the characteristics associated with IL-17A responses. Finally, we compared mucosal to systemic responses and observed that LPMC CD4+S. Typhi-specific responses were unique and distinct from their systemic counterparts. This study provides the first demonstration of S. Typhi-specific CD4+ TM responses in the human TI mucosa and provides valuable information about the generation of mucosal immune responses following oral Ty21a immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayaum S Booth
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eric Goldberg
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Seema A Patil
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robin S Barnes
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bruce D Greenwald
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marcelo B Sztein
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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5
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Porins and small-molecule translocation across the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Nat Rev Microbiol 2019; 18:164-176. [DOI: 10.1038/s41579-019-0294-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Salerno-Gonçalves R, Tettelin H, Luo D, Guo Q, Ardito MT, Martin WD, De Groot AS, Sztein MB. Differential functional patterns of memory CD4 + and CD8 + T-cells from volunteers immunized with Ty21a typhoid vaccine observed using a recombinant Escherichia coli system expressing S. Typhi proteins. Vaccine 2019; 38:258-270. [PMID: 31629569 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells play a significant role in protection against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi), the causative agent of the typhoid fever. However, the antigen specificity of these T-cells remains largely unknown. Previously, we demonstrated the feasibility of using a recombinant Escherichia coli (E. coli) expression system to uncover the antigen specificity of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Here, we expanded these studies to include the evaluation of 12 additional S. Typhi proteins: 4 outer membrane proteins (OmpH, OmpL, OmpR, OmpX), 3 Vi-polysaccharide biosynthesis proteins (TviA, TviB, TviE), 3 cold shock proteins (CspA, CspB, CspC), and 2 conserved hypothetical proteins (Chp 1 and Chp2), all selected based on the bioinformatic analyses of the content of putative T-cell epitopes. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from 15 adult volunteers, obtained before and 42 days after immunization with oral live attenuated Ty21a vaccine, were assessed for their functionality (i.e., production of cytokines and cytotoxic expression markers in response to stimulation with selected antigens) as measured by flow cytometry. Although volunteers differed on their T-cell antigen specificity, we observed T-cell immune responses against all S. Typhi proteins evaluated. These responses included 9 proteins, OmpH, OmpR, TviA, TviE, CspA, CspB, CspC, Chp 1 and Chp 2, which have not been previously reported to elicit T-cell responses. Interestingly, we also observed that, regardless of the protein, the functional patterns of the memory T-cells were different between CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. In sum, these studies demonstrated the feasibility of using bioinformatic analysis and the E. coli expressing system described here to uncover novel immunogenic T-cell proteins that could serve as potential targets for the production of protein-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosângela Salerno-Gonçalves
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health (CVD), Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, HSF1, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Hervé Tettelin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Institute for Genome Sciences (IGS), University of Maryland School of Medicine, 670 West Baltimore Street, HSF3, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - David Luo
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health (CVD), Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, HSF1, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Qin Guo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Institute for Genome Sciences (IGS), University of Maryland School of Medicine, 670 West Baltimore Street, HSF3, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Matthew T Ardito
- Institute for Immunology and Informatics (iCubed), Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, 80 Washington Street, Providence, RI, USA; EpiVax, Inc., 188 Valley Street Suite 424, Providence, RI, USA
| | - William D Martin
- Institute for Immunology and Informatics (iCubed), Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, 80 Washington Street, Providence, RI, USA; EpiVax, Inc., 188 Valley Street Suite 424, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Anne S De Groot
- Institute for Immunology and Informatics (iCubed), Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, 80 Washington Street, Providence, RI, USA; EpiVax, Inc., 188 Valley Street Suite 424, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Marcelo B Sztein
