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Lakhashe SK, Amacker M, Hariraju D, Vyas HK, Morrison KS, Weiner JA, Ackerman ME, Roy V, Alter G, Ferrari G, Montefiori DC, Tomaras GD, Sawant S, Yates NL, Gast C, Fleury S, Ruprecht RM. Cooperation Between Systemic and Mucosal Antibodies Induced by Virosomal Vaccines Targeting HIV-1 Env: Protection of Indian Rhesus Macaques Against Low-Dose Intravaginal SHIV Challenges. Front Immunol 2022; 13:788619. [PMID: 35273592 PMCID: PMC8902080 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.788619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A virosomal vaccine inducing systemic/mucosal anti-HIV-1 gp41 IgG/IgA had previously protected Chinese-origin rhesus macaques (RMs) against vaginal SHIVSF162P3 challenges. Here, we assessed its efficacy in Indian-origin RMs by intramuscular priming/intranasal boosting (n=12/group). Group K received virosome-P1-peptide alone (harboring the Membrane Proximal External Region), Group L combined virosome-rgp41 plus virosome-P1, and Group M placebo virosomes. Vaccination induced plasma binding but no neutralizing antibodies. Five weeks after boosting, all RMs were challenged intravaginally with low-dose SHIVSF162P3 until persistent systemic infection developed. After SHIV challenge #7, six controls were persistently infected versus only one Group L animal (vaccine efficacy 87%; P=0.0319); Group K was not protected. After a 50% SHIV dose increase starting with challenge #8, protection in Group L was lost. Plasmas/sera were analyzed for IgG phenotypes and effector functions; the former revealed that protection in Group L was significantly associated with increased binding to FcγR2/3(A/B) across several time-points, as were some IgG measurements. Vaginal washes contained low-level anti-gp41 IgGs and IgAs, representing a 1-to-5-fold excess over the SHIV inoculum's gp41 content, possibly explaining loss of protection after the increase in challenge-virus dose. Virosomal gp41-vaccine efficacy was confirmed during the initial seven SHIV challenges in Indian-origin RMs when the SHIV inoculum had at least 100-fold more HIV RNA than acutely infected men's semen. Vaccine protection by virosome-induced IgG and IgA parallels the cooperation between systemically administered IgG1 and mucosally applied dimeric IgA2 monoclonal antibodies that as single-agents provided no/low protection - but when combined, prevented mucosal SHIV transmission in all passively immunized RMs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mario Amacker
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland,Mymetics SA, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Dinesh Hariraju
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States,New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, United States,Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, United States
| | - Hemant K. Vyas
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Kyle S. Morrison
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Joshua A. Weiner
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Margaret E. Ackerman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, United States,Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Vicky Roy
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States,Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States,Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States,Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States,Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States,Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Sheetal Sawant
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Nicole L. Yates
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | | | | | - Ruth M. Ruprecht
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States,New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, United States,Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, United States,*Correspondence: Ruth M. Ruprecht,
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2
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Marasini B, Vyas HK, Lakhashe SK, Hariraju D, Akhtar A, Ratcliffe SJ, Ruprecht RM. Mucosal AIDS virus transmission is enhanced by antiviral IgG isolated early in infection. AIDS 2021; 35:2423-2432. [PMID: 34402452 PMCID: PMC8631165 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) affects host-virus dynamics in fundamentally different ways: i) enhancement of initial virus acquisition, and/or ii) increased disease progression/severity. Here we address the question whether anti-HIV-1 antibodies can enhance initial infection. While cell-culture experiments hinted at this possibility, in-vivo proof remained elusive. DESIGN We used passive immunization in nonhuman primates challenged with simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV), a chimera expressing HIV-1 envelope. We purified IgG from rhesus monkeys with early-stage SHIV infection - before cross-neutralizing anti-HIV-1 antibodies had developed - and screened for maximal complement-mediated antibody-dependent enhancement (C'-ADE) of viral replication with a SHIV strain phylogenetically distinct from that harbored by IgG donor macaques. IgG fractions with maximal C'-ADE but lacking neutralization were combined to yield enhancing anti-SHIV IgG (enSHIVIG). RESULTS We serially enrolled naive macaques (Group 1) to determine the minimal and 50% animal infectious doses required to establish persistent infection after intrarectal SHIV challenge. The first animal was inoculated with a 1 : 10 virus-stock dilution; after this animal's viral RNA load was >104copies/ml, the next macaque was challenged with 10x less virus, a process repeated until viremia no longer ensued. Group 2 was pretreated intravenously with enSHIVIG 24 h before SHIV challenge. Overall, Group 2 macaques required 3.4-fold less virus compared to controls (P = 0.002). This finding is consistent with enhanced susceptibility of the passively immunized animals to mucosal SHIV challenge. CONCLUSION These passive immunization data give proof of IgG-mediated enhanced virus acquisition after mucosal exposure - a potential concern for antibody-based AIDS vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishal Marasini
- University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia Research Center, New Iberia
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas
| | | | | | - Dinesh Hariraju
- University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia Research Center, New Iberia
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Akil Akhtar
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas
| | | | - Ruth M. Ruprecht
- University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia Research Center, New Iberia
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas
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3
