1
|
Tefera GG, Tessema TH, Bekere TA, Gutema TM. Human- common hippo (Hippopotamus amphibius)-conflict in the Dhidhessa Wildlife Sanctuary and its surrounding, Southwestern Ethiopia. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0303647. [PMID: 38753684 PMCID: PMC11098388 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0303647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The common hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) is one of the most endangered mega herbivore in Africa. Although the human-hippo conflict (HHC) is currently escalating due to habitat loss, little is known about the scope of the conflict and potential mitigation measures. From 2021 to 2022, the extent of HHC, the perception of local inhabitants towards the animal, and its impacts on the conservation of the hippo were assessed within and in the surrounding areas of Dhidhessa Wildlife Sanctuary, southwestern Ethiopia. A total of 227 households were used as a data sources, participating in the questionnaire survey, focus group discussion and key informant interviews. Direct field observations were also used as key data source. Crop raiding and damage (63%, n = 143), was the most severely reported source of conflict, followed by direct human attack (22.9%, n = 52). Livestock predation and increased hippo mortality were also common types of HHC in the area. According to the study, the majority of respondents (74.4%, n = 169) agreed that the trend of conflict was increasing, while 16.7% (n = 38) argued that there was no change. Food scarcities in the buffer zone, as well as agricultural expansion in the area, have been identified as major drivers of HHC. The majority of respondents had a negative attitude toward hippo conservation; however, there were differences based on gender, age, and educational level. The major traditional hippo conflict mitigation strategies in the area include guarding, fencing, and trenching. Field observation revealed that a large extent of the former grazing and ranging areas of hippo in the area are heavily encroached and taken over by large private and public agricultural investments. Vacating and recovering at least the former buffer areas dedicated to the wildlife in the area and modern, non-lethal mitigation strategies are recommended for better conservation and safeguarding of the currently good-sized hippo population of the sanctuary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Girma Gizachew Tefera
- Department of Natural Resource Management, Colleague of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | | | - Tibebu Alemu Bekere
- Department of Natural Resource Management, Colleague of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Tariku Mekonnen Gutema
- Department of Natural Resource Management, Colleague of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Omondi ZN, Caner A, Arserim SK. Trypanosomes and Gut Microbiota Interactions in Triatomine bugs and Tsetse Flies: A vectorial perspective. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38651684 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Triatomines (kissing bugs) and tsetse flies (genus: Glossina) are natural vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma brucei, respectively. T. cruzi is the causative agent of Chagas disease, endemic in Latin America, while T. brucei causes African sleeping sickness disease in sub-Saharan Africa. Both triatomines and tsetse flies are host to a diverse community of gut microbiota that co-exist with the parasites in the gut. Evidence has shown that the gut microbiota of both vectors plays a key role in parasite development and transmission. However, knowledge on the mechanism involved in parasite-microbiota interaction remains limited and scanty. Here, we attempt to analyse Trypanosoma spp. and gut microbiota interactions in tsetse flies and triatomines, with a focus on understanding the possible mechanisms involved by reviewing published articles on the subject. We report that interactions between Trypanosoma spp. and gut microbiota can be both direct and indirect. In direct interactions, the gut microbiota directly affects the parasite via the formation of biofilms and the production of anti-parasitic molecules, while on the other hand, Trypanosoma spp. produces antimicrobial proteins to regulate gut microbiota of the vector. In indirect interactions, the parasite and gut bacteria affect each other through host vector-activated processes such as immunity and metabolism. Although we are beginning to understand how gut microbiota interacts with the Trypanosoma parasites, there is still a need for further studies on functional role of gut microbiota in parasite development to maximize the use of symbiotic bacteria in vector and parasite control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeph Nelson Omondi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Caner
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
