1
|
Msellemu D, Tanner M, Yadav R, Moore SJ. Occupational exposure to malaria, leishmaniasis and arbovirus vectors in endemic regions: A systematic review. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PARASITOLOGY & VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES 2024; 6:100185. [PMID: 39027087 PMCID: PMC11252614 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2024.100185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Vector-borne diseases, including dengue, leishmaniasis and malaria, may be more common among individuals whose occupations or behaviours bring them into frequent contact with these disease vectors outside of their homes. A systematic review was conducted to ascertain at-risk occupations and situations that put individuals at increased risk of exposure to these disease vectors in endemic regions and identify the most suitable interventions for each exposure. The review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines on articles published between 1945 and October 2021, searched in 16 online databases. The primary outcome was incidence or prevalence of dengue, leishmaniasis or malaria. The review excluded ecological and qualitative studies, abstracts only, letters, commentaries, reviews, and studies of laboratory-acquired infections. Studies were appraised, data extracted, and a descriptive analysis conducted. Bite interventions for each risk group were assessed. A total of 1170 articles were screened and 99 included. Malaria, leishmaniasis and dengue were presented in 47, 41 and 24 articles, respectively; some articles presented multiple conditions. The most represented populations were soldiers, 38% (43 of 112 studies); refugees and travellers, 15% (17) each; migrant workers, 12.5% (14); miners, 9% (10); farmers, 5% (6); rubber tappers and missionaries, 1.8% (2) each; and forest workers, 0.9% (1). Risk of exposure was categorised into round-the-clock or specific times of day/night dependent on occupation. Exposure to these vectors presents a critical and understudied concern for outdoor workers and mobile populations. When devising interventions to provide round-the-clock vector bite protection, two populations are considered. First, mobile populations, characterized by their high mobility, may find potential benefits in insecticide-treated clothing, though more research and optimization are essential. Treated clothing offers personal vector protection and holds promise for economically disadvantaged individuals, especially when enabling them to self-treat their clothing to repel vectors. Secondly, semi-permanent and permanent settlement populations can receive a combination of interventions that offer both personal and community protection, including spatial repellents, suitable for extended stays. Existing research is heavily biased towards tourism and the military, diverting attention and resources from vulnerable populations where these interventions are most required like refugee populations as well as those residing in sub-Saharan Africa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Msellemu
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Tanzania
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Tanner
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rajpal Yadav
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
- Academy of Public Health Entomology, Udaipur, 313 002, India
| | - Sarah J. Moore
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Tanzania
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003, Basel, Switzerland
- The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), P.O. Box 447, Tengeru, Arusha, Tanzania
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Govella NJ, Assenga A, Mlwale AT, Mirzai N, Heffernan E, Moriarty J, Wenger J, Corbel V, McBeath J, Ogoma SB, Killeen GF. Entomological assessment of hessian fabric transfluthrin vapour emanators for protecting against outdoor-biting Aedes aegypti in coastal Tanzania. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299722. [PMID: 38809841 PMCID: PMC11135681 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A low technology emanator device for slowly releasing vapour of the volatile pyrethroid transfluthrin was recently developed in Tanzania that provides robust protection against night biting Anopheles and Culex vectors of malaria and filariasis for several months. Here these same emanator devices were assessed in Dar es Salaam city, as a means of protection against outdoor-biting Aedes (Stegomia) aegypti, the most important vector of human arboviruses worldwide, in parallel with similar studies in Haiti and Brazil. METHODS A series of entomological experiments were conducted under field and semi-field conditions, to evaluate whether transfluthrin emanators protect against wild Ae. aegypti, and also compare the transfluthrin responsiveness of Ae. aegypti originating from wild-caught eggs to established pyrethroid-susceptible Ae. aegypti and Anopheles gambiae colonies. Preliminary measurements of transfluthrin vapour concentration in air samples collected near treated emanators were conducted by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS Two full field experiments with four different emanator designs and three different transfluthrin formulations consistently indicated negligible reduction of human landing rates by wild Ae. aegypti. Under semi-field conditions in large cages, 50 to 60% reductions of landing rates were observed, regardless