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Gong S, Lakhashe SK, Hariraju D, Scinto H, Lanzavecchia A, Cameroni E, Corti D, Ratcliffe SJ, Rogers KA, Xiao P, Fontenot J, Villinger F, Ruprecht RM. Cooperation Between Systemic IgG1 and Mucosal Dimeric IgA2 Monoclonal Anti-HIV Env Antibodies: Passive Immunization Protects Indian Rhesus Macaques Against Mucosal SHIV Challenges. Front Immunol 2021; 12:705592. [PMID: 34413855 PMCID: PMC8370093 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.705592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the interplay between systemic and mucosal anti-HIV antibodies can provide important insights to develop new prevention strategies. We used passive immunization via systemic and/or mucosal routes to establish cause-and-effect between well-characterized monoclonal antibodies and protection against intrarectal (i.r.) SHIV challenge. In a pilot study, for which we re-used animals previously exposed to SHIV but completely protected from viremia by different classes of anti-HIV neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), we made a surprise finding: low-dose intravenous (i.v.) HGN194-IgG1, a human neutralizing mAb against the conserved V3-loop crown, was ineffective when given alone but protected 100% of animals when combined with i.r. applied HGN194-dIgA2 that by itself had only protected 17% of the animals. Here we sought to confirm the unexpected synergy between systemically administered IgG1 and mucosally applied dIgA HGN194 forms using six groups of naïve macaques (n=6/group). Animals received i.v. HGN194-IgG1 alone or combined with i.r.-administered dIgA forms; controls remained untreated. HGN194-IgG1 i.v. doses were given 24 hours before - and all i.r. dIgA doses 30 min before - i.r. exposure to a single high-dose of SHIV-1157ipEL-p. All controls became viremic. Among passively immunized animals, the combination of IgG1+dIgA2 again protected 100% of the animals. In contrast, single-agent i.v. IgG1 protected only one of six animals (17%) - consistent with our pilot data. IgG1 combined with dIgA1 or dIgA1+dIgA2 protected 83% (5/6) of the animals. The dIgA1+dIgA2 combination without the systemically administered dose of IgG1 protected 67% (4/6) of the macaques. We conclude that combining suboptimal antibody defenses at systemic and mucosal levels can yield synergy and completely prevent virus acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Gong
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, United States
| | | | - Dinesh Hariraju
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, United States
| | - Hanna Scinto
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Antonio Lanzavecchia
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Humabs BioMed, A Subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Elisabetta Cameroni
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Humabs BioMed, A Subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Davide Corti
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Humabs BioMed, A Subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | - Kenneth A. Rogers
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, United States
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, United States
| | - Peng Xiao
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, United States
| | - Jane Fontenot
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, United States
| | - François Villinger
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, United States
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, United States
| | - Ruth M. Ruprecht
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, United States
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4
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Malherbe DC, Vang L, Mendy J, Barnette PT, Spencer DA, Reed J, Kareko BW, Sather DN, Pandey S, Wibmer CK, Robins H, Fuller DH, Park B, Lakhashe SK, Wilson JM, Axthelm MK, Ruprecht RM, Moore PL, Sacha JB, Hessell AJ, Alexander J, Haigwood NL. Modified Adenovirus Prime-Protein Boost Clade C HIV Vaccine Strategy Results in Reduced Viral DNA in Blood and Tissues Following Tier 2 SHIV Challenge. Front Immunol 2021; 11:626464. [PMID: 33658998 PMCID: PMC7917243 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.626464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Designing immunogens and improving delivery methods eliciting protective immunity is a paramount goal of HIV vaccine development. A comparative vaccine challenge study was performed in rhesus macaques using clade C HIV Envelope (Env) and SIV Gag antigens. One group was vaccinated using co-immunization with DNA Gag and Env expression plasmids cloned from a single timepoint and trimeric Env gp140 glycoprotein from one of these clones (DNA+Protein). The other group was a prime-boost regimen composed of two replicating simian (SAd7) adenovirus-vectored vaccines expressing Gag and one Env clone from the same timepoint as the DNA+Protein group paired with the same Env gp140 trimer (SAd7+Protein). The env genes were isolated from a single pre-peak neutralization timepoint approximately 1 year post infection in CAP257, an individual with a high degree of neutralization breadth. Both DNA+Protein and SAd7+Protein vaccine strategies elicited significant Env-specific T cell responses, lesser Gag-specific responses, and moderate frequencies of Env-specific TFH cells. Both vaccine modalities readily elicited systemic and mucosal Env-specific IgG but not IgA. There was a higher frequency and magnitude of ADCC activity in the SAd7+Protein than the DNA+Protein arm. All macaques developed moderate Tier 1 heterologous neutralizing antibodies, while neutralization of Tier 1B or Tier 2 viruses was sporadic and found primarily in macaques in the SAd7+Protein group. Neither vaccine approach provided significant protection from viral acquisition against repeated titered mucosal challenges with a heterologous Tier 2 clade C SHIV. However, lymphoid and gut tissues collected at necropsy showed that animals in both vaccine groups each had significantly lower copies of viral DNA in individual tissues compared to levels in controls. In the SAd7+Protein-vaccinated macaques, total and peak PBMC viral DNA were significantly lower compared with controls. Taken together, this heterologous Tier 2 SHIV challenge study shows that combination vaccination with SAd7+Protein was superior to combination DNA+Protein in reducing viral seeding in tissues in the absence of protection from infection, thus emphasizing the priming role of replication-competent SAd7 vector. Despite the absence of correlates of protection, because antibody responses were significantly higher in this vaccine group, we hypothesize that vaccine-elicited antibodies contribute to limiting tissue viral seeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine C Malherbe
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Lo Vang
- Emergent BioSolutions, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Jason Mendy
- Emergent BioSolutions, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Philip T Barnette
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - David A Spencer
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Jason Reed
- Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Bettie W Kareko
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - D Noah Sather
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Shilpi Pandey
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Constantinos K Wibmer
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Harlan Robins
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Deborah H Fuller
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Byung Park
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Samir K Lakhashe
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, TX, United States.,Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - James M Wilson
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Michael K Axthelm
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Ruth M Ruprecht
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, TX, United States.,Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Penny L Moore
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Jonah B Sacha
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States.,Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States.,Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Ann J Hessell
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | | | - Nancy L Haigwood
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States.,Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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5
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Couturier J, Nuotio-Antar AM, Agarwal N, Wilkerson GK, Saha P, Kulkarni V, Lakhashe SK, Esquivel J, Nehete PN, Ruprecht RM, Sastry KJ, Meyer JM, Hill LR, Lake JE, Balasubramanyam A, Lewis DE. Lymphocytes upregulate CD36 in adipose tissue and liver. Adipocyte 2019; 8:154-163. [PMID: 31035848 PMCID: PMC6768236 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2019.1609202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
CD36 is a multifunctional scavenger receptor and lipid transporter implicated in metabolic and inflammatory pathologies, as well as cancer progression. CD36 is known to be expressed by adipocytes and monocytes/macrophages, but its expression by T cells is not clearly established. We found that CD4 and CD8 T cells in adipose tissue and liver of humans, monkeys, and mice upregulated CD36 expression (ranging from ~5–40% CD36+), whereas little to no CD36 was expressed by T cells in blood, spleen, and lymph nodes. CD36 was expressed predominantly by resting CD38-, HLA.DR-, and PD-1- adipose tissue T cells in monkeys, and increased during high-fat feeding in mice. Adipose tissue and liver promote a distinct phenotype in resident T cells characterized by CD36 upregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Couturier
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alli M. Nuotio-Antar
- US Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Center, Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Neeti Agarwal
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gregory K. Wilkerson
- Department of Comparative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX, USA
| | - Pradip Saha
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Viraj Kulkarni
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Samir K. Lakhashe
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Juan Esquivel
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Pramod N. Nehete
- Department of Comparative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX, USA
| | - Ruth M. Ruprecht
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - K. Jagannadha Sastry
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jennifer M. Meyer
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lori R. Hill
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jordan E. Lake
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ashok Balasubramanyam
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dorothy E. Lewis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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6
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Zhou M, Humbert M, Mukhtar MM, Scinto HB, Vyas HK, Lakhashe SK, Byrareddy SN, Maurer G, Thorat S, Owuor J, Lai Z, Chen Y, Griffiths A, Chenine AL, Gumber S, Villinger F, Montefiori D, Ruprecht RM. Adaptation of an R5 Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Encoding an HIV Clade A Envelope with or without Ablation of Adaptive Host Immunity: Differential Selection of Viral Mutants. J Virol 2019; 93:e02267-18. [PMID: 30760566 PMCID: PMC6475780 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02267-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) infection in rhesus macaques (RMs) resembles human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection in humans and serves as a tool to evaluate candidate AIDS vaccines. HIV-1 clade A (HIV-A) predominates in parts of Africa. We constructed an R5 clade A SHIV (SHIV-A; strain SHIV-KNH1144) carrying env from a Kenyan HIV-A. SHIV-A underwent rapid serial passage through six RMs. To allow unbridled replication without adaptive immunity, we simultaneously ablated CD8+ and B cells with cytotoxic monoclonal antibodies in the next RM, resulting in extremely high viremia and CD4+ T-cell loss. Infected blood was then transferred into two non-immune-depleted RMs, where progeny SHIV-A showed increased replicative capacity and caused AIDS. We reisolated SHIV-KNH1144p4, which was replication competent in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of all RMs tested. Next-generation sequencing of early- and late-passage SHIV-A strains identified mutations that arose due to "fitness" virus optimization in the former and mutations exhibiting signatures typical for adaptive host immunity in the latter. "Fitness" mutations are best described as mutations that allow for better fit of the HIV-A Env with SIV-derived virion building blocks or host proteins and mutations in noncoding regions that accelerate virus replication, all of which result in the outgrowth of virus variants in the absence of adaptive T-cell and antibody-mediated host immunity.IMPORTANCE In this study, we constructed a simian-human immunodeficiency virus carrying an R5 Kenyan HIV-1 clade A env (SHIV-A). To bypass host immunity, SHIV-A was rapidly passaged in naive macaques or animals depleted of both CD8+ and B cells. Next-generation sequencing identified different mutations that resulted from optimization of viral replicative fitness either in the absence of adaptive immunity or due to pressure from adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingkui Zhou
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael Humbert
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Muhammad M Mukhtar
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hanna B Scinto
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Hemant K Vyas
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Samir K Lakhashe
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Siddappa N Byrareddy
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gregor Maurer