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health (CVD), Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, HSF1, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Booth JS, Goldberg E, Patil SA, Greenwald BD, Sztein MB. Association between S. Typhi-specific memory CD4+ and CD8+ T responses in the terminal ileum mucosa and in peripheral blood elicited by the live oral typhoid vaccine Ty21a in humans. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2019; 15:1409-1420. [PMID: 30836838 PMCID: PMC6663141 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1564570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+ and CD8+ T subsets are essential components of the adaptive immune system which act in concert at the site of infections to effectively protect against pathogens. Very limited data is available in humans regarding the relationship between CD4+ and CD8+ S. Typhi responsive cells in the terminal ileum mucosa (TI) and peripheral blood following Ty21a oral typhoid immunization. Here, we compared TI lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMC) and peripheral blood CD4+ and CD8+ T memory (TM) subsets responses and their relationship by Spearman’s correlation following Ty21a immunization in volunteers undergoing routine colonoscopy. We observed that Ty21a immunization (i) influences the homing and accumulation of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the TI, particularly integrin α4β7+ CCR9+ CD8+ T cells, (ii) elicits significantly higher frequencies of LPMC S. Typhi-responsive CD8+ T multifunctional (CD107a, IFNγ, IL-17A and/or MIP1β) cells than their CD4+ T counterparts, and (iii) results in the correlation of LPMC CD4+ Teffector/memory (TEM) S. Typhi responses (CD107a, IFNγ, TNFα, IL-17A and/or MIP1β) to their LPMC CD8+ TEM counterparts. Moreover, we demonstrated that these positive correlations between CD4+ and CD8+ TEM occur primarily in TI LPMC but not in PBMC, suggesting important differences in responses between the mucosal and systemic compartments following oral Ty21a immunization. This study provides the first demonstration of the correlation of S. Typhi-specific CD4+ and CD8+ TM responses in the human terminal ileum mucosa and provides valuable information regarding the generation of mucosal and systemic immune responses following oral Ty21a-immunization which might impact future vaccine design and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayaum S Booth
- a Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health , University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA.,b Department of Pediatrics , University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Eric Goldberg
- c Department of Medicine , University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA.,d Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Seema A Patil
- c Department of Medicine , University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA.,d Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Bruce D Greenwald
- c Department of Medicine , University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA.,d Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Marcelo B Sztein
- a Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health , University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA.,b Department of Pediatrics , University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA.,c Department of Medicine , University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
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Booth JS, Patil SA, Goldberg E, Barnes RS, Greenwald BD, Sztein MB. Attenuated Oral Typhoid Vaccine Ty21a Elicits Lamina Propria and Intra-Epithelial Lymphocyte Tissue-Resident Effector Memory CD8 T Responses in the Human Terminal Ileum. Front Immunol 2019; 10:424. [PMID: 30923521 PMCID: PMC6426796 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) are newly defined memory T cells (TM) distinct from circulating TM subsets which have the potential to mount rapid protective immune responses at the site of infection. However, very limited information is available regarding the role and contribution of TRM in vaccine-mediated immune responses in humans at the site of infection. Here, we studied the role and contribution of tissue resident memory T cells (TRM) located in the terminal ileum (TI) (favored site of infection for S. Typhi) following oral Ty21a immunization in humans. We examined TI-lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMC) and intra-epithelial lymphocytes (IEL) CD8+ TRM subsets obtained from healthy volunteers undergoing medically-indicated colonoscopies who were either immunized with Ty21a or unvaccinated. No significant differences in the frequencies of LPMC CD8+ TRM and CD8+CD69+CD103– T cells subsets were observed following Ty21a-immunization. However, LPMC CD8+ TRM exhibited significantly higher levels of cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-17A, and TNF-α) ex-vivo in Ty21a-vaccinated than in unvaccinated volunteers. LPMC CD8+ TRMS. Typhi-specific responses were evaluated using S. Typhi-infected targets and found to produce significantly higher levels of S. Typhi-specific IL-17A. In contrast, LPMC CD8+CD69+CD103- T cells produced significantly increased S. Typhi-specific levels of IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-17A. Finally, we assessed CD8+ TRM in IEL and observed that the frequency of IEL CD8+ TRM is significantly lower following Ty21a immunization. However, ex-vivo IEL CD8+ TRM elicited by Ty21a immunization spontaneously produced significantly higher levels of cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-17A, IL-2, and TNF-α). This study provides the first demonstration of the effect of oral Ty21a vaccination on CD8+ TRM subsets (spontaneous and S. Typhi-specific) responses in the LPMC and IEL compartment of the human terminal ileum mucosa, contributing novel information to our understanding of the generation of mucosal immune responses following oral Ty21a-immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayaum S Booth
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Seema A Patil
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Eric Goldberg
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Robin S Barnes
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Bruce D Greenwald
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Marcelo B Sztein
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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