1
|
Xiang J, Chang Q, McLinden JH, Bhattarai N, Welch JL, Kaufman TM, Stapleton JT. Characterization of "Off-Target" Immune Modulation Induced by Live Attenuated Yellow Fever Vaccine. J Infect Dis 2024; 229:786-794. [PMID: 36994927 PMCID: PMC10938199 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Live attenuated vaccines alter immune functions and are associated with beneficial outcomes. We previously demonstrated that live attenuated yellow fever virus (YFV) vaccine (LA-YF-Vax) dampens T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling in vitro via an RNA-based mechanism. We examined study participants before and after LA-YF-Vax to assess TCR-mediated functions in vivo. METHODS Serum samples and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were obtained before and after LA-YF-Vax (with or without additional vaccines) or quadrivalent influenza vaccine. TCR-mediated activation was determined by interleukin 2 release or phosphorylation of the lymphocyte-specific Src kinase. TCR-regulating phosphatase (protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type E [PTPRE]) expression was also measured. RESULTS Compared with prevaccination findings, LA-YF-Vax recipient PBMCs demonstrated transient reduction in interleukin 2 release after TCR stimulation and PTPRE levels, unlike in control participants who received quadrivalent influenza vaccine. YFV was detected in 8 of 14 participants after LA-YF-Vax. After incubation of healthy donor PBMCs in serum-derived extracellular vesicles prepared from LA-YF-Vax recipients, TCR signaling and PTPRE levels were reduced after vaccination, even in participants without detectable YFV RNA. CONCLUSIONS LA-YF-Vax reduces TCR functions and PTPRE levels after vaccination. Extracellular vesicles from serum recapitulated this effect in healthy cells. This likely contributes to the reduced immunogenicity for heterologous vaccines after LA-YF-Vax administration. Identification of specific immune mechanisms related to vaccines should contribute to understanding of the "off-target," beneficial effects of live vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Xiang
- Iowa City Department of Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Q Chang
- Iowa City Department of Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - J H McLinden
- Iowa City Department of Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - N Bhattarai
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - J L Welch
- Iowa City Department of Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - T M Kaufman
- Iowa City Department of Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Jack T Stapleton
- Iowa City Department of Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jackson LA, Stapleton JT, Walter EB, Chen WH, Rouphael NG, Anderson EJ, Neuzil KM, Winokur PL, Smith MJ, Schmader KE, Swamy GK, Thompson AB, Mulligan MJ, Rostad CA, Cross K, Tsong R, Wegel A, Roberts PC. Immunogenicity and safety of varying dosages of a fifth-wave influenza A/H7N9 inactivated vaccine given with and without AS03 adjuvant in healthy adults. Vaccine 2024; 42:295-309. [PMID: 38105137 PMCID: PMC10790638 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human infections with the avian influenza A(H7N9) virus were first reported in China in 2013 and continued to occur in annual waves. In the 2016/2017 fifth wave, Yangtze River Delta (YRD) lineage viruses, which differed antigenically from those of earlier waves, predominated. METHODS In this phase 2 double-blinded trial we randomized 720 adults ≥ 19 years of age to receive two injections of a YRD lineage inactivated A/Hong Kong/125/2017 fifth-wave H7N9 vaccine, given 21 days apart, at doses of 3.75, 7.5, and 15 µg of hemagglutinin (HA) with AS03A adjuvant and at doses of 15 and 45 µg of HA without adjuvant. RESULTS Two doses of adjuvanted vaccine were required to induce HA inhibition (HI) antibody titers ≥ 40 in most participants. After two doses of the 15 µg H7N9 formulation, given with or without AS03 adjuvant, the proportion achieving a HI titer ≥ 40 against the vaccine strain at 21 days after the second vaccination was 65 % (95 % CI, 57 %-73 %) and 0 % (95 % CI, 0 %-4%), respectively. Among those who received two doses of the 15 µg adjuvanted formulation the proportion with HI titer ≥ 40 at 21 days after the second vaccination was 76 % (95 % CI, 66 %-84 %) in those 19-64 years of age and 49 % (95 % CI, 37 %-62 %) in those ≥ 65 years of age. Responses to the adjuvanted vaccine formulations did not vary by HA content. Antibody responses declined over time and responses against drifted H7N9 strains were diminished. Overall, the vaccines were well tolerated but, as expected, adjuvanted vaccines were associated with more frequent solicited systemic and local adverse events. CONCLUSIONS AS03 adjuvant improved the immune responses to an inactivated fifth-wave H7N9 influenza vaccine, particularly in younger adults, but invoked lower responses to drifted H7N9 strains. These findings may inform future influenza pandemic preparedness strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Jackson
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Jack T Stapleton
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Emmanuel B Walter
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Wilbur H Chen
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nadine G Rouphael
- Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Evan J Anderson
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kathleen M Neuzil
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Patricia L Winokur
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Michael J Smith
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kenneth E Schmader
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine and GRECC, Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Geeta K Swamy
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute and Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Amelia B Thompson
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Mark J Mulligan
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Christina A Rostad
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Paul C Roberts
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Postler TS, Beer M, Blitvich BJ, Bukh J, de Lamballerie X, Drexler JF, Imrie A, Kapoor A, Karganova GG, Lemey P, Lohmann V, Simmonds P, Smith DB, Stapleton JT, Kuhn JH. Renaming of the genus Flavivirus to Orthoflavivirus and extension of binomial species names within the family Flaviviridae. Arch Virol 2023; 168:224. [PMID: 37561168 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05835-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
This review provides a summary of the recently ratified changes to genus and species nomenclature within the virus family Flaviviridae along with reasons for these changes. First, it was considered that the vernacular terms "flaviviral", "flavivirus", and "flaviviruses" could under certain circumstances be ambiguous due to the same word stem "flavi" in the taxon names Flaviviridae and Flavivirus; these terms could either have referred to all viruses classified in the family Flaviviridae or only to viruses classified in the included genus Flavivirus. To remove this ambiguity, the genus name Flavivirus was changed to Orthoflavivirus by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). Second, all species names in the family were changed to adhere to a newly ICTV-mandated binomial format (e.g., Orthoflavivirus zikaense, Hepacivirus hominis) similar to nomenclature conventions used for species elsewhere in biology. It is important to note, however, that virus names remain unchanged. Here we outline the revised taxonomy of the family Flaviviridae as approved by the ICTV in April 2023.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S Postler
- Vaccine Design and Development Laboratory, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Bradley J Blitvich
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jens Bukh
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
- CO-HEP, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Xavier de Lamballerie
- Unité des Virus Émergents (Aix-Marseille Univ-IRD 190-Inserm 1207), Marseille, France
| | - J Felix Drexler
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Allison Imrie
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Amit Kapoor
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Galina G Karganova
- Laboratory of Biology of Arboviruses, FSASI "Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of RAS" (Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides), Moscow, Russia
| | - Philippe Lemey
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Volker Lohmann
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Simmonds
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Donald B Smith
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jack T Stapleton
- Medicine Service, Iowa City Veterans Administration Healthcare, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jens H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), Division of Clinical Research (DCR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), B-8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hlavay BA, Zhuo R, Ogando N, Charlton C, Stapleton JT, Klein MB, Power C. Human pegivirus viremia in HCV/HIV co-infected patients: Direct acting antivirals exert anti-pegivirus effects. J Clin Virol 2023; 162:105445. [PMID: 37043902 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2023.105445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human pegivirus (HPgV) is a single-stranded RNA virus that is closely related to hepatitis C virus (HCV). HPgV has also been shown to infect patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The mechanisms and disease outcomes of HPgV infections are largely unknown, although it has been implicated in both cancer and neurological diseases. There are no established therapies for HPgV. OBJECTIVES To estimate the prevalence of HPgV in a cohort of HCV/HIV co-infected patients undergoing treatment for HCV with direct acting antivirals (DAA) and investigate the effect of DAA therapy on HPgV infection. STUDY DESIGN RNA was extracted from plasma samples collected at time points before, during, and after DAA. HPgV RNA abundance was quantified by droplet digital PCR assays targeting the NS5A and 5'UTR domains and confirmed by RT-qPCR. Clinical, demographic and treatment data were analysed. RESULTS HPgV RNA was detected and quantified in 26 of 100 patients' plasma (26%) before starting DAA. Patients with detectable HPgV were more likely to be male, had higher peak HIV plasma levels, and a history of injection drug use. Patients receiving sofosbuvir/ledipasvir (n = 9) displayed significantly lower HPgV levels at time of DAA completion and had lower post-DAA HPgV rebound levels compared to patients receiving sofosbuvir/velpatasvir (n = 11) although both regimens significantly reduced viremia directly following DAA completion. Sustained suppression of HPgV was also observed among patients (n = 2) receiving pegylated-interferon. CONCLUSIONS HPgV RNA was frequently detected in HCV/HIV co-infected patients and was supressed by DAA and pegylated interferon therapies with sofosbuvir-ledipasvir showing greatest antiviral activity. These findings suggest potential treatment strategies for HPgV infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B A Hlavay
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - R Zhuo
- Public Health Laboratory, Alberta Precision Laboratories, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - N Ogando
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - C Charlton
- Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Public Health Laboratory, Alberta Precision Laboratories, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - J T Stapleton
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - M B Klein
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - C Power
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Schnittman SR, Kitch DW, Swartz TH, Burdo TH, Fitch KV, McCallum S, Flynn JM, Fulda ES, Diggs MR, Stapleton JT, Casado JL, Taron J, Currier JS, Zanni MV, Malvestutto C, Fichtenbaum CJ, Aberg JA, Ribaudo HJ, Lu MT, Douglas PS, Grinspoon SK. Coronary Artery Plaque Composition and Severity Relate to the Inflammasome in People With Treated Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Open Forum Infect Dis 2023; 10:ofad106. [PMID: 36998633 PMCID: PMC10043127 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofad106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammasome activation is increased in people with human immunodeficiency virus (PWH), but its relationship with coronary plaque is poorly understood in this setting. Methods In a large human immunodeficiency virus cardiovascular prevention cohort, relationships between caspase-1, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-18 and coronary plaque indices were assessed by multivariate logistic regression. Results Higher IL-18 and IL-1β were associated with Leaman score, an integrative measure of plaque burden and composition. Conclusions As Leaman score >5 is associated with cardiovascular events in the general population, future work is needed to determine how the inflammasome relates to events and whether strategies to reduce its activation affect events or plaque progression among PWH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel R Schnittman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Douglas W Kitch
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Talia H Swartz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Tricia H Burdo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation and Center for Neurovirology and Gene Editing, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kathleen V Fitch
- Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sara McCallum
- Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Flynn
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation and Center for Neurovirology and Gene Editing, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Evelynne S Fulda
- Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marissa R Diggs
- Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jack T Stapleton
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - José L Casado
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ramon y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRyCIS), University Hospital Ramon y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jana Taron
- Cardiovascular Imaging Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Judith S Currier
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Markella V Zanni
- Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Carlos Malvestutto
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Carl J Fichtenbaum
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Judith A Aberg
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Heather J Ribaudo
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael T Lu
- Cardiovascular Imaging Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pamela S Douglas
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Steven K Grinspoon
- Metabolism Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Stapleton JT, Bedimo RJ, Guaraldi G. Switch back from TAF to TDF or rather switch forward from metabolic toxicities of drugs to metabolic health of people living with HIV. AIDS 2022; 36:1457-1459. [PMID: 35876704 PMCID: PMC9326846 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jack T Stapleton
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, the Iowa City Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System
- The University of Iowa
| | - Roger J Bedimo
- Department of Internal Medicine. Veterans Affairs North Texas Health Care System
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas
| | - Giovanni Guaraldi
- Modena HIV Metabolic Clinic (MHMC), Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences University of Modena and Reggio Emilia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang G, Stapleton JT, Baker AW, Rouphael N, Creech CB, El Sahly HM, Stout JE, Jackson L, Charbek E, Leyva FJ, Tomashek KM, Tibbals M, Miller A, Frey S, Niemotka S, Wiemken TL, Beydoun N, Alaaeddine G, Turner N, Walter EB, Chamberland R, Abate G. Clinical features and treatment outcomes of pulmonary Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex with and without co-infections. Open Forum Infect Dis 2022; 9:ofac375. [PMID: 35959208 PMCID: PMC9361173 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Coinfections are more common in patients with cystic fibrosis and bronchiectasis. Infiltrates on imaging studies are seen more commonly in patients with coinfections, but coinfections did not affect treatment outcomes of pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grace Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jack T Stapleton
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Arthur W Baker
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nadine Rouphael
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - C Buddy Creech
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Research Program, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Hana M El Sahly
- Baylor College of Medicine, Human Vaccine Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jason E Stout
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lisa Jackson
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Edward Charbek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Francisco J Leyva
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kay M Tomashek
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Melinda Tibbals
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Aaron Miller
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Sharon Frey
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Samson Niemotka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Timothy L Wiemken
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Nour Beydoun
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ghina Alaaeddine
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Nicholas Turner
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Robin Chamberland
- Department of Pathology, Division of Clinical Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Getahun Abate
- Correspondence: Getahun Abate, MD, PhD, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, 1100 S Grand Blvd, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA ()
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Two groups identified a novel human flavivirus in the mid-1990s. One group named the virus hepatitis G virus (HGV) and the other named it GB Virus type C (GBV-C). Sequence analyses found these two isolates to be the same virus, and subsequent studies found that the virus does not cause hepatitis despite sharing genome organization with hepatitis C virus. Although HGV/GBV-C infection is common and may cause persistent infection in humans, the virus does not appear to directly cause any other known disease state. Thus, the virus was renamed “human pegivirus 1” (HPgV-1) for “persistent G” virus. HPgV-1 is found primarily in lymphocytes and not hepatocytes, and several studies found HPgV-1 infection associated with prolonged survival in people living with HIV. Co-infection of human lymphocytes with HPgV-1 and HIV inhibits HIV replication. Although three viral proteins directly inhibit HIV replication in vitro, the major effects of HPgV-1 leading to reduced HIV-related mortality appear to result from a global reduction in immune activation. HPgV-1 specifically interferes with T cell receptor signaling (TCR) by reducing proximal activation of the lymphocyte specific Src kinase LCK. Although TCR signaling is reduced, T cell activation is not abolished and with sufficient stimulus, T cell functions are enabled. Consequently, HPgV-1 is not associated with immune suppression. The HPgV-1 immunomodulatory effects are associated with beneficial outcomes in other diseases including Ebola virus infection and possibly graft-versus-host-disease following stem cell transplantation. Better understanding of HPgV-1 immune escape and mechanisms of inflammation may identify novel therapies for immune-based diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jack T. Stapleton
- Medicine Service, Iowa City Veterans Administration Healthcare, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Microbiology & Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- *Correspondence: Jack T. Stapleton,