of which transfluthrin dose, capture method, emanator placement position, or source of mosquitoes (mildly pyrethroid resistant wild caught Ae. aegypti or pyrethroid-susceptible colonies of Ae. aegypti and An. gambiae) was used. Air samples collected immediately downwind from an emanator treated with the highest transfluthrin dose (15g), contained 12 to 19 μg/m3 transfluthrin vapour. CONCLUSIONS It appears unlikely that the moderate levels of pyrethroid resistance observed in wild Ae. aegypti can explain the modest-to-undetectable levels of protection exhibited. While potential inhalation exposure could be of concern for the highest (15g) dose evaluated, 3g of transfluthrin appears sufficient to achieve the modest levels of protection that were demonstrated entomologically. While the generally low levels of protection against Aedes reported here from Tanzania, and from similar entomological studies in Haiti and Brazil, are discouraging, complementary social science studies in Haiti and Brazil suggest end-users perceive valuable levels of protection against mosquitoes. It therefore remains unclear whether transfluthrin emanators have potential for protecting against Aedes vectors of important human arboviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicodem J. Govella
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
- African Institution of Science and Technology, School of Life Science and Bio-Engineering, The Nelson Mandela, Tengeru, Arusha, United Republic of Tanzania
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Alphonce Assenga
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Amos T. Mlwale
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Nosrat Mirzai
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Eimear Heffernan
- Centre for Research into Atmospheric Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University College Cork, Cork, Republic of Ireland
- Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Republic of Ireland
| | - Jennie Moriarty
- Centre for Research into Atmospheric Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University College Cork, Cork, Republic of Ireland
- Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Republic of Ireland
| | - John Wenger
- Centre for Research into Atmospheric Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University College Cork, Cork, Republic of Ireland
- Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Republic of Ireland
| | - Vincent Corbel
- Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores (Laficave), Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Avenida Brasil, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
| | - Justin McBeath
- Envu UK Ltd, Cambridge, Milton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Gerry F. Killeen
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
- Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Republic of Ireland
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- School of Biological Earth & Environmental Sciences, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Republic of Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Srichawla BS, Manan MR, Kipkorir V, Dhali A, Diebel S, Sawant T, Zia S, Carrion-Alvarez D, Suteja RC, Nurani K, Găman MA. Neuroinvasion of emerging and re-emerging arboviruses: A scoping review. SAGE Open Med 2024; 12:20503121241229847. [PMID: 38711470 PMCID: PMC11072077 DOI: 10.1177/20503121241229847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Arboviruses are RNA viruses and some have the potential to cause neuroinvasive disease and are a growing threat to global health. Objectives Our objective is to identify and map all aspects of arbovirus neuroinvasive disease, clarify key concepts, and identify gaps within our knowledge with appropriate future directions related to the improvement of global health. Methods Sources of Evidence: A scoping review of the literature was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Hinari. Eligibility Criteria: Original data including epidemiology, risk factors, neurological manifestations, neuro-diagnostics, management, and preventive measures related to neuroinvasive arbovirus infections was obtained. Sources of evidence not reporting on original data, non-English, and not in peer-reviewed journals were removed. Charting Methods: An initial pilot sample of 30 abstracts were reviewed by all authors and a Cohen's kappa of κ = 0.81 (near-perfect agreement) was obtained. Records were manually reviewed by two authors using the Rayyan QCRI software. Results A total of 171 records were included. A wide array of neurological manifestations can occur most frequently, including parkinsonism, encephalitis/encephalopathy, meningitis, flaccid myelitis, and Guillain-Barré syndrome. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain often reveals subcortical lesions, sometimes with diffusion restriction consistent with acute ischemia. Vertical transmission of arbovirus is most often secondary to the Zika virus. Neurological manifestations of congenital Zika syndrome, include microcephaly, failure to thrive, intellectual disability, and seizures. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis often shows lymphocytic pleocytosis, elevated albumin, and protein consistent with blood-brain barrier dysfunction. Conclusions Arbovirus infection with neurological manifestations leads to increased morbidity and mortality. Risk factors for disease include living and traveling in an arbovirus endemic zone, age, pregnancy, and immunosuppressed status. The management of neuroinvasive arbovirus disease is largely supportive and focuses on specific neurological complications. There is a need for therapeutics and currently, management is based on disease prevention and limiting zoonosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bahadar S Srichawla
