1
|
Doté J, Joffret ML, Beta BN, Ait-Ahmed M, Banga-Mingo V, Knowles NJ, Jouvenet N, MBaïkoua MN, Gouandjika-Vasilache I, Bessaud M. Characterization of enteroviruses circulating among farm animals and children in Central African Republic. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2368212. [PMID: 38864685 PMCID: PMC11212570 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2368212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
To characterize enteroviruses (EVs) circulating in farm animals in Central African Republic (CAR), we screened 192 stools of animals under 12 months belonging to family farms located in or near Bangui. To assess whether EV exchanges exist between these animals and humans, we also screened 195 stools of children who lived in contact with farm animals, as well as control stools of 358 children with no contact with farm animals. EVs were typed based on their capsid sequences.In children, all EVs belonged to species A, B and C, with EV-Cs accounting for 60%. Some EV-Cs shared recent common ancestors with lineages of vaccine-derived poliovirus that emerged in the country in 2019-2020. In animals, we identified EV-Gs that belonged to 10 different types, including a previously unknown one that we named EV-G28, while no EV-E or EV-F were observed. The CAR EV-Gs were genetically closely related to specimens sampled in other continents and some of them harboured the torovirus-derived insertion already reported in some EV-Gs. The worldwide circulation of EV-Gs is likely due the massive international trade of live animals. Besides, two human EV-Cs (coxsackievirus A17 and coxsackievirus A24) were detected in pigs, suggesting that these viruses could cross the species barrier. Our work provides original data on the epidemiology and ecology of EVs circulating among herd animals in Africa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joël Doté
- Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Laboratoire des virus entériques/rougeole, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Marie-Line Joffret
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, Virus Sensing and Signaling Unit, Paris, France
- Laboratoire associé au Centre national de référence entérovirus/paréchovirus, Paris, France
| | - Bertille Ndombari Beta
- Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Laboratoire des virus entériques/rougeole, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Mohand Ait-Ahmed
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, Pôle de coordination de la Recherche clinique, Paris, France
| | - Virginie Banga-Mingo
- Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Laboratoire des virus entériques/rougeole, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | | | - Nolwenn Jouvenet
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, Virus Sensing and Signaling Unit, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Maël Bessaud
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, Virus Sensing and Signaling Unit, Paris, France
- Laboratoire associé au Centre national de référence entérovirus/paréchovirus, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jartti M, Flodström-Tullberg M, Hankaniemi MM. Enteroviruses: epidemic potential, challenges and opportunities with vaccines. J Biomed Sci 2024; 31:73. [PMID: 39010093 PMCID: PMC11247760 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-024-01058-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses (EVs) are the most prevalent viruses in humans. EVs can cause a range of acute symptoms, from mild common colds to severe systemic infections such as meningitis, myocarditis, and flaccid paralysis. They can also lead to chronic diseases such as cardiomyopathy. Although more than 280 human EV serotypes exist, only four serotypes have licenced vaccines. No antiviral drugs are available to treat EV infections, and global surveillance of EVs has not been effectively coordinated. Therefore, poliovirus still circulates, and there have been alarming epidemics of non-polio enteroviruses. Thus, there is a pressing need for coordinated preparedness efforts against EVs.This review provides a perspective on recent enterovirus outbreaks and global poliovirus eradication efforts with continuous vaccine development initiatives. It also provides insights into the challenges and opportunities in EV vaccine development. Given that traditional whole-virus vaccine technologies are not suitable for many clinically relevant EVs and considering the ongoing risk of enterovirus outbreaks and the potential for new emerging pathogenic strains, the need for new effective and adaptable enterovirus vaccines is emphasized.This review also explores the difficulties in translating promising vaccine candidates for clinical use and summarizes information from published literature and clinical trial databases focusing on existing enterovirus vaccines, ongoing clinical trials, the obstacles faced in vaccine development as well as the emergence of new vaccine technologies. Overall, this review contributes to the understanding of enterovirus vaccines, their role in public health, and their significance as a tool for future preparedness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minne Jartti
