1
|
Prakoeswa FRS, Haningtyas N, Dewi LM, Handoko EJ, Azenta MT, Ilyas MF. The role of CXCL10 as a biomarker for immunological response among patients with leprosy: a systematic literature review. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17170. [PMID: 38590701 PMCID: PMC11000641 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Involvement of a chemokine known as C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 or CXCL10 in the immunopathology of leprosy has emerged as a possible immunological marker for leprosy diagnosis and needed to be investigate further. The purpose of this systematic review is to assess CXCL10's potential utility as a leprosy diagnostic tool and evaluation of therapy. Methods This systematic review is based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020. A thorough search was carried out to find relevant studies only in English and limited in humans published up until September 2023 using PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and Wiley Online Library database with keywords based on medical subject headings (MeSH) and no exclusion criteria. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was utilized for quality assessment, while the Risk of Bias Assessment tool for Non-randomized Studies (RoBANS) was utilized for assessing the risk of bias. Additionally, a narrative synthesis was conducted to provide a comprehensive review of the results. Results We collected a total of 115 studies using defined keywords and 82 studies were eliminated after titles and abstracts were screened. We assessed the eligibility of the remaining 26 reports in full text and excluded four studies due to inappropriate study design and two studies with incomplete outcome data. There were twenty included studies in total with total of 2.525 samples. The included studies received NOS quality evaluation scores ranging from 6 to 8. The majority of items in the risk bias assessment, using RoBANS, across all included studies yielded low scores. However, certain items related to the selection of participants and confounding variables showed variations. Most of studies indicate that CXCL10 may be a helpful immunological marker for leprosy diagnosis, particularly in leprosy reactions as stated in seven studies. The results are better when paired with other immunological markers. Its effectiveness in field-friendly diagnostic tools makes it one of the potential biomarkers used in diagnosing leprosy patients. Additionally, CXCL10 may be utilized to assess the efficacy of multidrug therapy (MDT) in leprosy patients as stated in three studies. Conclusion The results presented in this systematic review supports the importance of CXCL10 in leprosy diagnosis, particularly in leprosy responses and in tracking the efficacy of MDT therapy. Using CXCL10 in clinical settings might help with leprosy early diagnosis. Yet the findings are heterogenous, thus more investigation is required to determine the roles of CXCL10 in leprosy while taking into account for additional confounding variables.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flora Ramona Sigit Prakoeswa
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, PKU Muhammadiyah Surakarta Hospital, Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia
| | - Nabila Haningtyas
- Faculty of Medicine, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia
| | - Listiana Masyita Dewi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia
| | | | - Moch. Tabriz Azenta
- Faculty of Medicine, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia
| | - Muhana Fawwazy Ilyas
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wilk AJ, Shalek AK, Holmes S, Blish CA. Comparative analysis of cell-cell communication at single-cell resolution. Nat Biotechnol 2024; 42:470-483. [PMID: 37169965 PMCID: PMC10638471 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-023-01782-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Inference of cell-cell communication from single-cell RNA sequencing data is a powerful technique to uncover intercellular communication pathways, yet existing methods perform this analysis at the level of the cell type or cluster, discarding single-cell-level information. Here we present Scriabin, a flexible and scalable framework for comparative analysis of cell-cell communication at single-cell resolution that is performed without cell aggregation or downsampling. We use multiple published atlas-scale datasets, genetic perturbation screens and direct experimental validation to show that Scriabin accurately recovers expected cell-cell communication edges and identifies communication networks that can be obscured by agglomerative methods. Additionally, we use spatial transcriptomic data to show that Scriabin can uncover spatial features of interaction from dissociated data alone. Finally, we demonstrate applications to longitudinal datasets to follow communication pathways operating between timepoints. Our approach represents a broadly applicable strategy to reveal the full structure of niche-phenotype relationships in health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J Wilk
