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Márquez-Mauricio A, Caballero-Ortega H, Gómez-Chávez F. Congenital Toxoplasmosis Diagnosis: Current Approaches and New Insights. Acta Parasitol 2023; 68:473-480. [PMID: 37368128 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-023-00693-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study is to describe and discuss current disadvantages in congenital toxoplasmosis (CT) diagnosis, and what can be improved or changed through new perspectives and technological advances. METHODS We used Pubmed, Cochrane, and EBSCO databases to research publications from 10 years to date describing current diagnostic methods for CT. The keywords used for this Mini-Review were Toxoplasma gondii, congenital toxoplasmosis, diagnosis, and prospects using Boolean operators such as AND, OR, identifying scientific publications highlighting the importance of implementing new diagnostic methods. RESULTS Current diagnosis methods have several disadvantages, i.e., time-consuming, low sensitivity or specificity, and non-cost effective, that bring up the necessity of improving or developing new approaches. Recombinant proteins can help improve specificity by generating tests that use circulating strains in a specific geographical region, SAG1 and BAG1, as they are expressed during a particular stage of the disease (acute or chronic, respectively), for its use in serological diagnoses, such as capture ELISA and immunochromatography. Point of Care (POC) tests are methods performed at the patient care site, which leads to rapid patient treatment; despite the advantages, several improvements and perspectives are necessary to be implemented globally. CONCLUSIONS Although already established diagnosis methods for CT may be sufficient in some regions, there is still a persistent demand to develop tests with higher throughput, cost, and time reduction in developing countries, where prevalence is high. New approaches in CT diagnosis, such as recombinant proteins, capture ELISA, immunochromatography, and POC tests methods, can increase performance in terms of specificity and sensitivity simplifying diagnostic tests' requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fernando Gómez-Chávez
- Laboratorio de Enfermedades Osteoarticulares e Inmunológicas, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, ENMyH-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico.
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2
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Eligio García L, Crisóstomo Vázquez MDP, Maravelez Acosta VA, Soria Guerrero M, Cortés Campos A, Jiménez Cardoso E. Trypanosoma cruzi Antigenic Proteins Shared with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and Neuroblastoma. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:1421. [PMID: 36422551 PMCID: PMC9693088 DOI: 10.3390/ph15111421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background. Research studies indicate that immunization with protein extracts of Trypanosoma cruzi, the protozoan parasite that causes Chagas disease, prevents the appearance of tumors in 60% of mice injected with the murine lung carcinoma tumor line. The molecular basis of this process is unknown, although the presence of specific antigens in tumor cells and on the surface of T. cruzi suggests an antiparasitic immune response, with an effective cross-reaction against cancer cells, hence the importance to identify the antigens involved and determine their potential as target cells in anticancer therapy. Aim. This study aimed to determine the presence of antigenic proteins of T. cruzi shared with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and neuroblastoma cells. Material and methods. To achieve this, polyclonal antibodies against T. cruzi were developed in rabbits, and reactivity was determined with protein extracts of acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells and neuroblastoma. The immunodetection of five different strains of T. cruzi against anti-T. cruzi polyclonal antibodies was also performed. Conclusion. The study allows the knowledge of the immunological interactions between cancer and parasites to be expanded and, therefore, contributes to the design of more and better projects that improve the therapeutic strategies applied in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Enedina Jiménez Cardoso
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Parasitología, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez (HIMFG), Dr. Márquez 162. Col Doctores, Cuauhtémoc, México City 06720, Mexico
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3
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Alonso-Vega C, Urbina JA, Sanz S, Pinazo MJ, Pinto JJ, Gonzalez VR, Rojas G, Ortiz L, Garcia W, Lozano D, Soy D, Maldonado RA, Nagarkatti R, Debrabant A, Schijman A, Thomas MC, López MC, Michael K, Ribeiro I, Gascon J, Torrico F, Almeida IC. New chemotherapy regimens and biomarkers for Chagas disease: the rationale and design of the TESEO study, an open-label, randomised, prospective, phase-2 clinical trial in the Plurinational State of Bolivia. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e052897. [PMID: 34972765 PMCID: PMC8720984 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-052897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chagas disease (CD) affects ~7 million people worldwide. Benznidazole (BZN) and nifurtimox (NFX) are the only approved drugs for CD chemotherapy. Although both drugs are highly effective in acute and paediatric infections, their efficacy in adults with chronic CD (CCD) is lower and variable. Moreover, the high incidence of adverse events (AEs) with both drugs has hampered their widespread use. Trials in CCD adults showed that quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays remain negative for 12 months after standard-of-care (SoC) BZN treatment in ~80% patients. BZN pharmacokinetic data and the nonsynchronous nature of the proliferative mammal-dwelling parasite stage suggested that a lower BZN/NFX dosing frequency, combined with