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kaddour H, Kopcho S, Lyu Y, Shouman N, Paromov V, Pratap S, Dash C, Kim EY, Martinson J, McKay H, Epeldegui M, Margolick JB, Stapleton JT, Okeoma CM. HIV-infection and cocaine use regulate semen extracellular vesicles proteome and miRNAome in a manner that mediates strategic monocyte haptotaxis governed by miR-128 network. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 79:5. [PMID: 34936021 PMCID: PMC9134786 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04068-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are regulators of cell-cell interactions and mediators of horizontal transfer of bioactive molecules between cells. EV-mediated cell-cell interactions play roles in physiological and pathophysiological processes, which maybe modulated by exposure to pathogens and cocaine use. However, the effect of pathogens and cocaine use on EV composition and function are not fully understood. RESULTS Here, we used systems biology and multi-omics analysis to show that HIV infection (HIV +) and cocaine (COC) use (COC +) promote the release of semen-derived EVs (SEV) with dysregulated extracellular proteome (exProtein), miRNAome (exmiR), and exmiR networks. Integrating SEV proteome and miRNAome revealed a significant decrease in the enrichment of disease-associated, brain-enriched, and HIV-associated miR-128-3p (miR-128) in HIV + COC + SEV with a concomitant increase in miR-128 targets-PEAK1 and RND3/RhoE. Using two-dimensional-substrate single cell haptotaxis, we observed that in the presence of HIV + COC + SEV, contact guidance provided by the extracellular matrix (ECM, collagen type 1) network facilitated far-ranging haptotactic cues that guided monocytes over longer distances. Functionalizing SEV with a miR-128 mimic revealed that the strategic changes in monocyte haptotaxis are in large part the result of SEV-associated miR-128. CONCLUSIONS We propose that compositionally and functionally distinct HIV + COC + and HIV-COC- SEVs and their exmiR networks may provide cells relevant but divergent haptotactic guidance in the absence of chemotactic cues, under both physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Kaddour
- Department of Pharmacology, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-8651, USA
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA
| | - Steven Kopcho
- Department of Pharmacology, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-8651, USA
| | - Yuan Lyu
- Department of Pharmacology, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-8651, USA
| | - Nadia Shouman
- Department of Pharmacology, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-8651, USA
| | - Victor Paromov
- CRISALIS, School of Graduate Studies and Research, Proteomics Core, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, 37208, USA
| | - Siddharth Pratap
- CRISALIS, School of Graduate Studies and Research, Bioinformatics Core, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, 37208, USA
| | - Chandravanu Dash
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, 37208, USA
| | - Eun-Young Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Jeremy Martinson
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Heather McKay
- Department of Epidemiology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Marta Epeldegui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, UCLA AIDS Institute and UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, USA
- UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Joseph B Margolick
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21207, USA
| | - Jack T Stapleton
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa and Iowa City Veterans Administration Healthcare, Iowa City, IA, 52242-1081, USA
| | - Chioma M Okeoma
- Department of Pharmacology, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-8651, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Welch JL, Xiang J, Chang Q, Houtman JCD, Stapleton JT. Human T cells express Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 at levels sufficient to interact with the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein. J Infect Dis 2021; 225:810-819. [PMID: 34918095 PMCID: PMC8754779 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is not completely understood. SARS-CoV-2 infection frequently causes significant immune function consequences including reduced T cell numbers and enhanced T cell exhaustion that contribute to disease severity. The extent to which T cell effects are directly mediated through infection or indirectly result from infection of respiratory-associated cells is unclear. We show that primary human T cells express sufficient levels of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2), the SARS-CoV-2 receptor, to mediate viral binding and entry into T cells. We further show that T cells exposed to SARS-CoV-2 particles demonstrate reduced proliferation and apoptosis compared to uninfected controls, indicating that direct interaction of SARS-CoV-2 with T cells may alter T cell growth, activation, and survival. Regulation of T cell activation and/or turnover by SARS-CoV-2 may contribute to impaired T cell function observed in patients with severe disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Welch
- Medical Service, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, USA
| | - Jinhua Xiang
- Medical Service, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, USA
| | - Qing Chang
- Medical Service, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, USA
| | - Jon C D Houtman
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, USA
| | - Jack T Stapleton
- Medical Service, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Stapleton EM, Welch JL, Ubeda EA, Xiang J, Zabner J, Thornell IM, Nonnenmann MW, Stapleton JT, Comellas AP. Urban particulate matter impairs airway-surface-liquid-mediated coronavirus inactivation. J Infect Dis 2021; 225:214-218. [PMID: 34734257 PMCID: PMC8689861 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Air pollution particulate matter (PM) is associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and severity, although mechanistic studies are lacking. We tested whether airway surface liquid (ASL) from primary human airway epithelial cells is antiviral against SARS-CoV-2 and human alphacoronavirus 229E (CoV-229E) (responsible for common colds), and whether PM (urban, indoor air pollution [IAP], volcanic ash) affected ASL antiviral activity. ASL inactivated SARS-CoV-2 and CoV-229E. Independently, urban PM also decreased SARS-CoV-2 and CoV-229E infection, and IAP PM decreased CoV-229E infection. However, in combination, urban PM impaired ASL’s antiviral activity against both viruses, and the same effect occurred for IAP PM and ash against SARS-CoV-2, suggesting that PM may enhance SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma M Stapleton
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Occupational Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Correspondence: Emma M. Stapleton, 6310F Pappajohn Biomedical Discovery Bldg, 169 Newton Rd, Iowa City, IA 52242 ()
| | - Jennifer L Welch
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Iowa City VA Health Care System, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Present affiliation: Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, US Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa
| | - Erika A Ubeda
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Jinhua Xiang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Iowa City VA Health Care System, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Joseph Zabner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Occupational Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Ian M Thornell
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Occupational Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Matthew W Nonnenmann
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Jack T Stapleton
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Iowa City VA Health Care System, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Alejandro P Comellas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Occupational Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Frey SE, Stapleton JT, Ballas ZK, Rasmussen WL, Kaufman TM, Blevins TP, Jensen TL, Davies DH, Tary-Lehmann M, Chaplin P, Hill H, Goll JB. Human Antibody Responses Following Vaccinia Immunization Using Protein Microarrays and Correlation With Cell-Mediated Immunity and Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity Responses. J Infect Dis 2021; 224:1372-1382. [PMID: 33675226 PMCID: PMC8861366 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are limited data regarding immunological correlates of protection for the modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) smallpox vaccine. METHODS A total of 523 vaccinia-naive subjects were randomized to receive 2 vaccine doses, as lyophilized MVA given subcutaneously, liquid MVA given subcutaneously (liquid-SC group), or liquid MVA given intradermally (liquid-ID group) 28 days apart. For a subset of subjects, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), interferon-γ release enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT), and protein microarray antibody-binding assays were conducted. Protein microarray responses were assessed for correlations with plaque reduction neutralization titer (PRNT), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ADCC, and ELISPOT results. RESULTS MVA elicited significant microarray antibody responses to 15 of 224 antigens, mostly virion membrane proteins, at day 28 or 42, particularly WR113/D8L and WR101H3L. In the liquid-SC group, responses to 9 antigens, including WR113/D8L and WR101/H3L, correlated with PRNT results. Three were correlated in the liquid-ID group. No significant correlations were observed with ELISPOT responses. In the liquid-ID group, WR052/F13L, a membrane glycoprotein, correlated with ADCC responses. CONCLUSIONS MVA elicited antibodies to 15 vaccinia strain antigens representing virion membrane. Antibody responses to 2 proteins strongly increased and significantly correlated with increases in PRNT. Responses to these proteins are potential correlates of protection and may serve as immunogens for future vaccine development. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT00914732.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon E Frey
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jack T Stapleton
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa and Iowa City VA Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Zuhair K Ballas
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa and Iowa City VA Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Wendy L Rasmussen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa and Iowa City VA Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Thomas M Kaufman
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa and Iowa City VA Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Tammy P Blevins
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | - D Huw Davies
- Vaccine Research & Development Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
O’Shaughnessy PT, Strzelecki B, Ortiz-Hernandez M, Aubin P, Jing X, Chang Q, Xiang J, Thorne PS, Stapleton JT. Characterization of performance and disinfection resilience of nonwoven filter materials for use in 3D-printed N95 respirators. J Occup Environ Hyg 2021; 18:265-275. [PMID: 33989113 PMCID: PMC8215690 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2021.1913283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a high demand for respiratory protection among health care workers in hospitals, especially surgical N95 filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs). To aid in alleviating that demand, a survey of commercially available filter media was conducted to determine whether any could serve as a substitute for an N95 FFR while held in a 3D-printed mask (Stopgap Surgical Face Mask from the NIH 3D Print Exchange). Fourteen filter media types and eight combinations were evaluated for filtration efficiency, breathing resistance (pressure drop), and liquid penetration. Additional testing was conducted to evaluate two filter media disinfection methods in the event that the filters were reused in a hospital setting. Efficiency testing was conducted in accordance with the procedures established for approving an N95 FFR. One apparatus used a filter-holding device and another apparatus employed a manikin head to which the 3D-printed mask could be sealed. The filter media and combinations exhibited collection efficiencies varied between 3.9% and 98.8% when tested with a face velocity comparable to that of a standard N95 FFR at the 85 L min-1 used in the approval procedure. Breathing resistance varied between 10.8 to >637 Pa (1.1 to > 65 mm H2O). When applied to the 3D-printed mask efficiency decreased by an average of 13% and breathing resistance increased 4-fold as a result of the smaller surface area of the filter media when held in that mask compared to that of an N95 FFR. Disinfection by dry heat, even after 25 cycles, did not significantly affect filter efficiency and reduced viral infectivity by > 99.9%. However, 10 cycles of 59% vaporized H2O2 significantly (p < 0.001) reduced filter efficiency of the media tested. Several commercially available filter media were found to be potential replacements for the media used to construct the typical cup-like N95 FFR. However, their use in the 3D-printed mask demonstrated reduced efficiency and increased breathing resistance at 85 L min-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick T. O’Shaughnessy
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, 100 CPHB, S320, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Brian Strzelecki
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 S. Columbian Way, Seattle, WA 98108
| | - Monica Ortiz-Hernandez
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 S. Columbian Way, Seattle, WA 98108
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Patrick Aubin
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 S. Columbian Way, Seattle, WA 98108
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Xuefang Jing
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, 100 CPHB, S320, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Qing Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Iowa City Veterans Administration Healthcare and the University of Iowa, 601 Highway 6 West, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Jinhua Xiang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Iowa City Veterans Administration Healthcare and the University of Iowa, 601 Highway 6 West, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Peter S. Thorne
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, 100 CPHB, S320, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Jack T. Stapleton
- Department of Internal Medicine, Iowa City Veterans Administration Healthcare and the University of Iowa, 601 Highway 6 West, Iowa City, Iowa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, GH, The University of Iowa, SW54-11, Iowa City, Iowa
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Taramasso
- Infectious Disease Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, IRCCS Policlinic San Martino Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Jack T Stapleton
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Iowa and Iowa City Veterans Administration Healthcare System, Iowa City, IA
| | - Mark J Siedner
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Fama A, Larson MC, Link BK, Habermann TM, Feldman AL, Call TG, Ansell SM, Liebow M, Xiang J, Maurer MJ, Slager SL, Nowakowski GS, Stapleton JT, Cerhan JR. Human Pegivirus Infection and Lymphoma Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 71:1221-1228. [PMID: 31671178 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human pegivirus (HPgV) is a single-strand RNA virus belonging to the Flaviviridae. Although no definitive association between HPgV infection and disease has been identified, previous studies have suggested an association of HPgV viremia with risk of lymphomas. METHODS We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis, including 1 cohort study and 14 case-control studies, assessing the association of HPgV viremia with adult lymphomas. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a random-effects model, overall and by geographic region and lymphoma subtype. RESULTS The overall OR for lymphoma was 2.85 (95% CI, 1.98-4.11), with statistically significantly elevated ORs observed in 8 of 15 studies. There was a small amount of heterogeneity among studies (I2 = 28.9%; Q = 18.27, P = .16), and the funnel plot provided no evidence for publication bias. The strongest association with lymphoma risk was observed for studies from Southern Europe (OR, 5.68 [95% CI, 1.98-16.3]), whereas weaker ORs (with 95% CIs) were observed for studies from North America (2.24 [1.76-2.85]), Northern Europe (2.90 [.45-18.7), and the Middle East (2.51 [.87-7.27]), but all of similar magnitude. Participants with HPgV viremia had statistically significantly increased risks (OR [95% CI]) for developing diffuse large B-cell (3.29 [1.63-6.62]), follicular (3.01 [1.95-4.63]), marginal zone (1.90 [1.13-3.18]), and T-cell (2.11 [1.17-3.89]) lymphomas, while the risk for Hodgkin lymphoma (3.53 [.48-25.9]) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (1.45 [.45-4.66]) were increased but did not achieve statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis supports a positive association of HPgV viremia with lymphoma risk, overall and for the major lymphoma subtypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Fama
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Ematologia, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Melissa C Larson
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Brian K Link
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Thomas M Habermann
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Andrew L Feldman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Timothy G Call
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Stephen M Ansell
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Mark Liebow
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jinhua Xiang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Matthew J Maurer
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Susan L Slager
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Grzegorz S Nowakowski
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jack T Stapleton
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - James R Cerhan
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abate G, Stapleton JT, Rouphael N, Creech B, Stout JE, El Sahly HM, Jackson L, Leyva FJ, Tomashek KM, Tibbals M, Watson N, Miller A, Charbek E, Siegner J, Sokol-Anderson M, Nayak R, Dahlberg G, Winokur P, Alaaeddine G, Beydoun N, Sokolow K, Kown NP, Phillips S, Baker AW, Turner N, Walter E, Guy E, Frey S. Variability in the Management of Adults With Pulmonary Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Disease. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 72:1127-1137. [PMID: 32198521 PMCID: PMC8028102 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increasing global prevalence of pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) disease has called attention to challenges in NTM diagnosis and management. This study was conducted to understand management and outcomes of patients with pulmonary NTM disease at diverse centers across the United States. METHODS We conducted a 10-year (2005-2015) retrospective study at 7 Vaccine and Treatment Evaluation Units to evaluate pulmonary NTM treatment outcomes in human immunodeficiency virus-negative adults. Demographic and clinical information was abstracted through medical record review. Microbiologic and clinical cure were evaluated using previously defined criteria. RESULTS Of 297 patients diagnosed with pulmonary NTM, the most frequent NTM species were Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex (83.2%), M. kansasii (7.7%), and M. abscessus (3.4%). Two hundred forty-five (82.5%) patients received treatment, while 45 (15.2%) were followed without treatment. Eighty-six patients had available drug susceptibility results; of these, >40% exhibited resistance to rifampin, ethambutol, or amikacin. Of the 138 patients with adequate outcome data, 78 (56.5%) experienced clinical and/or microbiologic cure. Adherence to the American Thoracic Society/Infectious Diseases Society of America (ATS/IDSA) treatment guidelines was significantly more common in patients who were cured (odds ratio, 4.5, 95% confidence interval, 2.0-10.4; P < .001). Overall mortality was 15.7%. CONCLUSIONS Despite ATS/IDSA Guidelines, management of pulmonary NTM disease was heterogeneous and cure rates were relatively low. Further work is required to understand which patients are suitable for monitoring without treatment and the impact of antimicrobial therapy on pulmonary NTM morbidity and mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Getahun Abate