- Stanford Immunology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Alex K Shalek
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Susan Holmes
- Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Catherine A Blish
- Stanford Immunology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Das M, David D, Horo I, Van Hooij A, Tió-Coma M, Geluk A, Vedithi SC. Mycobacterium leprae and host immune transcriptomic signatures for reactional states in leprosy. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1113318. [PMID: 37051521 PMCID: PMC10083373 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1113318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundMycobacterium leprae transcriptomic and human host immune gene expression signatures that demonstrate a plausible association with type I (T1R) and type II reactions (T2R) aid in early diagnosis, prevention of nerve damage and consequent demyelinating neuropathy in leprosy. The aim of the study is to identify M. leprae and host-associated gene-expression signatures that are associated with reactional states in leprosy.MethodsThe differentially expressed genes from the whole transcriptome of M. leprae were determined using genome-wide hybridization arrays with RNA extracted from skin biopsies of 20 T1R, 20 T2R and 20 non reactional controls (NR). Additionally, human immune gene-expressions were profiled using RT2-PCR profiler arrays and real-time qPCRs.ResultsThe RNA quality was optimal in 16 NR, 18 T1R and 19 T2R samples. Whole transcriptome expression array of these samples revealed significant upregulation of the genes that encode integral and intrinsic membrane proteins, hydrolases and oxidoreductases. In T1R lesional skin biopsy specimens, the top 10 significantly upregulated genes are ML2064, ML1271, ML1960, ML1220, ML2498, ML1996, ML2388, ML0429, ML2030 and ML0224 in comparison to NR. In T2R, genes ML2498, ML1526, ML0394, ML1960, ML2388, ML0429, ML0281, ML1847, ML1618 and ML1271 were significantly upregulated. We noted ML2664 was significantly upregulated in T1R and repressed in T2R. Conversely, we have not noted any genes upregulated in T2R and repressed in T1R. In both T1R and T2R, ML2388 was significantly upregulated. This gene encodes a probable membrane protein and epitope prediction using Bepipred-2.0 revealed a distinct B-cell epitope. Overexpression of ML2388 was noted consistently across the reaction samples. From the host immune gene expression profiles, genes for CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL2, CD40LG, IL17A and CXCL11 were upregulated in T1R when compared to the NR. In T2R, CXCL10, CXCL11, CXCL9, CXCL2 and CD40LG were upregulated when compared to the NR group.ConclusionA gene set signature involving bacterial genes ML2388, ML2664, and host immune genes CXCL10 and IL-17A can be transcriptomic markers for reactional states in leprosy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madhusmita Das
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Division, Schieffelin Institute of Health Research and Leprosy Centre, Karigiri, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
- *Correspondence: Madhusmita Das,
| | - Diana David
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Division, Schieffelin Institute of Health Research and Leprosy Centre, Karigiri, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ilse Horo
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Division, Schieffelin Institute of Health Research and Leprosy Centre, Karigiri, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anouk Van Hooij
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Maria Tió-Coma
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Annemieke Geluk
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Macrophage Biology in Human Granulomatous Skin Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054624. [PMID: 36902053 PMCID: PMC10003716 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous granulomatoses represent a heterogeneous group of diseases, which are defined by macrophage infiltration in the skin. Skin granuloma can be formed in the context of infectious and non-infectious conditions. Recent technological advances have deepened our understanding of the pathophysiology of granulomatous skin inflammation, and they provide novel insights into human tissue macrophage biology at the site of ongoing disease. Here, we discuss findings on macrophage immune function and metabolism derived from three prototypic cutaneous granulomatoses: granuloma annulare, sarcoidosis, and leprosy.