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- VetCore, Facility for Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Swati Thorat
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joshua Owuor
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Zhao Lai
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Yidong Chen
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | | | - Agnès-Laurence Chenine
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Military HIV Research Program, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Sanjeev Gumber
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - François Villinger
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - David Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ruth M Ruprecht
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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7
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Malherbe DC, Mendy J, Vang L, Barnette PT, Reed J, Lakhashe SK, Owuor J, Gach JS, Legasse AW, Axthelm MK, LaBranche CC, Montefiori D, Forthal DN, Park B, Wilson JM, McLinden JH, Xiang J, Stapleton JT, Sacha JB, Haynes BF, Liao HX, Ruprecht RM, Smith J, Gurwith M, Haigwood NL, Alexander J. Combination Adenovirus and Protein Vaccines Prevent Infection or Reduce Viral Burden after Heterologous Clade C Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Mucosal Challenge. J Virol 2018; 92:e01092-17. [PMID: 29093095 PMCID: PMC5752948 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01092-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV vaccine development is focused on designing immunogens and delivery methods that elicit protective immunity. We evaluated a combination of adenovirus (Ad) vectors expressing HIV 1086.C (clade C) envelope glycoprotein (Env), SIV Gag p55, and human pegivirus GBV-C E2 glycoprotein. We compared replicating simian (SAd7) with nonreplicating human (Ad4) adenovirus-vectored vaccines paired with recombinant proteins in a novel prime-boost regimen in rhesus macaques, with the goal of eliciting protective immunity against SHIV challenge. In both vaccine groups, plasma and buccal Env-specific IgG, tier 1 heterologous neutralizing antibodies, and antibody-dependent cell-mediated viral inhibition were readily generated. High Env-specific T cell responses elicited in all vaccinees were significantly greater than responses targeting Gag. After three intrarectal exposures to heterologous tier 1 clade C SHIV, all 10 sham-vaccinated controls were infected, whereas 4/10 SAd7- and 3/10 Ad4-vaccinated macaques remained uninfected or maintained tightly controlled plasma viremia. Time to infection was significantly delayed in SAd7-vaccinated macaques compared to the controls. Cell-associated and plasma virus levels were significantly lower in each group of vaccinated macaques compared to controls; the lowest plasma viral burden was found in animals vaccinated with the SAd7 vectors, suggesting superior immunity conferred by the replicating simian vectors. Furthermore, higher V1V2-specific binding antibody titers correlated with viral control in the SAd7 vaccine group. Thus, recombinant Ad plus protein vaccines generated humoral and cellular immunity that was effective in either protecting from SHIV acquisition or significantly reducing viremia in animals that became infected, consequently supporting additional development of replicating Ad vectors as HIV vaccines.IMPORTANCE There is a well-acknowledged need for an effective AIDS vaccine that protects against HIV infection and limits in vivo viral replication and associated pathogenesis. Although replicating virus vectors have been advanced as HIV vaccine platforms, there have not been any direct comparisons of the replicating to the nonreplicating format. The present study directly compared the replicating SAd7 to nonreplicating Ad4 vectors in macaques and demonstrated that in the SAd7 vaccine group, the time to infection was significantly delayed compared to the control group, and V1V2 Env-specific binding antibodies correlated with viral outcomes. Viral control was significantly enhanced in vaccinated macaques compared to controls, and in infected SAd7-vaccinated macaques compared to Ad4-vaccinated macaques, suggesting that this vector may have conferred more effective immunity. Because blocking infection is so difficult with current vaccines, development of a vaccine that can limit viremia if infection occurs would be valuable. These data support further development of replicating adenovirus vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine C Malherbe
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | | | - Lo Vang
- PaxVax, Inc., San Diego, California, USA
| | - Philip T Barnette
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Jason Reed
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Samir K Lakhashe
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Joshua Owuor
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Johannes S Gach
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Alfred W Legasse
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Michael K Axthelm
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Celia C LaBranche
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - David Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Donald N Forthal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Byung Park
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - James M Wilson
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James H McLinden
- The Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Jinhua Xiang
- The Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Jack T Stapleton
- The Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Jonah B Sacha
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ruth M Ruprecht
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | | | | | - Nancy L Haigwood
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
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8
