1
|
Subekti DT, Suwanti LT, Kurniawati DA, Mufasirin M, Sunarno S. Molecular identification of new Trypanosoma evansi type non-A/B isolates from buffaloes and cattle in Indonesia. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA = BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY : ORGAO OFICIAL DO COLEGIO BRASILEIRO DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2024; 33:e001324. [PMID: 38958293 PMCID: PMC11253823 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612024033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Trypanosoma evansi is reportedly divided into two genotypes: types A and B. The type B is uncommon and reportedly limited to Africa: Kenya Sudan, and Ethiopia. In contrast, type A has been widely reported in Africa, South America, and Asia. However, Trypanosoma evansi type non-A/B has never been reported. Therefore, this study aims to determine the species and genotype of the Trypanozoon subgenus using a robust identification algorithm. Forty-three trypanosoma isolates from Indonesia were identified as Trypanosoma evansi using a molecular identification algorithm. Further identification showed that 39 isolates were type A and 4 isolates were possibly non-A/B types. The PML, AMN-SB1, and STENT3 isolates were likely non-A/B type Trypanosoma evansi isolated from buffalo, while the PDE isolates were isolated from cattle. Cladistic analysis revealed that Indonesian Trypanosoma evansi was divided into seven clusters based on the gRNA-kDNA minicircle gene. Clusters 6 and 7 are each divided into two sub-clusters. The areas with the highest genetic diversity are the provinces of Banten, Central Java (included Yogyakarta), and East Nusa Tenggara. The Central Java (including Yogyakarta) and East Nusa Tenggara provinces, each have four sub-clusters, while Banten has three.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Didik Tulus Subekti
- Veterinary Science Doctoral Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Kampus C Mulyorejo, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
- Center for Biomedical Research, Research Organization for Health, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong Science Center, Bogor West Jawa Province, Indonesia
| | - Lucia Tri Suwanti
- Division of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Kampus C Mulyorejo, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Dyah Ayu Kurniawati
- Center for Veterinary Instrument Standard Testing – CVIST, Agency for Standardization of Agricultural Instruments, Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture, Bogor, West Jawa Province, Indonesia
| | - Mufasirin Mufasirin
- Division of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Kampus C Mulyorejo, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Sunarno Sunarno
- Center for Biomedical Research, Research Organization for Health, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong Science Center, Bogor West Jawa Province, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Verma R, Punia V, Das G, Kumar S, Nath S, Swamy M. Assessment of genetic diversity of Trypanosoma evansi in the domestic animal populations through ITS-1 gene sequence analysis. Parasitol Res 2023; 123:2. [PMID: 38047956 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-08024-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosoma evansi infects domestic animals, causing a debilitating and occasionally fatal disease. The disease leads to significant economic losses to farmers and poses a substantial impediment to the growth of livestock production in developing nations, including India. Considering the challenges associated with managing this infection, there is an urgent need to enhance our understanding of the molecular and genetic diversity of T. evansi. Therefore, this study was planned to analyze the genetic diversity of T. evansi using available internal transcribed spacer-1 (ITS-1) gene sequences from India and compare them with sequences from around the globe. Blood samples used in this study were collected from naturally infected animals including dogs, cattle, and buffaloes in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. Using the ITS-1 gene, we amplified a 540 base pairs (bp) segment using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), sequenced it, and identified intra-specific variations. Phylogenetic analysis of 90 sequences, including 27 from India, revealed three distinct clusters with high bootstrap support values. A haplotype network analysis identified 34 haplotypes, with H7 being the most prevalent, indicating a complex evolutionary history involving multiple countries. The genetic analysis of the Indian population revealed distinct characteristics. Despite low nucleotide diversity, there was high haplotype diversity in comparison to other populations. Tajima's D, Fu and Li's D, and Fu and Li's F exhibited non-significant negative values, indicating potential stability. Additionally, the slightly positive values in Fu's Fs, Raggedness (r), and Ramos-Onsins and Rozas (R2) statistics suggested a lack of recent significant selective pressures or population expansions. Furthermore, the presence of genetic differentiation and gene flow among T. evansi populations highlighted ongoing evolutionary processes. These findings collectively depicted a complex genetic landscape, suggesting both stability and ongoing evolutionary dynamics within the Indian population of T. evansi. The findings of this study are important for understanding the evolutionary history and population dynamics of T. evansi, and they may help us develop effective control strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rupesh Verma
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, South Civil Lines, Jabalpur, MP, 482001, India.
| | - Vikram Punia
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, South Civil Lines, Jabalpur, MP, 482001, India
| | - Giridhari Das
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, South Civil Lines, Jabalpur, MP, 482001, India
| | - Suman Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, South Civil Lines, Jabalpur, MP, 482001, India
| | - Subhradal Nath
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, South Civil Lines, Jabalpur, MP, 482001, India
| | - Madhu Swamy
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, South Civil Lines, Jabalpur, MP, 482001, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Galon EM, Macalanda AM, Sugi T, Hayashida K, Kawai N, Kidaka T, Ybañez RH, Adjou Moumouni PF, Ringo AE, Li H, Ji S, Yamagishi J, Ybañez A, Xuan X. Bovine Piroplasma Populations in the Philippines Characterized Using Targeted Amplicon Deep Sequencing. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2584. [PMID: 37894242 PMCID: PMC10609017 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular assays and capillary electrophoresis sequencing have been used to identify parasites in livestock. The low sample capacity, which increases labor and processing time, is one drawback. Targeted amplicon sequencing (Ampliseq) uses the fast and large sample capacity platform to identify parasites in the target host, overcoming this limitation. DNA was extracted from 162 whole blood samples collected from cattle in three provinces in the Philippines. Using Illumina's Miseq platform, the V4 hypervariable region of the piroplasma 18S rRNA gene was amplified and sequenced. The AMPtk pipeline was used to obtain distinct amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) and the NCBI BLAST non-redundant database was used to assign taxonomy. In total, 95 (58.64%) samples were positive for piroplasma. Using the AMPTk pipeline, 2179 ASVs were obtained. A total of 79 distinct ASVs were obtained after clustering and filtering, which belonged to genera Babesia (n = 58), Theileria (n = 17), Hepatozoon (n = 2), and Sarcocystis (n = 2). The ASV top hits were composed of 10 species: Babesia bovis, B. bigemina, Theileria orientalis, Babesia sp., Hepatozoon canis, Sarcocystis cruzi, T. annulata, T. equi, T. mutans, and Theileria sp. Thung Song. The results generated in this study demonstrated the applicability of Ampliseq in detecting piroplasmid parasites infecting cattle in the Philippines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eloiza May Galon
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan; (E.M.G.); (R.H.Y.); (P.F.A.M.); (A.E.R.); (H.L.); (S.J.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Cavite State University, Indang 4122, Philippines;
| | - Adrian Miki Macalanda
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Cavite State University, Indang 4122, Philippines;
| | - Tatsuki Sugi
- International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; (T.S.); (K.H.); (N.K.); (T.K.); (J.Y.)
| | - Kyoko Hayashida
- International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; (T.S.); (K.H.); (N.K.); (T.K.); (J.Y.)
| | - Naoko Kawai
- International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; (T.S.); (K.H.); (N.K.); (T.K.); (J.Y.)
| | - Taishi Kidaka
- International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; (T.S.); (K.H.); (N.K.); (T.K.); (J.Y.)
| | - Rochelle Haidee Ybañez
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan; (E.M.G.); (R.H.Y.); (P.F.A.M.); (A.E.R.); (H.L.); (S.J.)