Collapse
|
5
|
Wilk AJ, Shalek AK, Holmes S, Blish CA. Comparative analysis of cell-cell communication at single-cell resolution. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2022:2022.02.04.479209. [PMID: 35169794 PMCID: PMC8845414 DOI: 10.1101/2022.02.04.479209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Inference of cell-cell communication (CCC) from single-cell RNA-sequencing data is a powerful technique to uncover putative axes of multicellular coordination, yet existing methods perform this analysis at the level of the cell type or cluster, discarding single-cell level information. Here we present Scriabin â€" a flexible and scalable framework for comparative analysis of CCC at single-cell resolution. We leverage multiple published datasets to show that Scriabin recovers expected CCC edges and use spatial transcriptomic data, genetic perturbation screens, and direct experimental manipulation of receptor-ligand interactions to validate that the recovered edges are biologically meaningful. We then apply Scriabin to uncover co-expressed programs of CCC from atlas-scale datasets, validating known communication pathways required for maintaining the intestinal stem cell niche and revealing species-specific communication pathways. Finally, we utilize single-cell communication networks calculated using Scriabin to follow communication pathways that operate between timepoints in longitudinal datasets, highlighting bystander cells as important initiators of inflammatory reactions in acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our approach represents a broadly applicable strategy to leverage single-cell resolution data maximally toward uncovering CCC circuitry and rich niche-phenotype relationships in health and disease.
Collapse
|
6
|
Rosa TLSA, Mendes MA, Linhares NRC, Rodrigues TF, Dias AA, Leal-Calvo T, Gandini M, Ferreira H, Costa FDMR, Sales AM, Amadeu TP, Schmitz V, Pinheiro RO, Rodrigues LS, Moraes MO, Pessolani MCV. The Type I Interferon Pathway Is Upregulated in the Cutaneous Lesions and Blood of Multibacillary Leprosy Patients With Erythema Nodosum Leprosum. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:899998. [PMID: 35733868 PMCID: PMC9208291 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.899998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In leprosy patients, acute inflammatory episodes, known as erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL), are responsible for high morbidity and tissue damage that occur during the course of Mycobacterium leprae infection. In a previous study, we showed evidence implicating DNA-sensing via TLR9 as an important inflammatory pathway in ENL. A likely important consequence of TLR9 pathway activation is the production of type I interferons (IFN-I) by plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), also implicated in the pathogenesis of several chronic inflammatory diseases. In this study, we investigated whether the IFN-I pathway is activated during ENL. Blood samples and skin lesions from multibacillary patients diagnosed with ENL were collected and the expression of genes of the IFN-I pathway and interferon-stimulated genes were compared with samples collected from non-reactional multibacillary (NR) patients. Whole blood RNAseq analysis suggested higher activation of the IFN-I pathway in ENL patients, confirmed by RT-qPCR. Likewise, significantly higher mRNA levels of IFN-I-related genes were detected in ENL skin biopsies when compared to NR patient lesions. During thalidomide administration, the drug of choice for ENL treatment, a decrease in the mRNA and protein levels of some of these genes both in the skin and blood was observed. Indeed, in vitro assays showed that thalidomide was able to block the secretion of IFN-I by peripheral blood mononuclear cells in response to M. leprae sonicate or CpG-A, a TLR9 ligand. Finally, the decreased frequencies of peripheral pDCs in ENL patients, along with the higher TLR9 expression in ENL pDCs and the enrichment of CD123+ cells in ENL skin lesions, suggest the involvement of these cells as IFN-I producers in this type of reaction. Taken together, our data point to the involvement of the pDC/type I IFN pathway in the pathogenesis of ENL, opening new avenues in identifying biomarkers for early diagnosis and new therapeutic targets for the better management of this reactional episode.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mayara Abud Mendes
- Laboratory of Leprosy, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Natasha Ribeiro Cardoso Linhares
- Laboratory of Cellular Microbiology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Medical Science Faculty, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thais Fernanda Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Cellular Microbiology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - André Alves Dias
- Laboratory of Cellular Microbiology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thyago Leal-Calvo
- Laboratory of Leprosy, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariana Gandini
- Laboratory of Cellular Microbiology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Helen Ferreira
- Laboratory of Leprosy, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Anna Maria Sales