- Virology and Vaccine Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Malin Flodström-Tullberg
- Department of Medicine Huddinge and Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Minna M Hankaniemi
- Virology and Vaccine Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang Z, Wen H. A review of the recombination events, mechanisms and consequences of Coxsackievirus A6. INFECTIOUS MEDICINE 2024; 3:100115. [PMID: 38974347 PMCID: PMC11225671 DOI: 10.1016/j.imj.2024.100115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is one of the most common class C infectious diseases, posing a serious threat to public health worldwide. Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16) have been regarded as the major pathogenic agents of HFMD; however, since an outbreak caused by coxsackievirus A6 (CV-A6) in France in 2008, CV-A6 has gradually become the predominant pathogen in many regions. CV-A6 infects not only children but also adults, and causes atypical clinical symptoms such as a more generalized rash, eczema herpeticum, high fever, and onychomadesis, which are different from the symptoms associated with EV-A71 and CV-A16. Importantly, the rate of genetic recombination of CV-A6 is high, which can lead to changes in virulence and the rapid evolution of other characteristics, thus posing a serious threat to public health. To date, no specific vaccines or therapeutics have been approved for CV-A6 prevention or treatment, hence it is essential to fully understand the relationship between recombination and evolution of this virus. Here, we systematically review the genetic recombination events of CV-A6 that have occurred worldwide and explore how these events have promoted virus evolution, thus providing important information regarding future HFMD surveillance and prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zequn Wang
- Department of Microbiological Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Biosafety in Universities of Shandong, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Hongling Wen
- Department of Microbiological Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Biosafety in Universities of Shandong, Jinan 250012, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chang X, Zhang Z, Cui X, Zhang Q, Lin Q, Hu J, Guo Y, Wang X. Genetic diversity and recombination of bovine enterovirus strains in China. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0280023. [PMID: 38315051 PMCID: PMC10913430 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02800-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine enterovirus (BEV) consisting of enterovirus species E (EV-E) and F (EV-F) is the causative agent associated with respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases in cattle. Here, we reported the characterization, genetic diversity, and recombination of novel BEV strains isolated from the major cattle-raising regions in China during 2012-2018. Twenty-seven BEV strains were successfully isolated and characterized. Molecular characterization demonstrated that the majority of these novel BEV strains (24/27) were EV-E, while only few strains (3/27) were EV-F. Sequence analysis revealed the diversity of the circulating BEV strains such as species and subtypes where different species or subtype coinfections were detected in the same regions and even in the same cattle herds. For the EV-E, two novel subtypes, designated as EV-E6 and EV-E7, were revealed in addition to the currently reported EV-E1-EV-E5. Comparative genomic analysis revealed the intraspecies and interspecies genetic exchanges among BEV isolates. The representative strain HeN-B62 was probably from AN12 (EV-F7) and PS-87-Belfast (EV-F3) strains. The interspecies recombination between EV-E and EV-F was also discovered, where the EV-F7-AN12 might be from EV-E5 and EV-F1, and EV-E5-MexKSU/5 may be recombined from EV-F7 and EV-E1. The aforementioned results revealed the genetic diversity and recombination of novel BEV strains and unveiled the different BEV species or subtype infections in the same cattle herd, which will broaden the understanding of enterovirus genetic diversity, recombination, pathogenesis, and prevention of disease outbreaks. IMPORTANCE Bovine enterovirus (BEV) infection is an emerging disease in China that is characterized by digestive, respiratory, and reproductive disorders. In this study, we first reported two