| | - Paul Franck Adjou Moumouni
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan; (E.M.G.); (R.H.Y.); (P.F.A.M.); (A.E.R.); (H.L.); (S.J.)
| | - Aaron Edmond Ringo
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan; (E.M.G.); (R.H.Y.); (P.F.A.M.); (A.E.R.); (H.L.); (S.J.)
| | - Hang Li
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan; (E.M.G.); (R.H.Y.); (P.F.A.M.); (A.E.R.); (H.L.); (S.J.)
| | - Shengwei Ji
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan; (E.M.G.); (R.H.Y.); (P.F.A.M.); (A.E.R.); (H.L.); (S.J.)
| | - Junya Yamagishi
- International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; (T.S.); (K.H.); (N.K.); (T.K.); (J.Y.)
| | - Adrian Ybañez
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Parasitology, and Vector-Borne Diseases—Main Campus, Cebu Technological University, Cebu City 6000, Philippines;
- College of Veterinary Medicine—Barili Campus, Cebu Technological University, Barili 6036, Philippines
| | - Xuenan Xuan
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan; (E.M.G.); (R.H.Y.); (P.F.A.M.); (A.E.R.); (H.L.); (S.J.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Verma R, Das G, Singh AP, Kumar S, Nath S, Sengupta PP, Sankar M, Tiwari A, Gupta V, Srivastava S. Molecular and genetic diversity in isolates of Trypanosoma evansi from naturally infected horse and dogs by using RoTat 1.2 VSG gene in Madhya Pradesh, India. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:7347-7356. [PMID: 37439897 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08651-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trypanosoma evansi is a protozoan parasite that can infect a wide range of animals and is widespread around the world. In this study, we analyzed four fatal cases of T. evansi infection using clinical, parasitological, and molecular approaches. We also explored the genetic diversity, demographic history, and population-genetic structure of T. evansi using available Rode Trypanozoon antigenic type (RoTat) 1.2 gene sequences. METHODS AND RESULTS Clinical findings of infected animals revealed high fever, anemia, weakness, and anorexia. The animals were treated with diminazene aceturate, which was moderately effective, and hematobiochemical parameters showed changes in hemoglobin and glucose levels. The molecular and genetic diversity of T. evansi was analyzed using the RoTat 1.2 VSG gene. Phylogenetic and haplotype analysis revealed two distinct clusters of T. evansi circulating in India. The genetic diversity indices, neutrality tests, gene flow, and genetic differentiation outcomes confirmed the genetic diversity of the T. evansi population, with a lack of uniformity. The identification of two distinct clusters, exhibiting differential demographic histories and evolutionary forces, implies that the clusters may have undergone independent evolutionary trajectories or experienced different environmental pressures. CONCLUSION The present findings underlined the need of an early and precise diagnosis in order to treat and control T. evansi infections, and the RoTat 1.2 VSG gene is an important genetic marker for understanding the genetic diversity and evolutionary history of T. evansi. This knowledge can be used to create tailored strategies to control and manage the infection in an endemic region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rupesh Verma
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, Jabalpur, 482001, MP, India.
| | - Giridhari Das
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, Jabalpur, 482001, MP, India
| | - Ajit Pratap Singh
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, Jabalpur, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya Campus, Jabalpur, 482004, (MP), India
| | - Suman Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, Jabalpur, 482001, MP, India
| | - Subhradal Nath
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, Jabalpur, 482001, MP, India
| | - Pinaki Prasad Sengupta
- Parasitology Laboratory, ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology & Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Bangalore, 560064, KA, India
| | - Muthu Sankar
- Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, 243122, (UP), India
| | - Amita Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, Jabalpur, 482001, MP, India
| | - Vandana Gupta
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, Jabalpur, 482001, MP, India
| | - Shraddha Srivastava
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, Jabalpur, 482001, MP, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Subekti DT, Ekawasti F, Azmi Z, Yuniarto I, Fong S, Fahrimal Y. DOES TRYPANOSOMA EVANSI HAVE THE MAXICIRCLE GENE, OR CAN TRYPANOSOMA EQUIPERDUM BE ISOLATED FROM BOVINES? J Parasitol 2023; 109:436-444. [PMID: 37646443 PMCID: PMC10658868 DOI: 10.1645/21-95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying a trypanosome isolate is generally based on morphological observations and molecular identification of one of the genes, usually internal transcribed spacer 1 and 2 of ribosomal DNA (ITS1 rDNA, ITS2 rDNA), a variant surface glycoprotein of Rode Trypanozoon antigen type 1.2 (VSG RoTat 1.2), or expression site-associated genes (ESAG). However, this identification is insufficient because these genes cannot distinguish organisms in the subgenus Trypanozoon to the species level. A molecular approach using at least 5 sets of primers is needed, namely, ITS1, ESAG6/7, MINI, RoTat 1.2, and ND5, for stratified selection to obtain more targeted and conclusive results. Using this method to analyze isolates from Indonesia provided unexpected results: 9 isolates previously identified as Trypanozoon were found to have the kDNA maxicircle gene. Nine isolates of Trypanosoma equiperdum were identified for the first time in Indonesia, isolated from bovine (cattle and buffaloes). The identification of T. equiperdum in the 9 isolates was confirmed by analysis of the nucleotide sequence identity of the nad5-kDNA maxicircle gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Didik T. Subekti
- Center for Biomedical Research, Health Research Organization, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong Science Center-JL. Raya Jakarta-Bogor Km. 46, Bogor 16911, West Jawa Province, Indonesia
- Indonesian Research Center for Veterinary Science, Agricultural Research and Development Agency, Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture, JL. RE. Martadinata 30, Bogor 16114, West Jawa Province, Indonesia
| | - Fitrine Ekawasti
- Indonesian Research Center for Veterinary Science, Agricultural Research and Development Agency, Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture, JL. RE. Martadinata 30, Bogor 16114, West Jawa Province, Indonesia
| | - Zul Azmi
- Indonesian Research Center for Veterinary Science, Agricultural Research and Development Agency, Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture, JL. RE. Martadinata 30, Bogor 16114, West Jawa Province, Indonesia
| | - Ichwan Yuniarto
- Animal Disease Investigation Center of Banjarbaru, Directorate of Animal Health, Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture, JL. Ambulung 24, South Loktabat, Banjarbaru 70712, South Borneo Province, Indonesia
| | - Sulinawati Fong
- Animal Disease Investigation Center of Lampung, Directorate of Animal Health, Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture, JL. Untung Suropati No. 2, Labuhan Ratu–Bandar Lampung 35142, Lampung Province, Indonesia
| | - Yudha Fahrimal
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Aceh Province, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Priyowidodo D, Sahara A, Prastowo J, Nurcahyo W, Firdausy LW. Detection of Trypanosoma evansi in a naturally infected cat in Indonesia using bioassay and molecular techniques. Vet World 2023; 16:828-833. [PMID: 37235144 PMCID: PMC10206981 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.828-833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim The prevalence of surra in domestic cat is seldom and it is caused by Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma evansi. However, molecular diagnostic approaches are required owing to similarities in their morphology. In Yogyakarta, a domestic cat was diagnosed with trypanosomiasis; however, the causative species was undetermined. Therefore, we aimed to molecularly and biologically identify the isolate. Materials and Methods Approximately 1 mL of blood from an infected cat was collected into EDTA tube and separated for inoculation into donor mice, blood smear, and DNA isolation. Two donor mice was then used for increasing the number of parasite in order to infect 10 experimental mice. Parasitemia was monitored daily in each experimental mouse by preparing a wet mount and Giemsa-stained thin blood smear. The blood of experimental mice that reached the peak of parasitemia was then collected and used for DNA isolation. Each blood sample, which collected from infected cat and experimental mice, was then isolated and amplified the DNA by polymerase chain reaction using ITS-1. The parasitemia pattern and viability of the animals were observed to determine the biological characteristics of trypanosomatid, while to assess the molecular characteristics, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-1 amplification was used. Results The prepatent period of this trypanosomatid is between 2 and 4 dpi, whereas the life span of mice is approximately 4-10 dpi. Morphologically, the trypomastigote in the cat blood smear had long slender and intermediate shapes. However, only the long slender form was detected. Among the total of 410 nucleotides (NT) of ITS-1 sequences, 25 NT substitutions differed between the cat and mouse isolates. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that both samples had a close genetic relationship with T. evansi. Conclusion Trypanosoma evansi, a highly virulent trypanosomatid, was isolated from a cat in Yogyakarta.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dwi Priyowidodo