- Laboratory of Leprosy, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thaís Porto Amadeu
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Medical Science Faculty, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Veronica Schmitz
- Laboratory of Leprosy, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Roberta Olmo Pinheiro
- Laboratory of Leprosy, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciana Silva Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Medical Science Faculty, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Milton Ozório Moraes
- Laboratory of Leprosy, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria Cristina Vidal Pessolani
- Laboratory of Cellular Microbiology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Maria Cristina Vidal Pessolani,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Luo Y, Kiriya M, Tanigawa K, Kawashima A, Nakamura Y, Ishii N, Suzuki K. Host-Related Laboratory Parameters for Leprosy Reactions. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:694376. [PMID: 34746168 PMCID: PMC8568883 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.694376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Leprosy reactions are acute inflammatory episodes that complicate the course of a Mycobacterium leprae infection and are the major cause of leprosy-associated pathology. Two types of leprosy reactions with relatively distinct pathogenesis and clinical features can occur: type 1 reaction, also known as reversal reaction, and type 2 reaction, also known as erythema nodosum leprosum. These acute nerve-destructive immune exacerbations often cause irreversible disabilities and deformities, especially when diagnosis is delayed. However, there is no diagnostic test to detect or predict leprosy reactions before the onset of clinical symptoms. Identification of biomarkers for leprosy reactions, which impede the development of symptoms or correlate with early-onset, will allow precise diagnosis and timely interventions to greatly improve the patients' quality of life. Here, we review the progress of research aimed at identifying biomarkers for leprosy reactions, including its correlation with not only immunity but also genetics, transcripts, and metabolites, providing an understanding of the immune dysfunction and inflammation that underly the pathogenesis of leprosy reactions. Nevertheless, no biomarkers that can reliably predict the subsequent occurrence of leprosy reactions from non-reactional patients and distinguish type I reaction from type II have yet been found.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuqian Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Kiriya
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunari Tanigawa
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Kawashima
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Nakamura
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norihisa Ishii
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan.,National Sanatorium Tamazenshoen, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Suzuki
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Autophagy-Associated IL-15 Production Is Involved in the Pathogenesis of Leprosy Type 1 Reaction. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092215. [PMID: 34571865 PMCID: PMC8468917 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Leprosy reactional episodes are acute inflammatory events that may occur during the clinical course of the disease. Type 1 reaction (T1R) is associated with an increase in neural damage, and the understanding of the molecular pathways related to T1R onset is pivotal for the development of strategies that may effectively control the reaction. Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) is a key cytokine associated with T1R onset and is also associated with autophagy induction. Here, we evaluated the modulation of the autophagy pathway in Mycobacterium leprae-stimulated cells in the presence or absence of IFN-γ. We observed that IFN-γ treatment promoted autophagy activation and increased the expression of genes related to the formation of phagosomes, autophagy regulation and function, or lysosomal pathways in M. leprae-stimulated cells. IFN-γ increased interleukin (IL)-15 secretion in M. leprae-stimulated THP-1 cells in a process associated with autophagy activation. We also observed higher IL15 gene expression in multibacillary (MB) patients who later developed T1R during clinical follow-up when compared to MB patients who did not develop the episode. By overlapping gene expression patterns, we observed 13 common elements shared between T1R skin lesion cells and THP-1 cells stimulated with both M. leprae and IFN-γ. Among these genes, the autophagy regulator Translocated Promoter Region, Nuclear Basket Protein (TPR) was significantly increased in T1R cells when compared with non-reactional MB cells. Overall, our results indicate that IFN-γ may induce a TPR-mediated autophagy transcriptional program in M. leprae-stimulated cells similar to that observed in skin cells during T1R by a pathway that involves IL-15 production, suggesting the involvement of this cytokine in the pathogenesis of T1R.