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Sholukh AM, Watkins JD, Vyas HK, Gupta S, Lakhashe SK, Thorat S, Zhou M, Hemashettar G, Bachler BC, Forthal DN, Villinger F, Sattentau QJ, Weiss RA, Agatic G, Corti D, Lanzavecchia A, Heeney JL, Ruprecht RM. Defense-in-depth by mucosally administered anti-HIV dimeric IgA2 and systemic IgG1 mAbs: complete protection of rhesus monkeys from mucosal SHIV challenge. Vaccine 2015; 33:2086-95. [PMID: 25769884 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Although IgA is the most abundantly produced immunoglobulin in humans, its role in preventing HIV-1 acquisition, which occurs mostly via mucosal routes, remains unclear. In our passive mucosal immunizations of rhesus macaques (RMs), the anti-HIV-1 neutralizing monoclonal antibody (nmAb) HGN194, given either as dimeric IgA1 (dIgA1) or dIgA2 intrarectally (i.r.), protected 83% or 17% of the RMs against i.r. simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) challenge, respectively. Data from the RV144 trial implied that vaccine-induced plasma IgA counteracted the protective effector mechanisms of IgG1 with the same epitope specificity. We thus hypothesized that mucosal dIgA2 might diminish the protection provided by IgG1 mAbs targeting the same epitope. To test our hypothesis, we administered HGN194 IgG1 intravenously (i.v.) either alone or combined with i.r. HGN194 dIgA2. We enrolled SHIV-exposed, persistently aviremic RMs protected by previously administered nmAbs; RM anti-human IgG responses were undetectable. However, low-level SIV Gag-specific proliferative T-cell responses were found. These animals resemble HIV-exposed, uninfected humans, in which local and systemic cellular immune responses have been observed. HGN194 IgG1 and dIgA2 used alone and the combination of the two neutralized the challenge virus equally well in vitro. All RMs given only i.v. HGN194 IgG1 became infected. In contrast, all RMs given HGN194 IgG1+dIgA2 were completely protected against high-dose i.r. SHIV-1157ipEL-p challenge. These data imply that combining suboptimal defenses at the mucosal and systemic levels can completely prevent virus acquisition. Consequently, active vaccination should focus on defense-in-depth, a strategy that seeks to build up defensive fall-back positions well behind the fortified frontline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton M Sholukh
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer D Watkins
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hemant K Vyas
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sandeep Gupta
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Samir K Lakhashe
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Swati Thorat
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mingkui Zhou
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Donald N Forthal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Francois Villinger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Quentin J Sattentau
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Robin A Weiss
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | - Davide Corti
- Humabs BioMed SA, Bellinzona 6500, Switzerland; Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona 6500, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Lanzavecchia
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona 6500, Switzerland; Eidgenoessische Technische Hochschule, Zurich CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan L Heeney
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Ruth M Ruprecht
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA; Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, TX, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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9
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Sholukh AM, Byrareddy SN, Shanmuganathan V, Hemashettar G, Lakhashe SK, Rasmussen RA, Watkins JD, Vyas HK, Thorat S, Brandstoetter T, Mukhtar MM, Yoon JK, Novembre FJ, Villinger F, Landucci G, Forthal DN, Ratcliffe S, Tuero I, Robert-Guroff M, Polonis VR, Bilska M, Montefiori DC, Johnson WE, Ertl HC, Ruprecht RM. Passive immunization of macaques with polyclonal anti-SHIV IgG against a heterologous tier 2 SHIV: outcome depends on IgG dose. Retrovirology 2014; 11:8. [PMID: 24444350 PMCID: PMC3905655 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-11-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A key goal for HIV-1 envelope immunogen design is the induction of cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies (nAbs). As AIDS vaccine recipients will not be exposed to strains exactly matching any immunogens due to multiple HIV-1 quasispecies circulating in the human population worldwide, heterologous SHIV challenges are essential for realistic vaccine efficacy testing in primates. We assessed whether polyclonal IgG, isolated from rhesus monkeys (RMs) with high-titer nAbs (termed SHIVIG), could protect RMs against the R5-tropic tier-2 SHIV-2873Nip, which was heterologous to the viruses or HIV-1 envelopes that had elicited SHIVIG. RESULTS SHIVIG demonstrated binding to HIV Gag, Tat, and Env of different clades and competed with the broadly neutralizing antibodies b12, VRC01, 4E10, and 17b. SHIVIG neutralized tier 1 and tier 2 viruses, including SHIV-2873Nip. NK-cell depletion decreased the neutralizing activity of SHIVIG 20-fold in PBMC assays. Although SHIVIG neutralized SHIV-2873Nip in vitro, this polyclonal IgG preparation failed to prevent acquisition after repeated intrarectal low-dose virus challenges, but at a dose of 400 mg/kg, it significantly lowered peak viremia (P = 0.001). Unexpectedly, single-genome analysis revealed a higher number of transmitted variants at the low dose of 25 mg/kg, implying increased acquisition at low SHIVIG levels. In vitro, SHIVIG demonstrated complement-mediated Ab-dependent enhancement of infection (C'-ADE) at concentrations similar to those observed in plasmas of RMs treated with 25 mg/kg of SHIVIG. CONCLUSION Our primate model data suggest a dual role for polyclonal anti-HIV-1 Abs depending on plasma levels upon virus encounter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton M Sholukh
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, PO Box 760549, San Antonio, TX 78245-0549, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Siddappa N Byrareddy
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Samir K Lakhashe
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, PO Box 760549, San Antonio, TX 78245-0549, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert A Rasmussen
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer D Watkins
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hemant K Vyas
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, PO Box 760549, San Antonio, TX 78245-0549, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Swati Thorat
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Muhammad M Mukhtar
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, PO Box 760549, San Antonio, TX 78245-0549, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John K Yoon
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Francis J Novembre
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Francois Villinger
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gary Landucci
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Donald N Forthal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Sarah Ratcliffe
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Iskra Tuero
- National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Vaccine Branch, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marjorie Robert-Guroff
- National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Vaccine Branch, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Victoria R Polonis
- The Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Miroslawa Bilska
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David C Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Ruth M Ruprecht