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Ana Sahara
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Joko Prastowo
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Wisnu Nurcahyo
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Lintang Winantya Firdausy
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Barranco-Gómez O, De Paula JC, Parada JS, Gómez-Moracho T, Marfil AV, Zafra M, Orantes Bermejo FJ, Osuna A, De Pablos LM. Development of a TaqMan qPCR assay for trypanosomatid multi-species detection and quantification in insects. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:69. [PMID: 36788540 PMCID: PMC9930332 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05687-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trypanosomatid parasites are widely distributed in nature and can have a monoxenous or dixenous life-cycle. These parasites thrive in a wide number of insect orders, some of which have an important economic and environmental value, such as bees. The objective of this study was to develop a robust and sensitive real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay for detecting trypanosomatid parasites in any type of parasitized insect sample. METHODS A TaqMan qPCR assay based on a trypanosomatid-conserved region of the α-tubulin gene was standardized and evaluated. The limits of detection, sensitivity and versatility of the α-tubulin TaqMan assay were tested and validated using field samples of honeybee workers, wild bees, bumblebees and grasshoppers, as well as in the human infective trypanosomatid Leishmania major. RESULTS The assay showed a detection limit of 1 parasite equivalent/µl and successfully detected trypanosomatids in 10 different hosts belonging to the insect orders Hymenoptera and Orthoptera. The methodology was also tested using honeybee samples from four apiaries (n = 224 worker honeybees) located in the Alpujarra region (Granada, Spain). Trypanosomatids were detected in 2.7% of the honeybees, with an intra-colony prevalence of 0% to 13%. Parasite loads in the four different classes of insects ranged from 40.6 up to 1.1 × 108 cell equivalents per host. CONCLUSIONS These results show that the α-tubulin TaqMan qPCR assay described here is a versatile diagnostic tool for the accurate detection and quantification of trypanosomatids in a wide range of environmental settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Barranco-Gómez
- Departamento de Parasitología, Grupo de Bioquímica y Parasitología Molecular CTS-183, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.,Institute of Biotechnology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jessica Carreira De Paula
- Departamento de Parasitología, Grupo de Bioquímica y Parasitología Molecular CTS-183, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.,Institute of Biotechnology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jennifer Solano Parada
- Departamento de Parasitología, Grupo de Bioquímica y Parasitología Molecular CTS-183, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.,Institute of Biotechnology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Tamara Gómez-Moracho
- Departamento de Parasitología, Grupo de Bioquímica y Parasitología Molecular CTS-183, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.,Institute of Biotechnology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Ana Vic Marfil
- Departamento de Parasitología, Grupo de Bioquímica y Parasitología Molecular CTS-183, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - María Zafra
- Departamento de Parasitología, Grupo de Bioquímica y Parasitología Molecular CTS-183, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Osuna
- Departamento de Parasitología, Grupo de Bioquímica y Parasitología Molecular CTS-183, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.,Institute of Biotechnology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Luis Miguel De Pablos
- Departamento de Parasitología, Grupo de Bioquímica y Parasitología Molecular CTS-183, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain. .,Institute of Biotechnology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Morenikeji OB, Metelski JL, Grytsay A, Soulas J, Akinyemi MO, Thomas BN. Molecular genotyping reveals mixed bovine and human trypanosomiasis in cattle from West Africa. Vet World 2023; 16:149-153. [PMID: 36855345 PMCID: PMC9967721 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.149-153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Animal trypanosomiasis is a major contributor to agricultural and economic losses, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. We have shown that some animal species expressed genes that are significant players in immune response to bovine trypanosomosis, impeding signs and symptoms of the disease. We hypothesize that such animals are contributors to disease transmission dynamics and severe outcomes. Therefore, this study aims to ascertain trypanosome species diversity in cattle and their potential role as reservoirs for the transmission of human disease. Materials and Methods We performed a molecular genotyping of trypanosome internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS-1) and 18S ribosomal RNA genes on genomic DNA extracts from randomly sampled N'Dama cattle from slaughterhouses in Nigeria. We identified trypanosome species circulating among the animals through polymerase chain reaction and genomic sequencing. We performed multiple sequence alignments as well as conducted a phylogenetic relationship between identified species. Results In all, 9 of 127 (7.1%) samples were positively amplified (band sizes ranging from 250 bp to 710 bp), including an isolate with two distinct bands (700 and 710 bp), indicating two trypanosome types. Sequence similarity and homology analysis identified four species, namely: Trypanosoma vivax, Trypanosoma congolense forest type, T. congolense savannah type, and Trypanosoma brucei. Interestingly, one of the bands, additionally verified by nucleotide sequencing, was identified as a human trypanosome (Trypanosoma brucei gambiense), confirming our hypothesis that cattle are potential reservoir hosts for human trypanosomes. Conclusion Overall, we observed different trypanosome species in our study area, with animals on the same farm infected with multiple species, which could complicate treatment and disease control strategies. Finding human trypanosome species strengthens the argument that disease transmission dynamics are modulated by other vertebrates, further complicating control programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olanrewaju B. Morenikeji
- Division of Biological Health Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Bradford, PA, 16701, United States,Corresponding authors: Olanrewaju B. Morenikeji, e-mail: ; Bolaji N. Thomas, e-mail: Co-authors: JLM: , AG: , JS: , MOA:
| | - Jessica L. Metelski
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623, United States
| | - Anastasia Grytsay
- Division of Biological Health Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Bradford, PA, 16701, United States
| | - Jacob Soulas
- Division of Biological Health Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Bradford, PA, 16701, United States
| | - Mabel O. Akinyemi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fairleigh Dickinson University, Madison, NJ 07940, United States
| | - Bolaji N. Thomas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Prevalence of trypanosomes and selected symbionts in tsetse species of eastern Zambia. Parasitology 2022; 149:1406-1410. [PMID: 35699129 PMCID: PMC10090762 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182022000804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Insect symbionts have attracted attention for their potential use as anti-parasitic gene products in arthropod disease vectors. While tsetse species of the Luangwa valley have been extensively studied, less is known about the prevalence of symbionts and their interactions with the trypanosome parasite. Polymerase chain reaction was used to investigate the presence of Wolbachia and Sodalis bacteria, in tsetse flies infected with trypanosomes (Trypanosoma vivax, Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma brucei). Out of 278 captured tsetse flies in eastern Zambia, 95.3% (n = 265, 95% CI = 92.8–97.8) carried endosymbionts: Wolbachia (79.1%, 95% CI 73.9–83.8) and Sodalis (86.3%, 95% CI 81.7–90.1). Overall, trypanosome prevalence was 25.5% (n = 71, 95% CI = 20.4–30.7), 10.8% (n = 30, 95% CI 7.1–14.4) for T. brucei, 1.4% (n = 4, 95% CI = 0.4–3.6) for both T. congolense and T. vivax, and 0.7% (n = 2, 95% CI 0.1–2.6) for T. b. rhodesiense. Out of 240 tsetse flies that were infected with Sodalis, trypanosome infection was reported in 40 tsetse flies (16.7%, 95% CI = 12.0–21.4) while 37 (16.8%, 95% CI 11.9–21.8) of the 220 Wolbachia infected tsetse flies were infected with trypanosomes. There was 1.3 times likelihood of T. brucei infection to be present when Wolbachia was present and 1.7 likelihood of T. brucei infection when Sodalis was present. Overall findings suggest absence of correlation between the presence of tsetse endosymbionts and tsetse with trypanosome infection. Lastly, the presence of pathogenic trypanosomes in tsetse species examined provided insights into the risk communities face, and the importance of African trypanosomiasis in the area.
