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Arango-Londoño MM, López-Osorio S, Rojas-Bermudéz F, Chaparro-Gutiérrez JJ. The Frequency of Porcine Cysticercosis and Factors Associated with Taenia solium Infection in the Municipality of Tuchín-Córdoba, Colombia. Pathogens 2024; 13:311. [PMID: 38668266 PMCID: PMC11054264 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13040311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Taeniasis and cysticercosis are parasitic infections that affect humans and pigs. Their global distribution constitutes a serious public health issue with significant implications for pork production. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the presence of porcine cysticercosis in backyard swine from 42 indigenous communities throughout Tuchín-Córdoba, Colombia. Between December 2020 and March 2021, free-range pigs (n = 442) were assessed using the ELISA cysticercosis Ag test; 85 pigs were examined through sublingual visual evaluation, and 4 slaughtered pig carcasses were subjected to standard operation inspection. The collected cysticercus underwent histological and PCR analysis. Furthermore, 192 surveys of knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) were used to identify the factors that facilitate infection transmission. Serological investigation revealed that 9.7% (46/472) of the animals were positive for cysticerci Ag. Sublingual inspection identified cysticercus in 28.7% (25/87) of the animals, while PCR analysis indicated that cysticercus corresponded to the T. solium American/African genotype. The factors associated with T. solium infection in the pigs in the surveyed areas numbered 14. The majority are associated with factors that promote the active persistence of Taenia solium's life cycle in an area, such as lack of environmental sanitation, a lack of coverage or care for drinking water and wastewater treatment services, and no solid waste disposal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita M. Arango-Londoño
- CIBAV Research Group, Veterinary Medicine School, Faculty of Agrarian Sciences, Universidad de Antioquia, UdeA, Medellín 050034, Colombia; (M.M.A.-L.); (S.L.-O.)
| | - Sara López-Osorio
- CIBAV Research Group, Veterinary Medicine School, Faculty of Agrarian Sciences, Universidad de Antioquia, UdeA, Medellín 050034, Colombia; (M.M.A.-L.); (S.L.-O.)
| | | | - Jenny J. Chaparro-Gutiérrez
- CIBAV Research Group, Veterinary Medicine School, Faculty of Agrarian Sciences, Universidad de Antioquia, UdeA, Medellín 050034, Colombia; (M.M.A.-L.); (S.L.-O.)
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Kabululu ML, Johansen MV, Lightowlers M, Trevisan C, Braae UC, Ngowi HA. Aggregation of Taenia solium cysticerci in pigs: Implications for transmission and control. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2023; 22:e00307. [PMID: 37261135 PMCID: PMC10227459 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2023.e00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasite aggregation within hosts is a fundamental feature of parasite distributions, whereby the majority of parasites are harboured by a minority of hosts. Parasite aggregation can influence their transmission and hence control. In this narrative review, possible sources of aggregation of Taenia solium cysticerci in pigs are discussed, along with implications for control of the parasite. While heavy T. solium infections in pigs could most likely be associated with ingestion of high doses of infective parasite eggs, consistent with coprophagic behaviour of pigs, lighter infections indicate a role of indirect routes of transmission to pigs, mostly from lower infection doses. Light infections are likely to be missed by commonly used diagnostic methods - tongue examination or meat inspection - and end up in the food chain. Hence, they entail a 'hidden' risk and are of a particular public health concern, especially in areas where meat is consumed raw or undercooked. To be effective and sustainable, control strategies against T. solium likely require a broader understanding of, and consideration for parasite transmission dynamics. More importantly, a holistic One Health approach incorporating interventions on humans, pigs and the environment will likely have a larger, more successful and sustainable impact.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marshall Lightowlers
- Department of Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chiara Trevisan
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Uffe C. Braae
- One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Helena A. Ngowi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