- Department of Basic Oncology, Institute of Health Sciences, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Suha Kenan Arserim
- Vocational School of Health Sciences, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Serem EK, Mburu DM, Abdullahi OA, Bargul JL. A scoping review on tsetse fly blood meal sources and its assay methods since 1956 to 2022. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:52. [PMID: 38308365 PMCID: PMC10837921 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-06114-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) are the definitive biological vectors of African trypanosomes in humans and animals. Controlling this vector is the most promising method of preventing trypanosome transmission. This requires a comprehensive understanding of tsetse biology and host preference to inform targeted design and management strategies, such as the use of olfaction and visual cues in tsetse traps. No current review exists on host preference and blood meal analyses of tsetse flies. METHODS This review presents a meta-analysis of tsetse fly blood meal sources and the methodologies used to identify animal hosts from 1956 to August 2022. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRIMA-ScR) was applied. This focused on tsetse-endemic countries, blood meal analysis methodologies and the blood meal hosts identified. The articles were retrieved and screened from databases using predetermined eligibility criteria. RESULTS Only 49/393 of the articles retrieved matched the inclusion criteria. Glossina's main hosts in the wild included the bushbuck, buffalo, elephant, warthog, bushpig and hippopotamus. Pigs, livestock and humans were key hosts at the domestic interface. The least studied species included Glossina fuscipleuris, G. fusca, G. medicorum, G. tabaniformis and G. austeni. In the absence of preferred hosts, Glossina fed opportunistically on a variety of hosts. Precipitin, haemagglutination, disc diffusion, complement fixation, ELISA and PCR-based assays were used to evaluate blood meals. Cytochrome b (Cyt b) was the main target gene in PCR to identify the vertebrate hosts. CONCLUSIONS Tsetse blood meal sources have likely expanded because of ecological changes that could have rendered preferred hosts unavailable. The major approaches for analysing tsetse fly blood meal hosts targeted Cyt b gene for species identification by Sanger sequencing. However, small-fragment DNAs, such as the mammalian 12S and 16S rRNA genes, along with second- and third-generation sequencing techniques, could increase sensitivity for host identification in multiple host feeders that Sanger sequencing may misidentify as "noise". This review of tsetse fly blood meal sources and approaches to host identification could inform strategies for tsetse control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erick Kibichiy Serem
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, School of Health and Human Sciences, Pwani University, P.O. Box 195-80108, Kilifi, Kenya.
- Pwani University Bioscience Research Centre (PUBReC), Pwani University, P.O. Box 195-80108, Kilifi, Kenya.
| | - David Mwangi Mburu
- Pwani University Bioscience Research Centre (PUBReC), Pwani University, P.O. Box 195-80108, Kilifi, Kenya
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Pwani University, P.O. Box 195-80108, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Osman Abdikarim Abdullahi
- Pwani University Bioscience Research Centre (PUBReC), Pwani University, P.O. Box 195-80108, Kilifi, Kenya
- Department of Public Health, School of Health and Human Sciences, Pwani University, P.O. Box 195-80108, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Joel Ltilitan Bargul
- Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), P.O. Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kallu SA, Ndebe J, Qiu Y, Nakao R, Simuunza MC. Prevalence and Association of Trypanosomes and Sodalis glossinidius in Tsetse Flies from the Kafue National Park in Zambia. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:tropicalmed8020080. [PMID: 36828496 PMCID: PMC9960957 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8020080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Tsetse flies are obligate hematophagous vectors of animal and human African trypanosomosis. They cyclically transmit pathogenic Trypanosoma species. The endosymbiont Sodalis glossinidius is suggested to play a role in facilitating the susceptibility of tsetse flies to trypanosome infections. Therefore, this study was aimed at determining the prevalence of S. glossinidius and trypanosomes circulating in tsetse flies and checking whether an association exists between trypanosomes and Sodalis infections in tsetse flies from Kafue National Park in Zambia. A total of 326 tsetse flies were sampled from the Chunga and Ngoma areas of the national park. After DNA extraction was conducted, the presence of S. glossinidius and trypanosome DNA was checked