Collapse
|
10
|
Hota A, Maiti SK, Vijayakumar PJ, Verma MR, Tewari AK. Analysis of the epidemiological variables associated with a high prevalence of bovine surra in the Chhattisgarh state of India. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2022; 31:100728. [PMID: 35569913 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2022.100728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosoma evansi, a unicellular haemoflagellate, causes surra in bovines and other economically important livestock species. We report here the epidemiological variables associated with the high prevalence of T. evansi infection in cattle in the plain agro-climatic zone of Chhattisgarh state, India. A total of 920 blood and sera samples were tested by a combination of parasitological, molecular and serodiagnostic tests. An overall prevalence of T. evansi was recorded as 4.57% (95% CI: 3.22-5.92%), 6.09% (95% CI: 4.54-7.63%), 63.91% (95% CI: 60.81-67.01%) and 55.33% (95% CI: 52.12-58.54%) by direct microscopy, PCR, ELISA and IFAT, respectively. The Chi-Square test established a significant correlation between the prevalence of T. evansi and the season, breed and place of the study, while the association with the gender and age of the animals was insignificant. The analysis of the prevalence ratio revealed a significant association of the breed, season and place of study with the prevalence of T. evansi. As per PR observed, the prevalence was 1.63 times higher in summer and 1.68 times higher in the rainy season than in the winter (reference season). The prevalence was higher in all the districts as compared to Rajnandgaon (reference district). The prevalence ratio in Sahiwal and HF cross-breed cattle was significantly higher than the Gir breed of cattle (reference). Durg district recorded the highest prevalence of surra, and the difference was significant. The medium IFAT titre, determined in a large number of sera collected from Durg, predicted a higher incidence of trypanosomosis in that district. Since T. evansi has a broad host range, the study predicted that a large population of livestock in Chhattisgarh state were at high risk of T. evansi infection. Treatment of the subclinically and clinically infected animals with selective curative drugs, such as diminazene aceturate, isometamidium chloride or the combination of quinapyramine sulphate and quinapyramine chloride, could help restore productivity and help in containing the infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Hota
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Chhattisgarh Kamdhenu Viswavidyalaya, Anjora, Durg 491001, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Sushil Kumar Maiti
- Department of Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Chhattisgarh Kamdhenu Viswavidyalaya, Anjora, Durg 491001, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - P J Vijayakumar
- Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Med Ram Verma
- Division of Livestock Economics, Statistics and Information Technology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anup Kumar Tewari
- Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
A novel metabarcoded deep amplicon sequencing tool for disease surveillance and determining the species composition of Trypanosoma in cattle and other farm animals. Acta Trop 2022; 230:106416. [PMID: 35317999 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) have developed strategies to control trypanosomiasis in humans and livestock in endemic areas. These require a better understanding of the distribution of different Trypanosoma species and improved predictions of where they might appear in the future, based on accurate diagnosis and robust surveillance systems. Here, we describe a metabarcoding deep amplicon sequencing method to identify and determine the Trypanosoma species in co-infecting communities. First, four morphological verified Trypanosoma species (T. brucei, T. congolense, T. vivax and T. theileri) were used to prepare test DNA pools derived from different numbers of parasites to evaluate the method's detection threshold for each of the four species and to assess the accuracy of their proportional quantification. Having demonstrated the accurate determination of species composition in Trypanosoma communities, the method was applied to determine its detection threshold using blood samples collected from cattle with confirmed Trypanosoma infections based on a PCR assay. Each sample showed a different Trypanosoma species composition based on the proportion of MiSeq reads. Finally, we applied the assay to field samples to develop new insight into the species composition of Trypanosoma communities in cattle, camels, buffalo, horses, sheep, and goat in endemically infected regions of Pakistan. We confirmed that Trypanosoma evansi is the major species in Pakistan and for the first time showed the presence of Trypanosoma theileri. The metabarcoding deep amplicon sequencing method and bioinformatics pathway have several potential applications in animal and human research, including evaluation of drug treatment responses, understanding of the emergence and spread of drug resistance, and description of species interactions during co-infections and determination of host and geographic distribution of trypanosomiasis in humans and livestock.
Collapse
|
12
|
Malatji DP. Breeding of African sheep reared under low-input/output smallholder production systems for trypanotolerance. Vet World 2022; 15:1031-1043. [PMID: 35698514 PMCID: PMC9178589 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.1031-1043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosomiasis is a disease caused by unicellular protozoan parasites. Small ruminants succumb to trypanosomiasis in areas of high tsetse fly challenge, resulting in serious economic loss often to farmers in low-input smallholder systems. At present, trypanosomiasis is treated with trypanocidal drugs, but access to these can be limited, and increasing parasite resistance raises questions about their efficacy. The development of trypanotolerance in small ruminant flocks through targeted breeding strategies is considered a sustainable and economical option for controlling African trypanosomiasis. Recently, quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with trypanotolerance traits in sheep have been reported. The results of these studies form the basis for more studies to identify QTLs associated with trypanosomiasis resistance, particularly in African livestock species. For example, signatures of positive selection for trypanotolerance have been identified using genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism data. However, there are several challenges in performing genetic analyses using data from low-input smallholder systems, including a lack of recorded pedigree and production records and the need for large sample sizes when flock sizes are often fewer than 50 animals. Breeding strategies to improve trypanotolerance should also preserve existing genetic diversity as well as minimize excessive genetic introgression by trypanosusceptible breeds. This review discusses the possibilities of breeding for trypanosome tolerance/resistance in low-input/low-output small ruminant production systems. Potential challenges are outlined, and potential available genetic resources are described as a foundation for future work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dikeledi P. Malatji
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Johannesburg, Gauteng Province, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ofori JA, Bakari SM, Bah S, Kolugu MK, Aning GK, Awandare GA, Carrington M, Gwira TM. A longitudinal two-year survey of the prevalence of trypanosomes in domestic cattle in Ghana by massively parallel sequencing of barcoded amplicons. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010300. [PMID: 35442960 PMCID: PMC9060370 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Animal African Trypanosomiasis (AAT) is one of the most economically important diseases affecting livestock productivity in sub-Saharan Africa. The disease is caused by a broad range of Trypanosoma spp., infecting both wild and domesticated animals through cyclical and mechanical transmission. This study aimed to characterize trypanosomes present in cattle at regular intervals over two years in an AAT endemic and a non-endemic region of Ghana. Methodology/Principal findings Groups of cattle at Accra and Adidome were selected based on their geographical location, tsetse fly density, prevalence of trypanosomiasis and the breed of cattle available. Blood for DNA extraction was collected at approximately four to five-week intervals over a two-year period. Trypanosome DNA were detected by a sensitive nested PCR targeting the tubulin gene array and massively parallel sequencing of barcoded amplicons. Analysis of the data was a semi-quantitative estimation of infection levels using read counts obtained from the sequencing as a proxy for infection levels. Majority of the cattle were infected with multiple species most of the time [190/259 (73%) at Adidome and 191/324 (59%) at Accra], with T. vivax being the most abundant. The level of infection and in particular T. vivax, was higher in Adidome, the location with a high density of tsetse flies. The infection level varied over the time course, the timings of this variation were not consistent and in Adidome it appeared to be independent of prophylactic treatment for trypanosome infection. Effect of gender or breed on infection levels was insignificant. Conclusions/Significance Most cattle were infected with low levels of several trypanosome species at both study sites, with T. vivax being the most abundant. The measurements of infection over time provided insight to the importance of the approach in identifying cattle that could suppress trypanosome infection over an extended time and may serve as reservoir. Cattle are of economic importance in sub-Saharan Africa as they fulfil multiple roles, ranging from draught power, to providing manure, milk, and meat. However, Animal African Trypanosomiasis (AAT) diseases in cattle affect productivity and food security in most African countries. In Ghana, bovine trypanosomiasis has been detected in few cross-sectional studies by molecular methods. To get a better understanding of the disease, a longitudinal study showing natural trypanosome infection over the life of cattle will be applicable. To explore this issue, the study determined the nature of trypanosome infection in cattle in farm settings in Ghana over two years, a period similar to that used in beef production, by massively parallel amplicon sequencing. The study provided a description of the prevalence over two years and showed that the cattle were infected with multiply species most of the time and the level of infection varied but was low most of the time. The longitudinal study allowed the identification of one individual able to supress infection far more effectively than other members of the herd and this is crucial in implementing control measures in the infected area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Afua Ofori
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Soale Majeed Bakari
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Saikou Bah
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Michael Kojo Kolugu
- Department of Computer Science, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - George Kwame Aning
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Gordon Akanzuwine Awandare
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Mark Carrington
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Theresa Manful Gwira
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Comparison of microscopy, card agglutination test for Trypanosoma evansi, and real-time PCR in the diagnosis of trypanosomosis in dromedary camels of the Abu Dhabi Emirate, UAE. J Vet Res 2022; 66:125-129. [PMID: 35582483 PMCID: PMC8959682 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2022-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Trypanosomosis is an important disease of dromedary camels caused by the pathogenic protozoan Trypanosoma evansi. This study aimed to compare three different tests for its diagnosis in this species: conventional microscopy, the card agglutination test for trypanosomosis/T. evansi (CATT/T. evansi) and real-time PCR. Material and Methods Whole blood and serum samples collected from 77 dromedary camels of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, were analysed with the test methods stated. Statistical analysis was done using McNemar’s chi-squared test, and Cohen’s kappa index (κ) was calculated. Results We obtained results with positivity of 18% (14/77) by microscopy, 22% by CATT (17/77) and 60% (46/77) by real-time PCR, with the chain reaction detecting at a respectively three- and two-fold greater rate than the other techniques. Analysis of the data revealed a relative sensitivity of 30.4% and 37.0% for microscopy and CATT, respectively, compared to real-time PCR. The difference between the real-time PCR’s sensitivity and those of the other methods was statistically significant, with X2 values of 30.03 and 20.1, respectively (df = 1 and P = 0.05 in both cases). Agreement of microscopy results with those of with CATT was good (κ = 0.72; 95% CI = 0.62–0.82). Cohen’s kappa index showed fair agreement of real-time PCR with microscopy (κ = 0.26; 95% CI = 0.16–0.36) whereas it was in poor agreement with CATT (κ = 0.09; 95% CI = 0.02–0.15). Conclusion Real-time PCR was found to be more sensitive than microscopy and CATT.
Collapse
|
15
|
Dash M, Sahu SK, Gupta SK, Sahoo N, Mohapatra D. Trypanosoma evansi infection in a captive Indian Wolf Canis lupus pallipes – molecular diagnosis and therapy. JOURNAL OF THREATENED TAXA 2022. [DOI: 10.11609/jott.7578.14.1.20494-20499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A five-year old, apparently healthy male Indian Wolf Canis lupus pallipes of Nandankanan Zoological Park, Odisha became ill with acute signs of anorexia, lethargy, staggering gait, and was non-responsive to external stimuli. Microscopic examination of Giemsa stained blood smear revealed presence of extracellular flagellates having morphological similarity to Trypanosoma spp. Haematological parameters showed anaemia (Hb 6.0 g%), mild leucopenia (total leukocyte count 5 × 103 / mm3) and thrombocytopenia (180 x 103 / µl). Serum biochemistry revealed high aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (830 IU/L), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (178.2 mg/dl), creatinine (4.44 mg/dl), and low glucose (25.7 mg/dl) levels. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis targeting internal transcribed spacer (ITS1) region followed by National Centre for Biotechnology Information blast confirmed Trypanosoma evansi infection in the captive Indian Wolf. The animal showed clinical recovery with the administration of single dose of quinapyramine sulphate and quinapyramine chloride @ 4.0 mg/kg b wt subcutaneously. The wolf started taking meat from the very next day with improved activity. No trypanosomes could be detected in the stained blood smears as well as through PCR carried 25 days post treatment. The occurrence became an eye opener for the zoo and henceforth, all canids were included under chemoprophylaxis protocol against trypanosomosis.
Collapse
|
16
|
Molecular characterization of Trypanosoma vivax in tsetse flies confirms the presence of the virulent Tvv4 genotype in Kenya: Potential implications for the control of trypanosomiasis in Shimba Hills. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 93:104953. [PMID: 34091066 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma vivax is a vector-borne protozoan parasite of livestock endemic to Africa and South America. To date, fifteen genotypes of the parasite have been described in vertebrate and insect hosts in East Africa. However, information regarding T. vivax diversity remains limited in many endemic countries in the sub-region, including Kenya. Such information could deepen insight into the local epidemiology of animal trypanosomiasis in Shimba Hills, a wildlife area in southeast Kenya where T. vivax is endemic and infects livestock. We employed two-gene conventional-PCR-sequencing and phylogenetic analysis to characterize T. vivax genotypes in tsetse flies collected between November 2018 and September 2019 in the wildlife-livestock interface of the Shimba Hills National Reserve. Phylogenetic analysis of Internal Transcribed Spacer-1 (ITS-1) sequences of T. vivax isolates confirmed the presence of two T. vivax genotypes in Shimba Hills of which >80% of T. vivax isolates from tsetse flies clustered within the virulent Tvv4-genotype clade. Tsetse infections with the Tvv4 genotype were also confirmed based on 18S rRNA gene sequencing. Expanded gene characterization identified three closely related haplotypes within the Tvv4-clade. The Tvv4-isolates were detected in male and female Glossina pallidipes tsetse flies, most of which were collected from grasslands and within two kilometres of the Shimba Hills National Reserve boundary. Considering that T. vivax is the most common trypanosome in the Shimba Hills area and causes severe clinical conditions in livestock, the Tvv4 genotype reported here for the first time in Kenya contributes to our understanding of these pathologies. The effectiveness of trypanocidal drugs in the management of Tvv4 is presently not clearly understood. Therefore, the parasite management in Shimba Hills should focus on vector control to reduce the density of G. pallidipes, especially in grasslands near the wildlife protectorate.