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, PO Box 760549, San Antonio, TX 78245-0549, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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10
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Bachler BC, Humbert M, Lakhashe SK, Rasmussen RA, Ruprecht RM. Live-virus exposure of vaccine-protected macaques alters the anti-HIV-1 antibody repertoire in the absence of viremia. Retrovirology 2013; 10:63. [PMID: 23800339 PMCID: PMC3695773 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We addressed the question whether live-virus challenges could alter vaccine-induced antibody (Ab) responses in vaccinated rhesus macaques (RMs) that completely resisted repeated exposures to R5-tropic simian-human immunodeficiency viruses encoding heterologous HIV clade C envelopes (SHIV-Cs). RESULTS We examined the Ab responses in aviremic RMs that had been immunized with a multi-component protein vaccine (multimeric HIV-1 gp160, HIV-1 Tat and SIV Gag-Pol particles) and compared anti-Env plasma Ab titers before and after repeated live-virus exposures. Although no viremia was ever detected in these animals, they showed significant increases in anti-gp140 Ab titers after they had encountered live SHIVs. When we investigated the dynamics of anti-Env Ab titers during the immunization and challenge phases further, we detected the expected, vaccine-induced increases of Ab responses about two weeks after the last protein immunization. Remarkably, these titers kept rising during the repeated virus challenges, although no viremia resulted. In contrast, in vaccinated RMs that were not exposed to virus, anti-gp140 Ab titers declined after the peak seen two weeks after the last immunization. These data suggest boosting of pre-existing, vaccine-induced Ab responses as a consequence of repeated live-virus exposures. Next, we screened polyclonal plasma samples from two of the completely protected vaccinees by peptide phage display and designed a strategy that selects for recombinant phages recognized only by Abs present after - but not before - any SHIV challenge. With this "subtractive biopanning" approach, we isolated V3 mimotopes that were only recognized after the animals had been exposed to live virus. By detailed epitope mapping of such anti-V3 Ab responses, we showed that the challenges not only boosted pre-existing binding and neutralizing Ab titers, but also induced Abs targeting neo-antigens presented by the heterologous challenge virus. CONCLUSIONS Anti-Env Ab responses induced by recombinant protein vaccination were altered by the multiple, live SHIV challenges in vaccinees that had no detectable viral loads. These data may have implications for the interpretation of "vaccine only" responses in clinical vaccine trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara C Bachler
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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11
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Sholukh AM, Siddappa NB, Shanmuganathan V, Lakhashe SK, Rasmussen RA, Watkins JD, Vyas HK, Mukhtar MM, Hemashettar G, Thorat S, Yoon JK, Villinger F, Novembre FJ, Landucci G, Forthal DN, Ratcliffe S, Robert-Guroff M, Polonis V, Montefiori DC, Ertl HC, Ruprecht RM. Passive immunization with polyclonal anti-SHIV IgG: partial protection or increased acquisition of heterologous tier 2 SHIV – depending on IgG dose. Retrovirology 2012. [PMCID: PMC3442109 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-9-s2-p41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Abstract
Development of a safe and effective prophylactic HIV-1 vaccine presents unique challenges. The pessimism following the failure of two HIV-1 vaccine concepts in clinical trials, HIV-1 gp120 and an adenovirus-based approach to induce only cellular immune responses, has been replaced by cautious optimism engendered by the RV144 trial outcome, the isolation of several new broadly reactive neutralizing monoclonal antibodies, and recent primate model data indicating prevention of viral acquisition by active or passive immunization. Intense efforts are underway to optimize immunogen design, adjuvants, and the tools for preclinical evaluation of candidate vaccines in primates, where correlates of protection can be examined in detail - as proof-of-concept for clinical trials.
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13
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Lakhashe SK, Wang W, Siddappa NB, Hemashettar G, Polacino P, Hu SL, Villinger F, Else JG, Novembre FJ, Yoon JK, Lee SJ, Montefiori DC, Ruprecht RM, Rasmussen RA. Vaccination against heterologous R5 clade C SHIV: prevention of infection and correlates of protection. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22010. [PMID: 21799765 PMCID: PMC3140488 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A safe, efficacious vaccine is required to stop the AIDS pandemic. Disappointing results from the STEP trial implied a need to include humoral anti-HIV-1 responses, a notion supported by RV144 trial data even though correlates of protection are unknown. We vaccinated rhesus macaques with recombinant simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) Gag-Pol particles, HIV-1 Tat and trimeric clade C (HIV-C) gp160, which induced cross-neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) and robust cellular immune responses. After five low-dose mucosal challenges with a simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) that encoded a heterologous R5 HIV-C envelope (22.1% divergence from the gp160 immunogen), 94% of controls became viremic, whereas one third of vaccinees remained virus-free. Upon high-dose SHIV rechallenge, all controls became infected, whereas some vaccinees remained aviremic. Peak viremia was inversely correlated with both cellular immunity (p<0.001) and cross-nAb titers (p<0.001). These data simultaneously linked cellular as well as humoral immune responses with the degree of protection for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir K. Lakhashe
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Wendy Wang
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nagadenahalli B. Siddappa
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Girish Hemashettar
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Patricia Polacino
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Shiu-Lok Hu
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - François Villinger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - James G. Else
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Francis J. Novembre
- Department of Microbiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - John K. Yoon
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sandra J. Lee
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Ruth M. Ruprecht
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Robert A. Rasmussen
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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14