novel EV-E subtypes detected in cattle herds in China, unveiled the coinfection of two enterovirus species (EV-E/EV-F) and different subtypes (EV-E2/EV-E7, EV-E1/EV-E7, and EV-E3/EV-E6) in the same cattle herds, and revealed the enterovirus genetic exchange in intraspecies and interspecies recombination. These results provide an important update of enterovirus prevalence and epidemiological aspects and contribute to a better understanding of enterovirus genetic diversity, evolution, and pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoran Chang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xuyuan Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qian Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Junying Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yidi Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xinping Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kamau E, Bessaud M, Majumdar M, Martin J, Simmonds P, Harvala H. Estimating prevalence of Enterovirus D111 in human and non-human primate populations using cross-sectional serology. J Gen Virol 2023; 104:001915. [PMID: 37910158 PMCID: PMC10768692 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses primarily affect young children with a varying severity of disease. Recent outbreaks of severe respiratory and neurological disease due to EV-D68 and EV-A71, as well as atypical hand-foot-and-mouth-disease due to CVA6, have brought to light the potency of enteroviruses to emerge as severe human pathogens. Enterovirus D111 (EV-D111) is an enteric pathogen initially detected in Central Africa in human and wildlife samples and was recently detected in environmental samples. The natural history and epidemiology of EV-D111 are poorly studied. Here, the presence of serum neutralizing antibodies to EV-D111 was estimated in human and wildlife samples from five countries. We report high prevalence of neutralizing antibodies measured against EV-D111 in human populations (range, 55-83 %), a proxy for previous infection, which indicates active virus circulation in absence of detection in clinical cases and a high number of undiagnosed infections. Notably, seroprevalence in samples from the UK varied by age and was higher in children and older adults (1-5 and >60 years old), but lower in ages 11-60. EV-D111 seroprevalence in apes and Old World monkeys was 50 % (33-66 %), which also suggests prior exposure and supports existing knowledge of enterovirus circulation in wild and captive apes and Old World monkeys. Generally, reported cases of infection likely underestimate the prevalence of infection particularly when the knowledge of community transmission is limited. Continued serologic surveillance and detection of EV-D111 in clinical and environmental samples will allow for a more robust assessment of EV-D111 epidemiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Everlyn Kamau
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mael Bessaud
- Institut Pasteur-Unité de Biologie des Virus Entériques, Paris, France
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Enteroviruses and Viral Vaccines, Paris, France
| | - Manasi Majumdar
- Science Research and Innovation, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, UK
| | - Javier Martin
- Science Research and Innovation, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, UK
| | - Peter Simmonds
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Heli Harvala
- Microbiology Services, NHS Blood Transfusion, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Andino R, Kirkegaard K, Macadam A, Racaniello VR, Rosenfeld AB. The Picornaviridae Family: Knowledge Gaps, Animal Models, Countermeasures, and Prototype Pathogens. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:S427-S445. [PMID: 37849401 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Picornaviruses are nonenveloped particles with a single-stranded RNA genome of positive polarity. This virus family includes poliovirus, hepatitis A virus, rhinoviruses, and Coxsackieviruses. Picornaviruses are common human pathogens, and infection can result in a spectrum of serious illnesses, including acute flaccid myelitis, severe respiratory complications, and hand-foot-mouth disease. Despite research on poliovirus establishing many fundamental principles of RNA virus biology and the first transgenic animal model of disease for infection by a human virus, picornaviruses are understudied. Existing knowledge gaps include, identification of molecules required for virus entry, understanding cellular and humoral immune responses elicited during virus infection, and establishment of immune-competent animal models of virus pathogenesis. Such knowledge is necessary for development of pan-picornavirus countermeasures. Defining enterovirus A71 and D68, human rhinovirus C, and echoviruses 29 as prototype pathogens of this virus family may provide insight into picornavirus biology needed to establish public health strategies necessary for pandemic preparedness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raul Andino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Karla Kirkegaard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Andrew Macadam