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | | | - Vincent Kipkorir
- Department of Human Anatomy and Physiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Arkadeep Dhali
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Sebastian Diebel
- Department of Family Medicine, Northern Ontario School of Medicine University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
| | - Tirtha Sawant
- Department of Neurology, Spartan Health Sciences University, Spartan Drive St, Saint Lucia
| | - Subtain Zia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | | | - Richard C Suteja
- Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Kampus Bukit, Jl, Raya Kampus Unud Jimbaran, Kec, Kuta Sel, Kabupaten Badung, Bukit Jimbaran, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Khulud Nurani
- Department of Human Anatomy and Physiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mihnea-Alexandru Găman
- Faculty of Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, București, Romania
- Bucharest, Romania and Department of Hematology, Center of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Fundeni Clinical Institute, București, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Souza RL, Nazare RJ, Argibay HD, Pellizzaro M, Anjos RO, Portilho MM, Jacob-Nascimento LC, Reis MG, Kitron UD, Ribeiro GS. Density of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in a low-income Brazilian urban community where dengue, Zika, and chikungunya viruses co-circulate. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:159. [PMID: 37149611 PMCID: PMC10163576 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05766-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low-income urban communities in the tropics often lack sanitary infrastructure and are overcrowded, favoring Aedes aegypti proliferation and arboviral transmission. However, as Ae. aegypti density is not spatially homogeneous, understanding the role of specific environmental characteristics in determining vector distribution is critical for planning control interventions. The objectives of this study were to identify the main habitat types for Ae. Aegypti, assess their spatial densities to identify major hotspots of arbovirus transmission over time and investigate underlying factors in a low-income urban community in Salvador, Brazil. We also tested the field-collected mosquitoes for arboviruses. METHODS A series of four entomological and socio-environmental surveys was conducted in a random sample of 149 households and their surroundings between September 2019 and April 2021. The surveys included searching for potential breeding sites (water-containing habitats) and for Ae. aegypti immatures in them, capturing adult mosquitoes and installing ovitraps. The spatial distribution of Ae. aegypti density indices were plotted using kernel density-ratio maps, and the spatial autocorrelation was assessed for each index. Visual differences on the spatial distribution of the Ae. aegypti hotspots were compared over time. The association of entomological findings with socio-ecological characteristics was examined. Pools of female Ae. aegypti were tested for dengue, Zika and chikungunya virus infection. RESULTS Overall, 316 potential breeding sites were found within the study households and 186 in the surrounding public spaces. Of these, 18 (5.7%) and 7 (3.7%) harbored a total of 595 and 283 Ae. aegypti immatures, respectively. The most productive breeding sites were water storage containers within the households and puddles and waste materials in public areas. Potential breeding sites without cover, surrounded by vegetation and containing organic matter were significantly associated with the presence of immatures, as were households that had water storage containers. None of the entomological indices, whether based on immatures, eggs or adults, detected a consistent pattern of vector clustering in the same areas over time. All the mosquito pools were negative for the tested arboviruses. CONCLUSIONS This low-income community displayed high diversity of Ae. aegypti habitats and a high degree of heterogeneity of vector abundance in both space and time, a scenario that likely reflects other low-income communities. Improving basic sanitation in low-income urban communities through the regular water supply, proper management of solid wastes and drainage may reduce water storage and the formation of puddles, minimizing opportunities for Ae. aegypti proliferation in such settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel L Souza
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Romero J Nazare
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Hernan D Argibay
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Maysa Pellizzaro
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Rosângela O Anjos
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Moyra M Portilho
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Leile Camila Jacob-Nascimento
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Mitermayer G Reis