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Watkins JD, Siddappa NB, Lakhashe SK, Humbert M, Sholukh A, Hemashettar G, Wong YL, Yoon JK, Wang W, Novembre FJ, Villinger F, Ibegbu C, Patel K, Corti D, Agatic G, Vanzetta F, Bianchi S, Heeney JL, Sallusto F, Lanzavecchia A, Ruprecht RM. An anti-HIV-1 V3 loop antibody fully protects cross-clade and elicits T-cell immunity in macaques mucosally challenged with an R5 clade C SHIV. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18207. [PMID: 21483815 PMCID: PMC3069056 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies have been shown to protect macaques against SHIV challenge. However, genetically diverse HIV-1 clades have evolved, and a key question left unanswered is whether neutralizing antibodies can confer cross-clade protection in vivo. The novel human monoclonal antibody HGN194 was isolated from an individual infected with an HIV-1 clade AG recombinant circulating recombinant form (CRF). HGN194 targets an epitope in the third hypervariable loop (V3) of HIV-1 gp120 and neutralizes a range of relatively neutralization-sensitive and resistant viruses. We evaluated the potential of HGN194 to protect infant rhesus monkeys against a SHIV encoding a primary CCR5-tropic HIV-1 clade C envelope. After high-dose mucosal challenge, all untreated controls became highly viremic while all HGN194-treated animals (50 mg/kg) were completely protected. When HGN194 was given at 1 mg/kg, one out of two monkeys remained aviremic, whereas the other had delayed, lower peak viremia. Interestingly, all protected monkeys given high-dose HGN194 developed Gag-specific proliferative responses of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. To test whether generation of the latter involved cryptic infection, we ablated CD8+ cells after HGN194 clearance. No viremia was detected in any protected monkeys, thus ruling out virus reservoirs. Thus, induction of CD8 T-cell immunity may have resulted from transient "Hit and Run" infection or cross priming via Ag-Ab-mediated cross-presentation. Together, our data identified the HGN194 epitope as protective and provide proof-of-concept that this anti-V3 loop mAb can prevent infection with sterilizing immunity after challenge with virus of a different clade, implying that V3 is a potential vaccine target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer D. Watkins
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nagadenahalli B. Siddappa
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Samir K. Lakhashe
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael Humbert
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Anton Sholukh
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Girish Hemashettar
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yin Ling Wong
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - John K. Yoon
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Wendy Wang
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Francis J. Novembre
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Francois Villinger
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Chris Ibegbu
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kalpana Patel
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | - Jonathan L. Heeney
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Ruth M. Ruprecht
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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Sciaranghella G, Lakhashe SK, Ayash-Rashkovsky M, Mirshahidi S, Siddappa NB, Novembre FJ, Velu V, Amara RR, Zhou C, Li S, Li Z, Frankel FR, Ruprecht RM. A live attenuated Listeria monocytogenes vaccine vector expressing SIV Gag is safe and immunogenic in macaques and can be administered repeatedly. Vaccine 2010; 29:476-86. [PMID: 21070847 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.10.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Revised: 10/23/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) is known to induce strong cellular immune responses. We constructed a live-attenuated Lm vector, Lmdd-BdopSIVgag, which encodes SIVmac239 gag. Intragastric (i.g.) administration of 3 × 10(12) bacteria to rhesus macaques was safe and induced anti-Gag cellular but no humoral immune responses. Boosting of Gag-specific cellular responses was observed after i.g. administration of Lmdd-BdopSIVgag to previously vaccinated RM despite preexisting anti-Lm immunity shown by lymphoproliferative responses. Surprisingly, anti-Lm cellular responses were also detected in non-vaccinated controls, which may reflect the fact that Lm is a ubiquitous bacterium. The novel, live-attenuated Lmdd-BdopSIVgag may be an attractive platform for oral vaccine delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Sciaranghella
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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16
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Rasmussen RA, Lakhashe SK, Ruprecht RM. Bimodal AIDS vaccine approach: induction of cellular as well as humoral immunity can protect from systemic infection. Vaccine 2010; 28 Suppl 2:B25-31. [PMID: 20510739 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.10.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2009] [Revised: 10/16/2009] [Accepted: 10/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
HIV clade C (HIV-C) strains comprise approximately 56% of all HIV infections worldwide, and AIDS vaccines intended for global use must protect against this subtype. Our vaccine strategy has been to induce balanced antiviral immunity consisting of both neutralizing antibody and cell-mediated immune responses, an approach we tested in primates. As reported earlier, after isolating recently transmitted HIV-C strains from Zambian infants, we used env from one such virus, HIV1084i, to generate a multimeric gp160 immunogen. From another virus, isolated from a different child of the same mother-infant cohort, we cloned env to generate a recombinant simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV), which was adapted to rhesus monkeys to yield SHIV-1157ip. Infant macaques were immunized with recombinant viral proteins, including multimeric HIV-C Env 1084i. To test whether cross-protection could be achieved, we mismatched HIV-C Env immunogens and challenge virus env. All vaccinated and control monkeys were exposed orally to low-dose SHIV-1157ip. Animals with no or only transient infection were rechallenged intrarectally with a high dose of R5 SHIV-1157ipd3N4, a "late", animal-evolved variant of SHIV-1157ip. Compared to controls, the vaccinees had significantly lower peak viral RNA loads, and one vaccinee remained completely virus-free, even in lymphoid tissues. Data from our novel heterologous mucosal challenge model and our protein-only immunogens imply that significant protection against heterologous viruses circulating in the local community may be achievable with a strategy that seeks to simultaneously induce cellular immunity as well as neutralizing antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Rasmussen
- Department of Cancer, Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, United States