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jack T Stapleton
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Nadine Rouphael
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Buddy Creech
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jason E Stout
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Lisa Jackson
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Francisco J Leyva
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kay M Tomashek
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Melinda Tibbals
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nora Watson
- The Emmes Corporation, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Aaron Miller
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Edward Charbek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Joan Siegner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Ravi Nayak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Greta Dahlberg
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Pat Winokur
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Ghina Alaaeddine
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Nour Beydoun
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Katherine Sokolow
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Naomi Prashad Kown
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Shanda Phillips
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Arthur W Baker
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nicholas Turner
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Emmanuel Walter
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Sharon Frey
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Welch JL, Xiang J, Mackin SR, Perlman S, Thorne P, O’Shaughnessy P, Strzelecki B, Aubin P, Ortiz-Hernandez M, Stapleton JT. Inactivation of Severe Acute Respiratory Coronavirus Virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Diverse RNA and DNA Viruses on Three-Dimensionally Printed Surgical Mask Materials. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2021; 42:253-260. [PMID: 32783787 PMCID: PMC7463154 DOI: 10.1017/ice.2020.417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Personal protective equipment (PPE) is a critical need during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Alternative sources of surgical masks, including 3-dimensionally (3D) printed approaches that may be reused, are urgently needed to prevent PPE shortages. Few data exist identifying decontamination strategies to inactivate viral pathogens and retain 3D-printing material integrity. OBJECTIVE To test viral disinfection methods on 3D-printing materials. METHODS The viricidal activity of common disinfectants (10% bleach, quaternary ammonium sanitizer, 3% hydrogen peroxide, or 70% isopropanol and exposure to heat (50°C, and 70°C) were tested on four 3D-printed materials used in the healthcare setting, including a surgical mask design developed by the Veterans' Health Administration. Inactivation was assessed for several clinically relevant RNA and DNA pathogenic viruses, including severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1). RESULTS SARS-CoV-2 and all viruses tested were completely inactivated by a single application of bleach, ammonium quaternary compounds, or hydrogen peroxide. Similarly, exposure to dry heat (70°C) for 30 minutes completely inactivated all viruses tested. In contrast, 70% isopropanol reduced viral titers significantly less well following a single application. Inactivation did not interfere with material integrity of the 3D-printed materials. CONCLUSIONS Several standard decontamination approaches effectively disinfected 3D-printed materials. These approaches were effective in the inactivation SARS-CoV-2, its surrogates, and other clinically relevant viral pathogens. The decontamination of 3D-printed surgical mask materials may be useful during crisis situations in which surgical mask supplies are limited.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Welch
- Medical Service, Iowa City Veterans’ Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Jinhua Xiang
- Medical Service, Iowa City Veterans’ Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Samantha R. Mackin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Stanley Perlman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Peter Thorne
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Patrick O’Shaughnessy
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | | | - Patrick Aubin
- Center for Limb Loss and MoBility (CLiMB), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Monica Ortiz-Hernandez
- Center for Limb Loss and MoBility (CLiMB), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jack T. Stapleton
- Medical Service, Iowa City Veterans’ Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Tumbo AM, Schindler T, Dangy JP, Orlova-Fink N, Bieri JR, Mpina M, Milando FA, Juma O, Hamad A, Nyakarungu E, Chemba M, Mtoro A, Ramadhan K, Olotu A, Makweba D, Mgaya S, Stuart K, Perreau M, Stapleton JT, Jongo S, Hoffman SL, Tanner M, Abdulla S, Daubenberger C. Role of human Pegivirus infections in whole Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite vaccination and controlled human malaria infection in African volunteers. Virol J 2021; 18:28. [PMID: 33499880 PMCID: PMC7837505 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01500-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diverse vaccination outcomes and protection levels among different populations pose a serious challenge to the development of an effective malaria vaccine. Co-infections are among many factors associated with immune dysfunction and sub-optimal vaccination outcomes. Chronic, asymptomatic viral infections can contribute to the modulation of vaccine efficacy through various mechanisms. Human Pegivirus-1 (HPgV-1) persists in immune cells thereby potentially modulating immune responses. We investigated whether Pegivirus infection influences vaccine-induced responses and protection in African volunteers undergoing whole P. falciparum sporozoites-based malaria vaccination and controlled human malaria infections (CHMI). METHODS HPgV-1 prevalence was quantified by RT-qPCR in plasma samples of 96 individuals before, post vaccination with PfSPZ Vaccine and after CHMI in cohorts from Tanzania and Equatorial Guinea. The impact of HPgV-1 infection was evaluated on (1) systemic cytokine and chemokine levels measured by Luminex, (2) PfCSP-specific antibody titers quantified by ELISA, (3) asexual blood-stage parasitemia pre-patent periods and parasite multiplication rates, (4) HPgV-1 RNA levels upon asexual blood-stage parasitemia induced by CHMI. RESULTS The prevalence of HPgV-1 was 29.2% (28/96) and sequence analysis of the 5' UTR and E2 regions revealed the predominance of genotypes 1, 2 and 5. HPgV-1 infection was associated with elevated systemic levels of IL-2 and IL-17A. Comparable vaccine-induced anti-PfCSP antibody titers, asexual blood-stage multiplication rates and pre-patent periods were observed in HPgV-1 positive and negative individuals. However, a tendency for higher protection levels was detected in the HPgV-1 positive group (62.5%) compared to the negative one (51.6%) following CHMI. HPgV-1 viremia levels were not significantly altered after CHMI. CONCLUSIONS HPgV-1 infection did not alter PfSPZ Vaccine elicited levels of PfCSP-specific antibody responses and parasite multiplication rates. Ongoing HPgV-1 infection appears to improve to some degree protection against CHMI in PfSPZ-vaccinated individuals. This is likely through modulation of immune system activation and systemic cytokines as higher levels of IL-2 and IL17A were observed in HPgV-1 infected individuals. CHMI is safe and well tolerated in HPgV-1 infected individuals. Identification of cell types and mechanisms of both silent and productive infection in individuals will help to unravel the biology of this widely present but largely under-researched virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anneth-Mwasi Tumbo
- grid.414543.30000 0000 9144 642XDepartment of Intervention and Clinical Trials, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania ,grid.416786.a0000 0004 0587 0574Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Clinical Immunology Unit, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstr. 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland ,grid.6612.30000 0004 1937 0642University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Schindler
- grid.416786.a0000 0004 0587 0574Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Clinical Immunology Unit, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstr. 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland ,grid.6612.30000 0004 1937 0642University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Pierre Dangy
- grid.416786.a0000 0004 0587 0574Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Clinical Immunology Unit, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstr. 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland ,grid.6612.30000 0004 1937 0642University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nina Orlova-Fink
- grid.416786.a0000 0004 0587 0574Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Clinical Immunology Unit, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstr. 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland ,grid.6612.30000 0004 1937 0642University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jose Raso Bieri
- Equatorial Guinea Malaria Vaccine Initiative, Malabo, Bioko Norte Equatorial Guinea
| | - Maximillian Mpina
- grid.414543.30000 0000 9144 642XDepartment of Intervention and Clinical Trials, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania ,grid.416786.a0000 0004 0587 0574Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Clinical Immunology Unit, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstr. 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland ,grid.6612.30000 0004 1937 0642University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland ,Equatorial Guinea Malaria Vaccine Initiative, Malabo, Bioko Norte Equatorial Guinea
| | - Florence A. Milando
- grid.414543.30000 0000 9144 642XDepartment of Intervention and Clinical Trials, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Omar Juma
- grid.414543.30000 0000 9144 642XDepartment of Intervention and Clinical Trials, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Ali Hamad
- grid.414543.30000 0000 9144 642XDepartment of Intervention and Clinical Trials, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania ,Equatorial Guinea Malaria Vaccine Initiative, Malabo, Bioko Norte Equatorial Guinea
| | - Elizabeth Nyakarungu
- grid.414543.30000 0000 9144 642XDepartment of Intervention and Clinical Trials, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania ,Equatorial Guinea Malaria Vaccine Initiative, Malabo, Bioko Norte Equatorial Guinea
| | - Mwajuma Chemba
- grid.414543.30000 0000 9144 642XDepartment of Intervention and Clinical Trials, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania ,Equatorial Guinea Malaria Vaccine Initiative, Malabo, Bioko Norte Equatorial Guinea
| | - Ali Mtoro
- grid.414543.30000 0000 9144 642XDepartment of Intervention and Clinical Trials, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania ,Equatorial Guinea Malaria Vaccine Initiative, Malabo, Bioko Norte Equatorial Guinea
| | - Kamaka Ramadhan
- grid.414543.30000 0000 9144 642XDepartment of Intervention and Clinical Trials, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania ,Equatorial Guinea Malaria Vaccine Initiative, Malabo, Bioko Norte Equatorial Guinea
| | - Ally Olotu
- grid.414543.30000 0000 9144 642XDepartment of Intervention and Clinical Trials, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania ,Equatorial Guinea Malaria Vaccine Initiative, Malabo, Bioko Norte Equatorial Guinea
| | - Damas Makweba
- grid.462080.80000 0004 0436 168XDar-Es-Salaam Institute of Technology, Dar-Es-Salaam, Tanzania ,Tanzania Education and Research Networks, Dar-Es-Salaam, Tanzania ,grid.418581.10000 0000 9076 4880Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology, Dar-Es-Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Stephen Mgaya
- Tanzania Education and Research Networks, Dar-Es-Salaam, Tanzania ,grid.418581.10000 0000 9076 4880Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology, Dar-Es-Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Kenneth Stuart
- grid.240741.40000 0000 9026 4165Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue, N. Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
| | - Matthieu Perreau
- grid.8515.90000 0001 0423 4662Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jack T. Stapleton
- grid.214572.70000 0004 1936 8294Iowa City Veterans Administration and the University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
| | - Said Jongo
- grid.414543.30000 0000 9144 642XDepartment of Intervention and Clinical Trials, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania ,Equatorial Guinea Malaria Vaccine Initiative, Malabo, Bioko Norte Equatorial Guinea
| | | | - Marcel Tanner
- grid.416786.a0000 0004 0587 0574Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Clinical Immunology Unit, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstr. 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland ,grid.6612.30000 0004 1937 0642University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Salim Abdulla
- grid.414543.30000 0000 9144 642XDepartment of Intervention and Clinical Trials, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania ,Equatorial Guinea Malaria Vaccine Initiative, Malabo, Bioko Norte Equatorial Guinea
| | - Claudia Daubenberger
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Clinical Immunology Unit, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstr. 57, 4002, Basel, Switzerland. .,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Salerno-Gonçalves R, Chen WH, Mulligan MJ, Frey SE, Stapleton JT, Keitel WA, Bailey J, Sendra E, Hill H, Johnson RA, Sztein MB. Vaccine-related major cutaneous reaction size correlates with cellular-mediated immune responses after tularaemia immunisation. Clin Transl Immunology 2021; 10:e1239. [PMID: 33505681 PMCID: PMC7814273 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Francisella tularensis, the causative agent of tularaemia, is an exceptionally infectious bacterium, potentially fatal for humans if left untreated and with the potential to be developed as a bioweapon. Both natural infection and live-attenuated vaccine strain (LVS) confer good protection against tularaemia. LVS vaccination is traditionally administered by scarification, and the formation of a cutaneous reaction or take at the vaccination site is recognised as a clinical correlate of protection. Although previous studies have suggested that high antibody titres following vaccination might serve as a useful surrogate marker, the immunological correlates of protection remain unknown. Methods We investigated the host T-cell-mediated immune (T-CMI) responses elicited following immunisation with LVS vaccine formulated by the DynPort Vaccine Company (DVC-LVS) or the United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID-LVS). We compared T-CMI responses prompted by these vaccines and correlated them with take size. Results We found that both LVS vaccines elicited similar T-CMI responses. Interestingly, take size associated with the T cells' ability to proliferate, secrete IFN-γ and mobilise degranulation, suggesting that these responses play an essential role in tularaemia protection. Conclusions These results renew the appreciation for vaccination through the scarification as a prime route of inoculation to target pathogens driving specific T-CMI responses and provide further evidence that T-CMI plays a role in protection from tularaemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosangela Salerno-Gonçalves
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health (CVD) University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore MD USA
| | - Wilbur H Chen
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health (CVD) University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore MD USA
| | - Mark J Mulligan
- The Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center Department of Medicine Division of Infectious Diseases Emory University School of Medicine Decatur GA USA.,Present address: NYU Langone Vaccine Center NYU Grossman School of Medicine Alexandria Center for Life Sciences (West Tower) New York NY USA
| | - Sharon E Frey
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology Saint Louis University School of Medicine St. Louis MO USA
| | - Jack T Stapleton
- Iowa City Veterans Administration and the University of Iowa Iowa City IA USA
| | - Wendy A Keitel
- Departments of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, and Medicine Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX USA
| | - Jason Bailey
- Emmes Rockville MD USA.,Present address: Armed Forces Health Surveillance Branch, Integrated Biosurveillance Silver Spring MD USA
| | | | | | - Robert A Johnson
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority Department of Health and Human Services ASPR Washington DC USA
| | - Marcelo B Sztein
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health (CVD) University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore MD USA.,Program in Oncology University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center Baltimore MD USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Affiliation(s)
- Jack T Stapleton
- Corrresponding author: Jack T. Stapleton, M.D. Iowa City Veterans Affairs Healthcare System and Professor, Departments of Internal Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Drive, UIHC, Iowa City, IA 52242, 319-356-3168,
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kaddour H, Panzner TD, Welch JL, Shouman N, Mohan M, Stapleton JT, Okeoma CM. Electrostatic Surface Properties of Blood and Semen Extracellular Vesicles: Implications of Sialylation and HIV-Induced Changes on EV Internalization. Viruses 2020; 12:E1117. [PMID: 33019624 PMCID: PMC7601085 DOI: 10.3390/v12101117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although extracellular vesicle (EV) surface electrostatic properties (measured as zeta potential, ζ-potential) have been reported by many investigators, the biophysical implications of charge and EV origin remains uncertain. Here, we compared the ζ-potential of human blood EVs (BEVs) and semen EVs (SEVs) from 26 donors that were HIV-infected (HIV+, n = 13) or HIV uninfected (HIV-, n = 13). We found that, compared to BEVs that bear neutral surface charge, SEVs were significantly more negatively charged, even when BEVs and SEVs were from the same individual. Comparison of BEVs and SEVs from HIV- and HIV+ groups revealed subtle HIV-induced alteration in the ζ-potential of EVs, with the effect being more significant in SEVs (∆ζ-potential = -8.82 mV, p-value = 0.0062) than BEVs (∆ζ-potential = -1.4 mV, p-value = 0.0462). These observations were validated by differences in the isoelectric point (IEP) of EVs, which was in the order of HIV + SEV ≤ HIV-SEV ≪ HIV + BEV ≤ HIV-BEV. Functionally, the rate and efficiency of SEV internalization by the human cervical epithelial cell line, primary peripheral blood lymphocytes, and primary blood-derived monocytes were significantly higher than those of BEVs. Mechanistically, removal of sialic acids from the surface of EVs using neuraminidase treatment significantly decreased SEV's surface charge, concomitant with a substantial reduction in SEV's internalization. The neuraminidase effect was independent of HIV infection and insignificant for BEVs. Finally, these results were corroborated by enrichment of glycoproteins in SEVs versus BEVs. Taken together, these findings uncover fundamental tissue-specific differences in surface electrostatic properties of EVs and highlight the critical role of surface charge in EV/target cell interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Kaddour
- Department of Pharmacology, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; (H.K.); (T.D.P.); (N.S.)