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Guilherme S Ribeiro
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ngingo BL, Mboera LEG, Chengula A, Machelle I, Makange MR, Msolla M, Mwanyika GO, Rugarabamu S, Misinzo G. Aedes aegypti abundance, larval indices and risk for dengue virus transmission in Kinondoni district, Tanzania. Trop Med Health 2022; 50:1. [PMID: 34980286 PMCID: PMC8725502 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-021-00395-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tanzania has experienced periodic dengue outbreaks with increased incidence since 2010. However, there is limited information on vector dynamics and transmission risk in most parts of the country. This study was conducted to determine Aedes mosquito abundance, larval indices and dengue virus infection rate as risk indicators for DENV transmission in Kinondoni district, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted in three wards of Kinondoni district in Tanzania between December 2019 and January 2020. In each ward, three streets were randomly selected for adult and immature mosquito sampling. The adult mosquitoes were collected using Mosquito Magnet traps, while mosquito larvae and pupae were inspected in water-holding containers in the selected household compounds. The detection of dengue virus (DENV) in female Aedes mosquitoes was done using a one-step reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method. RESULTS Of the 1416 adult female mosquitoes collected, Ae. aegypti accounted for 16.8% (n = 238). A total of 333 water-holding containers were inspected and 201 (60.4%) had at least an Aedes larvae or pupae. Water-holding containers supporting the breeding of Aedes larvae and pupae included discarded car tires, flowerpots and small and large plastic containers. The overall House Index, Container Index and Breteau Index were 55.1%, 60.4% and 114.2, respectively. None of the 763 female Aedes mosquitoes tested by RT-PCR was found to be infected with DENV. CONCLUSION The presence and abundance Ae. aegypti mosquitoes and the large proportion of water-holding containers infested with the mosquito larvae and pupae put residents of Kinondoni district at high risk of DENV transmission. Our findings emphasize the need for continuous mosquito vector surveillance and control to prevent the possibility of future DENV outbreaks in Tanzania.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baraka L Ngingo
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania.
- SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania.
- Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, St John's University of Tanzania, Dodoma, Tanzania.
| | - Leonard E G Mboera
- SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Augustino Chengula
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Ines Machelle
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
- SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Mariam R Makange
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
- SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Michael Msolla
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
- SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Gaspary O Mwanyika
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
- SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
- Department of Medical Sciences and Technology, Mbeya University of Science and Technology, Mbeya, Tanzania
| | - Sima Rugarabamu
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
- SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Gerald Misinzo
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
- SACIDS Foundation for One Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Minarti M, Anwar C, Irfannuddin I, Irsan C. Community Knowledge and Attitudes about the Transmission of Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever and Its Relationship to Prevention Behaviour in Palembang, South Sumatra, Indonesia. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2021.7693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: PSN 3 M Plus is a long-running program in Indonesia for the prevention and control of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF).
AIM: This study aimed to determine the knowledge, behavior, attitudes, and beliefs of the community toward PSN 3 M Plus in preventing and controlling the spread of DHF.
METHODS: A cluster random sampling method was used to recruit 200 respondents in endemic areas and 100 respondents in sporadic locations of Indonesia from August 2020 to February 2021. The respondents were interviewed directly by interviewers and the relationships between demographics and characteristics with the practice of PSN 3M Plus prevention behavior on the incidence of DHF were analyzed.
RESULTS: Most respondents had good knowledge regarding the cause of DHF. Although respondents recognized and understood the dangers of and how to control DHF, most did not follow PSN 3 M Plus and believed that fogging was the most effective control measure. There was a significant relationship between the characteristics of the respondents in terms of education, occupation, and attitude on vector control practice.
CONCLUSION: Although community environmental modifications can be a cost-effective approach to reduce the incidence of DHF, there is a need to raise public awareness regarding preventive vector control measures as good knowledge does not guarantee good compliance with PSN 3M Plus recommendations.