using PCR. The Chi-square test was carried out to determine whether there was an association between the presence of S. glossinidius and trypanosome infections. Out of the total tsetse flies collected, the prevalence of S. glossinidius and trypanosomes was 21.8% and 19.3%, respectively. The prevalence of S. glossinidius was 22.2% in Glossina morsitans and 19.6% in Glossina pallidipes. In relation to sampling sites, the prevalence of S. glossinidius was 26.0% in Chunga and 21.0% in Ngoma. DNA of trypanosomes was detected in 18.9% of G. morsitans and 21.4% of G. pallidipes. The prevalence of trypanosomes was 21.7% and 6.0% for Ngoma and Chunga, respectively. The prevalences of trypanosome species detected in this study were 6.4%, 4.6%, 4.0%, 3.7%, 3.1%, and 2.5% for T. vivax, T. simiae, T. congolense, T. godfreyi, T. simiae Tsavo, and T. b. brucei, respectively. Out of 63 trypanosome infected tsetse flies, 47.6% of the flies also carried S. glossinidius, and the remaining flies were devoid of S. glossinidius. A statistically significant association was found between S. glossinidius and trypanosomes (p < 0.001) infections in tsetse flies. Our findings indicated that presence of S. glossinidius increases the susceptibility of tsetse flies to trypanosome infections and S. glossinidius could be a potential candidate for symbiont-mediated vector control in these tsetse species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simegnew Adugna Kallu
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa P.O. Box 138, Ethiopia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +251-913786532
| | - Joseph Ndebe
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia
| | - Yongjin Qiu
- Department of Virology-I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
- Management Department of Biosafety, Laboratory Animal, and Pathogen Bank, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Ryo Nakao
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Kitaku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Martin C. Simuunza
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals, University of Zambia, Lusaka P.O. Box 32379, Zambia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nambala P, Mulindwa J, Chammudzi P, Senga E, Lemelani M, Zgambo D, Matovu E, MacLeod A, Musaya J. Persistently High Incidences of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense Sleeping Sickness With Contrasting Focus-Dependent Clinical Phenotypes in Malawi. FRONTIERS IN TROPICAL DISEASES 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fitd.2022.824484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundHuman African trypanosomiasis (HAT) has caused social–economic burden in remote rural communities mostly in sub-Saharan Africa for over a century. The World Health Organization had targeted the year 2020 for the elimination of HAT caused by Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, which is mainly endemic in Malawi, Uganda, Tanzania, and Zambia. Significant progress has been made in reducing reported HAT cases in some countries. Area-specific updated epidemiological and clinical data may facilitate in understanding the progress of such efforts as well as the development of new intervention strategies.MethodsWe analyzed HAT prevalence and demographics from epidemiological surveys carried out from 2012 to 2020 obtained from the Ministry of Health, Malawi. In addition, we analyzed blood samples and clinical profiles of HAT patients surveyed between 2016 and 2020 from Rumphi and Nkhotakota districts. From the blood samples, parasite observations and speciation were carried out, whereas disease staging and severity were ascertained from the clinical profiles.ResultsMalawi reported 315 HAT cases from 2012 to 2020. The majority of HAT cases were men (70.2%), and the mean age was 29.9 ± 15.3 with all HAT fatalities resulting from stage 2 disease. Clinical symptoms were not significantly associated with disease outcome; however, swollen lymph nodes (p = 0.004), weight loss (p = 0.010), headache (p = 0.019), and sleep disturbance (p = 0.032) were significantly associated with the HAT stage of patients. About 50% of all HAT patients were reported within 2 years from 2019 to 2020, suggesting a HAT outbreak in Malawi.ConclusionThis study has highlighted the current epidemiological insights of the rHAT trend in Malawi. We have shown that rHAT clinical phenotypes in Malawi are focus-dependent and that there has been a steady increase in rHAT cases compared to all countries with incidences of rHAT. We have also highlighted an outbreak of rHAT that occurred in Malawi from 2019 to 2020 with almost 50% of the total rHAT cases that we have presented in this study reported within 2 years of the outbreak. These should call for a review of Malawi’s rHAT control and elimination strategies. A One-Health approach with the inclusion of key stakeholders such as the department of parks and wildlife may also be considered.