| | - Tyler D. Panzner
- Department of Pharmacology, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; (H.K.); (T.D.P.); (N.S.)
| | - Jennifer L. Welch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (J.L.W.); (J.T.S.)
- Medical Service, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Nadia Shouman
- Department of Pharmacology, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; (H.K.); (T.D.P.); (N.S.)
| | - Mahesh Mohan
- Host Pathogen Interaction Program, Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA;
| | - Jack T. Stapleton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (J.L.W.); (J.T.S.)
- Medical Service, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Chioma M. Okeoma
- Department of Pharmacology, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; (H.K.); (T.D.P.); (N.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Welch JL, Xiang J, Okeoma CM, Schlievert PM, Stapleton JT. Glycerol Monolaurate, an Analogue to a Factor Secreted by Lactobacillus, Is Virucidal against Enveloped Viruses, Including HIV-1. mBio 2020; 11:e00686-20. [PMID: 32371599 PMCID: PMC7201201 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00686-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The vaginal microbiota influences sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Colonization of the vaginal tract is normally dominated by Lactobacillus species. Both Lactobacillus and Enterococcus faecalis may secrete reutericyclin, which inhibits the growth of a variety of pathogenic bacteria. Increasing evidence suggests a potential therapeutic role for an analogue of reutericyclin, glycerol monolaurate (GML), against microbial pathogens. Previous studies using a macaque vaginal simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) transmission model demonstrated that GML reduces transmission and alters immune responses to infection in vitro Previous studies showed that structural analogues of GML negatively impact other enveloped viruses. We sought to expand understanding of how GML inhibits HIV-1 and other enveloped viruses and show that GML restricts HIV-1 entry post-CD4 engagement at the step of coreceptor binding. Further, HIV-1 and yellow fever virus (YFV) particles were more sensitive to GML interference than particles "matured" by proteolytic processing. We show that high-pressure-liquid-chromatography (HPLC)-purified reutericyclin and reutericyclin secreted by Lactobacillus inhibit HIV-1. These data emphasize the importance and protective nature of the normal vaginal flora during viral infections and provide insights into the antiviral mechanism of GML during HIV-1 infection and, more broadly, to other enveloped viruses.IMPORTANCE A total of 340 million sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are acquired each year. Antimicrobial agents that target multiple infectious pathogens are ideal candidates to reduce the number of newly acquired STIs. The antimicrobial and immunoregulatory properties of GML make it an excellent candidate to fit this critical need. Previous studies established the safety profile and antibacterial activity of GML against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. GML protected against high-dose SIV infection and reduced inflammation, which can exacerbate disease, during infection. We found that GML inhibits HIV-1 and other human-pathogenic viruses (yellow fever virus, mumps virus, and Zika virus), broadening its antimicrobial range. Because GML targets diverse infectious pathogens, GML may be an effective agent against the broad range of sexually transmitted pathogens. Further, our data show that reutericyclin, a GML analog expressed by some lactobacillus species, also inhibits HIV-1 replication and thus may contribute to the protective effect of Lactobacillus in HIV-1 transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Welch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Medical Service, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Jinhua Xiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Medical Service, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Chioma M Okeoma
- Department of Pharmacology, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Patrick M Schlievert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Jack T Stapleton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Medical Service, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Stapleton JT, Wagner N, Tuetken R, Bellamy AR, Hill H, Kim S, Winokur PL. High dose trivalent influenza vaccine compared to standard dose vaccine in patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving TNF-alpha inhibitor therapy and healthy controls: Results of the DMID 10-0076 randomized clinical trial. Vaccine 2020; 38:3934-3941. [PMID: 32295718 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Subjects with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) receiving tumor necrosis factor-inhibiting (TNFi) therapies are at risk for severe influenza, and may respond less well to influenza vaccine. We examined the safety and immunogenicity of high dose influenza vaccine (HD) compared to standard dose vaccine (SD) in participants with RA receiving stable TNFi. METHODS A randomized, double-blinded, Phase II study was conducted in adults with RA receiving TNFi, and healthy, gender and age-matched control subjects. Participants were immunized with HD (Sanofi Pasteur Fluzone High Dose [60 mcg × 3 strains]) or SD (Sanofi Pasteur Fluzone® [15 mcg × 3 strains]) intramuscularly (IM). A self-administered memory aid recorded temperature and systemic and local adverse events (AEs) for 8 days, and safety was evaluated and serum obtained to measure HAI activity on days 7, 21 and 180 days following vaccination. RESULTS A greater proportion of RA subjects who received HD seroconverted at day 21 compared to SD, although this was not statistically significant. GMT antibody responses in RA subjects who received HD compared to SD were greater for all strains on day 21, and this was significant for H1N1. Seroconversion rates and GMT values were not different between RA subjects and control subjects. There were no safety concerns for HD or SD in RA subjects, and RA-related symptoms did not differ between SD and HD recipients by a RA-symptom questionnaire (RAPID 3). CONCLUSIONS TNF-inhibitor therapy in people with RA did not appear to influence the immunogenicity of either SD or HD. Influenza seroconversion and GMT values were higher among RA subjects receiving HD compared to SD; however, differences were small and a larger study is needed to validate these findings. Given the apparent risk of increased influenza-related morbidity and mortality among immune compromised subjects, the higher GMT values generated by HD may be beneficial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jack T Stapleton
- Department of Internal Medicine and Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States; Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States; Research and Medical Services, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States.
| | - Nancy Wagner
- Department of Internal Medicine and Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Rebecca Tuetken
- Department of Internal Medicine and Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | | | - Heather Hill
- The Emmes Corporation, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Sonnie Kim
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, United States
| | - Patricia L Winokur
- Department of Internal Medicine and Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Overton ET, Lawrence SJ, Stapleton JT, Weidenthaler H, Schmidt D, Koenen B, Silbernagl G, Nopora K, Chaplin P. A randomized phase II trial to compare safety and immunogenicity of the MVA-BN smallpox vaccine at various doses in adults with a history of AIDS. Vaccine 2020; 38:2600-2607. [PMID: 32057574 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Traditional replicating smallpox vaccines are associated with serious safety concerns in the general population and are contraindicated in immunocompromised individuals. However, this very population remains at greatest risk for severe complications following viral infections, making vaccine prevention particularly relevant. MVA-BN was developed as a non-replicating smallpox vaccine that is potentially safer for people who are immunocompromised. In this phase II trial, 3 MVA-BN dosing regimens were evaluated for safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity in persons with HIV (PWH) who had a history of AIDS. Following randomization, 87 participants who were predominately male and African American received either 2 standard doses on weeks 0 and 4 in the standard dose (SD) group (N = 27), 2 double-standard doses on the same schedule in the double dose (DD) group (N = 29), or 3 standard doses on weeks 0, 4 and 12 in the booster dose (BD) group (N = 31). No safety concerns were identified, and injection site pain was the most commonly reported solicited adverse event (AE) in all groups (66.7%), with no meaningful differences between groups. The incidence of severe (Grade 3) AEs was low across groups and no serious AEs or AEs of special interest considered related to study vaccine were reported. Doubling the standard MVA-BN dose had no significant effect on induction of neutralizing antibodies, with 100% seroconversion and comparable GMTs at week 6 in the SD and DD groups (78.9 and 100.3, respectively). A booster dose significantly increased peak neutralizing titers in the BD group (GMT: 281.1), which remained elevated at 12 months (GMT: 45.3) compared to the SD (GMT: 6.2) and DD (GMT: 10.6) groups. However, based on the immune response previously reported for healthy participants, a third dose (booster) does not appear necessary, even for immunocompromised participants. Clinical Trial Registry Number: NCT02038881.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Turner Overton
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Steven J Lawrence
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jack T Stapleton
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Departments of Internal Medicine, Microbiology & Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine and Iowa City Veterans Administration Healthcare, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | - Darja Schmidt
- Bavarian Nordic GmbH, Fraunhoferstrasse 13, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Brigitte Koenen
- Bavarian Nordic GmbH, Fraunhoferstrasse 13, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Günter Silbernagl
- Bavarian Nordic GmbH, Fraunhoferstrasse 13, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Katrin Nopora
- Bavarian Nordic GmbH, Fraunhoferstrasse 13, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Paul Chaplin
- Bavarian Nordic A/S, Hejreskovvej 10A, DK-3490 Kvistgård, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kaddour H, Lyu Y, Welch JL, Paromov V, Mandape SN, Sakhare SS, Pandhare J, Stapleton JT, Pratap S, Dash C, Okeoma CM. Proteomics Profiling of Autologous Blood and Semen Exosomes from HIV-infected and Uninfected Individuals Reveals Compositional and Functional Variabilities. Mol Cell Proteomics 2020; 19:78-100. [PMID: 31676584 PMCID: PMC6944229 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra119.001594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood and semen are important body-fluids that carry exosomes for bioinformation transmission. Therefore, characterization of their proteomes is necessary for understanding body-fluid-specific physiologic and pathophysiologic functions. Using systematic multifactorial proteomic profiling, we characterized the proteomes of exosomes and exosome-free fractions from autologous blood and semen from three HIV-uninfected and three HIV-infected participants (total of 24 samples). We identified exosome-based protein signatures specific to blood and semen along with HIV-induced tissue-dependent proteomic perturbations. We validated our findings with samples from 16 additional donors and showed that unlike blood exosomes (BE), semen exosomes (SE) are enriched in clusterin. SE but not BE promote Protein·Nucleic acid binding and increase cell adhesion irrespective of HIV infection. This is the first comparative study of the proteome of autologous BE and SE. The proteins identified may be developed as biomarkers applicable to different fields of medicine, including reproduction and infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Kaddour
- Department of Pharmacology, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8651
| | - Yuan Lyu
- Department of Pharmacology, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8651
| | - Jennifer L Welch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1109
| | - Victor Paromov
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Physiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee 37208
| | - Sammed N Mandape
- College of Medicine, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - Shruti S Sakhare
- University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107
| | - Jui Pandhare
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee 37208
| | - Jack T Stapleton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1109
| | - Siddharth Pratap
- School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee 37208
| | - Chandravanu Dash
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee 37208
| | - Chioma M Okeoma
- Department of Pharmacology, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8651.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Welch JL, Kaufman TM, Stapleton JT, Okeoma CM. Semen exosomes inhibit HIV infection and HIV-induced proinflammatory cytokine production independent of the activation state of primary lymphocytes. FEBS Lett 2019; 594:695-709. [PMID: 31665815 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Semen exosomes (SE) inhibit HIV infection. However, the effect of SE on cell activation and inflammation remains unknown. We characterized the response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from HIV-uninfected and antiretroviral therapy-suppressed HIV-infected (HIV+) subjects to SE. Quiescent PBMCs or T-cell receptor (TCR)-activated PBMCs from HIV- and HIV+ donors were stimulated with SE in the presence/absence of ex vivo HIV infection. In HIV-infected PBMCs, SE did not reactivate HIV, did not induce lymphoblast development, nor increase CD69+/CD25+ numbers. Furthermore, SE inhibited de novo HIV infection without altering cell activation. SE also asynchronously downregulated HIV-inducible IL1β, IL8, and TNFα and upregulated CXCL10. These data suggest that SE inhibits HIV infection and production of HIV-induced proinflammatory cytokines while preserving lymphocyte activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Welch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Medical Service, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, IA, USA
| | - Thomas M Kaufman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Medical Service, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, IA, USA
| | - Jack T Stapleton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Medical Service, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, IA, USA
| | - Chioma M Okeoma
- Department of Pharmacology, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
Many microbes, toxins, autoimmune diseases, and neoplastic diseases may cause liver inflammation; however, 5 viruses whose main pathogenesis is liver disease are referred to as hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E viruses. These viruses cause a significant burden of global illness. With the exception of hepatitis A virus, all may cause chronic infection potentially leading to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Excellent serologic and nucleic acid detection methods are available for determining the precise cause and, in some cases, the duration of infection. Diagnostics are critical for identifying individuals needing treatment and for monitoring the treatment success.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kunatum Prasidthrathsint
