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Alatrash R, Herrera BB. The Adaptive Immune Response against Bunyavirales. Viruses 2024; 16:483. [PMID: 38543848 PMCID: PMC10974645 DOI: 10.3390/v16030483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The Bunyavirales order includes at least fourteen families with diverse but related viruses, which are transmitted to vertebrate hosts by arthropod or rodent vectors. These viruses are responsible for an increasing number of outbreaks worldwide and represent a threat to public health. Infection in humans can be asymptomatic, or it may present with a range of conditions from a mild, febrile illness to severe hemorrhagic syndromes and/or neurological complications. There is a need to develop safe and effective vaccines, a process requiring better understanding of the adaptive immune responses involved during infection. This review highlights the most recent findings regarding T cell and antibody responses to the five Bunyavirales families with known human pathogens (Peribunyaviridae, Phenuiviridae, Hantaviridae, Nairoviridae, and Arenaviridae). Future studies that define and characterize mechanistic correlates of protection against Bunyavirales infections or disease will help inform the development of effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Alatrash
- Rutgers Global Health Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases and Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Bobby Brooke Herrera
- Rutgers Global Health Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases and Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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Akanmu S, Herrera BB, Chaplin B, Ogunsola S, Osibogun A, Onawoga F, John-Olabode S, Akase IE, Nwosu A, Hamel DJ, Chang CA, Kanki PJ. High SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in Lagos, Nigeria with robust antibody and cellular immune responses. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL VIROLOGY PLUS 2023; 3:100156. [PMID: 37388808 PMCID: PMC10289822 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcvp.2023.100156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Early evidence suggested that the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic was less severe in Africa compared to other parts of the world. However, more recent studies indicate higher SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 mortality rates on the continent than previously documented. Research is needed to better understand SARS-CoV-2 infection and immunity in Africa. Methods In early 2021, we studied the immune responses in healthcare workers (HCWs) at Lagos University Teaching Hospital (n = 134) and Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine recipients from the general population (n = 116) across five local government areas (LGAs) in Lagos State, Nigeria. Western blots were used to simultaneously detect SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleocapsid (N) antibodies (n = 250), and stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with N followed by an IFN-γ ELISA was used to examine T cell responses (n = 114). Results Antibody data demonstrated high SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence of 72·4% (97/134) in HCWs and 60·3% (70/116) in the general population. Antibodies directed to only SARS-CoV-2 N, suggesting pre-existing coronavirus immunity, were seen in 9·7% (13/134) of HCWs and 15·5% (18/116) of the general population. T cell responses against SARS-CoV-2 N (n = 114) were robust in detecting exposure to the virus, demonstrating 87·5% sensitivity and 92·9% specificity in a subset of control samples tested. T cell responses against SARS-CoV-2 N were also observed in 83.3% of individuals with N-only antibodies, further suggesting that prior non-SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus infection may provide cellular immunity to SARS-CoV-2. Conclusions These results have important implications for understanding the paradoxically high SARS-CoV-2 infection with low mortality rate in Africa and supports the need to better understand the implications of SARS-CoV-2 cellular immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulaimon Akanmu
- Lagos University Teaching Hospital, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Eyo Ita Crescent, Akoka Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Bobby Brooke Herrera
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 651 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, and Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, 89 French St, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Rutgers Global Health Institute, Rutgers University, 112 Paterson Street, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Mir Biosciences, Inc., 12 Depot Way, Dunellen, NJ, USA
| | - Beth Chaplin
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 651 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sade Ogunsola
- Lagos University Teaching Hospital, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Eyo Ita Crescent, Akoka Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Akin Osibogun
- Lagos University Teaching Hospital, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Eyo Ita Crescent, Akoka Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
- Lagos State COVID-19 Taskforce, Lagos State Ministry of Health, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Fatima Onawoga
- Lagos University Teaching Hospital, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Eyo Ita Crescent, Akoka Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Sarah John-Olabode
- Lagos University Teaching Hospital, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Eyo Ita Crescent, Akoka Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Iorhen E Akase