Collapse
|
6
|
Kim JY, Choi JH, Nam SH, Fyumagwa R, Yong TS. Parasites and blood-meal hosts of the tsetse fly in Tanzania: a metagenomics study. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:224. [PMID: 35733222 PMCID: PMC9215111 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05344-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tsetse flies can transmit various Trypanosoma spp. that cause trypanosomiasis in humans, wild animals, and domestic animals. Amplicon deep sequencing of the 12S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene can be used to detect mammalian tsetse hosts, and the 18S rRNA gene can be used to detect all associated eukaryotic pathogens, including Trypanosoma spp. Methods Tsetse flies were collected from the Serengeti National Park (n = 48), Maswa Game Reserve (n = 42), and Tarangire National Park (n = 49) in Tanzania in 2012–13. Amplicon deep sequencing targeting mammal-specific 12S rRNA and 18S rRNA genes was performed to screen the blood-feeding sources of tsetse flies and eukaryotic parasites in tsetse flies, respectively. Results 12S rRNA gene deep sequencing revealed that various mammals were blood-feeding sources of the tsetse flies, including humans, common warthogs, African buffalos, mice, giraffes, African elephants, waterbucks, and lions. Genes of humans were less frequently detected in Serengeti (P = 0.0024), whereas African buffaloes were detected more frequently as a blood-feeding source (P = 0.0010). 18S rRNA gene deep sequencing showed that six tsetse samples harbored the Trypanosoma gene, which was identified as Trypanosoma godfreyi and Trypanosoma simiae in subsequent ITS1 gene sequencing. Conclusions Through amplicon deep sequencing targeting the 12S rRNA and 18S rRNA genes, various mammalian animals were identified as blood-meal sources, and two Trypanosoma species were detected in tsetse flies collected from the Maswa Game Reserve, Serengeti National Park, and Tarangire National Park in Tanzania. This study illustrates the patterns of parasitism of tsetse fly, wild animals targeted by the fly, and Trypanosoma spp. carried by the fly in Tanzania. It may provide essential data for formulating better strategies to control African trypanosomes. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-022-05344-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ju Yeong Kim
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Institute of Tropical Medicine and Arthropods of Medical Importance Resource Bank, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.,Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Ho Choi
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Institute of Tropical Medicine and Arthropods of Medical Importance Resource Bank, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hyun Nam
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Institute of Tropical Medicine and Arthropods of Medical Importance Resource Bank, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Robert Fyumagwa
- Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute, P.O. Box 661, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Tai-Soon Yong
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology, Institute of Tropical Medicine and Arthropods of Medical Importance Resource Bank, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Prevalence of trypanosomes and selected symbionts in tsetse species of eastern Zambia. Parasitology 2022; 149:1406-1410. [PMID: 35699129 PMCID: PMC10090762 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182022000804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Insect symbionts have attracted attention for their potential use as anti-parasitic gene products in arthropod disease vectors. While tsetse species of the Luangwa valley have been extensively studied, less is known about the prevalence of symbionts and their interactions with the trypanosome parasite. Polymerase chain reaction was used to investigate the presence of Wolbachia and Sodalis bacteria, in tsetse flies infected with trypanosomes (Trypanosoma vivax, Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma brucei). Out of 278 captured tsetse flies in eastern Zambia, 95.3% (n = 265, 95% CI = 92.8–97.8) carried endosymbionts: Wolbachia (79.1%, 95% CI 73.9–83.8) and Sodalis (86.3%, 95% CI 81.7–90.1). Overall, trypanosome prevalence was 25.5% (n = 71, 95% CI = 20.4–30.7), 10.8% (n = 30, 95% CI 7.1–14.4) for T. brucei, 1.4% (n = 4, 95% CI = 0.4–3.6) for both T. congolense and T. vivax, and 0.7% (n = 2, 95% CI 0.1–2.6) for T. b. rhodesiense. Out of 240 tsetse flies that were infected with Sodalis, trypanosome infection was reported in 40 tsetse flies (16.7%, 95% CI = 12.0–21.4) while 37 (16.8%, 95% CI 11.9–21.8) of the 220 Wolbachia infected tsetse flies were infected with trypanosomes. There was 1.3 times likelihood of T. brucei infection to be present when Wolbachia was present and 1.7 likelihood of T. brucei infection when Sodalis was present. Overall findings suggest absence of correlation between the presence of tsetse endosymbionts and tsetse with trypanosome infection. Lastly, the presence of pathogenic trypanosomes in tsetse species examined provided insights into the risk communities face, and the importance of African trypanosomiasis in the area.