Collapse
|
17
|
Challenges in the Diagnostic Performance of Parasitological and Molecular Tests in the Surveillance of African Trypanosomiasis in Eastern Zambia. Trop Med Infect Dis 2021; 6:tropicalmed6020068. [PMID: 33946506 PMCID: PMC8167722 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed6020068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) control programs rely on active case detection through the screening of animals reared in disease endemic areas. This study compared the application of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and microscopy in the detection of trypanosomes in cattle blood in Mambwe, a rural district in eastern Zambia. Blood samples were collected from 227 cattle and tested for infection with trypanosomes using microscopy and Ribosomal RNA Internal Transcribed Spacers (ITS)-PCR. Microscopy on the buffy coat detected 17 cases, whilst thin and thick smears detected 26 cases and 28 cases, respectively. In total, microscopy detected 40 cases. ITS-PCR-filter paper (FP) on blood spots stored on FP detected 47 cases, and ITS-PCR-FTA on blood spots stored on Whatman FTA Classic cards detected 83 cases. Using microscopy as the gold standard, ITS-PCR-FTA had a better specificity (SP) and sensitivity (SE) (SP = 72.2%; SE = 77.5%; kappa = 0.35) than ITS-PCR-FP (SP = 88%; SE = 60%; kappa = 0.45). The prevalence of Trypanosoma brucei s.l. was higher on ITS-PCR-FTA (19/227) than on ITS-PCR-FP (0/227). Our results illustrate the complexities around trypanosomiasis surveillance in rural Africa and provide evidence of the impact that field conditions and staff training can have on diagnostic results, which in turn impact the success of tsetse and trypanosomiasis control programs in the region.
Collapse
|
18
|
Nakamura Y, Hayashida K, Delesalle V, Qiu Y, Omori R, Simuunza M, Sugimoto C, Namangala B, Yamagishi J. Genetic Diversity of African Trypanosomes in Tsetse Flies and Cattle From the Kafue Ecosystem. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:599815. [PMID: 33585616 PMCID: PMC7873289 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.599815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We clarified the genetic diversity of Trypanosoma spp. within the Kafue ecosystem, using PCR targeting the internal transcribed spacer 1 and the cathepsin L-like cysteine protease (CatL) sequences. The overall prevalence of Trypanosoma spp. in cattle and tsetse flies was 12.65 and 26.85%, respectively. Cattle positive for Trypanosoma vivax had a significantly lower packed cell volume, suggesting that T. vivax is the dominant Trypanosoma spp. causing anemia in this area. Among the 12 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) of T. vivax CatL sequences detected, one was from a known T. vivax lineage, two OTUs were from known T. vivax-like lineages, and nine OTUs were considered novel T. vivax-like lineages. These findings support previous reports that indicated the extensive diversity of T. vivax-like lineages. The findings also indicate that combining CatL PCR with next generation sequencing is useful in assessing Trypanosoma spp. diversity, especially for T. vivax and T. vivax-like lineages. In addition, the 5.42% prevalence of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense found in cattle raises concern in the community and requires careful monitoring of human African trypanosomiasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Nakamura
- Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kyoko Hayashida
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,International Collaboration Unit, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Victoire Delesalle
- Melindika, Non-governmental Organization of International Solidarity, Itezhi-Tezhi, Zambia
| | - Yongjin Qiu
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Omori
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Martin Simuunza
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Chihiro Sugimoto
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Boniface Namangala
- Department of Para-Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Junya Yamagishi
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,International Collaboration Unit, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Shereni W, Neves L, Argilés R, Nyakupinda L, Cecchi G. An atlas of tsetse and animal African trypanosomiasis in Zimbabwe. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:50. [PMID: 33446276 PMCID: PMC7807824 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04555-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In the 1980s and 1990s, great strides were taken towards the elimination of tsetse and animal African trypanosomiasis (AAT) in Zimbabwe. However, advances in recent years have been limited. Previously freed areas have been at risk of reinvasion, and the disease in tsetse-infested areas remains a constraint to food security. As part of ongoing control activities, monitoring of tsetse and AAT is performed regularly in the main areas at risk. However, a centralized digital archive is missing. To fill this gap, a spatially explicit, national-level database of tsetse and AAT (i.e. atlas) was established through systematic data collation, harmonization and geo-referencing for the period 2000–2019. Methods The atlas covers an area of approximately 70,000 km2, located mostly in the at-risk areas in the north of the country. In the tsetse component, a total of 33,872 entomological records were assembled for 4894 distinct trap locations. For the AAT component, 82,051 samples (mainly dry blood smears from clinically suspicious animals) were collected at 280 diptanks and examined for trypanosomal infection by microscopy. Results Glossina pallidipes (82.7% of the total catches) and Glossina morsitans morsitans (17.3%) were the two tsetse species recorded in the north and northwest parts of the country. No fly was captured in the northeast. The distribution of AAT follows broadly that of tsetse, although sporadic AAT cases were also reported from the northeast, apparently because of transboundary animal movement. Three trypanosome species were reported, namely Trypanosoma brucei (61.7% of recorded infections), Trypanosoma congolense (28.1%) and Trypanosoma vivax (10.2%). The respective prevalences, as estimated in sentinel herds by random sampling, were 2.22, 0.43 and 0.30%, respectively. Discussion The patterns of tsetse and AAT distributions in Zimbabwe are shaped by a combination of bioclimatic factors, historical events such as the rinderpest epizootic at the turn of the twentieth century and extensive and sustained tsetse control that is aimed at progressively eliminating tsetse and trypanosomiasis from the entire country. The comprehensive dataset assembled in the atlas will improve the spatial targeting of surveillance and control activities. It will also represent a valuable tool for research, by enabling large-scale geo-spatial analyses.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William Shereni
- Division of Tsetse Control Services, Ministry of Lands, Agriculture, Water and Rural Resettlement, Harare, Zimbabwe.