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Lakhashe SK, Kulkarni SS, Thakar MR, Ghate MV, Paranjape RS. Extensive cross-reactive neutralizing antibody response in Indian patients with limited genetic diversity of HIV-1. Virology 2007; 359:295-301. [PMID: 17074379 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2006] [Revised: 08/28/2006] [Accepted: 09/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Genome sequence analysis of HIV-1 subtype C viruses from India shows monophyletic lineage and relatively limited genetic diversity. To understand its immunological implication, cross-reactivity of neutralizing antibody response was investigated. In primary screening, neutralizing antibody response to single heterologous primary HIV-1 subtype C isolate was assessed in plasma samples from 235 HIV-1 infected, anti-retroviral treatment naive individuals from Pune, India. Plasma samples that showed > or =90% neutralization and two randomly selected plasma samples that showed 50-60% neutralization were tested against a panel of primary HIV-1 subtype C isolates obtained from epidemiologically unlinked individuals from India. The neutralizing antibody response showed extensive cross-neutralization, suggesting presence of shared neutralization determinants among circulating HIV-1 subtype C viruses in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir K Lakhashe
- National AIDS Research Institute, G-73, MIDC, Bhosari, Pune 411 026, India
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Thakar MR, Bhonge LS, Lakhashe SK, Shankarkumar U, Sane SS, Kulkarni SS, Mahajan BA, Paranjape RS. Cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTLs) from HIV-1 subtype C-infected Indian patients recognize CTL epitopes from a conserved immunodominant region of HIV-1 Gag and Nef. J Infect Dis 2005; 192:749-59. [PMID: 16088824 DOI: 10.1086/432547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2004] [Accepted: 03/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes recognized by the targeted population is critical for HIV-1 vaccine design. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 47 Indian subjects at different stages of HIV-1 infection were tested for HIV-1 Gag-, Nef-, and Env-specific T cell responses by interferon (IFN)- gamma enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay, using pools of overlapping peptides. The Gag and Nef antigens were targeted by 83% and 36% of responders. Five immunodominant regions, 4 in Gag and 1 in Nef, were identified in the study; these regions are conserved across clades, including the African subtype C clade. Three antigenic regions were also found to be recognized by CTLs of the study participants. These regions were not identified as immunodominant regions in studies performed in Africa, which highlights the importance of differential clustering of responses within HIV-1 subtype C. Twenty-six putative epitopes--15 Gag (10 in p24 and 5 in p17), 10 Nef, and 1 Env (gp 41)--were predicted using a combination of peptide matrix ELISPOT assay and CTL epitope-prediction software. Ninety percent of the predicted epitopes were clustered in the conserved immunodominant regions of the Gag and Nef antigens. Of 26 predicted epitopes, 8 were promiscuous, 3 of which were highly conserved across clades. Three Gag and 4 Nef epitopes were novel. The identification of conserved epitopes will be important in the planning of an HIV-1 vaccine strategy for subtype C-affected regions.
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Bal AM, Lakhashe SK, Thakar MR, Tripathy SP, Paranjape RS. Dysregulation of proinflammatory and regulatory cytokines in HIV infected persons with active tuberculosis. Cytokine 2005; 30:275-81. [PMID: 15927853 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2005.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2004] [Revised: 12/28/2004] [Accepted: 01/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Proinflammatory and regulatory cytokines have been implicated to play important role in immunopathology of HIV and tuberculosis (TB) infection. Capacity of unstimulated and mitogen-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to secrete cytokines (interleukin (IL)-2, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), IL-4, IL-10 and IL-6) was estimated for 15 HIV-TB coinfected patients, 22 HIV seropositives without TB, 32 HIV negative TB patients, and 36 healthy subjects. Dually infected patients had suppression of both Th1 and Th2 cytokine secretion as evidenced by significantly lower production of IL-2, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha as well as IL-4 and IL-10. Production of IL-2 and TNF-alpha was significantly decreased only in case of HIV infection. Significantly higher IL-6 secretion was found in unstimulated cultures in dually infected patients. The mitogen induced cytokine secretion was generally lower in HIV-TB coinfected patients indicating profound perturbation of both Th1 and Th2 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit M Bal
- National AIDS Research Institute, G-73, MIDC, Bhosari, Pune 411 026, India
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Thakar MR, Patke D, Lakhashe SK, Bhonge L, Kulkarni SV, Tripathy SP, Gupte N, Brookmeyer R, Quinn TC, Paranjape RS, Bollinger RC. Consistent subtype-specific anti-HIV type 1 T lymphocyte responses in Indian subjects recently infected with HIV type 1. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2002; 18:1389-93. [PMID: 12487810 DOI: 10.1089/088922202320935465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-HIV-1-specific T cell responses in early HIV-1 infection have been found to be important in deciding the course of disease progression. But there are few data concerning nonsubtype B HIV infection. HIV-1 subtype C is the most prevalent subtype in India. HIV-1 Gag-specific T cell responses in 12 Indian subjects with recent HIV-1 infection were characterized by an ELISpot assay at two consecutive visits and their correlation with plasma viral load and CD4(+) T lymphocyte counts was studied. Ten of the 12 subjects demonstrated T cell responses to either one or both Gag B and C peptides, on at least one visit. Five of 10 responders showed a consistent response (response at both visits): 4 exhibited a Gag C-specific consistent response and 1 showed a consistent response to Gag B. The remaining five patients, showing response at only one of the two visits, were considered inconsistent responders. None of the individuals showed a consistent response to both B and C Gag peptides. Marginally significant correlation was observed between consistency of the response and lower plasma viral load (p = 0.062). The subtype-specific Gag C response was also found to be correlated with lower viral load as compared with the response to Gag B (r = -0.336, p = 0.054 for subtype C and r = -0.234, p = 0.13 for subtype B). The data suggest that the patients exhibiting consistent subtype-specific responses to HIV-1 Gag might have better control of viral replication in early HIV infection.
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