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Vincent R Racaniello
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Amy B Rosenfeld
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Razafindratsimandresy R, Joffret ML, Andriamandimby SF, Andriamamonjy S, Rabemanantsoa S, Richard V, Delpeyroux F, Heraud JM, Bessaud M. Enterovirus detection in different regions of Madagascar reveals a higher abundance of enteroviruses of species C in areas where several outbreaks of vaccine-derived polioviruses occurred. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:821. [PMID: 36348312 PMCID: PMC9641760 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07826-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Poliomyelitis outbreaks due to pathogenic vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs) are threatening and complicating the global polio eradication initiative. Most of these VDPVs are genetic recombinants with non-polio enteroviruses (NPEVs) of species C. Little is known about factors favoring this genetic macroevolution process. Since 2001, Madagascar has experienced several outbreaks of poliomyelitis due to VDPVs, and most of VDPVs were isolated in the south of the island. The current study explored some of the viral factors that can promote and explain the emergence of recombinant VDPVs in Madagascar. Methods Between May to August 2011, we collected stools from healthy children living in two southern and two northern regions of Madagascar. Virus isolation was done in RD, HEp-2c, and L20B cell lines, and enteroviruses were detected using a wide-spectrum 5ʹ-untranslated region RT-PCR assay. NPEVs were then sequenced for the VP1 gene used for viral genotyping. Results Overall, we collected 1309 stools, of which 351 NPEVs (26.8%) were identified. Sequencing revealed 33 types of viruses belonging to three different species: Enterovirus A (8.5%), Enterovirus B (EV-B, 40.2%), and Enterovirus C (EV-C, 51.3%). EV-C species included coxsackievirus A13, A17, and A20 previously described as putative recombination partners for poliovirus vaccine strains. Interestingly, the isolation rate was higher among stools originating from the South (30.3% vs. 23.6%, p-value = 0.009). EV-C were predominant in southern sites (65.7%) while EV-B predominated in northern sites (54.9%). The factors that explain the relative abundance of EV-C in the South are still unknown. Conclusions Whatever its causes, the relative abundance of EV-C in the South of Madagascar may have promoted the infections of children by EV-C, including the PV vaccine strains, and have favored the recombination events between PVs and NPEVs in co-infected children, thus leading to the recurrent emergence of recombinant VDPVs in this region of Madagascar. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-022-07826-0.
Collapse
|
8
|
Lee S, Yang JH, Lee JE, Kim YO. Serotype analysis of pediatric enteroviral meningitis in Gwangju, Republic of Korea: Number of annual cases, distribution by age group, and characteristics of each serotype. J Clin Virol 2022; 153:105192. [PMID: 35661584 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2022.105192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enteroviral meningitis is a common disease in children; however, serotype data are still lacking, especially for late childhood. OBJECTIVES This study analyzed the number of annual cases, distribution by age group, and characteristics of each serotype among children with enteroviral meningitis. STUDY DESIGN After the initial screening of 1,009 children (<18 years) with viral meningitis between 2008 and 2021, the data of enteroviral meningitis were retrospectively reviewed. The number of annual cases and serotypes were investigated. The distribution of serotypes across different ages was reviewed. Clinical characteristics of the major serotypes (detected in at least 15 patients) were further examined. RESULTS Among the 700 patients with enteroviral meningitis, serotypes were tested in 517 patients (73.9%), which could be typed in 370 patients (71.6%). EV-A71 was the most common serotype detected in 2010, 2012, and 2019. After 2020, enterovirus was rarely detected. The group B coxsackieviruses (CVBs) were commonly detected in neonates (CVB1, 33.3%) and infants (CVB5, 17.4%). The echoviruses were commonly detected beyond infancy; E30 was the most frequently detected in late childhood (14.4%) and adolescents (15.4%). EV-A71 was the most