| | - Luis Neves
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Centro de Biotecnlogia, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Rafael Argilés
- Joint Food and Agriculture Organization/International Atomic Energy Agency Programme, Vienna, Austria
| | - Learnmore Nyakupinda
- Division of Tsetse Control Services, Ministry of Lands, Agriculture, Water and Rural Resettlement, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Giuliano Cecchi
- Animal Production and Health Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ojo RJ, Enoch GA, Adeh FS, Fompun LC, Bitrus BY, Kugama MA. Comprehensive analysis of oral administration of Vitamin E on the early stage of Trypanosoma brucei brucei infection. J Parasit Dis 2021; 45:512-523. [PMID: 34295050 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-020-01322-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Reinforcement of the body with exogenous antioxidants have been shown to mitigate the negative effects of African trypanosomiasis on the host and contribute greatly to their survival. This study was therefore conducted to evaluate the effects of oral administration of Vitamin E on the early stage of Trypanosoma brucei brucei infection. To achieve this, parasite free healthy rats were acclimatized for 2 weeks before they were divided into three groups. Two of the groups were infected by intraperitoneal inoculation of 1 × 104 parasites/rat and monitored for the presence of Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Blood samples were collected from the infected rats from the second day post infection to detect the presence of parasites. Vitamin E treatment started day 4 post infection at the onset of parasitaemia. Parasites were monitored till the end of the study. The blood glucose level was determined using a glucometer; the lipid profile, liver and kidney biomarkers, electrolytes and protein were determined by colorimetric method using commercial kits. Haematological parameters were analysed using a sysmex haematology analyser. The results of this study showed that the infection adversely affected the biomarkers examined showing its negative effect on liver, kidney, haematological parameters and host electrolyte balance. Treatments with Vitamin E was however able to mitigate the negative effect of this infection. In conclusion, the treatment was able to ameliorate the anaemia and organ damage caused by Trypanosoma brucei brucei, extend the life span of the treated rats and greatly delay the time taken to get to the second stage of the infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rotimi Johnson Ojo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Bingham University, Karu, Nasarawa State Nigeria
| | - Gideon Agyiye Enoch
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Bingham University, Karu, Nasarawa State Nigeria
| | - Faratu Saleh Adeh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Bingham University, Karu, Nasarawa State Nigeria
| | - Luret Carmen Fompun
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Bingham University, Karu, Nasarawa State Nigeria
| | - Blessing Yohanna Bitrus
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Bingham University, Karu, Nasarawa State Nigeria
| | - Meshack Anthony Kugama
- Human African Trypanosomiasis Research Department, Nigerian Institute of Trypanosomiasis Research, Kaduna, Kaduna State Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Marsela M, Hayashida K, Nakao R, Chatanga E, Gaithuma AK, Naoko K, Musaya J, Sugimoto C, Yamagishi J. Molecular identification of trypanosomes in cattle in Malawi using PCR methods and nanopore sequencing: epidemiological implications for the control of human and animal trypanosomiases. Parasite 2020; 27:46. [PMID: 32686644 PMCID: PMC7370688 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2020043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to identify trypanosomes infecting cattle in Malawi in order to understand the importance of cattle in the transmission dynamics of Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) and Animal African Trypanosomosis (AAT). A total of 446 DNA samples from cattle blood from three regions of Malawi were screened for African trypanosomes by ITS1 PCR. The obtained amplicons were sequenced using a portable next-generation sequencer, MinION, for validation. Comparison of the results from ITS1 PCR and MinION sequencing showed that combining the two methods provided more accurate species identification than ITS1 PCR alone. Further PCR screening targeting the serum resistance-associated (SRA) gene was conducted to detect Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. Trypanosoma congolense was the most prevalent Trypanosoma sp., which was found in Nkhotakota (10.8%; 20 of 185), followed by Kasungu (2.5%; 5 of 199). Of note, the prevalence of T. b. rhodesiense detected by SRA PCR was high in Kasungu and Nkhotakota showing 9.5% (19 of 199) and 2.7% (5 of 185), respectively. We report the presence of animal African trypanosomes and T. b. rhodesiense from cattle at the human-livestock-wildlife interface for the first time in Malawi. Our results confirmed that animal trypanosomes are important causes of anemia in cattle and that cattle are potential reservoirs for human African trypanosomiasis in Malawi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megasari Marsela
-
Division of Collaboration and Education, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University Kita-20, Nishi-10, Kita-ku Sapporo 001-0020 Hokkaido Japan
| | - Kyoko Hayashida
-
Division of Collaboration and Education, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University Kita-20, Nishi-10, Kita-ku Sapporo 001-0020 Hokkaido Japan
| | - Ryo Nakao
-
Laboratory of Parasitology, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Hokkaido University Kita-18, Nishi-9, Kita-ku Sapporo 060-0818 Hokkaido Japan
| | - Elisha Chatanga
-
Laboratory of Parasitology, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Hokkaido University Kita-18, Nishi-9, Kita-ku Sapporo 060-0818 Hokkaido Japan
| | - Alex Kiarie Gaithuma
-
Division of Collaboration and Education, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University Kita-20, Nishi-10, Kita-ku Sapporo 001-0020 Hokkaido Japan
| | - Kawai Naoko
-
Division of Collaboration and Education, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University Kita-20, Nishi-10, Kita-ku Sapporo 001-0020 Hokkaido Japan
| | - Janelisa Musaya
-
Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Malawi P/Bag 360 Chichiri 30096 Blantyre 3 Malawi
| | - Chihiro Sugimoto
-
Division of Collaboration and Education, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University Kita-20, Nishi-10, Kita-ku Sapporo 001-0020 Hokkaido Japan
| | - Junya Yamagishi
-
Division of Collaboration and Education, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University Kita-20, Nishi-10, Kita-ku Sapporo 001-0020 Hokkaido Japan
-
International Collaboration Unit, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University Kita-20, Nishi-10, Kita-ku Sapporo 001-0020 Hokkaido Japan
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Squarre D, Hayashida K, Gaithuma A, Chambaro H, Kawai N, Moonga L, Namangala B, Sugimoto C, Yamagishi J. Diversity of trypanosomes in wildlife of the Kafue ecosystem, Zambia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2020; 12:34-41. [PMID: 32420023 PMCID: PMC7215119 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2020.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The Kafue ecosystem is a vast conservation protected area comprising the Kafue National Park (KNP) and the Game Management Areas (GMA) that act as a buffer around the national park. The KNP has been neglected as a potential foci for rhodesiense sleeping sickness despite the widespread presence of the tsetse vector and abundant wildlife reservoirs. The aim of this study was to generate information on circulating trypanosomes and their eminent threat/risk to public health and livestock production of a steadily growing human and livestock population surrounding the park. We detected various trypanosomes circulating in different mammalian wildlife species in KNP in Zambia by applying a high throughput ITS1-polymerase chain reaction (PCR)/nanopore sequencing method in combination with serum resistant associated-PCR/Sanger sequencing method. The prevalence rates of trypanosomes in hartebeest, sable antelope, buffalo, warthog, impala and lechwe were 6.4%, 37.2%, 13.2%, 11.8%, 2.8% and 11.1%, respectively. A total of six trypanosomes species or subspecies were detected in the wildlife examined, including Trypanosoma brucei brucei, T. godfreyi, T. congolense, T. simiae and T. theileri. Importantly we detected human infective T. b. rhodesiense in buffalo and sable antelope with a prevalence of 9.4% and 12.5%, respectively. In addition, T. b. rhodesiense was found in the only vervet monkey analyzed. The study thus reaffirmed that the Kafue ecosystem is a genuine neglected and re-emerging foci for human African trypanosomiasis. This is the first assessment of the trypanosome diversity circulating in free-ranging wildlife of the KNP. Detected six African trypanosomes in wildlife species of Kafue National Park using ITS1-PCR and Nanopore sequencing method. Confirmed presence of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense using SRA PCR. Identified unique divergence of SRA sequence of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense from buffalo, sable and vervet monkey.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Squarre
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0020, Japan.,Wildlife Veterinary Unit, Department of National Parks and Wildlife, P/Bag 1, Chilanga, Zambia.,The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, EH25 9RG, UK, United Kingdom
| | - Kyoko Hayashida
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0020, Japan
| | - Alex Gaithuma
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0020, Japan
| | - Herman Chambaro
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0020, Japan.,Central Veterinary Research Institute, P.O Box, 33980, Chilanga, Zambia
| | - Naoko Kawai
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0020, Japan
| | - Ladslav Moonga
- Department of Paraclinical Studies, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, 10101, Zambia
| | - Boniface Namangala
- Department of Paraclinical Studies, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, 10101, Zambia
| | - Chihiro Sugimoto
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0020, Japan.,Global Station for Zoonosis Control, GI-CoRE, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0020, Japan
| | - Junya Yamagishi
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0020, Japan.,Global Station for Zoonosis Control, GI-CoRE, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0020, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Blood meal sources and bacterial microbiome diversity in wild-caught tsetse flies. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5005. [PMID: 32193415 PMCID: PMC7081217 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61817-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Tsetse flies are the vectors of African trypanosomiasis affecting 36 sub-Saharan countries. Both wild and domestic animals play a crucial role in maintaining the disease-causing parasites (trypanosomes). Thus, the identification of animal reservoirs of trypanosomes is vital for the effective control of African trypanosomiasis. Additionally, the biotic and abiotic factors that drive gut microbiome diversity in tsetse flies are primarily unresolved, especially under natural, field conditions. In this study, we present a comprehensive DNA metabarcoding approach for individual tsetse fly analysis in the identification of mammalian blood meal sources and fly bacterial microbiome composition. We analyzed samples from two endemic foci, Kafue, Zambia collected in June 2017, and Hurungwe, Zimbabwe sampled in April 2014 (pilot study) and detected DNA of various mammals including humans, wild animals, domestic animals and small mammals (rat and bat). The bacterial diversity was relatively similar in flies with different mammalian species DNA, trypanosome infected and uninfected flies, and female and male flies. This study is the first report on bat DNA detection in wild tsetse flies. This study reveals that small mammals such as bats and rats are among the opportunistic blood meal sources for tsetse flies in the wild, and the implication on tsetse biology and ecology needs to be studied.