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Mulilo MA, Mwape KE, M’kandawire E, Mkupasi EM. Quantitative risk assessment for human Taenia solium taeniasis/cysticercosis exposure through consumption of pork in Mpwapwa District of Dodoma Region, Tanzania. Vet World 2023; 16:895-911. [PMID: 37576769 PMCID: PMC10420725 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.895-911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Pig farming is a livelihood activity undertaken by many rural communities in Tanzania. However, pigs in rural communities become infected with Taenia solium, a zoonotic parasite leading to porcine cysticercosis (PCC). Thus, routine meat inspection is fundamental in ensuring that the meat consumed is PCC-free. However, routine meat inspection is constrained by low sensitivity as a diagnostic test. Regardless of its low sensitivity, at the local level, no substitute tool would potentially lead to meat being risk-free for human infection. This study aimed at quantifying the risk of humans getting exposed to T. solium taeniasis through the consumption of pork approved safe for human consumption by employing a quantitative risk assessment (QRA) model. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional study employing a quantitative risk assessment technique was conducted to quantify the risk of human infection in Mpwapwa District through exposure to T. solium infection through consumption of officially inspected pork. The input parameters in this study were simulated in @risk software to obtain the risk of exposure and the risk factors for exposure to T. solium taeniasis. Results The risk of one getting exposed to T. solium taeniasis/cysticercosis (TSTC) through consumption of pork approved for human consumption was found to be 0.018 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.00-0.0250). Likewise, the probability that a cyst is localized in a pork portion was found to be the most influencing input risk factor of getting exposed to TSTC. Furthermore, the probability of developing T. solium taeniasis was estimated to be 0.73605 (95% CI = 0-0.950) when infected undercooked pork portion is consumed and 0.99652 (95% CI = 0.98161-0.99908) from consuming raw pork portion. Likewise, about 47 (95% CI = 42-52) people who consumed undercooked pork and 26 (95% CI = 22-30) who consumed raw pork would get infected in Mpwapwa District per year. Conclusion The results from this study are anticipated to create public awareness of the problem and promote the use of one-health approach in the control and prevention of the consumption of infected pork.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misheck A. Mulilo
- Livestock Training Agency, Department of Training, Research and Consultancy, Mpwapwa, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Kabemba E. Mwape
- Department of Clinical Studies, The University of Zambia, School of Veterinary Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Ethel M’kandawire
- Department of Disease Control, The University of Zambia, School of Veterinary Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Ernatus M. Mkupasi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Morogoro, Tanzania
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Gonzalez-Alcaide G, Sosa N, Shevy L, Belinchon-Romero I, Ramos-Rincon JM. Global research on cysticercosis and neurocysticercosis: A bibliometric analysis. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1156834. [PMID: 37113561 PMCID: PMC10126342 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1156834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cysticercosis is a parasitic infection caused by the larval stage Taenia solium. As a neglected tropical disease that is also difficult to diagnose, cysticercosis constitutes an important public health and research challenge. To characterize the development of research on cysticercosis and neurocysticercosis, considering the level of scientific evidence provided and the contribution of different countries to research, according to their endemic nature and their income level. Methods Indexed publications on cysticercosis and neurocysticercosis were retrieved from the MEDLINE database, and the evolution of scientific production and the topic areas addressed in the body of research were analyzed. Results A total of 7,860 papers published between 1928 and 2021 were analyzed. The volume of annual publications increased over time, standing at over 200 documents/year since 2010. Case studies constitute the main study design (27.4% of the documents with available information, n = 2,155), with fewer studies that provide the highest levels of scientific evidence, such as clinical studies (1.9%, n = 149) or systematic reviews (0.8%, n = 63). The most productive journals belong to the Parasitology and Tropical Medicine categories. Although the USA is the most productive country (n = 2,292), countries where Tenia solium is endemic, such as India (n = 1,749), Brazil (n = 941) and Peru (n = 898) also stand out, as does Mexico (n = 1,414). However, other endemic countries in Latin America and sub-Saharan Africa show little participation in the research. The level of international collaboration by country is very uneven, with some countries presenting very low values, such as India (9.9% of documents in international collaboration) or Brazil (18.7%); while there is evidence of intense international collaboration in countries like Peru (91.3%), Tanzania (88.2%) or Kenya (93.1%). Research output has coalesced in three thematic clusters: basic research in animals; parasitism, animal health, and zoonoses; and the diagnosis and therapeutic approach in diseases associated with cysticercosis and neurocysticercosis. Conclusions The generation of knowledge on cysticercosis presents different features from other areas of research, such as the outstanding contribution of only some endemic countries; and the relevance of comprehensive approaches to research (animal and human health). Studies that provide higher levels of scientific evidence should be promoted, as should research in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nestor Sosa