Collapse
|
7
|
Kartini K, Sofia S, Nasrullah N. Development of Smartphone-Based Early Alerts and Mosquito Monitoring System and Geographic Instrument System Applications. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2021.6127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: At present, dengue fever is a threat to society and causes rapid death. Aedes aegypti mosquito bites can transmit disease to the public. Environmental factors in society are the primary role that can transmit Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF).
AIM: Creating a survey system using a smartphone for early alertness to larva monitoring in the Darul Imarah sub-district, Aceh Besar district.
METHODS: This study used a descriptive quantitative approach which was carried out by the survey method. The research location is located in Darul Imarah District, Aceh Besar District. Primary data contain the value of the Container index (CI), House index (HI), and Breteau index (BI). This study’s population was all cadres of Juru Jentik (jumantik) in the area of Darul Imarah District, AcehBesar District. The sample in this study was taken from a cadre of larva monitoring officers (jumantik) in the district of Darul Imarah, Aceh Besar. The data collection stage includes data collection of DHF cases from the Puskesmas and data entry. Then proceed with taking the coordinates of the research location and entering the HI and CI, and News Index (BI) data. Data collection begins with data buffering, grouping, and kernel density to be processed into Geographics Instrument System (GIS)-based data. then Analyze descriptive data to describe Smartphone Link. Next, Analytical Analysis of GIS Research Instruments is carried out followed by a checklist of CI, HI, BI data.
RESULTS: The results of research on larvae monitoring in Darul Imarah sub-district, it is known that of the 120 houses that were inspected for larvae, 74 houses were cheerful 46 houses were negative for larvae. The number of containers inspected from 120 houses was 502, with the results that 309 houses were found to be larvae and 193 houses were not found. The HI value obtained was 62%, the CI value was 61%, the BI value was 103%, the larva-free number value obtained was 38.3%. Based on these results, it is known that the density figure level is at the larva density level, which is included in the high-density category. In 2018, there were 16 cases of DHF in Darul Imarah District; in 2019, it increased to 60 cases, and in 2020 to 13 cases. The results of buffer analysis in the zone 50 m from the dengue case sufferer’s house showed that mosquitoes originating from the house of the dengue case sufferers were a risk factor that resulted in the transmission of dengue.
CONCLUSION: From the survey results, it is known that the density figure is in the high larva density category. The smartphone method is better used for larva density surveys by cadres than manual. Regular larva monitoring will increase this alert system to anticipate cases.
Collapse
|
8
|
Mwanyika GO, Mboera LEG, Rugarabamu S, Ngingo B, Sindato C, Lutwama JJ, Paweska JT, Misinzo G. Dengue Virus Infection and Associated Risk Factors in Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Viruses 2021; 13:536. [PMID: 33804839 PMCID: PMC8063827 DOI: 10.3390/v13040536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue contributes a significant burden on global public health and economies. In Africa, the burden of dengue virus (DENV) infection is not well described. This review was undertaken to determine the prevalence of dengue and associated risk factors. A literature search was done on PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase, and Google Scholar databases to identify articles published between 1960 and 2020. Meta-analysis was performed using a random-effect model at a 95% confidence interval, followed by subgroup meta-analysis to determine the overall prevalence. Between 1960 and 2020, 45 outbreaks were identified, of which 17 and 16 occurred in East and West Africa, respectively. Dengue virus serotype 1 (DENV-1) and DENV-2 were the dominant serotypes contributing to 60% of the epidemics. Of 2211 cases reported between 2009 and 2020; 1954 (88.4%) were reported during outbreaks. Overall, the prevalence of dengue was 29% (95% CI: 20-39%) and 3% (95% CI: 1-5%) during the outbreak and non-outbreak periods, respectively. Old age (6/21 studies), lack of mosquito control (6/21), urban residence (4/21), climate change (3/21), and recent history of travel (3/21) were the leading risk factors. This review reports a high burden of dengue and increased risk of severe disease in Africa. Our findings provide useful information for clinical practice and health policy decisions to implement effective interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaspary O. Mwanyika
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3297 Morogoro, Tanzania; (G.O.M.); (L.E.G.M.); (S.R.); (B.N.); (C.S.)