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA; Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA; University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, SW54, GH, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Medicine and Research Services, Iowa City Veterans Administration Health Care Center, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jack T Stapleton
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA; University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, SW54, GH, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Medicine and Research Services, Iowa City Veterans Administration Health Care Center, Iowa City, IA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
The terms extracellular vesicles, microvesicles, oncosomes, or exosomes are often used interchangeably as descriptors of particles that are released from cells and comprise a lipid membrane that encapsulates nucleic acids and proteins. Although these entities are defined based on a specific size range and/or mechanism of release, the terminology is often ambiguous. Nevertheless, these vesicles are increasingly recognized as important modulators of intercellular communication. The generic characterization of extracellular vesicles could also be used as a descriptor of enveloped viruses, highlighting the fact that extracellular vesicles and enveloped viruses are similar in both composition and function. Their high degree of similarity makes differentiating between vesicles and enveloped viruses in biological specimens particularly difficult. Because viral particles and extracellular vesicles are produced simultaneously in infected cells, it is necessary to separate these populations to understand their independent functions. We summarize current understanding of the similarities and differences of extracellular vesicles, which henceforth we will refer to as exosomes, and the enveloped retrovirus, HIV-1. Here, we focus on the presence of these particles in semen, as these are of particular importance during HIV-1 sexual transmission. While there is overlap in the terminology and physical qualities between HIV-1 virions and exosomes, these two types of intercellular vehicles may differ depending on the bio-fluid source. Recent data have demonstrated that exosomes from human semen serve as regulators of HIV-1 infection that may contribute to the remarkably low risk of infection per sexual exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Welch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1109, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242-1109, USA
- Medical Service, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Iowa, 604 Highway 6, Iowa City, IA 52246-2208, USA
| | - Jack T. Stapleton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1109, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242-1109, USA
- Medical Service, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Iowa, 604 Highway 6, Iowa City, IA 52246-2208, USA
- *Correspondence: Jack T. Stapleton,
| | - Chioma M. Okeoma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1109, USA
- Department of Pharmacologic Sciences, Basic Sciences Tower, Rm 8-142, Stony Brook, University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8651, USA
- Chioma M. Okeoma,
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Fama A, Xiang J, Link BK, Allmer C, Klinzman D, Feldman AL, Nowakowski GS, Liebow M, Larson MC, Maurer MJ, Ansell SM, Novak AJ, Asmann YW, Slager SL, Call TG, Habermann TM, Cerhan JR, Stapleton JT. Human Pegivirus infection and lymphoma risk and prognosis: a North American study. Br J Haematol 2018; 182:644-653. [PMID: 29808922 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.15416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the association of Human Pegivirus (HPgV) viraemia with risk of developing lymphoma, overall and by major subtypes. Because this virus has also been associated with better prognosis in the setting of co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus, we further assessed the association of HPgV with prognosis. We used risk factor data and banked plasma samples from 2094 lymphoma cases newly diagnosed between 2002 and 2009 and 1572 frequency-matched controls. Plasma samples were tested for HPgV RNA by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and those with RNA concentrations <5000 genome equivalents/ml were confirmed using nested RT-PCR methods. To assess the role of HPgV in lymphoma prognosis, we used 2948 cases from a cohort study of newly diagnosed lymphoma patients (included all cases from the case-control study). There was a positive association of HPgV viraemia with risk of lymphoma overall (Odds ratio = 2·14; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1·63-2·80; P < 0·0001), and for all major subtypes except Hodgkin lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma, and this was not confounded by other lymphoma risk factors. In contrast, there was no association of HPgV viraemia with event-free survival (Hazard ratio [HR] = 1·00; 95% CI 0·85-1·18) or overall survival (HR = 0·97; 95% CI 0·79-1·20) for lymphoma overall, or any of the subtypes. These data support the hypothesis for a role of HPgV in the aetiology of multiple lymphoma subtypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Fama
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Ematologia, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Jinhua Xiang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa and Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Brian K Link
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Cristine Allmer
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Donna Klinzman
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa and Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Andrew L Feldman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Grzegorz S Nowakowski
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Mark Liebow
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Melissa C Larson
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Matthew J Maurer
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Stephen M Ansell
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Anne J Novak
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Yan W Asmann
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Susan L Slager
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Timothy G Call
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Thomas M Habermann
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - James R Cerhan
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jack T Stapleton
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa and Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Malherbe DC, Mendy J, Vang L, Barnette PT, Reed J, Lakhashe SK, Owuor J, Gach JS, Legasse AW, Axthelm MK, LaBranche CC, Montefiori D, Forthal DN, Park B, Wilson JM, McLinden JH, Xiang J, Stapleton JT, Sacha JB, Haynes BF, Liao HX, Ruprecht RM, Smith J, Gurwith M, Haigwood NL, Alexander J. Combination Adenovirus and Protein Vaccines Prevent Infection or Reduce Viral Burden after Heterologous Clade C Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Mucosal Challenge. J Virol 2018; 92:e01092-17. [PMID: 29093095 PMCID: PMC5752948 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01092-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV vaccine development is focused on designing immunogens and delivery methods that elicit protective immunity. We evaluated a combination of adenovirus (Ad) vectors expressing HIV 1086.C (clade C) envelope glycoprotein (Env), SIV Gag p55, and human pegivirus GBV-C E2 glycoprotein. We compared replicating simian (SAd7) with nonreplicating human (Ad4) adenovirus-vectored vaccines paired with recombinant proteins in a novel prime-boost regimen in rhesus macaques, with the goal of eliciting protective immunity against SHIV challenge. In both vaccine groups, plasma and buccal Env-specific IgG, tier 1 heterologous neutralizing antibodies, and antibody-dependent cell-mediated viral inhibition were readily generated. High Env-specific T cell responses elicited in all vaccinees were significantly greater than responses targeting Gag. After three intrarectal exposures to heterologous tier 1 clade C SHIV, all 10 sham-vaccinated controls were infected, whereas 4/10 SAd7- and 3/10 Ad4-vaccinated macaques remained uninfected or maintained tightly controlled plasma viremia. Time to infection was significantly delayed in SAd7-vaccinated macaques compared to the controls. Cell-associated and plasma virus levels were significantly lower in each group of vaccinated macaques compared to controls; the lowest plasma viral burden was found in animals vaccinated with the SAd7 vectors, suggesting superior immunity conferred by the replicating simian vectors. Furthermore, higher V1V2-specific binding antibody titers correlated with viral control in the SAd7 vaccine group. Thus, recombinant Ad plus protein vaccines generated humoral and cellular immunity that was effective in either protecting from SHIV acquisition or significantly reducing viremia in animals that became infected, consequently supporting additional development of replicating Ad vectors as HIV vaccines.IMPORTANCE There is a well-acknowledged need for an effective AIDS vaccine that protects against HIV infection and limits in vivo viral replication and associated pathogenesis. Although replicating virus vectors have been advanced as HIV vaccine platforms, there have not been any direct comparisons of the replicating to the nonreplicating format. The present study directly compared the replicating SAd7 to nonreplicating Ad4 vectors in macaques and demonstrated that in the SAd7 vaccine group, the time to infection was significantly delayed compared to the control group, and V1V2 Env-specific binding antibodies correlated with viral outcomes. Viral control was significantly enhanced in vaccinated macaques compared to controls, and in infected SAd7-vaccinated macaques compared to Ad4-vaccinated macaques, suggesting that this vector may have conferred more effective immunity. Because blocking infection is so difficult with current vaccines, development of a vaccine that can limit viremia if infection occurs would be valuable. These data support further development of replicating adenovirus vectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Delphine C Malherbe
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | | | - Lo Vang
- PaxVax, Inc., San Diego, California, USA
| | - Philip T Barnette
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Jason Reed
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Samir K Lakhashe
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Joshua Owuor
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Johannes S Gach
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Alfred W Legasse
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Michael K Axthelm
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Celia C LaBranche
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - David Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Donald N Forthal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Byung Park
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - James M Wilson
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James H McLinden
- The Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Jinhua Xiang
- The Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Jack T Stapleton
- The Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Jonah B Sacha
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ruth M Ruprecht
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | | | | | - Nancy L Haigwood
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
McLinden JH, Bhattarai N, Stapleton JT, Chang Q, Kaufman TM, Cassel SL, Sutterwala FS, Haim H, Houtman JC, Xiang J. Yellow Fever Virus, but Not Zika Virus or Dengue Virus, Inhibits T-Cell Receptor-Mediated T-Cell Function by an RNA-Based Mechanism. J Infect Dis 2017; 216:1164-1175. [PMID: 28968905 PMCID: PMC5853456 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The Flavivirus genus within the Flaviviridae family is comprised of many important human pathogens including yellow fever virus (YFV), dengue virus (DENV), and Zika virus (ZKV), all of which are global public health concerns. Although the related flaviviruses hepatitis C virus and human pegivirus (formerly named GBV-C) interfere with T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling by novel RNA and protein-based mechanisms, the effect of other flaviviruses on TCR signaling is unknown. Here, we studied the effect of YFV, DENV, and ZKV on TCR signaling. Both YFV and ZKV replicated in human T cells in vitro; however, only YFV inhibited TCR signaling. This effect was mediated at least in part by the YFV envelope (env) protein coding RNA. Deletion mutagenesis studies demonstrated that expression of a short, YFV env RNA motif (vsRNA) was required and sufficient to inhibit TCR signaling. Expression of this vsRNA and YFV infection of T cells reduced the expression of a Src-kinase regulatory phosphatase (PTPRE), while ZKV infection did not. YFV infection in mice resulted in impaired TCR signaling and PTPRE expression, with associated reduction in murine response to experimental ovalbumin vaccination. Together, these data suggest that viruses within the flavivirus genus inhibit TCR signaling in a species-dependent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James H McLinden
- Research Service, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City
| | - Nirjal Bhattarai
- Research Service, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City
| | - Jack T Stapleton
- Research Service, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City
| | - Qing Chang
- Research Service, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City
| | - Thomas M Kaufman
- Research Service, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City
| | - Suzanne L Cassel
- Research Service, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City
| | - Fayyaz S Sutterwala
- Research Service, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City
| | - Hillel Haim
- Research Service, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City
| | - Jon C Houtman
- Research Service, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City
| | - Jinhua Xiang