Collapse
|
8
|
Ratcliffe NA, Furtado Pacheco JP, Dyson P, Castro HC, Gonzalez MS, Azambuja P, Mello CB. Overview of paratransgenesis as a strategy to control pathogen transmission by insect vectors. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:112. [PMID: 35361286 PMCID: PMC8969276 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-05132-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This article presents an overview of paratransgenesis as a strategy to control pathogen transmission by insect vectors. It first briefly summarises some of the disease-causing pathogens vectored by insects and emphasises the need for innovative control methods to counter the threat of resistance by both the vector insect to pesticides and the pathogens to therapeutic drugs. Subsequently, the state of art of paratransgenesis is described, which is a particularly ingenious method currently under development in many important vector insects that could provide an additional powerful tool for use in integrated pest control programmes. The requirements and recent advances of the paratransgenesis technique are detailed and an overview is given of the microorganisms selected for genetic modification, the effector molecules to be expressed and the environmental spread of the transgenic bacteria into wild insect populations. The results of experimental models of paratransgenesis developed with triatomines, mosquitoes, sandflies and tsetse flies are analysed. Finally, the regulatory and safety rules to be satisfied for the successful environmental release of the genetically engineered organisms produced in paratransgenesis are considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norman A Ratcliffe
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia (EGB), Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, Brazil. .,Department of Biosciences, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, UK.
| | - João P Furtado Pacheco
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia (EGB), Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, Brazil.,Laboratório de Biologia de Insetos, Instituto de Biologia (EGB), Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, Brazil
| | - Paul Dyson
- Institute of Life Science, Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, UK
| | - Helena Carla Castro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia (EGB), Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, Brazil
| | - Marcelo S Gonzalez
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia (EGB), Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, Brazil.,Laboratório de Biologia de Insetos, Instituto de Biologia (EGB), Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, Brazil
| | - Patricia Azambuja
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia (EGB), Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, Brazil.,Laboratório de Biologia de Insetos, Instituto de Biologia (EGB), Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, Brazil
| | - Cicero B Mello
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia (EGB), Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, Brazil.,Laboratório de Biologia de Insetos, Instituto de Biologia (EGB), Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Dieng MM, Dera KSM, Moyaba P, Ouedraogo GMS, Demirbas-Uzel G, Gstöttenmayer F, Mulandane FC, Neves L, Mdluli S, Rayaisse JB, Belem AMG, Pagabeleguem S, de Beer CJ, Parker AG, Van Den Abbeele J, Mach RL, Vreysen MJB, Abd-Alla AMM. Prevalence of Trypanosoma and Sodalis in wild populations of tsetse flies and their impact on sterile insect technique programmes for tsetse eradication. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3322. [PMID: 35228552 PMCID: PMC8885713 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06699-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The sterile insect technique (SIT) is an environment friendly and sustainable method to manage insect pests of economic importance through successive releases of sterile irradiated males of the targeted species to a defined area. A mating of a sterile male with a virgin wild female will result in no offspring, and ultimately lead to the suppression or eradication of the targeted population. Tsetse flies, vectors of African Trypanosoma, have a highly regulated and defined microbial fauna composed of three bacterial symbionts that may have a role to play in the establishment of Trypanosoma infections in the flies and hence, may influence the vectorial competence of the released sterile males. Sodalis bacteria seem to interact with Trypanosoma infection in tsetse flies. Field-caught tsetse flies of ten different taxa and from 15 countries were screened using PCR to detect the presence of Sodalis and Trypanosoma species and analyse their interaction. The results indicate that the prevalence of Sodalis and Trypanosoma varied with country and tsetse species. Trypanosome prevalence was higher in east, central and southern African countries than in west African countries. Tsetse fly infection rates with Trypanosoma vivax and T. brucei sspp were higher in west African countries, whereas tsetse infection with T. congolense and T. simiae, T. simiae (tsavo) and T. godfreyi were higher in east, central and south African countries. Sodalis prevalence was high in Glossina morsitans morsitans and G. pallidipes but absent in G. tachinoides. Double and triple infections with Trypanosoma taxa and coinfection of Sodalis and Trypanosoma were rarely observed but it occurs in some taxa and locations. A significant Chi square value (< 0.05) seems to suggest that Sodalis and Trypanosoma infection correlate in G. palpalis gambiensis, G. pallidipes and G. medicorum. Trypanosoma infection seemed significantly associated with an increased density of Sodalis in wild G. m. morsitans and G. pallidipes flies, however, there was no significant impact of Sodalis infection on trypanosome density.