standard or extended treatment duration, might have the same or better efficacy than either drug SoC, with fewer AEs. METHODS AND ANALYSIS New ThErapies and Biomarkers for ChagaS infEctiOn (TESEO) is an open-label, randomised, prospective, phase-2 clinical trial, with six treatment arms (75 patients/arm, 450 patients). Primary objectives are to compare the safety and efficacy of two new proposed chemotherapy regimens of BZN and NFX in adults with CCD with the current SoC for BZN and NFX, evaluated by qPCR and biomarkers for 36 months posttreatment and correlated with CD conventional serology. Recruitment of patients was initiated on 18 December 2019 and on 20 May 2021, 450 patients (study goal) were randomised among the six treatment arms. The treatment phase was finalised on 18 August 2021. Secondary objectives include evaluation of population pharmacokinetics of both drugs in all treatment arms, the incidence of AEs, and parasite genotyping. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The TESEO study was approved by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), federal regulatory agency of the Plurinational State of Bolivia and the Ethics Committees of the participating institutions. The results will be disseminated via publications in peer-reviewed journals, conferences and reports to the NIH, FDA and participating institutions. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03981523.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julio A Urbina
- Center for Biochemistry and Biophysics, Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research (IVIC), Caracas, Distrito Capital, Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of
| | - Sergi Sanz
- Biostatistics and Data Management Unit, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
- Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Basic Clinical Practice, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María-Jesús Pinazo
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGLOBAL), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jimy José Pinto
- Fundación Ciencia y Estudios Aplicados para el Desarrollo en Salud y Medio Ambiente (CEADES), Cochabamba, Bolivia, Plurinational State of
| | - Virginia R Gonzalez
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Gimena Rojas
- Fundación Ciencia y Estudios Aplicados para el Desarrollo en Salud y Medio Ambiente (CEADES), Cochabamba, Bolivia, Plurinational State of
| | - Lourdes Ortiz
- Fundación Ciencia y Estudios Aplicados para el Desarrollo en Salud y Medio Ambiente (CEADES), Tarija, Bolivia, Plurinational State of
- Universidad Autónoma Juan Misael Saracho, Tarija, Bolivia, Plurinational State of
| | - Wilson Garcia
- Centro Plataforma Chagas Sucre, Fundación Ciencia y Estudios Aplicados para el Desarrollo en Salud y Medio Ambiente (CEADES), Sucre, Bolivia, Plurinational State of
- Programa Departamental de Chagas Chuquisaca, Servicio Departamental de Salud de Chuquisaca, Chuquisaca, Bolivia, Plurinational State of
| | - Daniel Lozano
- Fundación Ciencia y Estudios Aplicados para el Desarrollo en Salud y Medio Ambiente (CEADES), Cochabamba, Bolivia, Plurinational State of
| | - Dolors Soy
- Pharmacy Service, Division of Medicines, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Investigació Biomèdica Agustí Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa A Maldonado
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Rana Nagarkatti
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Alain Debrabant
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Alejandro Schijman
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de la Enfermedad de Chagas, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Carmen Thomas
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra, Granada, Spain
| | - Manuel Carlos López
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra, Granada, Spain
| | - Katja Michael
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Isabela Ribeiro
- Dynamic Portfolio Unit, Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Joaquim Gascon
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGLOBAL), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Faustino Torrico
- Fundación Ciencia y Estudios Aplicados para el Desarrollo en Salud y Medio Ambiente (CEADES), Cochabamba, Bolivia, Plurinational State of
| | - Igor C Almeida
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, USA
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A novel Trypanosoma cruzi secreted antigen as a potential biomarker of Chagas disease. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19591. [PMID: 33177582 PMCID: PMC7658208 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76508-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Chagas drug discovery has been hampered by a lack of validated assays to establish treatment efficacy in pre-clinical animal models and in patients infected with T. cruzi. Reduced levels of parasite secreted antigens in the blood of infected hosts could be used to demonstrate treatment efficacy. A published proteomic study of parasite secreted antigens identified the hypothetical protein Tc_5171 as a secreted antigen. In this report, we developed Tc_5171 specific antibodies and showed that the native protein was expressed by the three life cycle stages of the parasite. Anti-peptide antibodies were able to detect the parasite antigen in blood of infected mice during the acute and the chronic phase of infection. Benznidazole treatment of infected mice significantly reduced their blood antigen levels. Of clinical significance, patients diagnosed with Chagas disease, either asymptomatic or with cardiac clinical symptoms had significantly higher Tc_5171 antigen levels compared to endemic controls. Pair-wise analysis, before and after Benznidazole treatment, of patients with asymptomatic Chagas disease showed a significant reduction in antigen levels post treatment. Taken together, our results indicate that Tc_5171 could be used as a novel biomarker of Chagas disease for diagnosis and to assess treatment efficacy.