- Research Service, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Huh WK, Joura EA, Giuliano AR, Iversen OE, de Andrade RP, Ault KA, Bartholomew D, Cestero RM, Fedrizzi EN, Hirschberg AL, Mayrand MH, Ruiz-Sternberg AM, Stapleton JT, Wiley DJ, Ferenczy A, Kurman R, Ronnett BM, Stoler MH, Cuzick J, Garland SM, Kjaer SK, Bautista OM, Haupt R, Moeller E, Ritter M, Roberts CC, Shields C, Luxembourg A. Final efficacy, immunogenicity, and safety analyses of a nine-valent human papillomavirus vaccine in women aged 16-26 years: a randomised, double-blind trial. Lancet 2017; 390:2143-2159. [PMID: 28886907 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(17)31821-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary analyses of a study in young women aged 16-26 years showed efficacy of the nine-valent human papillomavirus (9vHPV; HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58) vaccine against infections and disease related to HPV 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58, and non-inferior HPV 6, 11, 16, and 18 antibody responses when compared with quadrivalent HPV (qHPV; HPV 6, 11, 16, and 18) vaccine. We aimed to report efficacy of the 9vHPV vaccine for up to 6 years following first administration and antibody responses over 5 years. METHODS We undertook this randomised, double-blind, efficacy, immunogenicity, and safety study of the 9vHPV vaccine study at 105 study sites in 18 countries. Women aged 16-26 years old who were healthy, with no history of abnormal cervical cytology, no previous abnormal cervical biopsy results, and no more than four lifetime sexual partners were randomly assigned (1:1) by central randomisation and block sizes of 2 and 2 to receive three intramuscular injections over 6 months of 9vHPV or qHPV (control) vaccine. All participants, study investigators, and study site personnel, laboratory staff, members of the sponsor's study team, and members of the adjudication pathology panel were masked to vaccination groups. The primary outcomes were incidence of high-grade cervical disease (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or 3, adenocarcinoma in situ, invasive cervical carcinoma), vulvar disease (vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2/3, vulvar cancer), and vaginal disease (vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2/3, vaginal cancer) related to HPV 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58 and non-inferiority (excluding a decrease of 1·5 times) of anti-HPV 6, 11, 16, and 18 geometric mean titres (GMT). Tissue samples were adjudicated for histopathology diagnosis and tested for HPV DNA. Serum antibody responses were assessed by competitive Luminex immunoassay. The primary evaluation of efficacy was a superiority analysis in the per-protocol efficacy population, supportive efficacy was analysed in the modified intention-to-treat population, and the primary evaluation of immunogenicity was a non-inferiority analysis. The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00543543. FINDINGS Between Sept 26, 2007, and Dec 18, 2009, we recruited and randomly assigned 14 215 participants to receive 9vHPV (n=7106) or qHPV (n=7109) vaccine. In the per-protocol population, the incidence of high-grade cervical, vulvar and vaginal disease related to HPV 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58 was 0·5 cases per 10 000 person-years in the 9vHPV and 19·0 cases per 10 000 person-years in the qHPV groups, representing 97·4% efficacy (95% CI 85·0-99·9). HPV 6, 11, 16, and 18 GMTs were non-inferior in the 9vHPV versus qHPV group from month 1 to 3 years after vaccination. No clinically meaningful differences in serious adverse events were noted between the study groups. 11 participants died during the study follow-up period (six in the 9vHPV vaccine group and five in the qHPV vaccine group); none of the deaths were considered vaccine-related. INTERPRETATION The 9vHPV vaccine prevents infection, cytological abnormalities, high-grade lesions, and cervical procedures related to HPV 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58. Both the 9vHPV vaccine and qHPV vaccine had a similar immunogenicity profile with respect to HPV 6, 11, 16, and 18. Vaccine efficacy was sustained for up to 6 years. The 9vHPV vaccine could potentially provide broader coverage and prevent 90% of cervical cancer cases worldwide. FUNDING Merck & Co, Inc.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Double-Blind Method
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Human Papillomavirus Recombinant Vaccine Quadrivalent, Types 6, 11, 16, 18/administration & dosage
- Human Papillomavirus Recombinant Vaccine Quadrivalent, Types 6, 11, 16, 18/immunology
- Human papillomavirus 6/immunology
- Humans
- Immunoassay
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine/immunology
- Injections, Intramuscular
- Papillomavirus Infections/epidemiology
- Papillomavirus Infections/prevention & control
- Patient Compliance/statistics & numerical data
- Patient Safety
- Primary Prevention/methods
- Treatment Outcome
- Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/epidemiology
- Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/prevention & control
- Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/virology
- Vaccination/methods
- Young Adult
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Warner K Huh
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Elmar A Joura
- Department of Gynecology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna R Giuliano
- Center for Infection Research in Cancer, Moffitt Cancer Centre, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Ole-Erik Iversen
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rosires Pereira de Andrade
- CERHFAC/Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Tocoginecologia, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Kevin A Ault
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Deborah Bartholomew
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ramon M Cestero
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, UC Irvine Health Orange, CA, USA
| | - Edison N Fedrizzi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of The Federal University of Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Angelica L Hirschberg
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Women's and Children's Health, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marie-Hélène Mayrand
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal [CRCHUM], Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Jack T Stapleton
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Iowa City VA Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Dorothy J Wiley
- School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alex Ferenczy
- Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Robert Kurman
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Brigitte M Ronnett
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institution, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mark H Stoler
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jack Cuzick
- Centre for Cancer Prevention, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Suzanne M Garland
- The University of Melbourne, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Royal Women's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Susanne K Kjaer
- Unit of Virus, Lifestyle and Genes, Danish Cancer Society and Department of Gynecology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Baer A, Colon-Moran W, Xiang J, Stapleton JT, Bhattarai N. Src-family kinases negatively regulate NFAT signaling in resting human T cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187123. [PMID: 29073235 PMCID: PMC5658144 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell signaling is required for activation of both natural and therapeutic T cells including chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells. Identification of novel factors and pathways regulating T cell signaling may aid in development of effective T cell therapies. In resting human T cells, the majority of Src-family of tyrosine kinases (SFKs) are inactive due to phosphorylation of a conserved carboxy-terminal tyrosine residue. Recently, a pool of enzymatically active SFKs has been identified in resting T cells; however, the significance of these is incompletely understood. Here, we characterized the role of active SFKs in resting human T cells. Pharmacologic inhibition of active SFKs enhanced distal TCR signaling as measured by IL-2 release and CD25 surface expression following TCR-independent activation. Mechanistically, inhibition of the active pool of SFKs induced nuclear translocation of NFAT1, and enhanced NFAT1-dependent signaling in resting T cells. The negative regulation of NFAT1 signaling was in part mediated by the Src-kinase Lck as human T cells lacking Lck had increased levels of nuclear NFAT1 and demonstrated enhanced NFAT1-dependent gene expression. Inhibition of active SFKs in resting primary human T cells also increased nuclear NFAT1 and enhanced NFAT1-dependent signaling. Finally, the calcineurin inhibitor FK506 and Cyclosporin A reversed the effect of SFKs inhibition on NFAT1. Together, these data identified a novel role of SFKs in preventing aberrant NFAT1 activation in resting T cells, and suggest that maintaining this pool of active SFKs in therapeutic T cells may increase the efficacy of T cell therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan Baer
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Winston Colon-Moran
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Jinhua Xiang
- Research Service, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Jack T. Stapleton
- Research Service, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Nirjal Bhattarai
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Siewe B, Nipper AJ, Sohn H, Stapleton JT, Landay A. FcRL4 Expression Identifies a Pro-inflammatory B Cell Subset in Viremic HIV-Infected Subjects. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1339. [PMID: 29104574 PMCID: PMC5655023 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In autoimmune diseases, toll-like receptor (TLR)-stimulated pro-inflammatory IL-6-secreting B cells exert pathogenic roles. Similarly, B cell Fc receptor-like 4 (FcRL4) expression amplifies TLR stimulation, and in rheumatoid arthritis patients, FcRL4 expression identifies a pro-inflammatory B cell subset. B cells from HIV-infected subjects also express heightened levels of FcRL4 and secrete high levels of IL-6: a critical mediator of HIV disease progression. In this study, we sought to determine if FcRL4 identifies a pro-inflammatory B cell subset in HIV-infected subjects and further elucidate the mechanisms underlying FcRL4 amplification of TLR stimulation. We determine that tissue-like memory B cells express the highest endogenous levels of FcRL4 positively correlating with IL-6 expression (p = 0.0022, r = 0.8667), but activated memory B cells exhibit the highest frequency of FcRL4hiIL-6hi cells. FcRL4hi B cells exhibit an activated TLR-signaling pathway identified by elevated phosphorylation levels of: pERK (p = 0.0373), p38 (p = 0.0337), p65 (p = 0.1097), and cJUN (p = 0.0239), concomitant with significantly elevated expression of the TLR-signaling modulator hematopoietic cell kinase (HcK, p = 0.0414). Compared to FcRL4neg B cells from healthy controls, TLR9-stimulated FcRL4pos B cells express significantly higher levels of lL-6 (p = 0.0179). Further, TLR9-stimulated B cells also upregulate the expression of FcRL4 (p = 0.0415) and HcK (p = 0.0386). In B-cell lines, siRNA-mediated HcK knockdown downmodulates TLR9-induced FcRL4-mediated activation quantified by CD23 upregulation (p = 0.0553). We present data suggesting that, in viremic HIV-infected individuals, FcRL4 expression identifies unique IL-6 producing pro-inflammatory B-cell subsets. Further, TLR stimulation likely modulates FcRL4 expression and FcRL4 expression is associated with Hck, potentially enhancing the activation of TLR-signaling associated transcription factors. Pathogenic B-cells have been identified in other disease settings, and this study represents a novel report describing a pro-inflammatory B cell subset in HIV-infected patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Basile Siewe
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Allison J Nipper
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Haewon Sohn
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Jack T Stapleton
- Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.,Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Alan Landay
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Smith DB, Meyers G, Bukh J, Gould EA, Monath T, Scott Muerhoff A, Pletnev A, Rico-Hesse R, Stapleton JT, Simmonds P, Becher P. Proposed revision to the taxonomy of the genus Pestivirus, family Flaviviridae. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:2106-2112. [PMID: 28786787 PMCID: PMC5656787 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose the creation of seven new species in the genus
Pestivirus (family Flaviviridae) in
addition to the four existing species, and naming species in a host-independent
manner using the format Pestivirus X. Only the virus species
names would change; virus isolates would still be referred to by their original
names. The original species would be re-designated as Pestivirus
A (original designation Bovine viral
diarrhea virus 1), Pestivirus B (Bovine
viral diarrhea virus 2), Pestivirus C
(Classical swine fever virus) and Pestivirus
D (Border disease virus). The seven new species
(and example isolates) would be Pestivirus E (pronghorn
pestivirus), Pestivirus F (Bungowannah virus),
Pestivirus G (giraffe pestivirus), Pestivirus
H (Hobi-like pestivirus), Pestivirus I (Aydin-like
pestivirus), Pestivirus J (rat pestivirus) and
Pestivirus K (atypical porcine pestivirus). A bat-derived
virus and pestiviruses identified from sheep and goat (Tunisian sheep
pestiviruses), which lack complete coding region sequences, may represent two
additional species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donald B Smith
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.,Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Gregor Meyers
- Institut für Immunologie, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Jens Bukh
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, and Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ernest A Gould
- Aix Marseille Université, IRD French Institute of Research for Development, EHESP French School of Public Health, EPV UMR_D 190 Emergence des Pathologies Virales, Marseille, France
| | - Thomas Monath
- NewLink Genetics Corp, Infectious Diseases Division, Devens MA, USA
| | - A Scott Muerhoff
- Abbott Diagnostics Research and Development, Abbott Park, IL, USA
| | - Alexander Pletnev
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rebecca Rico-Hesse
- Molecular Virology & Microbiology and Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jack T Stapleton
- Medical Service, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Departments of Internal Medicine and Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Peter Simmonds
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Paul Becher
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Mulligan MJ, Stapleton JT, Keitel WA, Frey SE, Chen WH, Rouphael N, Edupuganti S, Beck A, Winokur PL, El Sahly HM, Patel SM, Atmar RL, Graham I, Anderson E, El-Kamary SS, Pasetti MF, Sztein MB, Hill H, Goll JB. Tularemia vaccine: Safety, reactogenicity, "Take" skin reactions, and antibody responses following vaccination with a new lot of the Francisella tularensis live vaccine strain - A phase 2 randomized clinical Trial. Vaccine 2017; 35:4730-4737. [PMID: 28750854 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tularemia is caused by Francisella tularensis, a gram-negative bacterium that has been weaponized as an aerosol. For protection of personnel conducting biodefense research, the United States Army required clinical evaluation of a new lot of tularemia live vaccine strain manufactured in accordance with Current Good Manufacturing Practices. METHODS A phase 2 randomized clinical trial compared the new lot (DVC-LVS) to the existing vaccine that has been in use for decades (USAMRIID-LVS). The vaccines were delivered by scarification to 228 participants. Safety, reactogenicity, take and/or antibody levels were assessed on days 0, 1, 2, 8, 14, 28, 56, and 180. PRINCIPAL RESULTS Both vaccines were safe and had acceptable reactogenicity profiles during six months of follow-up. There were no serious or grade 3 and 4 laboratory adverse events. Moderate systemic reactogenicity (mostly headache or feeling tired) was reported by ∼23% of participants receiving either vaccine. Injection site reactogenicity was mostly mild itchiness and pain. The frequencies of vaccine take skin reactions were 73% (95% CI, 64, 81) for DVC-LVS and 80% (95% CI, 71, 87) for USAMRIID-LVS. The 90% CI for the difference in proportions was -6.9% (-16.4, 2.6). The rates of seroconversion measured by microagglutination assay on days 28 or 56 were 94% (95% CI, 88, 98; n=98/104) for DVC-LVS and 94% (95% CI, 87, 97; n=103/110) for USAMRIID-LVS (p=1.00). Day 14 sera revealed more rapid seroconversion for DVC-LVS relative to USAMRIID-LVS: 82% (95% CI, 73, 89) versus 55% (95% CI, 45, 65), respectively (p<0.0001). MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The DVC-LVS vaccine had similar safety, reactogenicity, take and antibody responses compared to the older USAMRIID vaccine, and was superior for early (day 14) antibody production. Vaccination take was not a sensitive surrogate for seroconversion in a multi-center study where personnel at five research clinics performed assessments. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT01150695.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Mulligan
- The Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, 500 Irvin Court, Suite 200, Decatur, GA 30030, USA.