- Infectious Diseases Division, Internal Medicine Department, New Mexico University Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Laura Shevy
- Infectious Diseases Division, Internal Medicine Department, New Mexico University Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Isabel Belinchon-Romero
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Miguel Hernández University, and Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain
| | - Jose-Manuel Ramos-Rincon
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Miguel Hernández University, and Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain
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Moudgil P, Kumar R, Jindal N, Moudgil AD. Sub-lineages of Taenia solium Asian Genotype Recorded in North India. Acta Parasitol 2022; 67:1237-1245. [PMID: 35616832 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-022-00564-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Porcine cysticercosis is a neglected zoonotic disease of significant veterinary and medical importance owing to its economic impact and public health significance. The present study aimed at genetic characterization of Taenia solium metacestodes in slaughtered pigs of Haryana (North India). METHODS A total of 213 (160 and 53 from Chandigarh and Hisar, respectively) slaughtered pigs intended for human consumption were screened for the presence of T. solium metacestodes. The retrieved metacestodes were confirmed molecularly based on the partial amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) gene. Evolutionary divergence, haplotype and nucleotide diversities and neutrality indices of the retrieved isolates were also assessed. RESULTS Out of the 213 pigs, 2 (0.94%) revealed the presence of metacestodes involving 1 pig each from Chandigarh (0.62%) and Hisar (1.9%). The sequences obtained after custom sequencing were submitted to GenBank under the accession numbers LC661682-83. The present study haplotype clustered with haplotypes of Asian origin and showed variation from other haplotypes by 1-23 mutational steps. However, the present study isolates also showed nucleotide polymorphisms (A198T, A199G, A201T, G204A, T206A, C210T, T212G, T213A, T216G/A, T217C, T221C, C524T, G994A) at different positions, which indicated the presence of sub-lineages. Low nucleotide diversity (π = 0.020) and negative value of Tajima's D (- 1.304) observed for the haplotypes under consideration was indicative of purifying selection and recent population expansion. CONCLUSIONS Our study confirms the circulation of T. solium Asian genotype (with distinct sub-lineages) in study area and recommends strict control measures to contain the zoonotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Moudgil
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Ramesh Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Naresh Jindal
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Aman D Moudgil
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India.
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Galán-Puchades MT, Fuentes MV. On pig Taenia solium/asiatica cysticercosis in India-Comment on 'Quantitative risk assessment of human Taenia solium exposure from consuming pork produced in Punjab, India'. Zoonoses Public Health 2022; 69:149-150. [PMID: 34978389 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Galán-Puchades
- Parasites & Health Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Màrius V Fuentes
- Parasites & Health Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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G K M, Singh BB, Sharma R, Aulakh RS, Brookes VJ. Quantitative risk assessment of human Taenia solium exposure from consuming pork produced in Punjab, India. Zoonoses Public Health 2022; 69:151-152. [PMID: 34978381 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Megha G K
- Centre for One Health, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Balbir Bagicha Singh
- Centre for One Health, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, India.,Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Rajnish Sharma
- Centre for One Health, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, India
| | - R S Aulakh
- Centre for One Health, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Victoria J Brookes
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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G K M, Singh BB, Sharma R, Aulakh RS, Brookes VJ. Quantitative risk assessment of human Taenia solium exposure from consuming pork produced in Punjab, India. Zoonoses Public Health 2021; 68:937-946. [PMID: 34402584 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Taenia solium cysticercosis is a neglected zoonosis that affects people throughout much of the developing world. The disease is endemic in Punjab state of India and controlling it is a public health challenge. No studies have been conducted to quantify the risk of T. solium exposure from consuming pork produced in the state. A stochastic quantitative risk assessment (QRA) model was constructed to understand the risk of human T. solium infection from consuming pork produced in Punjab. Input data were collected from official records, published literature, active surveillance and specifically for this study. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to assess the influence of the input parameters on the main output probability that any one pork meal is infective (contains at least one viable cyst) at consumption. The probability of any pork meal in Punjab containing at least one viable T. solium cyst post-storage and post-cooking was median 5.57 × 10-4 (95% PI 1.06 × 10-4 -1.95 × 10-3 ). Sobol' sensitivity analysis demonstrated that the most influential input parameters on consumption of a pork meal with at least one viable T. solium were the probability that a meal is insufficiently cooked to render cysts unviable, and the proportion of infected carcasses following informal slaughter. Whilst improved sanitation and hygiene can prevent cysticercosis in people, efforts to reduce the prevalence of T. solium cysts in pig carcases by preventing pigs' access to human waste, increasing meat inspection and promoting effective cooking practices are also important to reduce this source of taeniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha G K
- Centre for One Health, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Balbir Bagicha Singh
- Centre for One Health, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, India.,Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Rajnish Sharma
- Centre for One Health, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, India
| | - R S Aulakh
- Centre for One Health, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Victoria J Brookes
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia.,Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University), Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
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Effect of oxfendazole to control Taenia solium cysticercosis in pigs in Punjab state of India. J Parasit Dis 2020; 44:553-558. [PMID: 32801507 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-020-01228-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Taenia solium cysticercosis is a neglected zoonosis prevalent in developing countries including India. The disease has a substantial health impact in India. The control of this disease in pigs would benefit both veterinary and public health. In view of this, the current study was designed to know the effectiveness of oxfendazole against T. solium in pigs reared in Punjab, India. A randomized controlled trail was designed with two groups of treatment (T1 and T2) and a control group. Pigs from ten different litters were selected. Pigs (4 months of age) from the same litter were randomly assigned into these three groups. Treatment 1 (T1) group pigs received oxfendazole@30 mg/kg body weight at 4 months of age, treatment 2 (T2) received oxfendazole@30 mg/kg body weight treatment at 9 months of age and the control group (C) received placebo at 4 months of age. Blood samples were collected at three intervals at the age of 4, 9 and 12 months. Sandwich antigenic ELISA was performed to determine the serological status of disease in pigs. Three piglets in treatment 1 were found positive at 4 months but were recorded seronegative in subsequent samplings. One pig in the control group was positive at 9 and 12 months of age. Results showed promising effects of oxfendazole for the control of T. solium cysticercosis in pigs of Punjab, India.
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Accurate diagnosis of lesions suspected of being caused by Taenia solium in body organs of pigs with naturally acquired porcine cysticercosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007408. [PMID: 31237878 PMCID: PMC6592510 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The definitive method for diagnosis of porcine cysticercosis is the detection of cysticerci at necropsy. Cysts are typically located in the striated muscle and brain. Until recently Taenia solium cysticerci have not been definitively identified in other tissue locations, despite several comprehensive investigations having been undertaken which included investigation of body organs other than muscle and brain. Recently a study conducted in Zambia reported 27% infection with T. solium in the liver of pigs with naturally acquired porcine cysticercosis, as well as some T. solium infection in the lungs and spleen of some animals. We investigated the cause of lesions in sites other than the muscle or brain in a total of 157 pigs from T. solium endemic regions of Uganda and Nepal which were subjected to extensive investigations at necropsy. Lesions which had the potential to be caused by T. solium were characterised by macroscopic and microscopic examination, histology as well as DNA characterisation by PCR-RFLP and sequencing. Lesions were confirmed as being caused by Taenia hydatigena (both viable and non-viable), by T. asiatica and Echinococcus granulosus (in Nepal) and nematode infections. No T. solium-related lesions or cysticerci were identified in any tissue other than muscle and brain. It is recommended that future evaluations of porcine cysticercosis in aberrant tissue locations include DNA analyses that take appropriate care to avoid the possibility of contamination of tissue specimens with DNA from a different tissue location or a different animal. The use of appropriate control samples to confirm the absence of cross-sample contamination is also recommended.
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