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mouhamadou M Dieng
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, 1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kiswend-Sida M Dera
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, 1400, Vienna, Austria.,Insectarium de Bobo Dioulasso-Campagne d'Eradication de la mouche tsetse et de la Trypanosomose (IBD-CETT), 01 BP 1087, Bobo Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Percy Moyaba
- Epidemiology, Vectors and Parasites, Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Gisele M S Ouedraogo
- Insectarium de Bobo Dioulasso-Campagne d'Eradication de la mouche tsetse et de la Trypanosomose (IBD-CETT), 01 BP 1087, Bobo Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Guler Demirbas-Uzel
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, 1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fabian Gstöttenmayer
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, 1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fernando C Mulandane
- University Eduardo Mondlane, Centro de Biotecnologia, Av. de Moçambique Km 1.5, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Luis Neves
- University Eduardo Mondlane, Centro de Biotecnologia, Av. de Moçambique Km 1.5, Maputo, Mozambique.,Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - Sihle Mdluli
- Epidemiology Unit, Department of Veterinary Services, PO Box 4192, Manzini, Eswatini
| | - Jean-Baptiste Rayaisse
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), 01 BP 454, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Soumaïla Pagabeleguem
- Insectarium de Bobo Dioulasso-Campagne d'Eradication de la mouche tsetse et de la Trypanosomose (IBD-CETT), 01 BP 1087, Bobo Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso.,University of Dedougou, B.P. 176, Dédougou 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Chantel J de Beer
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, 1400, Vienna, Austria.,Epidemiology, Vectors and Parasites, Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | | | - Robert L Mach
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental, and Bioscience Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Gumpendorfer Straße 1a, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marc J B Vreysen
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, 1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Adly M M Abd-Alla
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, 1400, Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ebhodaghe FI, Okal MN, Kalayou S, Bastos ADS, Masiga DK. Tsetse Bloodmeal Analyses Incriminate the Common Warthog Phacochoerus africanus as an Important Cryptic Host of Animal Trypanosomes in Smallholder Cattle Farming Communities in Shimba Hills, Kenya. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111501. [PMID: 34832656 PMCID: PMC8623152 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosomes are endemic and retard cattle health in Shimba Hills, Kenya. Wildlife in the area act as reservoirs of the parasites. However, wild animal species that harbor and expose cattle to tsetse-borne trypanosomes are not well known in Shimba Hills. Using xeno-monitoring surveillance to investigate wild animal reservoirs and sources of trypanosomes in Shimba Hills, we screened 696 trypanosome-infected and uninfected tsetse flies for vertebrate DNA using multiple-gene PCR-High Resolution Melting analysis and amplicon sequencing. Results revealed that tsetse flies fed on 13 mammalian species, preferentially Phacochoerus africanus (warthogs) (17.39%, 95% CI: 14.56–20.21) and Bos taurus (cattle) (11.35%, 95% CI: 8.99–13.71). Some tsetse flies showed positive cases of bloodmeals from multiple hosts (3.45%, 95% CI: 2.09–4.81), including warthog and cattle (0.57%, 95% CI: 0.01–1.14). Importantly, tsetse flies that took bloodmeals from warthog had significant risk of infections with Trypanosoma vivax (5.79%, 95% CI: 1.57–10.00), T. congolense (7.44%, 95% CI: 2.70–12.18), and T. brucei sl (2.48%, 95% CI: −0.33–5.29). These findings implicate warthogs as important reservoirs of tsetse-borne trypanosomes affecting cattle in Shimba Hills and provide valuable epidemiological insights to underpin the parasites targeted management in Nagana vector control programs in the area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faith I. Ebhodaghe
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi P.O. Box 30772-00100, Kenya; (M.N.O.); (S.K.)