Collapse
|
24
|
Rodrigues CMF, Garcia HA, Rodrigues AC, Pereira DL, Pereira CL, Viola LB, Neves L, Camargo EP, Gibson W, Teixeira MMG. Expanding our knowledge on African trypanosomes of the subgenus Pycnomonas: A novel Trypanosoma suis-like in tsetse flies, livestock and wild ruminants sympatric with Trypanosoma suis in Mozambique. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 78:104143. [PMID: 31837483 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.104143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Among the subgenera of African tsetse-transmitted trypanosomes pathogenic to livestock, the least known is the subgenus Pycnomonas, which contains a single species, Trypanosoma suis (TSU), a pathogen of domestic pigs first reported in 1905 and recently rediscovered in Tanzania and Mozambique. Analysis by Fluorescent Fragment Length Barcoding (FFLB) revealed an infection rate of 20.3% (108 out of 530 tsetse flies) in a recent study in the Gorongosa and Niassa wildlife reserves in Mozambique, and demonstrated two groups of Pycnomonas trypanosomes: one (14.1%, 75 flies) showing an FFLB profile identical to the reference TSU from Tanzania, and the other (6.2%, 33 flies) differing slightly from reference TSU and designated Trypanosoma suis-like (TSU-L). Phylogenetic analyses tightly clustered TSU and TSU-L from Mozambique with TSU from Tanzania forming the clade Pycnomonas positioned between the subgenera Trypanozoon and Nannomonas. Our preliminarily exploration of host ranges of Pycnomonas trypanosomes revealed TSU exclusively in warthogs while TSU-L was identified, for the first time for a member of the subgenus Pycnomonas, in ruminants (antelopes, Cape buffalo, and in domestic cattle and goats). The preferential blood meal sources of tsetse flies harbouring TSU and TSU-L were wild suids, and most of these flies concomitantly harboured the porcine trypanosomes T. simiae, T. simiae Tsavo, and T. godfreyi. Therefore, our findings support the link of TSU with suids while TSU-L remains to be comprehensively investigated in these hosts. Our results greatly expand our knowledge of the diversity, hosts, vectors, and epidemiology of Pycnomonas trypanosomes. Due to shortcomings of available molecular diagnostic methods, a relevant cohort of trypanosomes transmitted by tsetse flies to ungulates, especially suids, has been neglected or most likely misidentified. The method employed in the present study enables an accurate discrimination of trypanosome species and genotypes and, hence, a re-evaluation of the "lost" subgenus Pycnomonas and of porcine trypanosomes in general, the most neglected group of African trypanosomes pathogenic to ungulates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla M F Rodrigues
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil; INCT-EpiAmO - Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia na Amazônia Ocidental, Brazil
| | - Herakles A Garcia
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriana C Rodrigues
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Lopes Pereira
- National Administration of Conservation Areas (ANAC), Ministry of Land, Environment and Rural Development, Maputo, Mozambique
| | | | - Luis Neves
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa; Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Erney P Camargo
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil; INCT-EpiAmO - Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia na Amazônia Ocidental, Brazil
| | - Wendy Gibson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Marta M G Teixeira
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil; INCT-EpiAmO - Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia na Amazônia Ocidental, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
The Ghanaian Paenibacillus sp. DE2SH (GenBank Accession Number: MH091697) is a prolific producer of potent antiparasitic alkaloids. Further detailed study of the culture broth of this strain produced the compound Paenidigyamycin G (1), which is a derivative of the known antiparasitic compound Paenidigyamycin A (2). Compound (1) was isolated on HPLC at tR ≈ 37.5 min and its structure determined by IR, UV, MS, 1D, and 2D-NMR data. Compound 1 produced weak to moderate antileishmanial and antitrypanosomal activity when tested against Leishmania donovani (Laveran and Mesnil) Ross (D10) and Trypanosoma brucei subsp. brucei strain GUTat 3.1 with IC50 = 115.41 and 28.75 μM, respectively. This result is interesting since the parent compound 2 is known to possess consistent and potent antiparasitic activity. However, 1 displayed a promising selectivity profile towards T. brucei subsp. brucei due to its relatively low toxicity against normal mouse macrophages RAW 264.7 cells (SI = 8.70). Given that compound 1 is also the main metabolite found in the hexane fraction of all extracts produced by Paenibacillus sp. DE2SH when it is co-cultured with other bacteria strains, it must possess some unique biological functions which should make it an excellent candidate for further biological activity screening in other bioassays.
Collapse
|
26
|
Kasozi KI, Namayanja M, Gaithuma AK, Mahero M, Matovu E, Yamagishi J, Sugimoto C, MacLeod E. Prevalence of hemoprotozoan parasites in small ruminants along a human-livestock-wildlife interface in western Uganda. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2019; 17:100309. [PMID: 31303220 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2019.100309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Small ruminants are important to community livelihood in developing countries; however information on the role of hemoprotozoan parasites is scanty. The objective of the study was to determine hemoprotozoan parasitic prevalence in western Uganda and identify major areas associated with these infections. This was a cross sectional study conducted at the edge of Budongo Conservation Forest in Masindi district of western Uganda in which 712 small ruminants were sampled. Blood from the jugular vein was collected from caprines and ovines and placed in an EDTA tube, and transported to the laboratory for examination. Thin and thick smears were prepared and examined by microscopy for hemoprotozoan parasites, and DNA was extracted and examined by PCR for Trypanosoma spp. A total of 13 villages in Budongo sub-county were surveyed and the study showed that caprines were the major small ruminants of importance to the community. Prevalence of hemoprotozoan parasites was as follows; anaplasmosis (3.65%) > theileriosis (0.45%) > trypanosomiasis (0.15%) and babesiosis (0%) by microscopy. Infections were found in the young with the exception of Anaplasma spp. while coinfections of anaplasmosis and theileriosis were high. Molecular analysis showed an overall trypanosome prevalence of 9.27% (PCR), mainly due to Trypanosoma brucei and T. congolense forest. Villages with trypanosomiasis were found in lowlands and swamps. The current trypanosomiasis prevalence in small ruminants of Uganda was 10 times greater than that previously reported showing that the disease burden has increased overtime within Uganda. A prevalence of 0.14% (95% CI: 0.00, 0.78) for the SRA gene showed that small ruminants would be important reservoirs of infection to humans. Hemoprotozoan parasites are a threat to community livelihood in developing countries and the role of molecular diagnostic techniques in disease monitoring was re-emphasized by this study. Information on primary hosts involved in the propagation of hemoprotozoan parasites in Uganda would help streamline prospective disease surveillance and control efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keneth Iceland Kasozi
- Infection Medicine, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University Western Campus, Bushenyi, Uganda; College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Monica Namayanja
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University Western Campus, Bushenyi, Uganda; College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University Kampala, Uganda
| | - Alex Kiarie Gaithuma
- Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido prefecture, Japan
| | - Michael Mahero
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, USA
| | - Enock Matovu
- College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University Kampala, Uganda
| | - Junya Yamagishi
- Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido prefecture, Japan
| | - Chihiro Sugimoto
- Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido prefecture, Japan
| | - Ewan MacLeod
- Infection Medicine, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|