Collapse
|
9
|
Ma F, Hughes TK, Teles RMB, Andrade PR, de Andrade Silva BJ, Plazyo O, Tsoi LC, Do T, Wadsworth MH, Oulee A, Ochoa MT, Sarno EN, Iruela-Arispe ML, Klechevsky E, Bryson B, Shalek AK, Bloom BR, Gudjonsson JE, Pellegrini M, Modlin RL. The cellular architecture of the antimicrobial response network in human leprosy granulomas. Nat Immunol 2021; 22:839-850. [PMID: 34168371 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-00956-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Granulomas are complex cellular structures composed predominantly of macrophages and lymphocytes that function to contain and kill invading pathogens. Here, we investigated the single-cell phenotypes associated with antimicrobial responses in human leprosy granulomas by applying single-cell and spatial sequencing to leprosy biopsy specimens. We focused on reversal reactions (RRs), a dynamic process whereby some patients with disseminated lepromatous leprosy (L-lep) transition toward self-limiting tuberculoid leprosy (T-lep), mounting effective antimicrobial responses. We identified a set of genes encoding proteins involved in antimicrobial responses that are differentially expressed in RR versus L-lep lesions and regulated by interferon-γ and interleukin-1β. By integrating the spatial coordinates of the key cell types and antimicrobial gene expression in RR and T-lep lesions, we constructed a map revealing the organized architecture of granulomas depicting compositional and functional layers by which macrophages, T cells, keratinocytes and fibroblasts can each contribute to the antimicrobial response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feiyang Ma
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Travis K Hughes
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science and Department of Chemistry, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Rosane M B Teles
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Priscila R Andrade
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bruno J de Andrade Silva
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Olesya Plazyo
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lam C Tsoi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Tran Do
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Marc H Wadsworth
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science and Department of Chemistry, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Aislyn Oulee
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Maria Teresa Ochoa
- Department of Dermatology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Euzenir N Sarno
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - M Luisa Iruela-Arispe
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Eynav Klechevsky
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bryan Bryson
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alex K Shalek
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science and Department of Chemistry, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Barry R Bloom
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Matteo Pellegrini
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Robert L Modlin
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Geluk A. All mycobacteria are inventive, but some are more Daedalean than others. Immunol Rev 2021; 301:5-9. [PMID: 33987855 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annemieke Geluk
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Farias Amorim C, O. Novais F, Nguyen BT, Nascimento MT, Lago J, Lago AS, Carvalho LP, Beiting DP, Scott P. Localized skin inflammation during cutaneous leishmaniasis drives a chronic, systemic IFN-γ signature. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009321. [PMID: 33793565 PMCID: PMC8043375 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a localized infection controlled by CD4+ T cells that produce IFN-γ within lesions. Phagocytic cells recruited to lesions, such as monocytes, are then exposed to IFN-γ which triggers their ability to kill the intracellular parasites. Consistent with this, transcriptional analysis of patient lesions identified an interferon stimulated gene (ISG) signature. To determine whether localized L. braziliensis infection triggers a systemic immune response that may influence the disease, we performed RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) on the blood of L. braziliensis-infected patients and healthy controls. Functional enrichment analysis identified an ISG signature as the dominant transcriptional response in the blood of patients. This ISG signature was associated with an increase in monocyte- and macrophage-specific marker genes in the blood and elevated serum levels IFN-γ. A cytotoxicity signature, which is a dominant feature in the lesions, was also observed in the blood and correlated with an increased abundance of cytolytic cells. Thus, two transcriptional signatures present in lesions were found systemically, although with a substantially reduced number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Finally, we found that the number of DEGs and ISGs in leishmaniasis was similar to tuberculosis-another localized infection-but significantly less than observed in malaria. In contrast, the cytolytic signature and increased cytolytic cell abundance was not found in tuberculosis or malaria. Our results indicate that systemic signatures can reflect what is occurring in leishmanial lesions. Furthermore, the presence of an ISG signature in blood monocytes and macrophages suggests a mechanism to limit systemic spread of the parasite, as well as enhance parasite control by pre-activating cells prior to lesion entry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camila Farias Amorim
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Fernanda O. Novais