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria Hatfield 0083, South Africa;
- Correspondence: (F.I.E.); (D.K.M.)
| | - Michael N. Okal
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi P.O. Box 30772-00100, Kenya; (M.N.O.); (S.K.)
| | - Shewit Kalayou
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi P.O. Box 30772-00100, Kenya; (M.N.O.); (S.K.)
| | - Armanda D. S. Bastos
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria Hatfield 0083, South Africa;
| | - Daniel K. Masiga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi P.O. Box 30772-00100, Kenya; (M.N.O.); (S.K.)
- Correspondence: (F.I.E.); (D.K.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Channumsin M, Ciosi M, Masiga D, Auty H, Turner CM, Kilbride E, Mable BK. Blood meal analysis of tsetse flies ( Glossina pallidipes: Glossinidae) reveals higher host fidelity on wild compared with domestic hosts. Wellcome Open Res 2021; 6:213. [PMID: 34703903 PMCID: PMC8513123 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16978.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Changes in climate and land use can alter risk of transmission of parasites between domestic hosts and wildlife, particularly when mediated by vectors that can travel between populations. Here we focused on tsetse flies (genus Glossina), the cyclical vectors for both Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) and Animal African Trypanosomiasis (AAT). The aims of this study were to investigate three issues related to G. palldipes from Kenya: 1) the diversity of vertebrate hosts that flies fed on; 2) whether host feeding patterns varied in relation to type of hosts, tsetse feeding behaviour, site or tsetse age and sex; and 3) if there was a relationship between trypanosome detection and host feeding behaviours or host types. Methods: Sources of blood meals of Glossina pallidipes were identified by sequencing of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene and analyzed in relationship with previously determined trypanosome detection in the same flies. Results: In an area dominated by wildlife but with seasonal presence of livestock (Nguruman), 98% of tsetse fed on single wild host species, whereas in an area including a mixture of resident domesticated animals, humans and wildlife (Shimba Hills), 52% of flies fed on more than one host species. Multiple Correspondence Analysis revealed strong correlations between feeding pattern, host type and site but these were resolved along a different dimension than trypanosome status, sex and age of the flies. Conclusions: Our results suggest that individual G. pallidipes in interface areas may show higher feeding success on wild hosts when available but often feed on both wild and domesticated hosts. This illustrates the importance of G. pallidipes as a vector connecting the sylvatic and domestic cycles of African trypanosomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manun Channumsin
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Rajamangala University of Technology Tawan-Ok, Chonburi, 20230, Thailand
| | - Marc Ciosi
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of glasgow, University Place, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Dan Masiga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, P.O. Box 30772, 00100, Kenya
| | - Harriet Auty
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine (BAHCM), University of Glasgow, University Place, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - C. Michael Turner
- Institute of Infection Immunity and Inflammation (III), University of Glasgow, University Place, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Elizabeth Kilbride
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine (BAHCM), University of Glasgow, University Place, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Barbara K. Mable
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine (BAHCM), University of Glasgow, University Place, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|