frequently detected in early childhood (17.2%). Between the 11 major serotypes, vomiting, headache, and irritability were more commonly associated with echoviruses (P <0.01). In EV-A71, neurologic symptoms and skin lesions were more common (P <0.01). CONCLUSION The CVBs were commonly detected in neonates and infants, whereas the echoviruses were commonly detected beyond infancy and caused vomiting, headache, and irritability. EV-A71 was the most frequently detected in early childhood, frequently causing neurologic and dermatologic problems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanghoon Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Chonnam National University Children's Hospital, 42, Jebong-ro, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hyuk Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Chonnam National University Children's Hospital, 42, Jebong-ro, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea; Department of Pediatrics, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Lee
- Division of Infectious Disease Research, Health and Environment Research Institute of Gwangju, 584 Mugindae-ro, Seo-gu, Gwangju 61954, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ok Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Chonnam National University Children's Hospital, 42, Jebong-ro, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea; Department of Pediatrics, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Rosenfeld AB, Shen EQL, Melendez M, Mishra N, Lipkin WI, Racaniello VR. Cross-Reactive Antibody Responses against Nonpoliovirus Enteroviruses. mBio 2022; 13:e0366021. [PMID: 35038922 PMCID: PMC8764532 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03660-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses are among the most common human viral pathogens. Infection with members of a subgroup of viruses within this genus, the nonpoliovirus enteroviruses (NPEVs), can result in a broad spectrum of serious illnesses, including acute flaccid myelitis (AFM), a polio-like childhood paralysis; neonatal sepsis; aseptic meningitis; myocarditis; and hand-foot-mouth disease. Despite the diverse primary sites of virus infection, including the respiratory and alimentary tracts, and an array of diseases associated with these infections, there is significant genetic and antigenic similarity among NPEVs. This conservation results in the induction of cross-reactive antibodies that are either able to bind and neutralize or bind but not neutralize multiple NPEVs. Using plaque reduction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based binding assays, we define the antigenic relationship among poliovirus and NPEVs, including multiple isolates of EV-D68, EV-A71, EV-D70, EV-94, EV-111, Coxsackievirus A24v, and rhinovirus. The results reveal extensive cross-reactivity among EVs that cannot be predicted from phylogenetic analysis. Determining the immunologic relationship among EVs is critical to understanding the humoral response elicited during homologous and heterologous virus infections. IMPORTANCE Enteroviruses (EVs) are common human pathogens. Although infection with EVs leads to cross-reactive antibodies, the clinical relevance of these antibodies is unclear given the estimated incidence of EV infections in the general population of one per year. The hypothesis that anti-EV cross-reactive antibodies can bind and neutralize heterologous EVs was investigated using polyclonal sera collected from animals immunized with individual EVs. Both binding and neutralization activities against heterologous EVs was observed in these sera, and we speculate that cross-reactive antibodies may modulate infection and disease severity. Defining the antigenic relationship among EVs may provide insights into the epidemiology and pathogenesis of enterovirus infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy B. Rosenfeld
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Edmund Qian Long Shen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michaela Melendez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nischay Mishra
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - W. Ian Lipkin
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Vincent R. Racaniello
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Whole-Genome Sequences of Enteroviruses D94 and D111 Isolated from Stool Specimens in Angola. Microbiol Resour Announc 2021; 10:e0072821. [PMID: 34617779 PMCID: PMC8496355 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00728-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the whole-genome sequences of new enterovirus D94 and D111 strains, isolated from cultures from stool specimens collected from acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) cases for poliovirus surveillance in Angola during 2010.