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Ferreira-Silva MM, Pereira GDA, Rodrigues-Júnior V, Meira WS, Basques FV, Langhi-Júnior DM, Romanelli M, Umezawa ES, Késper-Júnior N, Louzada-Neto F, Bordin JO, Moraes-Souza H. Chagas disease: Performance analysis of immunodiagnostic tests anti-Trypanosoma cruzi in blood donors with inconclusive screening results. Hematol Transfus Cell Ther 2020; 43:410-416. [PMID: 32943369 PMCID: PMC8573019 DOI: 10.1016/j.htct.2020.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The screening ofTrypanosoma cruzi-infected blood donors using two serological techniques frequently leads to conflicting results. This fact prompted us to evaluate the diagnostic performance of four “in-house” immunodiagnostic tests and two commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Material and Methods One hundred and seventy-nine blood donors, whose screening for Chagas disease was doubtful, underwent three in-house ELISAs, one in-house immunoblotting test (TESA-blot), and two commercial ELISAs (bioMérieux and Wiener) in an attempt to define the presence or absence of infection. Simultaneously, 29 donors with previous positive results from three conventional serological tests and 30 donors with constant negative results were evaluated. Results The ELISA-Wiener showed the highest rate in sensitivity (98.92%) and the ELISA-bioMérieux, the highest specificity (99.45%), followed by the TESA-blot, which showed superior performance, with lower false-negative (2.18%) and false-positive (1.12%) rates. In series, the combination composed of the TESA-blot and ELISA-bioMérieux showed slightly superior performance, with trifunctional protein deficiency (TFP) = 0.01%. Conclusion Our study confirms the high sensitivity and specificity of commercial kits. To confirm the presence or absence of T. cruzi infection, the combination of TESA-blot and ELISA-bioMérieux may be suggested as the best alternative. Individually, the TESA-blot performed the closest to the gold standard; however, it is not commercially available.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wendell Sf Meira
- Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Eufrosina S Umezawa
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - José O Bordin
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Helio Moraes-Souza
- Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, MG, Brazil; Fundação Hemominas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Sereno D, Akhoundi M, Sayehmri K, Mirzaei A, Holzmuller P, Lejon V, Waleckx E. Noninvasive Biological Samples to Detect and Diagnose Infections due to Trypanosomatidae Parasites: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1684. [PMID: 32121441 PMCID: PMC7084391 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Unicellular eukaryotes of the Trypanosomatidae family include human and animal pathogens that belong to the Trypanosoma and Leishmania genera. Diagnosis of the diseases they cause requires the sampling of body fluids (e.g., blood, lymph, peritoneal fluid, cerebrospinal fluid) or organ biopsies (e.g., bone marrow, spleen), which are mostly obtained through invasive methods. Body fluids or appendages can be alternatives to these invasive biopsies but appropriateness remains poorly studied. To further address this question, we perform a systematic review on clues evidencing the presence of parasites, genetic material, antibodies, and antigens in body secretions, appendages, or the organs or proximal tissues that produce these materials. Paper selection was based on searches in PubMed, Web of Science, WorldWideScience, SciELO, Embase, and Google. The information of each selected article (n = 333) was classified into different sections and data were extracted from 77 papers. The presence of Trypanosomatidae parasites has been tracked in most of organs or proximal tissues that produce body secretions or appendages, in naturally or experimentally infected hosts. The meta-analysis highlights the paucity of studies on human African trypanosomiasis and an absence on animal trypanosomiasis. Among the collected data high heterogeneity in terms of the I2 statistic (100%) is recorded. A high positivity is recorded for antibody and genetic material detection in urine of patients and dogs suffering leishmaniasis, and of antigens for leishmaniasis and Chagas disease. Data on conjunctival swabs can be analyzed with molecular methods solely for dogs suffering canine visceral leishmaniasis. Saliva and hair/bristles showed a pretty good positivity that support their potential to be used for leishmaniasis diagnosis. In conclusion, our study pinpoints significant gaps that need to be filled in order to properly address the interest of body secretion and hair or bristles for the diagnosis of infections caused by Leishmania and by other Trypanosomatidae parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Sereno
- Institut de Recherche pour le Dévelopement, Université de Montpellier, UMR INTERTRYP IRD, CIRAD, 34032 Montpellier, France; (V.L.); (E.W.)