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Ba T. Nguyen
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Mauricio T. Nascimento
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas do Instituto de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz–Fiocruz, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Jamile Lago
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas do Instituto de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz–Fiocruz, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Alexsandro S. Lago
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas do Instituto de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz–Fiocruz, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Lucas P. Carvalho
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Clínicas do Instituto de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz–Fiocruz, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Daniel P. Beiting
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Phillip Scott
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Adams LB. Susceptibility and resistance in leprosy: Studies in the mouse model. Immunol Rev 2021; 301:157-174. [PMID: 33660297 PMCID: PMC8252540 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Leprosy is a chronic granulomatous infectious disease caused by the pathogen, Mycobacterium leprae, and the more recently discovered, M. lepromatosis. Described in 1873, M. leprae was among the first microorganisms to be proposed as a cause of a human infectious disease. As an obligate intracellular bacterium, it has still not thus far been reproducibly cultivated in axenic medium or cell cultures. Shepard's mouse footpad assay, therefore, was truly a breakthrough in leprosy research. The generation of immunosuppressed and genetically engineered mice, along with advances in molecular and cellular techniques, has since offered more tools for the study of the M. leprae–induced granuloma. While far from perfect, these new mouse models have provided insights into the immunoregulatory mechanisms responsible for the spectrum of this complex disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda B Adams
- Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, Healthcare Systems Bureau, National Hansen's Disease Programs Laboratory Research Branch, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Marinho FV, Fahel JS, de Araujo ACVSC, Diniz LTS, Gomes MTR, Resende DP, Junqueira-Kipnis AP, Oliveira SC. Guanylate binding proteins contained in the murine chromosome 3 are important to control mycobacterial infection. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:1279-1291. [PMID: 32620042 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4ma0620-526rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Guanylate binding proteins (GBPs) are important effector molecules of autonomous response induced by proinflammatory stimuli, mainly IFNs. The murine GBPs clustered in chromosome 3 (GBPchr3) contains the majority of human homologous GBPs. Despite intense efforts, mycobacterial-promoted diseases are still a major public health problem. However, the combined importance of GBPchr3 during mycobacterial infection has been overlooked. This study addresses the influence of the GBPchr3 in host immunity against mycobacterial infection to elucidate the relationship between cell-intrinsic immunity and triggering of an efficient anti-mycobacterial immune response. Here we show that all GBPchr3 are up-regulated in lungs of mice during Mycobacterium bovis BCG infection, resembling tissue expression of IFN-γ. Mice deficient in GBPchr3 (GBPchr3-/- ) were more susceptible to infection, displaying diminished expression of autophagy-related genes (LC3B, ULK1, and ATG5) in lungs. Additionally, there was reduced proinflammatory cytokine production complementary to diminished numbers of myeloid cells in spleens of GBPchr3-/- . Higher bacterial burden in GBPchr3-/- animals correlated with increased number of tissue granulomas. Furthermore, absence of GBPchr3 hampered activation and production of TNF-α and IL-12 by dendritic cells. Concerning macrophages, lack of GBPs impaired their antimicrobial function, diminishing autophagy induction and intracellular killing efficiency. In contrast, single GBP2 deficiency did not contribute to in vivo bacterial control. In conclusion, this study shows that GBPchr3 are important not only to stimulate cell-intrinsic immunity but also for inducing an efficient immune response to control mycobacterial infection in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio V Marinho
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Julia S Fahel
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina V S C de Araujo
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lunna T S Diniz
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Marco T R Gomes
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Danilo P Resende
- Tropical Institute of Pathology and Public Health, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, Parasitology and Pathology, Federal University of Goias, Goias, Goiania, Brazil
| | - Ana P Junqueira-Kipnis
- Tropical Institute of Pathology and Public Health, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, Parasitology and Pathology, Federal University of Goias, Goias, Goiania, Brazil