| | - Jack T Stapleton
- University of Iowa, SW54-4, GH, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Wendy A Keitel
- Departments of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, BCM MS 280, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sharon E Frey
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1100 South Grand Boulevard, DRC-8, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Wilbur H Chen
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore St., Suite 480, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Nadine Rouphael
- The Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, 500 Irvin Court, Suite 200, Decatur, GA 30030, USA
| | - Srilatha Edupuganti
- The Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, 500 Irvin Court, Suite 200, Decatur, GA 30030, USA
| | - Allison Beck
- The Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, 500 Irvin Court, Suite 200, Decatur, GA 30030, USA
| | - Patricia L Winokur
- University of Iowa, SW54-4, GH, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Hana M El Sahly
- Departments of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, BCM MS 280, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shital M Patel
- Departments of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, BCM MS 280, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Robert L Atmar
- Departments of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, and Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, BCM MS 280, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Irene Graham
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1100 South Grand Boulevard, DRC-8, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Edwin Anderson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1100 South Grand Boulevard, DRC-8, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Samer S El-Kamary
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore St., Suite 480, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Marcela F Pasetti
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore St., Suite 480, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Marcelo B Sztein
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore St., Suite 480, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Heather Hill
- The Emmes Corporation, 401 North Washington Street, Suite 700, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Johannes B Goll
- The Emmes Corporation, 401 North Washington Street, Suite 700, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Simmonds P, Becher P, Bukh J, Gould EA, Meyers G, Monath T, Muerhoff S, Pletnev A, Rico-Hesse R, Smith DB, Stapleton JT, Ictv Report Consortium. ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Flaviviridae. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:2-3. [PMID: 28218572 PMCID: PMC5370391 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 454] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The Flaviviridae is a family of small enveloped viruses with RNA genomes of 9000–13 000 bases. Most infect mammals and birds. Many flaviviruses are host-specific and pathogenic, such as hepatitis C virus in the genus Hepacivirus. The majority of known members in the genus Flavivirus are arthropod borne, and many are important human and veterinary pathogens (e.g. yellow fever virus, dengue virus). This is a summary of the current International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) report on the taxonomy of the Flaviviridae, which is available at www.ictv.global/report/flaviviridae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Simmonds
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
| | - Paul Becher
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover D-30559, Germany
| | - Jens Bukh
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Ernest A Gould
- Unité des Virus Emergents, Faculté de Médecine Timone, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | - Gregor Meyers
- Institut für Immunologie, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, Greifswald-Riems D-17493, Germany
| | - Tom Monath
- BioProtection Systems/NewLink Genetics Corporation, 94 Jackson Road, Suite 108, Devens, MA 01434, USA
| | - Scott Muerhoff
- Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, IL 60064-6015, USA
| | - Alexander Pletnev
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Donald B Smith
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Jack T Stapleton
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
DeLeon O, Hodis H, O’Malley Y, Johnson J, Salimi H, Zhai Y, Winter E, Remec C, Eichelberger N, Van Cleave B, Puliadi R, Harrington RD, Stapleton JT, Haim H. Accurate predictions of population-level changes in sequence and structural properties of HIV-1 Env using a volatility-controlled diffusion model. PLoS Biol 2017; 15:e2001549. [PMID: 28384158 PMCID: PMC5383018 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2001549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The envelope glycoproteins (Envs) of HIV-1 continuously evolve in the host by random mutations and recombination events. The resulting diversity of Env variants circulating in the population and their continuing diversification process limit the efficacy of AIDS vaccines. We examined the historic changes in Env sequence and structural features (measured by integrity of epitopes on the Env trimer) in a geographically defined population in the United States. As expected, many Env features were relatively conserved during the 1980s. From this state, some features diversified whereas others remained conserved across the years. We sought to identify “clues” to predict the observed historic diversification patterns. Comparison of viruses that cocirculate in patients at any given time revealed that each feature of Env (sequence or structural) exists at a defined level of variance. The in-host variance of each feature is highly conserved among individuals but can vary between different HIV-1 clades. We designate this property “volatility” and apply it to model evolution of features as a linear diffusion process that progresses with increasing genetic distance. Volatilities of different features are highly correlated with their divergence in longitudinally monitored patients. Volatilities of features also correlate highly with their population-level diversification. Using volatility indices measured from a small number of patient samples, we accurately predict the population diversity that developed for each feature over the course of 30 years. Amino acid variants that evolved at key antigenic sites are also predicted well. Therefore, small “fluctuations” in feature values measured in isolated patient samples accurately describe their potential for population-level diversification. These tools will likely contribute to the design of population-targeted AIDS vaccines by effectively capturing the diversity of currently circulating strains and addressing properties of variants expected to appear in the future. HIV-1 is the causative agent of the global AIDS pandemic. The envelope glycoproteins (Envs) of HIV-1 constitute a primary target for antibody-based vaccines. However, the diversity of Envs in the population limits the potential efficacy of this approach. Accurate estimates of the range of variants that currently infect patients and those expected to appear in the future will likely contribute to the design of population-targeted immunogens. We found that different properties (features) of Env have different propensities for small “fluctuations” in their values among viruses that infect patients at any given time point. This propensity of each feature for in-host variance, which we designate “volatility”, is conserved among patients. We apply this parameter to model the evolution of features (in patients and population) as a diffusion process driven by their “diffusion coefficients” (volatilities). Using volatilities measured from a few patient samples from the 1980s, we accurately predict properties of viruses that evolved in the population over the course of 30 years. The diffusion-based model described here efficiently captures evolution of phenotypes in biological systems controlled by a dominant random component.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Orlando DeLeon
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Hagit Hodis
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Yunxia O’Malley
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Jacklyn Johnson
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Hamid Salimi
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Yinjie Zhai
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Winter
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Claire Remec
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Noah Eichelberger
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Brandon Van Cleave
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Ramya Puliadi
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Robert D. Harrington
- Center for AIDS Research (CFAR) at the University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jack T. Stapleton
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Hillel Haim
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Smith DB, Becher P, Bukh J, Gould EA, Meyers G, Monath T, Muerhoff AS, Pletnev A, Rico-Hesse R, Stapleton JT, Simmonds P. Proposed update to the taxonomy of the genera Hepacivirus and Pegivirus within the Flaviviridae family. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:2894-2907. [PMID: 27692039 PMCID: PMC5770844 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Proposals are described for the assignment of recently reported viruses, infecting rodents, bats and other mammalian species, to new species within the Hepacivirus and Pegivirus genera (family Flaviviridae). Assignments into 14 Hepacivirus species (Hepacivirus A–N) and 11 Pegivirus species (Pegivirus A–K) are based on phylogenetic relationships and sequence distances between conserved regions extracted from complete coding sequences for members of each proposed taxon. We propose that the species Hepatitis C virus is renamed Hepacivirus C in order to acknowledge its unique historical position and so as to minimize confusion. Despite the newly documented genetic diversity of hepaciviruses and pegiviruses, members of these genera remain phylogenetically distinct, and differ in hepatotropism and the possession of a basic core protein; pegiviruses in general lack these features. However, other characteristics that were originally used to support their division into separate genera are no longer definitive; there is overlap between the two genera in the type of internal ribosomal entry site and the presence of miR-122 sites in the 5′ UTR, the predicted number of N-linked glycosylation sites in the envelope E1 and E2 proteins, the presence of poly U tracts in the 3′ UTR and the propensity of viruses to establish a persistent infection. While all classified hepaciviruses and pegiviruses have mammalian hosts, the recent description of a hepaci-/pegi-like virus from a shark and the likely existence of further homologues in other non-mammalian species indicate that further species or genera remain to be defined in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donald B Smith
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Paul Becher
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jens Bukh
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ernest A Gould
- EHESP French School of Public Health, French Institute of Research for Development (IRD), Aix Marseille Université, EPV UMR_D 190 Emergence des Pathologies Virales, Marseille, France
| | - Gregor Meyers
- Institut für Immunologie, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas Monath
- Hookipa Biotech AG, Vienna, Austria.,PaxVax Inc., Menlo Park and Redwood City, CA, USA
| | - A Scott Muerhoff
- Abbott Diagnostics Research and Development, Abbott Park, IL, USA
| | - Alexander Pletnev
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rebecca Rico-Hesse
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jack T Stapleton
- Medical Service, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Peter Simmonds
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.,Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
|
41
|
Greenberg RN, Hay CM, Stapleton JT, Marbury TC, Wagner E, Kreitmeir E, Röesch S, von Krempelhuber A, Young P, Nichols R, Meyer TP, Schmidt D, Weigl J, Virgin G, Arndtz-Wiedemann N, Chaplin P. A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Phase II Trial Investigating the Safety and Immunogenicity of Modified Vaccinia Ankara Smallpox Vaccine (MVA-BN®) in 56-80-Year-Old Subjects. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157335. [PMID: 27327616 PMCID: PMC4915701 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Modified Vaccinia Ankara MVA-BN® is a live, highly attenuated, viral vaccine under advanced development as a non-replicating smallpox vaccine. In this Phase II trial, the safety and immunogenicity of Modified Vaccinia Ankara MVA-BN® (MVA) was assessed in a 56-80 years old population. METHODS MVA with a virus titer of 1 x 108 TCID50/dose was administered via subcutaneous injection to 56-80 year old vaccinia-experienced subjects (N = 120). Subjects received either two injections of MVA (MM group) or one injection of Placebo and one injection of MVA (PM group) four weeks apart. Safety was evaluated by assessment of adverse events (AE), focused physical exams, electrocardiogram recordings and safety laboratories. Solicited AEs consisted of a set of pre-defined expected local reactions (erythema, swelling, pain, pruritus, and induration) and systemic symptoms (body temperature, headache, myalgia, nausea and fatigue) and were recorded on a memory aid for an 8-day period following each injection. The immunogenicity of the vaccine was evaluated in terms of humoral immune responses measured with a vaccinia-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) before and at different time points after vaccination. RESULTS Vaccinations were well tolerated by all subjects. No serious adverse event related to MVA and no case of myopericarditis was reported. The overall incidence of unsolicited AEs was similar in both groups. For both groups immunogenicity responses two weeks after the final vaccination (i.e. Visit 4) were as follows: Seroconversion (SC) rates (doubling of titers from baseline) in vaccine specific antibody titers measured by ELISA were 83.3% in Group MM and 82.8% in Group PM (difference 0.6% with 95% exact CI [-13.8%, 15.0%]), and 90.0% for Group MM and 77.6% for Group PM measured by PRNT (difference 12.4% with 95% CI of [-1.1%, 27.0%]). Geometric mean titers (GMT) measured by ELISA two weeks after the final vaccination for Group MM were 804.1 and 605.8 for Group PM (with ratio of GMTs of 1.33 with 95% CI of [0.96, 1.84]). Similarly, GMTs measured by PRNT were 210.3 for Group MM and 126.7 for Group PM (with ratio 1.66 and 95% CI [0.95, 2.90]). CONCLUSIONS One or two doses of MVA were safe and immunogenic in a 56-80 years old vaccinia-experienced population. No cases of myopericarditis were observed following vaccinations with MVA. The safety, reactogenicity and immunogenicity were similar to that seen in younger (18-55 year old) healthy populations as investigated in other MVA trials. The results suggest that a single dose of MVA in a 56-80 years old population was well tolerated and sufficient to rapidly boost the long-term B cell memory response induced by a prior vaccination with a traditional smallpox vaccine. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00857493.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard N. Greenberg
- University of Kentucky School of Medicine, MN663 Medical Science Bldg., 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY, 40536, United States of America
| | - Christine M. Hay
- University of Iowa, SW54, GH, 200 Hawkins Drive, UHC, Iowa City, IA, 52242, United States of America
| | - Jack T. Stapleton
- University of Rochester Medical Center School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 689, Rochester, NY, 14642, United States of America
| | - Thomas C. Marbury
- Orlando Clinical Research Center, 5055 South Orange Avenue, Orlando, FL, 32809, United States of America
| | - Eva Wagner
- Bavarian Nordic GmbH, Fraunhoferstrasse 13, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Eva Kreitmeir
- Bavarian Nordic GmbH, Fraunhoferstrasse 13, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Siegfried Röesch
- Bavarian Nordic GmbH, Fraunhoferstrasse 13, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | | | - Philip Young
- Bavarian Nordic GmbH, Fraunhoferstrasse 13, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Richard Nichols
- Bavarian Nordic GmbH, Fraunhoferstrasse 13, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Thomas P. Meyer
- Bavarian Nordic GmbH, Fraunhoferstrasse 13, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Darja Schmidt
- Bavarian Nordic GmbH, Fraunhoferstrasse 13, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Josef Weigl
- Bavarian Nordic GmbH, Fraunhoferstrasse 13, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Garth Virgin
- Bavarian Nordic GmbH, Fraunhoferstrasse 13, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | | | - Paul Chaplin
- Bavarian Nordic GmbH, Fraunhoferstrasse 13, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Zhang J, Zhang Y, Chaloner K, Stapleton JT. A sequential classification rule based on multiple quantitative tests in the absence of a gold standard. Stat Med 2015; 35:1359-72. [PMID: 26522690 DOI: 10.1002/sim.6780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In many medical applications, combining information from multiple biomarkers could yield a better diagnosis than any single one on its own. When there is a lack of a gold standard, an algorithm of classifying subjects into the case and non-case status is necessary for combining multiple markers. The aim of this paper is to develop a method to construct a composite test from multiple applicable tests and derive an optimal classification rule under the absence of a gold standard. Rather than combining the tests, we treat the tests as a sequence. This sequential composite test is based on a mixture of two multivariate normal latent models for the distribution of the test results in case and non-case groups, and the optimal classification rule is derived returning the greatest sensitivity at a given specificity. This method is applied to a real-data example and simulation studies have been carried out to assess the statistical properties and predictive accuracy of the proposed composite test. This method is also attainable to implement nonparametrically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingyang Zhang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, U.S.A
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University Fairbanks School of Public Health and School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, U.S.A.,Department of Mathematics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Kathryn Chaloner
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, U.S.A.,Department of Statistics and Actuarial Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, U.S.A
| | - Jack T Stapleton
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Chivero ET, Bhattarai N, McLinden JH, Xiang J, Stapleton JT. Human Pegivirus (HPgV; formerly known as GBV-C) inhibits IL-12 dependent natural killer cell function. Virology 2015; 485:116-27. [PMID: 26245365 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human Pegivirus (HPgV, formally GB virus C) infects lymphocytes and NK cells in vivo, and infection is associated with reduced T cell and NK cell activation in HIV-infected individuals. The mechanism by which HPgV inhibits NK cell activation has not been assessed. Following IL-12 stimulation, IFNγ expression was lower in HIV-HPgV co-infected subjects compared to HIV mono-infected subjects (p=0.02). In addition, HPgV positive human sera, extracellular vesicles containing E2 protein, recombinant E2 protein and synthetic E2 peptides containing a predicted Tyk2 interacting motif inhibited NK cell IL-12-mediated IFNγ release. E2 protein also inhibited Tyk2 activation following IL-12 stimulation. In contrast, cytolytic NK cell function was not altered by HPgV. Inhibition of NK cell-induced proinflammatory/antiviral cytokines may contribute to both HPgV persistence and reduced immune activation during HIV-coinfection. Understanding mechanisms by which HPgV alters immune activation may contribute towards novel immunomodulatory therapies to treat HIV and inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ernest T Chivero
- The Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Interdisciplinary program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Nirjal Bhattarai
- The Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - James H McLinden
- The Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Jinhua Xiang