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3015 Morogoro, Tanzania
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Mbeya University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 131 Mbeya, Tanzania
| | - Leonard E. G. Mboera
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3297 Morogoro, Tanzania; (G.O.M.); (L.E.G.M.); (S.R.); (B.N.); (C.S.)
| | - Sima Rugarabamu
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3297 Morogoro, Tanzania; (G.O.M.); (L.E.G.M.); (S.R.); (B.N.); (C.S.)
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3015 Morogoro, Tanzania
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65595 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Baraka Ngingo
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3297 Morogoro, Tanzania; (G.O.M.); (L.E.G.M.); (S.R.); (B.N.); (C.S.)
- Biology Department, St. John’s University of Tanzania, P.O. Box 47 Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Calvin Sindato
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3297 Morogoro, Tanzania; (G.O.M.); (L.E.G.M.); (S.R.); (B.N.); (C.S.)
- Tabora Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, P.O. Box 482 Tabora, Tanzania
| | - Julius J. Lutwama
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Uganda Virus Research Institute, P.O. Box 49 Entebbe, Uganda;
| | - Janusz T. Paweska
- National Health Laboratory Service, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Sandringham, 2192 Johannesburg, South Africa;
| | - Gerald Misinzo
- SACIDS Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3297 Morogoro, Tanzania; (G.O.M.); (L.E.G.M.); (S.R.); (B.N.); (C.S.)
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3015 Morogoro, Tanzania
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chipwaza B, Sumaye RD, Weisser M, Gingo W, Yeo NKW, Amrun SN, Okumu FO, Ng LFP. Occurrence of 4 Dengue Virus Serotypes and Chikungunya Virus in Kilombero Valley, Tanzania, During the Dengue Outbreak in 2018. Open Forum Infect Dis 2021; 8:ofaa626. [PMID: 33511240 PMCID: PMC7814382 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dengue and Chikungunya viruses can cause large-scale epidemics, with attack rates of up to 80%. In Tanzania, there have been repeated outbreaks of dengue fever, the most recent in 2018 and 2019, mostly affecting the coastal areas. Despite the importance of these viruses, there is limited knowledge on the epidemiology of dengue (DENV) and Chikungunya (CHIKV) in Tanzania. This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of DENV and CHIKV in Kilombero Valley, Tanzania. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted at Kibaoni Health Center in Kilombero Valley, Southeastern Tanzania, in the rainy and dry seasons of 2018. Febrile patients of any age and gender were enrolled from the outpatient department. Blood samples were taken and screened for DENV and CHIKV viral RNA by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays. RESULTS Overall, 294 patients were recruited. Most were females (65%), and one-third of patients were aged 14-25 years. DENV and CHIKV were detected in 29 (9.9%) and 3 (1.0%) patients, respectively. DENV was detected across all age groups during both the dry and rainy seasons. Although all 4 DENV serotypes were detected, serotypes 1 and 3 dominated and were present in 14 patients (42.4%) each. Additionally, the study showed DENV-1 and DENV-3 co-infections. CONCLUSIONS This study reveals the co-circulation of all 4 DENV serotypes and CHIKV in Kilombero. Importantly, we report the first occurrence of DENV-4 in Tanzania. Unlike previous DENV outbreaks caused by DENV-2, the 2018 outbreak was dominated by DENV-1 and DENV-3. The occurrence of all serotypes suggests the possibility of severe clinical outcomes in future DENV epidemics in Tanzania.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Chipwaza
- St. Francis University College of Health and Allied Sciences (SFUCHAS), Ifakara, Tanzania
- Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | | | - Maja Weisser
- Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
- Division of Infectious Diseases & Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Winfrid Gingo
- St. Francis Referral Hospital (SFRH), Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Nicholas Kim-Wah Yeo
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos, Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos, Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Siti Naqiah Amrun
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos, Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos, Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Fredros O Okumu
- Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania
- Faculty of Health Science, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa F P Ng
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A*STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos, Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos, Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore
- National Institute of Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|