| | - Sergio C Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Röltgen K, Pluschke G, Spencer JS, Brennan PJ, Avanzi C. The immunology of other mycobacteria: M. ulcerans, M. leprae. Semin Immunopathol 2020; 42:333-353. [PMID: 32100087 PMCID: PMC7224112 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-020-00790-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterial pathogens can be categorized into three broad groups: Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex causing tuberculosis, M. leprae and M. lepromatosis causing leprosy, and atypical mycobacteria, or non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), responsible for a wide range of diseases. Among the NTMs, M. ulcerans is responsible for the neglected tropical skin disease Buruli ulcer (BU). Most pathogenic mycobacteria, including M. leprae, evade effector mechanisms of the humoral immune system by hiding and replicating inside host cells and are furthermore excellent modulators of host immune responses. In contrast, M. ulcerans replicates predominantly extracellularly, sheltered from host immune responses through the cytotoxic and immunosuppressive effects of mycolactone, a macrolide produced by the bacteria. In the year 2018, 208,613 new cases of leprosy and 2713 new cases of BU were reported to WHO, figures which are notoriously skewed by vast underreporting of these diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Röltgen
- Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Gerd Pluschke
- Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - John Stewart Spencer
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Patrick Joseph Brennan
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Charlotte Avanzi
- Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Duthie MS, Roferos FO, Abellana JF, Taborada T, Sanchez R, Maghanoy A, Balagon MF. Utility and limitations of serodiagnostic tests in monitoring the response to treatment of leprosy patients. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 96:114984. [PMID: 31954594 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2019.114984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple measures that can facilitate early recognition of leprosy complications are still lacking. We therefore evaluated a lateral flow-based rapid diagnostic test and fast enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay measuring anti-LID-NDO antibody responses among leprosy cases in Cebu, Philippines. Responses were measured at diagnosis, then during and after the provision of standard multidrug therapy. Our data indicate that both platforms are highly sensitive tools for the primary diagnosis of, in particular, multibacillary leprosy. A gradual, quantifiable decline in both magnitude of response and percent positive responders was observed during and after treatment. As a group, patients that developed erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) had a significantly higher response at diagnosis than patients that either developed reversal reactions or did not develop reactions. Although higher initial anti-NDO-LID responses were a risk factor for ENL, neither platform, however, could reliably predict the time of emergence of reactional episodes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm S Duthie
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Seattle, WA 98102, USA; Host Directed Therapeutics (HDT), Suite 280, 1616 Eastlake Ave E, Seattle, WA 98102, USA.
| | | | - Junie F Abellana
- Leonard Wood Memorial Center for Leprosy Research, Cebu, Philippines
| | - Tonet Taborada
- Leonard Wood Memorial Center for Leprosy Research, Cebu, Philippines
| | - Riza Sanchez
- Leonard Wood Memorial Center for Leprosy Research, Cebu, Philippines
| | - Armi Maghanoy
- Leonard Wood Memorial Center for Leprosy Research, Cebu, Philippines
| | - Marivic F Balagon
- Leonard Wood Memorial Center for Leprosy Research, Cebu, Philippines
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Whole blood RNA signatures in leprosy patients identify reversal reactions before clinical onset: a prospective, multicenter study. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17931. [PMID: 31784594 PMCID: PMC6884598 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54213-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Early diagnosis of leprosy is challenging, particularly its inflammatory reactions, the major cause of irreversible neuropathy in leprosy. Current diagnostics cannot identify which patients are at risk of developing reactions. This study assessed blood RNA expression levels as potential biomarkers for leprosy. Prospective cohorts of newly diagnosed leprosy patients, including reactions, and healthy controls were recruited in Bangladesh, Brazil, Ethiopia and Nepal. RNA expression in 1,090 whole blood samples was determined for 103 target genes for innate and adaptive immune profiling by dual color Reverse-Transcription Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification (dcRT-MLPA) followed by cluster analysis. We identified transcriptomic biomarkers associated with leprosy disease, different leprosy phenotypes as well as high exposure to Mycobacterium leprae which respectively allow improved diagnosis and classification of leprosy patients and detection of infection. Importantly, a transcriptomic signature of risk for reversal reactions consisting of five genes (CCL2, CD8A, IL2, IL15 and MARCO) was identified based on cross-sectional comparison of RNA expression. In addition, intra-individual longitudinal analyses of leprosy patients before, during and after treatment of reversal reactions, indicated that several IFN-induced genes increased significantly at onset of reaction whereas IL15 decreased. This multi-site study, situated in four leprosy endemic areas, demonstrates the potential of host transcriptomic biomarkers as correlates of risk for leprosy. Importantly, a prospective five-gene signature for reversal reactions could predict reversal reactions at least 2 weeks before onset. Thus, transcriptomic biomarkers provide promise for early detection of these acute inflammatory episodes and thereby help prevent permanent neuropathy and disability in leprosy patients.
Collapse
|