- Institut de Recherche pour le Dévelopement, Université de Montpellier, UMR MIVEGEC IRD, CNRS, 34032 Montpellier, France
| | - Mohammad Akhoundi
- Parasitology-Mycology Department, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, 93000 Bobigny, France;
| | - Kourosh Sayehmri
- Psychosocial Injuries Research Center, Department of Biostatistics, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam 6931851147, Iran;
| | - Asad Mirzaei
- Parasitology Department, Paramedical School, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam 6931851147, Iran;
- Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam 6931851147, Iran
| | - Philippe Holzmuller
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE “Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risques et Ecosystèmes”, F-34398 Montpellier, France;
- ASTRE, CIRAD, INRAE, Université de Montpellier (I-MUSE), 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Veerle Lejon
- Institut de Recherche pour le Dévelopement, Université de Montpellier, UMR INTERTRYP IRD, CIRAD, 34032 Montpellier, France; (V.L.); (E.W.)
| | - Etienne Waleckx
- Institut de Recherche pour le Dévelopement, Université de Montpellier, UMR INTERTRYP IRD, CIRAD, 34032 Montpellier, France; (V.L.); (E.W.)
- Centro de Investigaciones Regionales «Dr Hideyo Noguchi», Universidad autònoma de yucatán, Merida, Yucatán 97000, Mexico
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Chain CY, Pires Souto DE, Sbaraglini ML, Labriola CA, Daza Millone MA, Ramirez EA, Cisneros JS, Lopez-Albizu C, Scollo K, Kubota LT, Ruiz AM, Vela ME. Trypanosoma cruzi Virulence Factors for the Diagnosis of Chagas' Disease. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:1813-1819. [PMID: 31538468 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
trans-Sialidase and cruzipain are important virulence factors from Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease, that have highly antigenic domains in their structure and were reported as potential tools for diagnosis of the illness. The aim of the present study is to assess the possibility of using cruzipain and the catalytic domain of trans-sialidase in a Surface Plasmon Resonance-based immunosensor for the diagnosis of chronic Chagas disease. Immunoassays carried out with canine sera verified that cruzipain allows the detection of anti-Trypanosoma cruzi antibodies whereas recombinant trans-sialidase did not yield specific detections, due to the high dilutions of serum used in the immunoassays that hinder the possibility to sense the specific low titer antibodies. The developed cruzipain-based biosensor, whose price per assay is comparable to a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), was successfully applied for the rapid quantification of specific antibodies against Trypanosoma cruzi in fresh human sera showing an excellent agreement with ELISA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Yamil Chain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Universidad Nacional de La Plata-CONICET, Diagonal 113 y 64 S/N, La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - Dênio Emanuel Pires Souto
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Avenida Coronel Francisco Heráclito dos Santos, 100; Jardim das Américas, Curitiba, Paraná 81530-000, Brazil
| | - María Laura Sbaraglini
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo de Bioactivos (LIDeB), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, calle 47 200-236, La Plata ARB1900AJJ, Argentina
| | - Carlos A. Labriola
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Buenos Aires, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Ciudad de Buenos Aires AR C1405BWE, Argentina
| | - María Antonieta Daza Millone
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Universidad Nacional de La Plata-CONICET, Diagonal 113 y 64 S/N, La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - Eduardo Alejandro Ramirez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Universidad Nacional de La Plata-CONICET, Diagonal 113 y 64 S/N, La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - José Sebastián Cisneros
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Universidad Nacional de La Plata-CONICET, Diagonal 113 y 64 S/N, La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - Constanza Lopez-Albizu
- Instituto Nacional de Parasitología “Dr. Mario Fatala Chabén”-Administración Nacional de Institutos y Laboratorios de Salud (ANLIS), Avenida Paseo Colón 568, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1063ACR, Argentina
| | - Karenina Scollo
- Instituto Nacional de Parasitología “Dr. Mario Fatala Chabén”-Administración Nacional de Institutos y Laboratorios de Salud (ANLIS), Avenida Paseo Colón 568, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1063ACR, Argentina
| | - Lauro T. Kubota
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Bioanalítica, Unicamp, Rua Josué de Castro s/n°, Cidade Universitária-Barão Geraldo, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-861, Brazil
| | - Andrés Mariano Ruiz
- Instituto Nacional de Parasitología “Dr. Mario Fatala Chabén”-Administración Nacional de Institutos y Laboratorios de Salud (ANLIS), Avenida Paseo Colón 568, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1063ACR, Argentina
| | - María Elena Vela
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Universidad Nacional de La Plata-CONICET, Diagonal 113 y 64 S/N, La Plata 1900, Argentina
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