Collapse
|
11
|
Filipe IC, Guedes MS, Zdobnov EM, Tapparel C. Enterovirus D: A Small but Versatile Species. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1758. [PMID: 34442837 PMCID: PMC8400195 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses (EVs) from the D species are the causative agents of a diverse range of infectious diseases in spite of comprising only five known members. This small clade has a diverse host range and tissue tropism. It contains types infecting non-human primates and/or humans, and for the latter, they preferentially infect the eye, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and nervous system. Although several Enterovirus D members, in particular EV-D68, have been associated with neurological complications, including acute myelitis, there is currently no effective treatment or vaccine against any of them. This review highlights the peculiarities of this viral species, focusing on genome organization, functional elements, receptor usage, and pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ines Cordeiro Filipe
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland;
| | - Mariana Soares Guedes
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland;
| | - Evgeny M. Zdobnov
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Switzerland and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland;
| | - Caroline Tapparel
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland;
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Majumdar M, Klapsa D, Wilton T, Bujaki E, Fernandez-Garcia MD, Faleye TOC, Oyero AO, Adewumi MO, Ndiaye K, Adeniji JA, Martin J. High Diversity of Human Non-Polio Enterovirus Serotypes Identified in Contaminated Water in Nigeria. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020249. [PMID: 33562806 PMCID: PMC7914538 DOI: 10.3390/v13020249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human enteroviruses (EVs) are highly prevalent in sewage and have been associated with human diseases with complications leading to severe neurological syndromes. We have used a recently developed molecular method to investigate the presence of EVs in eight samples collected in 2017–2018 from water streams contaminated by drainage channels in three different locations in Nigeria. A total of 93 human EV strains belonging to 45 different serotypes were identified, far exceeding the number of strains and serotypes found in similar samples in previous studies. Next generation sequencing analysis retrieved whole-capsid genomic nucleotide sequences of EV strains belonging to all four A, B, C, and D species. Our results further demonstrate the value of environmental surveillance for the detection of EV transmission of both serotypes commonly associated with clinical syndromes, such as EV-A71, and those that appear to circulate silently but could eventually cause outbreaks and disease. Several uncommon serotypes, rarely reported elsewhere, were detected such as EV-A119, EV-B87, EV-C116, and EV-D111. Ten EV serotypes were detected in Nigeria for the first time and two of them, CV-A12 and EV-B86, firstly described in Africa. This method can be expanded to generate whole-genome EV sequences as we show here for one EV-D111 strain. Our data revealed phylogenetic relationships of Nigerian sewage strains with EV strains reported elsewhere, mostly from African origin, and provided new insights into the whole-genome structure of emerging serotype EV-D111 and recombination events among EV-D serotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manasi Majumdar
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Potters Bar EN6 3QG, Hertfordshire, UK; (M.M.); (D.K.); (T.W.); (E.B.)
| | - Dimitra Klapsa
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Potters Bar EN6 3QG, Hertfordshire, UK; (M.M.); (D.K.); (T.W.); (E.B.)
| | - Thomas Wilton
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Potters Bar EN6 3QG, Hertfordshire, UK; (M.M.); (D.K.); (T.W.); (E.B.)
| | - Erika Bujaki
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Potters Bar EN6 3QG, Hertfordshire, UK; (M.M.); (D.K.); (T.W.); (E.B.)
| | | | - Temitope Oluwasegun Cephas Faleye
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; (T.O.C.F.); (M.O.A.); (J.A.A.)
| | | | - Moses Olubusuyi Adewumi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; (T.O.C.F.); (M.O.A.); (J.A.A.)
| | - Kader Ndiaye
- Department of Virology, Institute Pasteur, Dakar, Senegal; (M.D.F.-G.); (K.N.)
| | - Johnson Adekunle Adeniji
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; (T.O.C.F.); (M.O.A.); (J.A.A.)
- World Health Organization National Polio Laboratory, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria;
| | - Javier Martin
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Potters Bar EN6 3QG, Hertfordshire, UK; (M.M.); (D.K.); (T.W.); (E.B.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bessaud M, Delpeyroux F. Enteroviruses-the famous unknowns. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2019; 20:268-269. [PMID: 31870906 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(19)30636-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maël Bessaud
- Viral Populations and Pathogenesis, Institut Pasteur, 75 015 Paris, France; WHO Collaborating Centre for Enteroviruses and Viral Vaccines, Paris, France.
| | - Francis Delpeyroux
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Enteroviruses and Viral Vaccines, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|