- Lagos University Teaching Hospital, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Eyo Ita Crescent, Akoka Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Augustina Nwosu
- Lagos University Teaching Hospital, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Eyo Ita Crescent, Akoka Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Donald J Hamel
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 651 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charlotte A Chang
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 651 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Phyllis J Kanki
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 651 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, USA
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Longet S, Mellors J, Carroll MW, Tipton T. Ebolavirus: Comparison of Survivor Immunology and Animal Models in the Search for a Correlate of Protection. Front Immunol 2021; 11:599568. [PMID: 33679690 PMCID: PMC7935512 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.599568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Ebola viruses are enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses belonging to the Filoviridae family and can cause Ebola virus disease (EVD), a serious haemorrhagic illness with up to 90% mortality. The disease was first detected in Zaire (currently the Democratic Republic of Congo) in 1976. Since its discovery, Ebola virus has caused sporadic outbreaks in Africa and was responsible for the largest 2013–2016 EVD epidemic in West Africa, which resulted in more than 28,600 cases and over 11,300 deaths. This epidemic strengthened international scientific efforts to contain the virus and develop therapeutics and vaccines. Immunology studies in animal models and survivors, as well as clinical trials have been crucial to understand Ebola virus pathogenesis and host immune responses, which has supported vaccine development. This review discusses the major findings that have emerged from animal models, studies in survivors and vaccine clinical trials and explains how these investigations have helped in the search for a correlate of protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Longet
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Jack Mellors
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Miles W Carroll
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Salisbury, United Kingdom.,Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Tipton
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Salisbury, United Kingdom
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Powlson J, Wright D, Zeltina A, Giza M, Nielsen M, Rampling T, Venkatrakaman N, Bowden TA, Hill AVS, Ewer KJ. Characterization of Antigenic MHC-Class-I-Restricted T Cell Epitopes in the Glycoprotein of Ebolavirus. Cell Rep 2020; 29:2537-2545.e3. [PMID: 31775024 PMCID: PMC6899439 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.10.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebolavirus causes highly lethal hemorrhagic fever in humans. The envelope-displayed viral glycoprotein (GP) is the primary target of humoral immunity induced by natural exposure and vaccination. No T cell epitopes in the GP have been characterized in humans. A phase I clinical trial of a heterologous prime-boost vaccination regime with viral vectors encoding filovirus antigens elicits humoral and T cell responses in vaccinees. The most frequently recognized peptide pools are deconvoluted to identify the minimal epitopes recognized by antigen-specific T cells. We characterize nine immunogenic epitopes on the Ebolavirus GP. Histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing with in silico epitope analysis determines the likely MHC class I restriction elements. Thirteen HLA-A and -B alleles are predicted to present the identified CD8+ T cell epitopes, suggesting promiscuous recognition and a broad immune response. Delivery of the Ebolavirus GP antigen by using a heterologous prime-boost approach is immunogenic in genetically diverse human populations, with responses against multiple epitopes. Vaccination induces high T cell responses to the Ebola virus glycoprotein in humans Eight CD8+ epitopes were defined, recognized through multiple MHC class I alleles Responses match those observed in Ebola survivors and could boost vaccine efficacy
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Powlson
- The Jenner Institute, Old Road Campus Research Building, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Daniel Wright
- The Jenner Institute, Old Road Campus Research Building, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Antra Zeltina
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Mark Giza
- The Jenner Institute, Old Road Campus Research Building, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Morten Nielsen
- Department of Health Technology, The Technical University of Denmark, Anker Engelunds Vej 1 Bygning 101A, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tommy Rampling
- The Jenner Institute, Old Road Campus Research Building, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Navin Venkatrakaman
- The Jenner Institute, Old Road Campus Research Building, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Thomas A Bowden
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Adrian V S Hill
- The Jenner Institute, Old Road Campus Research Building, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Katie J Ewer
- The Jenner Institute, Old Road Campus Research Building, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK.
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