- The Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Jack T Stapleton
- The Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Interdisciplinary program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Microbiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Frey SE, Wald A, Edupuganti S, Jackson LA, Stapleton JT, El Sahly H, El-Kamary SS, Edwards K, Keyserling H, Winokur P, Keitel W, Hill H, Goll JB, Anderson EL, Graham IL, Johnston C, Mulligan M, Rouphael N, Atmar R, Patel S, Chen W, Kotloff K, Creech CB, Chaplin P, Belshe RB. Comparison of lyophilized versus liquid modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) formulations and subcutaneous versus intradermal routes of administration in healthy vaccinia-naïve subjects. Vaccine 2015; 33:5225-34. [PMID: 26143613 PMCID: PMC9533873 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.06.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background Modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) is being developed as a safer smallpox vaccine and is being placed in the US Strategic National Stockpile (SNS) as a liquid formulation for subcutaneous (SC) administration at a dose of 1 × 108 TCID50 in a volume of 0.5 mL. This study compared the safety and immunogenicity of the standard formulation, dose and route with both a more stable, lyophilized formulation and with an antigen-sparing intradermal (ID) route of administration. Methods 524 subjects were randomized to receive either a full dose of Lyophilized-SC, a full dose of Liquid-SC or 20% (2 × 107 TCID50 in 0.1 mL) of a full dose Liquid-ID MVA on Days 0 and 28. Safety and immunogenicity were followed through 180 days post second vaccination. Results Among the 3 groups, the proportion of subjects with moderate/severe functional local reactions was significantly different (P = 0.0013) between the Lyophilized-SC group (30.3%), the Liquid-SC group (13.8%) and Liquid-ID group (22.0%) only after first vaccination; and for moderate/severe measured erythema and/or induration after any vaccination (P = 0.0001) between the Lyophilized-SC group (58.2%), the Liquid-SC group (58.1%) and the Liquid-ID group (94.8%) and the reactions lasted longer in the Liquid-ID group. In the ID Group, 36.1% of subjects had mild injection site skin discoloration lasting ≥6 months. After second vaccination Day (42–208), geometric mean of peak neutralization titers were 87.8, 49.5 and 59.5 for the Lyophilized-SC, Liquid-SC and Liquid-ID groups, respectively, and the maximum number of responders based on peak titer in each group was 142/145 (97.9%), 142/149 (95.3%) and 138/146 (94.5%), respectively. At 180 days after the second vaccination, geometric mean neutralization titers declined to 11.7, 10.2 and 10.4 with only 54.3%, 39.2% and 35.2% of subjects remaining seropositive for the Lyophilized-SC, Liquid-SC and Liquid-ID groups, respectively. Both the Lyophilized-SC and Liquid-ID groups were considered non-inferior (primary objective) to the Liquid-SC group. Conclusions Transitioning to a lyophilized formulation, which has a longer shelf life, will not negatively impact immunogenicity. In a situation where insufficient vaccine is available, ID vaccination could be used, increasing the number of available doses of vaccine in the SNS 5-fold (i.e., from 20 million to 100 million doses).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon E Frey
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Anna Wald
- University of Washington and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Srilatha Edupuganti
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Jack T Stapleton
- University of Iowa and Iowa City VA Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Hana El Sahly
- Baylor College of Medicine, Departments of Molecular Virology and Microbiology and Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Samer S El-Kamary
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Center for Vaccine Development, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kathryn Edwards
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Research Program, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Harry Keyserling
- Emory University, Emory Children's Center, Department of Pediatrics, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Patricia Winokur
- University of Iowa and Iowa City VA Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Wendy Keitel
- Baylor College of Medicine, Departments of Molecular Virology and Microbiology and Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Edwin L Anderson
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Irene L Graham
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Christine Johnston
- University of Washington and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mark Mulligan
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nadine Rouphael
- Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Robert Atmar
- Baylor College of Medicine, Departments of Molecular Virology and Microbiology and Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shital Patel
- Baylor College of Medicine, Departments of Molecular Virology and Microbiology and Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wilbur Chen
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Center for Vaccine Development, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Karen Kotloff
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Center for Vaccine Development, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - C Buddy Creech
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Research Program, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Robert B Belshe
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Chastain CA, Beekmann SE, Wallender EK, Hulgan T, Stapleton JT, Polgreen PM. Hepatitis C Management and the Infectious Diseases Physician: A Survey of Current and Anticipated Practice Patterns. Clin Infect Dis 2015; 61:792-4. [PMID: 25979310 DOI: 10.1093/cid/civ384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This query of North American infectious diseases physicians reviews current and anticipated practice patterns related to hepatitis C virus (HCV) care. Less than 20% of survey respondents evaluated and/or treated >10 HCV-infected individuals in the past year. We review HCV practice patterns, barriers to management, and education among infectious diseases physicians.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Todd Hulgan
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Chivero ET, Stapleton JT. Tropism of human pegivirus (formerly known as GB virus C/hepatitis G virus) and host immunomodulation: insights into a highly successful viral infection. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:1521-32. [PMID: 25667328 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human pegivirus (HPgV; originally called GB virus C/hepatitis G virus) is an RNA virus within the genus Pegivirus of the family Flaviviridae that commonly causes persistent infection. Worldwide, ~750 million people are actively infected (viraemic) and an estimated 0.75-1.5 billion people have evidence of prior HPgV infection. No causal association between HPgV and disease has been identified; however, several studies described a beneficial relationship between persistent HPgV infection and survival in individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus. The beneficial effect appeared to be related to a reduction in host immune activation. HPgV replicates well in vivo (mean plasma viral loads typically >1×107 genome copies ml-1); however, the virus grows poorly in vitro and systems to study this virus are limited. Consequently, mechanisms of viral persistence and host immune modulation remain poorly characterized, and the primary permissive cell type(s) has not yet been identified. HPgV RNA is found in liver, spleen, bone marrow and PBMCs, including T- and B-lymphocytes, NK-cells, and monocytes, although the mechanism of cell-to-cell transmission is unclear. HPgV RNA is also present in serum microvesicles with properties of exosomes. These microvesicles are able to transmit viral RNA to PBMCs in vitro, resulting in productive infection. This review summarizes existing data on HPgV cellular tropism and the effect of HPgV on immune activation in various PBMCs, and discusses how this may influence viral persistence. We conclude that an increased understanding of HPgV replication and immune modulation may provide insights into persistent RNA viral infection of humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ernest T Chivero
- Medicine Service, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Interdisciplinary Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Departments of Internal Medicine and Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Jack T Stapleton
- Medicine Service, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Interdisciplinary Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Departments of Internal Medicine and Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Dogan MV, Xiang J, Beach SRH, Cutrona C, Gibbons FX, Simons RL, Brody GH, Stapleton JT, Philibert RA. Ethnicity and Smoking-Associated DNA Methylation Changes at HIV Co-Receptor GPR15. Front Psychiatry 2015; 6:132. [PMID: 26441693 PMCID: PMC4585036 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Smoking is associated with poorer health outcomes for both African and European Americans. In order to better understand whether ethnic-specific genetic variation may underlie some of these differences, we compared the smoking-associated genome-wide methylation signatures of African Americans with those of European Americans, and followed up this analysis with a focused examination of the most ethnically divergent locus, cg19859270, at the GPR15 gene. We examined the association of methylation at this locus to the rs2230344 SNP and GPR15 gene and protein expression. Consistent with prior analyses, AHRR residue cg05575921 was the most differentially methylated residue in both African Americans and European Americans. However, the second most differentially methylated locus in African Americans, cg19859270, was only modestly differentially methylated in European Americans. Interrogation of the methylation status of this CpG residue found in GPR15, a chemokine receptor involved in HIV pathogenesis, showed a significant interaction of ethnicity with smoking as well as a marginal effect of genotype at rs2230344, a neighboring non-synonymous SNP, but only among African Americans. Gene and protein expression analyses showed that demethylation at cg19859270 was associated with an increase in both mRNA and protein levels. Since GPR15 is involved in the early stages of viral replication for some HIV-1 and HIV-2 isolates, and the prevalence of HIV is increased in African Americans and smokers, these data support a possible role for GPR15 in the ethnically dependent differential prevalence of HIV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meeshanthini V Dogan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa , Iowa City, IA , USA ; Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa , Iowa City, IA , USA
| | - Jinhua Xiang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, IA , USA ; Iowa City Veterans Affairs , Iowa City, IA , USA
| | - Steven R H Beach
- Center for Family Research, University of Georgia , Athens, GA , USA
| | - Carolyn Cutrona
- Department of Psychology, Iowa State University , Ames, IA , USA
| | | | - Ronald L Simons
- Center for Family Research, University of Georgia , Athens, GA , USA
| | - Gene H Brody
- Center for Family Research, University of Georgia , Athens, GA , USA
| | - Jack T Stapleton
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, IA , USA ; Iowa City Veterans Affairs , Iowa City, IA , USA
| | - Robert A Philibert
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa , Iowa City, IA , USA ; Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa , Iowa City, IA , USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Skinner SR, Szarewski A, Romanowski B, Garland SM, Lazcano-Ponce E, Salmerón J, Del Rosario-Raymundo MR, Verheijen RHM, Quek SC, da Silva DP, Kitchener H, Fong KL, Bouchard C, Money DM, Ilancheran A, Cruickshank ME, Levin MJ, Chatterjee A, Stapleton JT, Martens M, Quint W, David MP, Meric D, Hardt K, Descamps D, Geeraerts B, Struyf F, Dubin G. Efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of the human papillomavirus 16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine in women older than 25 years: 4-year interim follow-up of the phase 3, double-blind, randomised controlled VIVIANE study. Lancet 2014; 384:2213-27. [PMID: 25189358 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(14)60920-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although adolescent girls are the main population for prophylactic human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines, adult women who remain at risk of cervical cancer can also be vaccinated. We report data from the interim analysis of the ongoing VIVIANE study, the aim of which is to assess the efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of the HPV 16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine in adult women. METHODS In this phase 3, multinational, double-blind, randomised controlled trial, we randomly assigned healthy women older than 25 years to the HPV 16/18 vaccine or control (1:1), via an internet-based system with an algorithm process that accounted for region, age stratum, baseline HPV DNA status, HPV 16/18 serostatus, and cytology. Enrolment was age-stratified, with about 45% of participants in each of the 26-35 and 36-45 years age strata and 10% in the 46 years and older stratum. Up to 15% of women in each age stratum could have a history of HPV infection or disease. The primary endpoint was vaccine efficacy against 6-month persistent infection or cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 1 or higher (CIN1+) associated with HPV 16/18. The primary analysis was done in the according-to-protocol cohort for efficacy, which consists of women who received all three vaccine or control doses, had negative or low-grade cytology at baseline, and had no history of HPV disease. Secondary analyses included vaccine efficacy against non-vaccine oncogenic HPV types. Mean follow-up time was 40·3 months. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00294047. FINDINGS The first participant was enrolled on Feb 16, 2006, and the last study visit for the present analysis took place on Dec 10, 2010; 5752 women were included in the total vaccinated cohort (n=2881 vaccine, n=2871 control), and 4505 in the according-to-protocol cohort for efficacy (n=2264 vaccine, n=2241 control). Vaccine efficacy against HPV 16/18-related 6-month persistent infection or CIN1+ was significant in all age groups combined (81·1%, 97·7% CI 52·1-94·0), in the 26-35 years age group (83·5%, 45·0-96·8), and in the 36-45 years age group (77·2%, 2·8-96·9); no cases were seen in women aged 46 years and older. Vaccine efficacy against atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance or greater associated with HPV 16/18 was also significant. We also noted significant cross-protective vaccine efficacy against 6-month persistent infection with HPV 31 (79·1%, 97·7% CI 27·6-95·9) and HPV 45 (76·9%, 18·5-95·6]) Serious adverse events occurred in 285 (10%) of 2881 women in the vaccine group and 267 (9%) of 2871 in the control group; five (<1%) and eight (<1%) of these events, respectively, were believed to be related to vaccination. INTERPRETATION In women older than 25 years, the HPV 16/18 vaccine is efficacious against infections and cervical abnormalities associated with the vaccine types, as well as infections with the non-vaccine HPV types 31 and 45. FUNDING GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals SA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Rachel Skinner
- Vaccines Trials Group, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Perth, WA, Australia; Sydney University Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Children's Hospital Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Anne Szarewski
- Centre for Cancer Prevention, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Barbara Romanowski
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Suzanne M Garland
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Microbiology, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Jorge Salmerón
- Unidad de Investigación Epidemiológica y en Servicios de Salud, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Morelos, Mexico
| | | | - René H M Verheijen
- Gynaecological Oncology and HumVac Research Group, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Swee Chong Quek
- Parkway Gynaecology Screening & Treatment Centre, Gleneagles Hospital, Singapore
| | - Daniel P da Silva
- Departmento de Ginecologia, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Henry Kitchener
- Women's Cancer Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - Kah Leng Fong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | | | - Deborah M Money
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; The Women's Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | | | - Myron J Levin
- University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Archana Chatterjee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, and Sanford Children's Specialty Clinics, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Jack T Stapleton
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Mark Martens
- Jersey Shore University Medical Center, Neptune, NJ, USA
| | - Wim Quint
- DDL Diagnostic Laboratory, Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Mulligan MJ, Bernstein D, Winokur P, Rupp R, Lai L, Anderson EJ, Rouphael N, Dickey M, Stapleton JT, Edupuganti S, Spearman PW, Kabbani S, Ince D, Noah DL, Hill H, Bellamy AR. LB-2Avian Influenza A/H7N9 Vaccine Mixed with MF59 Adjuvant at the Point-of-Use. A Randomized Clinical Trial of a Pandemic Threat Response. Open Forum Infect Dis 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofu083.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - David Bernstein
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | | | - Richard Rupp
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Lilin Lai
- Emory University Hope Clinic, Atlanta, GA
| | - Evan J. Anderson
- Pediatrics and Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | | | - Michelle Dickey
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | | | | | | | | | - Dilek Ince
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Lanteri MC, Vahidnia F, Tan S, Stapleton JT, Norris PJ, Heitman J, Deng X, Keating SM, Brambilla D, Busch MP, Custer B. Downregulation of Cytokines and Chemokines by GB Virus C After Transmission Via Blood Transfusion in HIV-Positive Blood Recipients. J Infect Dis 2014; 211:1585-96. [PMID: 25425697 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An association between GB virus C (GBV-C) and improved outcomes of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has been reported in HIV-positive individuals with active GBV-C coinfection. This study provides insights into the immune mechanisms underlying the protective role of GBV-C in HIV-infected patients. METHODS The concentrations of 64 cytokines and chemokines were measured in plasma samples obtained from the Viral Activation Transfusion Study cohort before transfusion and longitudinally from 30 patients positive for both HIV and GBV-C (hereafter, "cases") and 30 patients positive for HIV and negative for GBV-C (hereafter, "controls"). RESULTS Cases had lower HIV viral loads and higher CD4 T-cell counts than controls after acquisition of GBV-C infection. Most of the modulated cytokines and chemokines were reduced after GBV-C detection, including many proinflammatory cytokines, suggesting an overall antiinflammatory effect of GBV-C in HIV-positive subjects. Most pathways and functions of the measured cytokines were downregulated in cases, except cell death pathways, which were upregulated in various cell subsets in the 3 months after GBV-C detection. CONCLUSIONS GBV-C has a protective effect, in part through a competition mechanism leading to decreased inflammation and improved HIV disease outcome in cases. Further studies are necessary to establish whether GBV-C may have deleterious effects on the host at the cellular level, including depleting the cells that are the targets of HIV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jack T Stapleton
- Iowa City Veterans Affairs Hospital University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City
| | - Philip J Norris
- Blood Systems Research Institute Department of Laboratory Medicine Department of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, California
| | | | | | | | | | - Michael P Busch
- Blood Systems Research Institute Department of Laboratory Medicine
| | - Brian Custer
- Blood Systems Research Institute Department of Laboratory Medicine
| | | |
Collapse
|